Journal articles: 'Thermographie – analyse'

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Jordan, C., and M. Harasek. "Infrarot-Thermographie zur Analyse eines neuartigen Tischgrillsystems." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 82, no. 9 (August 27, 2010): 1448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201050578.

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Chrysochoos, A., J. C. Chezeaux, and H. Caumon. "Analyse thermomécanique des lois de comportement par thermographie infrarouge." Revue de Physique Appliquée 24, no. 2 (1989): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01989002402021500.

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Pasquetti, R., and D. Petit. "Analyse modale d'un processus de diffusion thermique: identification par thermographie infra-rouge." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 31, no. 3 (March 1988): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(88)90030-0.

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Livada, Časlav, Hrvoje Glavaš, Alfonzo Baumgartner, and Dina Jukić. "The Dangers of Analyzing Thermographic Radiometric Data as Images." Journal of Imaging 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2023): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9070143.

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Thermography is probably the most used method of measuring surface temperature by analyzing radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum which accuracy depends on factors such as emissivity and reflected radiation. Contrary to popular belief that thermographic images represent temperature maps, they are actually thermal radiation converted into an image, and if not properly calibrated, they show incorrect temperatures. The objective of this study is to analyze commonly used image processing techniques and their impact on radiometric data in thermography. In particular, the extent to which a thermograph can be considered as an image and how image processing affects radiometric data. Three analyzes are presented in the paper. The first one examines how image processing techniques, such as contrast and brightness, affect physical reality and its representation in thermographic imaging. The second analysis examines the effects of JPEG compression on radiometric data and how degradation of the data varies with the compression parameters. The third analysis aims to determine the optimal resolution increase required to minimize the effects of compression on the radiometric data. The output from an IR camera in CSV format was used for these analyses, and compared to images from the manufacturer’s software. The IR camera providing data in JPEG format was used, and the data included thermographic images, visible images, and a matrix of thermal radiation data. The study was verified with a reference blackbody radiation set at 60 °C. The results highlight the dangers of interpreting thermographic images as temperature maps without considering the underlying radiometric data which can be affected by image processing and compression. The paper concludes with the importance of accurate and precise thermographic analysis for reliable temperature measurement.

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Yang, B., P. K. Liaw, J. Y. Huang, R. C. Kuo, J. G. Huang, and D. E. Fielden. "Stress Analyses and Geometry Effects During Cyclic Loading Using Thermography." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1836793.

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A high-speed and high-sensitivity thermographic-infrared (IR) imaging system has been used to investigate the temperature evolutions of SA533B1 steel specimens during high-cycle fatigue experiments. Both thermodynamics and heat-transfer theories are applied to quantify the relationship between the observed temperature variations and stress–strain states during fatigue. The thermoelastic effect has been utilized to calculate the maximum stress level during fatigue testing. The predicted results matched the experimental data quite well. Different temperature and strain behaviors have been observed between cylindrical and flat specimens during high-cycle fatigue experiments. Explanations have been provided, based on Lu¨ders band evolutions in flat specimens during fatigue, which have been observed in detail by thermography. Numerical methods have been provided to convert the temperature map (thermograph) into heat-dissipation-rate (HDR) map, which illustrates the kinetics of the Lu¨ders-band evolution. Thus, the thermography technology can provide an effective means to “watch” and “quantify” the heat-evolution processes, such as the mechanical-damage behaviors, which can open up new opportunities for in- situ studying mechanical and phase-transformation behaviors in detail.

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Kim, Jeong Guk, Seung Koo Baek, Chang Young Lee, and Sung Cheol Yoon. "Deterioration and Thermographic Analyses of Electrical Units in Diesel Locomotive." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.729.

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The electrical units of diesel electric locomotives, which were used for over 30 years, were characterized for deterioration evaluation through insulation resistance measurement, degradation testing, and infrared thermography method. Especially, an infrared camera and thermocouples were employed for the evaluation. The thermocouples were attached on high-voltage cables connected to traction motors, for in-situ measurement of abnormal heating during test running. After test running, the thermographic images were obtained for the inspection of high-voltage cables using the infrared camera. The thermographic results were quantitatively analyzed, and compared with temperature changes during running. In this investigation, various analysis techniques for the safety characterization of diesel electric locomotives have been introduced, and the analysis results have been used to provide the deterioration or wear information in current locomotive systems.

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Liu, Yi, Fumin Wang, Zhili Jiang, Stefano Sfarra, Kaixin Liu, and Yuan Yao. "Generative Deep Learning-Based Thermographic Inspection of Artwork." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 13, 2023): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146362.

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Infrared thermography is a widely utilized nondestructive testing technique in the field of artwork inspection. However, raw thermograms often suffer from problems, such as limited quantity and high background noise, due to limitations inherent in the acquisition equipment and experimental environment. To overcome these challenges, there is a growing interest in developing thermographic data enhancement methods. In this study, a defect inspection method for artwork based on principal component analysis is proposed, incorporating two distinct deep learning approaches for thermographic data enhancement: spectral normalized generative adversarial network (SNGAN) and convolutional autoencoder (CAE). The SNGAN strategy focuses on augmenting the thermal images, while the CAE strategy emphasizes enhancing their quality. Subsequently, principal component thermography (PCT) is employed to analyze the processed data and improve the detectability of defects. Comparing the results to using PCT alone, the integration of the SNGAN strategy led to a 1.08% enhancement in the signal-to-noise ratio, while the utilization of the CAE strategy resulted in an 8.73% improvement.

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Figueredo, Antonio, Mauro Azevedo, Paula Da Silveira, Jhulie Lima, Kaylane Teixeira, Andrea Alvarado, Isaac Brígido, et al. "Infrared thermography as a complementary tool in dental." Concilium 23, no. 10 (June 1, 2023): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-1398-23f31.

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Infrared cameras have the ability to measure infrared radiation, resulting in the generation of thermal images where each pixel refers to a different temperature value. Thermographic images allow measuring the thermal variations that can be used to obtain physiological information. This study aimed to analyze the applications of thermography in dentistry through an integrative literature review. This work is the result of research carried out in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (VHL), PubMed, Ebsco and ScienceDirect. The following descriptors “thermography”, “dentistry” and “diagnosis were used, and 13 articles were selected to compose this work. This integrative review allowed analyzing, through several studies, the clinical applications of thermography in dentistry. Because it is a non-invasive method, this technique has a promising future in dentistry. Therefore, based on the studies already published and analyzed, it can be concluded that infrared thermography is an auxiliary tool in dental diagnosis and useful for monitoring and examining therapeutic interventions.

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Glavaš, Hrvoje, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Ivana Haničar Buljan, and Tomislav Barić. "Locating Hidden Elements in Walls of Cultural Heritage Buildings by Using Infrared Thermography." Buildings 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020032.

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The structure of Tvrđa and its buildings date back to the Middle Ages. Tvrđa represents the Old Town of the city of Osijek and the best-preserved and largest ensemble of Baroque buildings in Croatia. After the withdrawal of the Ottomans in 1687, during the 18th century, the Austro-Hungarian administration systematically formed a new fortification system, regulated streets and squares and built a large number of military objects. Tvrđa took its present form in the 19th century and has kept it since then. Investigating the historical development of individual buildings, in addition to archival sources and existing architectural documentation, the obvious source of information are the buildings themselves. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of using infrared thermography to find structural elements and hidden openings in historic buildings in Osijek’s Tvrđa. This paper describes the exploration of the 18th century openings on the facades of the former Kostić houses. The facades were bricked into the walls in the 19th century because houses were reused and their purposes changed from commercial to residential. Infrared thermography is often a starting, nondestructive testing method (NDT) for building analyses. This paper presents thermographic analyses of two buildings. The analyses were carried out in December 2017 and January 2018. Using a steady-state thermographic analysis of a building envelope as the first step, the audit was continued with step heating (SH) of an interest point where changes in a thermal pattern were expected due to additional bricking. Heat flux was generated by the usage of a heat gun for paint removal.

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Barros, Ana, Joaquim Mendes, André Moreira, Ricardo Vardasca, Miguel Pais Clemente, and Afonso Pinhão Ferreira. "Thermographic Study of the Orofacial Structures Involved in Clarinetists Musical Performance." Dentistry Journal 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj6040062.

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Introduction: Wind instrumentalists like clarinetists, may present a muscular hyperactivity on certain groups of the cranio-cervico-mandibular complex, due to their musical activity. Therefore, the use of infrared thermography can be used to assess and characterize the orofacial structures involved in clarinet performance. Aim: The objective of this study was to analyze and record the thermal patterns using the thermographic camera Flir® E60sc to evaluate anatomically and physiologically certain orofacial structures of the cranio-cervical-mandibular complex, such as the masticatory muscles and the region of the temporomandibular joint. Methodology: A sample of 30 clarinetists completed an individual questionnaire composed of two components (musical and clinical history of the participant), and were subjected to a clinical examination. Four thermographic images were taken of the cranio-cervical-mandibular complex at a rest position with frontal, right lateral, left lateral and anterior dentoalveolar components views. Each musician performed a piece of music for an uninterrupted period of 10 min. New thermographic images were captured with the same incidences, after the performance, respecting the same protocol. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the areas corresponding to the left temporal muscle, the orbicularis muscle (labial component), the left and right perioral teguments, as well as in the upper central incisors. There was also statistical evidence regarding the initial and final temperature asymmetries regarding temporal muscle and orbicular muscles (labial and marginal components). Conclusion: Infrared thermography has been shown to be an effective complementary diagnostic tool in the monitorization of the cranio-cervical-mandibular complex of clarinetists.

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Balakrishnan, Ganesh Kumar, Chong Tak Yaw, Siaw Paw Koh, Tarek Abedin, Avinash Ashwin Raj, Sieh Kiong Tiong, and Chai Phing Chen. "A Review of Infrared Thermography for Condition-Based Monitoring in Electrical Energy: Applications and Recommendations." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 6000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166000.

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Condition-based monitoring (CBM) has emerged as a critical instrument for lowering the cost of unplanned operations while also improving the efficacy, execution, and dependability of tools. Thermal abnormalities can be thoroughly examined using thermography for condition monitoring. Thanks to the advent of high-resolution infrared cameras, researchers are paying more attention to thermography as a non-contact approach for monitoring the temperature rise of objects and as a technique in great experiments to analyze processes thermally. It also allows for the early identification of weaknesses and failures in equipment while it is in use, decreasing system downtime, catastrophic failure, and maintenance expenses. In many applications, the usage of IRT as a condition monitoring approach has steadily increased during the previous three decades. Infrared cameras are steadily finding use in research and development, in addition to their routine use in condition monitoring and preventative maintenance. This study focuses on infrared crucial thermographic theoretical stages, experimental methodologies, relative and absolute temperature requirements, and infrared essential thermographic theoretical processes for electrical and electronics energy applications. Furthermore, this article addresses the major concerns and obstacles and makes some specific recommendations for future development. With developments in artificial intelligence, particularly computer fiction, depending on the present deep learning algorithm, IRT can boost CBM analysis.

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Rosengart, Stephan, Bussarakam Chuppava, Dana Carina Schubert, Lea-Sophie Trost, Hubert Henne, Jens Tetens, Imke Traulsen, Ansgar Deermann, Christian Visscher, and Michael Wendt. "Infrared Thermography of the Mammary Gland in Sows with Regard to Health and Performance." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11101013.

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Monitoring of sows’ health is the key to preventing and controlling diseases in sows, and it guarantees optimal rearing conditions for piglets. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the health status of sows shortly after parturition, and to analyze thermographic images of the mammary gland and the sows’ performance. Clinical examination of a total of 513 db.Viktoria hybrid sows was bundled individually using a modified score system. According to this, animals were divided into three health classes: healthy, clinically suspicious, and diseased. Simultaneously, the mammary glands were investigated by infrared thermography. Total born piglets (TBP), number of piglets born alive (NBA), and the daily weight gain of the piglets were significantly lower in the diseased group (p < 0.05). Regarding the results of the thermographic images of the mammary gland, significantly higher mean value of the warmest pixels was found in the diseased group (38.3 °C ± 0.57), while the significantly lowest value was reported in the healthy group (37.2 °C ± 0.54; p < 0.05). The results of this study show that thermography of the mammary gland at birth contains information that can help to identify diseased animals whose disease has negative effects on their piglets.

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Platão Seabra Paiva, Luã, Livia Da Silva Oliveira, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Paulo Oliveira Siqueira Júnior. "Predictive Maintenance Through Thermographic Analysis: Case Study in a Manaus Industrial Pole Company." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 898–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1945.

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Due to the high demand for electricity in the manufacturing industry, companies to obtain greater profitability on their produced goods, seek and adopt ways to reduce energy consumption, and use predictive maintenance as a tool by applying thermography. Thus, the purpose of the research is to show the importance of thermographic analysis for assessing losses and preserving the safety of the company's physical facilities. The research is descriptive, qualitative and case study. The instrument used for data collection were direct observation and document analysis. In this context, the results obtained were the mapping in the manufacturing facilities and the identification of some failures in the company's electrical system. After this data collection process, it was possible to analyze and plan the corrective actions. In conclusion, it is possible to reduce manufacturing costs through predictive maintenance through the thermographic analysis tool, positively impacting the company's financial results.

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Liu, Yi, Mingkai Zheng, Kaixin Liu, Yuan Yao, and Stefano Sfarra. "TriMap thermography with convolutional autoencoder for enhanced defect detection of polymer composites." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 14 (April 14, 2022): 144901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087205.

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Pulsed thermography data are typically affected by noise and uneven backgrounds, thereby complicating defect identification. Hence, various image analysis methods have been applied to improve defect detectability. However, most of them directly analyze the original images, while the low quality of the data is disregarded. Herein, a thermographic data analysis method named TriMap thermography with convolutional autoencoder (CAE) is proposed to overcome this problem. In this method, a CAE is used to reduce noise and enhance the quality of thermograms. Subsequently, the TriMap algorithm is used to extract features from the enhanced data. Specifically, the TriMap uses triplet information to improve the low-dimensional embedding quality and obtain an abstract representation of high-dimensional data. Finally, defects and uneven backgrounds are effectively distinguished by visualizing the embedding vectors. The test results of a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer specimen validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Przybył, Wojciech, Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz, Beata Jewłoszewicz, Agnieszka Dylong, Karolina Dysz, Agnieszka Iwan, and Adam Januszko. "IR thermographic camera as useful and smart tool to analyse defects in organic solar cells." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i2.976.

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The main goal of this paper was to show that organic layers prepared for organic solar cells construction can be partially characterized by IR thermographic camera to detect dysfunctionalities of the active layer. Moreover, we used IR thermographic camera to check thermal and electrical behaviour of created simple solar cells to reduce time and cost in global production of solar cells. As model system organic compounds such as PTB7 polymer and small molecule PC71BM as commercial components and newly synthesized imine PV-BLJ-SC11 there were used, to construct simple devices. Full Text: PDF ReferencesK. D. G. I. Jayawardena, L. J. Rozanski, C. A. Mills, M. J. Beliatis, N. A. Nismy, S. R. P. Silva, "Inorganics-in-Organics’: recent developments and outlook for 4G polymer solar cells", Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 8411-8427. CrossRef Y. Lin, X. Zhan, "Oligomer Molecules for Efficient Organic Photovoltaics", Accounts of Chemical Research, 2016, 49, 175-183. CrossRef R. Steim, S. A. Choulis, P. Schilinsky, U. Lemmer, C. J. Brabec, "Formation and impact of hot spots on the performance of organic photovoltaic cells", Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 94, 043304. CrossRef J. Hepp, F. Machui, H. J. Egelhaaf, C. J. Brabec, A. Vetter, "Automatized analysis of IR‐images of photovoltaic modules and its use for quality control of solar cells", Energy Science and Engineering. 2016, 4, 363-371. CrossRef H. Hoppe, J. Bachmann, B. Muhsin, K. H. Drüe, I. Riedel, G. Gobsch, C. Buerhop-Lutz, C. J. Brabec, V. Dyakonov, "Quality control of polymer solar modules by lock-in thermography", Journal of Applied Physics, 2010, 107, 014505. CrossRef J. Bachmann, C. Buerhop-Lutz, C. Deibel, I. Riedel, H. Hoppe, C. J. Brabec, V. Dyakonov, "Organic solar cells characterized by dark lock-in thermography", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2010, 94, 642-647. CrossRef A. Różycka, K. A. Bogdanowicz, N. Górska, J. Rysz, M. Marzec, A. Iwan, R. Pich, A. Januszko, "Influence of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Liquid Crystalline, Structural and Electrochemical Properties of (8Z)-N-(4-((Z)-(4-pentylphenylimino)methyl)benzylidene)-4-pentylbenzenamine", Materials, 2019, 12, 1097. CrossRef M. L. Petrus, R. K. M. Bouwer, U. Lafont, S. Athanasopoulos, N. C. Greenham, T. J. Dingemans, "Small-molecule azomethines: organic photovoltaics via Schiff base condensation chemistry", Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2014, 2, 9474-9477. CrossRef K. A. Bogdanowicz, A. Iwan, "Symmetrical Imines with Trirphenylamine Core and the Method of Obtaining Thereof.", March 11th 2019, patent application P.429044. DirectLink K. P. Korona, T. Korona, D. Rutkowska-Zbik, S. Grankowska-Ciechanowicz, A. Iwan, M. Kamińska, "Polyazomethine as a component of solar cells-theoretical and optical study", Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2015, 86, 186-193. CrossRef

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Švantner, Michal, Vladislav Lang, Jiří Skála, Tomáš Kohlschütter, Milan Honner, Lukáš Muzika, and Eliška Kosová. "Statistical Study on Human Temperature Measurement by Infrared Thermography." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 8395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218395.

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Increased temperature in humans is the symptom of many infectious diseases and it is thus an important diagnostic tool. Infrared temperature measurement methods have been developed and applied over long periods due to their advantage of non-contact and fast measurements. This study deals with a statistical evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of infrared/thermographic human temperature measurement. A short review of the use of infrared temperature measurement in medical applications is provided. Experiments and statistics-based evaluation to confirm the expected accuracy and limits of thermography-based human temperature measurement are introduced. The results presented in this study show that the standard deviation of the thermographic measurement of the eyes maximum temperature was 0.4–0.9 °C and the mean values differences from the armpit measurement were up to 0.5 °C, based on the used IR camera, even though near ideal measurement conditions and permanent blackbody correction were used. It was also shown that a certain number of outliers must be assumed in such measurements. Extended analyses including simulations of true negative/false positive, sensitivity/specificity and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves are presented. The statistical evaluation as well as the extended analyses show that maximum eyes temperature is more relevant than a forehead temperature examination.

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Karamyshev, Y. V., I. M. Dolgov, I. S. Zheleznyak, I. V. Lepekhin, and A. I. Makhnovsky. "Could we use digital infrared medical thermography to distinguish SARS-СоV-2 viral from community acquired pneumonia?" Medical alphabet, no. 33 (January 12, 2023): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-33-40-46.

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Objectives: This study set out to determine the possibility to differ SARS-СоV-2 viral pneumonia from community acquired pneumonia (CAP) by mean of digital infrared medical thermography. Material, methods: Totally 380 patients were evaluated: with diagnosis 'U07.1COVID-19, virus identified. SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia' (group 1) — 208 pts, with community acquired viral or bacterial pneumonia (group 2) — 172 pts. Thermographic assessment was performed using TBC300-med infrared camera (manufactured by LLC 'STC SILAR', Saint Petersburg, Russia, image format 384 x 288, thermal resolution 30 mK). To store and analyze thermographic images cloud application 'TVision' (LLC 'Dignosys', Russia) was used. Quadrangle in shape regions of interest (ROI) were automatically created on the front and back of the thorax roughly in the projection of the upper lobe (ULP) and the lower lobe (LLP) of the lungs. Mean temperature was measured and thermal gradients- ΔТ° (side-to-side temperature difference) - were calculated between symmetric ROI both on front and back of the thorax. Values obtained were taken as modulus, the greatest value used for analysis. Results: Mean ΔТ° value were significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia compared with CAP group (0,56 ± 0,35 ºC and 0,32 ± 0,14ºC respectively; P < 0,05). The ΔТ° value > 0,51 °C is associated with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with sensitivity 71 % and specificity 62,8 %, area under the ROC curve 0.739; P < 0,05). Conclusions. Infrared thermography proved to be a sensitive method for detection of temperature differences between both types of pneumonia and may contribute to preliminary diagnosis.

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Kazune, Sigita, Edgars Vasiljevs, Anastasija Caica-Rinca, Zbignevs Marcinkevics, and Andris Grabovskis. "Infrared Thermography Imaging for Assessment of Peripheral Perfusion in Patients with Septic Shock." Bioengineering 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2023): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10060729.

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Skin temperature changes can be used to assess peripheral perfusion in circulatory shock patients. However, research has been limited to point measurements from acral parts of the body. Infrared thermography allows non-invasive evaluation of temperature distribution over a larger surface. Our study aimed to map thermographic patterns in the knee and upper thigh of 81 septic shock patients within 24 h of admission and determine the relationship between skin temperature patterns, mottling, and 28-day mortality. We extracted skin temperature measurements from zones corresponding to mottling scores and used a linear mixed model to analyze the distribution of skin temperature in patients with different mottling scores. Our results showed that the distribution of skin temperature in the anterior thigh and knee is physiologically heterogeneous and has no significant association with mottling or survival at 28 days. However, overall skin temperature of the anterior thigh and knee is significantly lower in non-survivors when modified by mottling score. No differences were found in skin temperature between the survivor and non-survivor groups. Our study shows the potential usefulness of infrared thermography in evaluating skin temperature patterns in resuscitated septic shock patients. Overall skin temperature of the anterior thigh and knee may be an important indicator of survival status when modified by mottling score.

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Brili, Nika, Mirko Ficko, and Simon Klančnik. "Tool Condition Monitoring of the Cutting Capability of a Turning Tool Based on Thermography." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 6687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196687.

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In turning, the wear control of a cutting tool benefits product quality enhancement, tool-related costs‘ optimisation, and assists in avoiding undesired events. In small series and individual production, the machine operator is the one who determines when to change a cutting tool, based upon their experience. Bad decisions can often lead to greater costs, production downtime, and scrap. In this paper, a Tool Condition Monitoring (TCM) system is presented that automatically classifies tool wear of turning tools into four classes (no, low, medium, high wear). A cutting tool was monitored with infrared (IR) camera immediately after the cut and in the following 60 s. The Convolutional Neural Network Inception V3 was used to analyse and classify the thermographic images, which were divided into different groups depending on the time of acquisition. Based on classification result, one gets information about the cutting capability of the tool for further machining. The proposed model, combining Infrared Thermography, Computer Vision, and Deep Learning, proved to be a suitable method with results of more than 96% accuracy. The most appropriate time of image acquisition is 6–12 s after the cut is finished. While existing temperature based TCM systems focus on measuring a cutting tool absolute temperature, the proposed system analyses a temperature distribution (relative temperatures) on the whole image based on image features.

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Calvo-Lobo, Cesar, Marta San-Antolín, Daniel García-García, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, Julia Cosín-Matamoros, Israel Casado-Hernández, Eva María Martínez-Jiménez, Victoria Mazoteras-Pardo, and David Rodríguez-Sanz. "Intra- and inter-session reliability and repeatability of an infrared thermography device designed for materials to measure skin temperature of the triceps surae muscle tissue of athletes." PeerJ 11 (March 9, 2023): e15011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15011.

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Background Infrared thermography devices have been commonly applied to measure superficial temperature in structural composites and walls. These tools were cheaper than other thermographic devices used to measure superficial human muscle tissue temperature. In addition, infrared thermography has been previously used to assess skin temperature related to muscle tissue conditions in the triceps surae of athletes. Nevertheless, the reliability and repeatability of an infrared thermography device designed for materials, such as the Manual Infrared Camera PCE-TC 30, have yet to be determined to measure skin temperature of the triceps surae muscle tissue of athletes. Objective The purpose was to determine the procedure’s intra- and inter-session reliability and repeatability to determine skin temperature within the Manual Infrared Camera PCE-TC 30 thermography device in the triceps surae muscle tissue of athletes, which was initially designed to measure the superficial temperature of materials. Methods A total of 34 triceps surae muscles were bilaterally assessed from 17 healthy athletes using the Manual Infrared Camera PCE-TC 30 thermography device to determine intra- (at the same day separated by 1 h) and inter-session (at alternate days separated by 48 h) reliability and repeatability of the skin temperature of the soleus, medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles. The triceps surae complex weas measured by a region of interest of 1 cm2 through five infrared thermography images for each muscle. Statistical analyses comprised intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MCD), systematic error of measurement, correlation (r), and Bland-Altman plots completed with linear regression models (R2). Results Intra- and inter-session measurements of the proposed infrared thermography procedure showed excellent reliability (ICC(1,2) = 0.968–0.977), measurement errors (SEM = 0.186–0.232 °C; MDC = 0.515–0.643 °C), correlations (r = 0.885–0.953), and did not present significant systematic error of measurements (P > 0.05). Adequate agreement between each pair of measurement moments was presented by the Bland-Altman plots according to the limits of agreement and non-significant linear regression models (R2 = 0.000–0.019; P > 0.05). Conclusions The proposed procedure to determine skin temperature within the Manual Infrared Camera PCE-TC 30 thermography device presented excellent intra- and inter-session reliability and repeatability in athletes’ triceps surae muscle tissue. Future studies should consider the SEM and MDC of this procedure to measure the skin temperature of soleus, medial, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles to promote triceps surae muscle prevention and recovery in athletes.

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Glavaš, Hrvoje, Tomislav Barić, Mirko Karakašić, and Tomislav Keser. "Application of Infrared Thermography in E-Bike Battery Pack Detail Analysis—Case Study." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 3444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073444.

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The purpose of this research was to analyze the applicability of infrared thermography in assessing the condition of an e-bike battery. The main challenge was to interpret the surface radiation detected by a thermal imaging camera. In addition to basic challenges of thermography, such as determining the emissivity, the angle of image acquisition, the problem of low resolution and thermal inertia, it was necessary to understand the physical behavior of the elements inside the battery and battery pack that respectively determine the dynamics and shape of the thermal pattern. E-bike batteries are mainly composed of 18650 format Li-ion cells, and the topology of the battery cell is related to the energy profile of the system. With the aim of establishing a link between the surface radiation patterns and the parameters of the individual 18650 cells that dictate the internal thermal behavior, a detailed analysis of the battery pack interior, upon its lifetime, was performed. Based on the results of the capacity analysis of the individual cells and determination of the exact position of the cells within the structure of the battery, a visualization and comparison with the thermographic records were performed to determine whether infrared thermography is able to diversify faulty cells. The conclusion of the study is that it is not possible to make a judgment about the thermal pattern expression or the pattern shape based on the estimated capacity values; however, based on the pattern, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the homogeneity of the capacity of the individual battery cells.

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Velázquez-López, J., M. A. Cruz-Gómez, M. A. Ruelas-Oronia, F. Dipp-Velázquez, A. Dib-Kanan, and Z. Méndez-Mancilla. "Analysis and simulation of heat transfer in human tooth during the curing of orthodontic appliance and food ingestion." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 6 (May 30, 2016): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.183153.

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The aim of this study was to analyze and simulate the heat transfer in the human tooth undergoing fixed orthodontic appliances and food intake. An in vivo representative mathematic model of a layered thermographic profile was developed during the LED curing of Gemini bracket 0.022 in slot (conventional ligating system) and Transbond XT adhesive. The characterization of the layered thermic response allowed to identify if during the LED curing process, according to manufacturer’s specification (light curing unit, adhesive) can induce pulpar necrosis. The profile’s thermographic model was the simulation basis of many conditions such as food intake, due to in vivo metrology is affected by the impossibility of a correct apparatus position and the physiologic function of the oral cavity which is exposed to uncontrollable temperature changes. The metrology was carried out with a T-440 thermographic camera during LED curing bracket, using a LED curing light (Elipar S10) placed at 3 ± 1 mm for 5 s at each mesial and distal surface. The thermography outcomes were analyzed in the FLIR Tools Software, Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS 22. To adjust the mathematic model error, in vitro studies were performed on third molars for the purpose of realizing extreme exposition temperature condition tests caused by the LED curing unit without jeopardizing the human tooth vitality as would it be on in vivo experimentation. The bracket curing results according to manufacturer’s conditions reached 39°C in vivo temperatures and 47°C on in vitro tests, which does not jeopardize human tooth vitality as said by previous researches, although, an LED curing precise protocol established by the manufacturer’s LED curing light is sustained.

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Gianni, E., G. Loiaconi, and A. Salvato. "Analyse thermographique des muscles faciaux en O.D.F." Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/odf/1985021.

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Dragoș, Paul Florian, Marius Darius Șuteu, Rareș Pancu, and Sorin Dacian Buhaș. "Thermal Transfer Analysis for Sports Footwear, for Performance Athletes, during Volleyball Training." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010652.

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The purpose of this paper is a social one, to present various experimental thermal analyses of sports footwear to identify the areas that ensure the best foot ventilation for comfort in movement. The mechanical properties of the analyzed footwear were determined on the Nano Indenter Agilent G200, with the help of which Young’s modulus was determined according to ISO 14577. Thermography measurements were performed at the Oradea University Sports Club. The FLIR SC 640 thermal imaging camera was used, which is a portable thermographic scanning equipment. The measurements were performed on eight athletes (subjects) in a volleyball training session, wearing sports footwear (Asics and Mizuno). Thermographic recordings were made during training at five different times: moment zero (before the start of training), moment one (2 min of training), moment two (5 min of training), moment three (15 min of training), and moment four (at the end of the volleyball training session). For the other three subjects, although having different models of the same sports footwear, the analysis of the thermal distribution values shows they are within the minimum and maximum limits of the five subjects analyzed in the paper. Based on the thermographic recording values obtained, a mathematical model was determined using polynomial regression to predict temperature values outside the range of the experimental data. In the present paper, research was carried out in order to identify the thermal variations of indoor sports shoes used in volleyball training so as to detect the heat exchange between the foot and the outdoor environment. Whether we are talking about winter sports or sports that take place in other atmospheric conditions, the comfort given by the optimal temperature at the level of each body segment is certainly reflected in the level of performance achieved.

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De Cesare, Mario, Luigi Savino, Antonio Del Vecchio, Francesca Di Carolo, Marilena Musto, Umberto Galietti, and Giuseppe Rotondo. "Advances in Material Wide Range Temperature Determination by Dual-Color Emissivity Free Methodology in Long-Mid-near Infrared Ranges and Non-stationary Aerospace Re-Entry Conditions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041385.

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Dual color emissivity free methodology by thermography allows to obtain 2D (two-dimensional) temperature maps by using local grey body hypotheses and narrowband filters. By using a suitable pair of filters is possible to obtain the ratio between two thermal camera input signals that depend only on the temperature and not on the emissive properties of the investigated surface. The aim of this concise review paper is to summarize and discuss the developments and applications from long- to mid-near infrared ranges and in a wide range of temperature values of the dual-color thermographic technique that has been analysed through the use of an analytical model based on the integration of Planck’s law and attenuated with the transmission curves of sensors, optics, filters, and attenuators during the last years. Moreover, the applicability to the non-stationary temperature conditions and finalized to the materials mainly used in the aerospace plasma wind tunnel (PWT) re-entry are shown.

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Chung, Yoonjae, Ranjit Shrestha, Seungju Lee, and Wontae Kim. "Thermographic Inspection of Internal Defects in Steel Structures: Analysis of Signal Processing Techniques in Pulsed Thermography." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216015.

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This study performed an experimental investigation on pulsed thermography to detect internal defects, the major degradation phenomena in several structures of the secondary systems in nuclear power plants as well as industrial pipelines. The material losses due to wall thinning were simulated by drilling flat-bottomed holes (FBH) on the steel plate. FBH of different sizes in varying depths were considered to evaluate the detection capability of the proposed technique. A short and high energy light pulse was deposited on a sample surface, and an infrared camera was used to analyze the effect of the applied heat flux. The three most established signal processing techniques of thermography, namely thermal signal reconstruction (TSR), pulsed phase thermography (PPT), and principal component thermography (PCT), have been applied to raw thermal images. Then, the performance of each technique was evaluated concerning enhanced defect detectability and signal to noise ratio (SNR). The results revealed that TSR enhanced the defect detectability, detecting the maximum number of defects, PPT provided the highest SNR, especially for the deeper defects, and PCT provided the highest SNR for the shallower defects.

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Álvarez-Prats, D., O. Carvajal-Fernández, F. Valera Garrido, D. Pecos-Martín, A. García-Godino, M. M. Santafe, and F. Medina-Mirapeix. "Acupuncture Points and Perforating Cutaneous Vessels Identified Using Infrared Thermography: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (March 21, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7126439.

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Aims. To evaluate the presence of perforating cutaneous vessels (PCV) in different lower limb acupuncture points (AP) using thermography.Material and Methods. An analytical cross-sectional study was performed on the two lower limbs (n=6) of volunteer subjects. In total, 144 AP and 144 control points (CP) were analysed, one for each AP. First, the AP and CP were located on each individual. Subsequently, both the real and thermographic images were created. In the real images, the location of the AP and the established CP were highlighted with boxes. FLIR Tools Plus and Physio Thermal Imaging software were used to merge the real image with the AP and the CP and to merge the thermographic image with the PCV. By superimposing both images, we were able to verify the presence of PCV among the AP and CP.Results. PCV were identified in 87.5% of the 144 AP examined and in 18.1% of the respective CP. All the AP had a higher percentage of PCV compared to their respective CP, with statistically significant differences in all points, except for ST33 and ST34. The probability of finding PCV in AP was 11 times higher than the probability of not finding it.Discussion. Thermography may serve as a useful tool in the assessment and treatment of patients using acupuncture. The presence of PCV in the area of the acupuncture needle insertion could partially influence the effects generated by the acupuncture technique from the vascular autonomic point of view.Conclusions. There is a high proportion of PCV in the AP area located in the lower limb.

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Purup, Mathias Møller, Karoline Knudsen, Pall Karlsson, Astrid Juhl Terkelsen, and Per Borghammer. "Skin Temperature in Parkinson’s Disease Measured by Infrared Thermography." Parkinson's Disease 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2349469.

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Background. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often show peripheral autonomic dysfunction and depositions of pathological alpha-synuclein aggregates in the skin. However, functional consequences of this skin involvement have received little attention. Objective. To determine thermographic differences in the skin between healthy controls (HCs) and PD patients on hands, feet, and trunk and to correlate findings with symptoms and signs of dysautonomia. Between-group differences in autonomic parameters and questionnaires were explored. Methods. Twenty-one PD patients and 19 HCs were examined by thermographic infrared imaging of standardized anatomical locations on the trunk and upper and lower extremities at baseline and after exposure to cold stress test (CST). Thermal recovery rates (RRs) were determined on the basis of thermograms. Correlation analyses between alterations in skin temperature and autonomic dysfunction were performed. Results. The most significant RR difference between PD patients and HCs was seen on the fifth distal phalanx 10 minutes post-CST (mean RR ± SD: 51 ± 18% vs. 70 ± 23%, p = 0.003). No between-group differences were seen in baseline or post-CST values of the feet. No correlations were seen between thermal parameters and clinical and autonomic data. In the HC group, a positive, moderate correlation was seen between post-CST recovery values on the 3rd and 5th phalanx and body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.661, p = 0.002). Conclusions. The PD patients exhibited significant reduction in RR compared to HC and patients also displayed altered thermal responses in multiple anatomical locations. Thus, infrared thermography could become an important future tool in investigation of autonomic deficiency in PD.

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Sithiravelautham, Dinesh, Artūras Sabaliauskas, and Dalia Čikotienė. "Equipment Maintenance Using IR Thermography." Jaunųjų mokslininkų darbai 48, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21277/jmd.v48i2.230.

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This work attempts to show some case studies through Infrared thermography involvements in the industrial maintenance. Initially critical points of the essential or very important machines and electrical circulation units for the production have to investigated. The points where we observed abnormal temperature variations were further analysed using other advanced tools like: vibration analyzer, Laser alignment tool, Oil analyser and Ultrasonic detector. The main objective is to prove that by implementing a good scheduled thermography survey one can decrease major expenses and save time. In addition, it has the capacity to contribute to the reliability of maintenance and minimize unexpected plant shutdowns dramatically in small and large-scale industries.

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Gulkowski, Slawomir, Natalia Zytkowska, and Piotr Dragan. "Temperature distribution analysis of different technologies of PV modules using infrared thermography." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900044.

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Photovoltaic systems are designed to operate for a very long time according to the modules’ warranty that guarantees at least of 80% of the nominal power production after 20 years of use. In order to assure the continuous power production with a high level for a long time, thermographic analysis should be performed to detect incipient anomalies in individual modules and junction boxes. This safe, convenient and noncontact method allows carrying out the inspection for working system without any contact with live wiring and without disconnecting the PV systems. Temperature distribution of the module surface can reveal many different types of anomalies, i.e. hot spots caused by local shading, microcracking or cell breakage. This paper shows the results of the infrared thermography analysis of the operating PV systems consisting of different technological modules: polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). The average working temperature of each different kind of technological module as well as overheated areas were investigated in this study. Temperature of the MC4 connectors was also analysed.

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Knobloch, Marjan, and Bernd G. Lottermoser. "Infrared Thermography: A Method to Visualise and Analyse Sulphide Oxidation." Minerals 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10110933.

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Environmental testing of sulphidic ores and wastes aims to assess the release of metals and metalloids at acid pH conditions and the samples’ likelihood to produce acid rock drainage (ARD). However, the majority of established ARD tests measure geochemical properties of samples and cannot visualise the exothermic oxidation reactions and their intensity leading to metalliferous drainage in all pH environments. This paper proposes a new protocol to detect and visualise the sulphide oxidation in ores and wastes. Six nearly monomineralic sulphides were crushed, sieved to two size fraction (0.09–4 mm), milled to powder and treated with H2O2. The thermal energy released upon sulphide oxidation was optically detected and temperatures measured using a portable infrared thermographic camera. Based on temperature–time progression curves, the oxidation reactivity of sulphides was derived from high to low: chalcopyrite > arsenopyrite > pyrite > sphalerite > stibnite > galena, which depends on grain size, amount of sulphides and other non-sulphide mineral phases present in the sample material. The study demonstrates that the application of H2O2 to sulphide sample powders and subsequent visualisation of the treated materials using a thermographic camera represents a rapid technique in revealing the presence of oxidising sulphides under all pH conditions.

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Addepalli, Sri, Yifan Zhao, John Ahmet Erkoyuncu, and Rajkumar Roy. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Pulsed Thermographic Inspection by Analysing the Thermal Diffusivity Measurements of Metals and Composites." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 5480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165480.

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Pulsed thermography has been used significantly over the years to detect near and sub-surface damage in both metals and composites. Where most of the research has been in either improving the detectability and/or its applicability to specific parts and scenarios, efforts to analyse and establish the level of uncertainty in the measurements have been very limited. This paper presents the analysis of multiple uncertainties associated with thermographic measurements under multiple scenarios such as the choice of post-processing algorithms; multiple flash power settings; and repeat tests on four materials, i.e., aluminium, steel, carbon-fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) and glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP). Thermal diffusivity measurement has been used as the parameter to determine the uncertainty associated with all the above categories. The results have been computed and represented in the form of a relative standard deviation (RSD) ratio in all cases, where the RSD is the ratio of standard deviation to the mean. The results clearly indicate that the thermal diffusivity measurements show a large RSD due to the post-processing algorithms in the case of steel and a large variability when it comes to assessing the GFRP laminates.

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Knezevic, Dragan, Bojana Radojkovic, Slavica Ristic, Suzana Polic, Milovan Janicijevic, Ljubisa Tomic, and Bore Jegdic. "Monitoring of a ceramic surface temperature field induced by pulsed Nd:YAG laser." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2019): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190811425k.

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Temperature distribution induced by laser radiation is a very important parameter for an efficient and safe application of lasers in different ceramic processing techniques. This paper presents the results of an infrared thermography (IRT) application for monitoring temperature distribution on a ceramic surface during Nd: YAG laser irradiation with different fluences and 8ns pulse duration. FLIR, E40 and SC7200 IR cameras were used with the aim of recording the maximum temperature in the irradiated zones. It was expected that IRT could give some information related to the heat affected zone and possible damage to the base material; however, the results have shown that IR cameras, even those with high performance such as SC7200, cannot record the maximum temperature value at the moment of laser operation, but only the average temperature of the bulk sample material after laser pulses. The results of the numerical simulation have confirmed the value of the thermographic measurements. The microstructure and micromorphology of the ceramic surface before and after the laser treatment were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as by examining the roughness of the irradiated and non- irradiated surfaces, while the micromechanical changes were analysed by comparing the micro-hardness of the irradiated and non-exposed surfaces.

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Menesatti, Paolo, Marcello Biocca, Stefano D'Andrea, and Marcos Pincu. "Thermography to analyze distribution of agricultural sprayers." Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal 5, no. 1 (June 2008): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/qirt.5.81-96.

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Dupont Monod, S., A. Chassignol, A. Grise, A. Labbe, and C. Baudouin. "169 Analyse thermographique per-opératoire des incisions de phacoémulsification." Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 31 (April 2008): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0181-5512(08)70766-6.

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San Juán, Manuel, Óscar Martín, Francisco Javier Santos, Pilar de Tiedra, Roberto López, and Raúl Mahillo-Isla. "Thermography IR Applied to Analyse the Influence of the Deformation Speed in the Forming Process." Key Engineering Materials 615 (June 2014): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.615.76.

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This work presents the development of an experimental study which aims to establish arelationship of temperature variations, deformation speeds and the possible microstructural changes in the AISI 304 stainless steel. For this, an IR thermographic camera recorded serveral tensile test with different deformation speeds.

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Shindou, Masatoshi, Ryo Matsuda, Tatsuya Furuki, Toshiki Hirogaki, and Eiichi Aoyama. "Investigation of End-Milling Process Based on Monitoring Method with Wireless Telegraphic Multifunctional Tool Holder and Infrared Thermography." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.606.

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Infrared thermographic technology has attracted the attention of various industrial fields. We therefore focus on it as a novel tool temperature monitoring method to improve the end-milling conditions of difficult-to-cut materials. However, it is difficult to measure tool temperature under coolant conditions because coolant prevents the monitoring of end-mill tool surfaces. Thus, we developed a novel temperature monitoring method by applying a pore electric discharge machining process to place a thermocouple sensor in the end-mill tool and by using a wireless telegraphic multifunctional tool holder to directly measure the internal temperature of the end-mill tool under rotation. We evaluated internal temperature distribution under various end-milling conditions on the basis of multipoint simultaneous measurements and discussed the influence of forced convection heat transfer on the internal temperature of the tool under various rotating conditions. In addition, we used a finite element method to analyze unsteady heat conduction on the basis of temperature measurement by high-speed video infrared thermography and compared the results with those of the wireless telegraphic multifunctional tool holder to demonstrate its validity and usefulness.

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Antón, Daniel, and José-Lázaro Amaro-Mellado. "Engineering Graphics for Thermal Assessment: 3D Thermal Data Visualisation Based on Infrared Thermography, GIS and 3D Point Cloud Processing Software." Symmetry 13, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020335.

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Engineering graphics are present in the design stage, but also constitute a way to communicate, analyse, and synthesise. In the Architecture-Engineering-Construction sector, graphical data become essential in analysing buildings and constructions throughout their lifecycles, such as in the thermal behaviour assessment of building envelopes. Scientific research has addressed the thermal image mapping onto three-dimensional (3D) models for visualisation and analysis. However, the 3D point cloud data creation of buildings’ thermal behaviour directly from rectified infrared thermography (IRT) thermograms is yet to be investigated. Therefore, this paper develops an open-source software graphical method to produce 3D thermal data from IRT images for temperature visualisation and subsequent analysis. This low-cost approach uses both a geographic information system for the thermographic image rectification and the point clouds production, and 3D point cloud processing software. The methodology has been proven useful to obtain, without perspective distortions, 3D thermograms even from non-radiometric raster images. The results also revealed that non-rectangular thermograms enable over 95% of the 3D thermal data generated from IRT against rectangular shapes (over 85%). Finally, the 3D thermal data produced allow further thermal behaviour assessment, including calculating the object’s heat loss and thermal transmittance for diverse applications such as energy audits, restoration, monitoring, or product quality control.

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Morales-Ivorra, I., J. Narváez, C. Gómez Vaquero, J. M. Nolla, C. Moragues Pastor, D. Grados Canovas, J. A. Narvaez, and M. A. Marin-López. "AB1343 ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DISEASE ACTIVITY SCORES FOR REMOTE ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS USING THERMOGRAPHY AND MACHINE LEARNING." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1778.1–1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1567.

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BackgroundDisease activity scores are used in the follow-up of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These scores include variables obtained through physical examination, such as the tender and swollen joint count. In telematic consultations it is not possible to determine these variables. Thermography is a safe and fast technique that measures heat through infrared imaging. Inflammation of the joints causes an increase in temperature and could therefore be detected by thermography. Machine learning methods are highly accurate in analyzing medical images, and could be used to analyze thermal images automatically. Thermography of hands, patient global health (PGH) and acute phase reactants could be combined to develop new activity scores that facilitate remote assessment of RA patients.ObjectivesTo develop new disease activity scores based on the machine learning analysis of thermal images of the hands, PGH and acute phase reactants.MethodsMulticenter observational study conducted in the rheumatology and radiology service of two hospitals. Patients with RA, psoriatic arthritis, undifferentiated arthritis and arthritis of hands secondary to other diseases that attended the follow-up visits were recruited. Companions of patients and healthcare professionals were also recruited as healthy subjects. In all cases, a thermographic image of the hands was taken using a Flir One Pro or a Thermal Expert TE-Q1 camera connected to a smartphone. Ultrasound (US) of both hands was performed. The degree of synovial hypertrophy (SH) and power doppler (PD) was assessed for each joint (score from 0 to 3). Machine learning was used to quantify joint inflammation from the thermal images using US (SH+PD) as ground truth. This score has been named ThermoJIS. RA patients whose thermal image was taken with the Thermal Expert TE-Q1 camera were used to evaluate the performance (test dataset). The other participants were used as training dataset. The PGH, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were also assessed in the test dataset. ThermoDAS (ThermoJIS + PGH), ThermoDAS-ESR (ThermoJIS + PGH + ESR) and ThermoDAS-CRP (ThermoJIS + PGH + CRP) activity scores were developed using a linear regression. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient of ThermoJIS, ThermoDAS, ThermoDAS-ESR and ThermoDAS-CRP vs. SH, PD, PGH, ESR and CRP were used to characterize the new developed disease activity scores. The study was approved by the Clinical Ethics and Research Committee of both centers.ResultsThe total number of recruited subjects were 616 (475 for the training and 141 for the testing dataset). The correlations obtained between the different activity scores (ThermoJIS, ThermoDAS, ThermoDAS-ESR and ThermoDAS-CRP) vs. SH, PD, PGH, ESR and CRP are shown in Table 1. All correlations are statistically significant.Table 1.Spearman’s correlations of the developed scores vs synovial hypertrophy (SH); vs power doppler (PD); vs patient global health (PGH); vs erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and vs C-reactive protein (CRP).SHPDPGHESRCRPThermoJIS0.420.430.180.160.12ThermoDAS0.500.530.870.160.19ThermoDAS-ESR0.540.530.790.490.33ThermoDAS-CRP0.600.600.770.490.54ConclusionThermoJIS shows moderate correlation with US but weak correlation with PGH and acute phase reactants, suggesting that ThermoJIS is non-redundant with symptoms and laboratory assessment. Adding PGH and acute phase reactants to ThermoJIS improves all correlations, including correlation with US. These thermographic scores do not require a physical examination, opening an opportunity to facilitate remote consultations in RA patients.References[1]Lynch CJ et al. New machine-learning technologies for computer-aided diagnosis. Nat Med. 2018 Sep;24(9):1304-1305.[2]Tan YK et al. Thermography in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with ultrasonography and clinical joint assessment. Clin Radiol. 2020 Dec;75(12): 963.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

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Steinmetz, Lukas, Patricia Taladriz‐Blanco, Christoph Geers, Miguel Spuch‐Calvar, Mathias Bonmarin, Sandor Balog, Barbara Rothen‐Rutishauser, and Alke Petri‐Fink. "Lock‐In Thermography to Analyze Plasmonic Nanoparticle Dispersions." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 36, no. 9 (August 5, 2019): 1900224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201900224.

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Chrysochoos, André, and Hervé Louche. "Analyse thermographique des mécanismes de localisation dans des aciers doux." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics-Physics-Chemistry-Astronomy 326, no. 6 (June 1998): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1251-8069(98)80411-9.

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Sodi, Andrea, Sara Matteoli, Giovanni Giacomelli, Lucia Finocchio, Andrea Corvi, and Ugo Menchini. "Ocular Surface Temperature in Age-Related Macular Degeneration." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/281010.

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Background. The aim of this study is to investigate the ocular thermographic profiles in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes and age-matched controls to detect possible hemodynamic abnormalities, which could be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.Methods. 32 eyes with early AMD, 37 eyes with atrophic AMD, 30 eyes affected by untreated neovascular AMD, and 43 eyes with fibrotic AMD were included. The control group consisted of 44 healthy eyes. Exclusion criteria were represented by any other ocular diseases other than AMD, tear film abnormalities, systemic cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, and a body temperature higher than 37.5°C. A total of 186 eyes without pupil dilation were investigated by infrared thermography (FLIR A320). The ocular surface temperature (OST) of three ocular points was calculated by means of an image processing technique from the infrared images. Two-samplet-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used for statistical analyses.Results. ANOVA analyses showed no significant differences among AMD groups (Pvalue >0.272). OST in AMD patients was significantly lower than in controls (P>0.05).Conclusions. Considering the possible relationship between ocular blood flow and OST, these findings might support the central role of ischemia in the pathogenesis of AMD.

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Libonati, F., and L. Vergani. "Damage assessment of composite materials by means of thermographic analyses." Composites Part B: Engineering 50 (July 2013): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.01.012.

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Chen, Chia-Hsin, Yung-Kang Shen, and Sung-Chih Hsieh. "The investigation of gutta-percha temperature and compaction force change when using the vertical compaction of warm gutta-percha technique." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0211.

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Abstract The naturally occurring isoprene rubber component of gutta-percha has been used in dental root canal filling treatments for almost a hundred years owing to its stability and plasticity as a root canal filling material. The traditional warm gutta-percha vertical compaction technique is the major technique for warm gutta-percha root canal obturation. However, the relation between compaction force and temperature change in this technique is still unclear. The purposes of this study were to determine the ideal gutta-percha molding temperature for compaction and to evaluate single and double heating and compaction in the warm vertical compaction procedures using infrared thermography. Gutta-percha was placed in a digital dry bath incubator at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 62°C in order to analyze compaction forces using an Instron universal testing machine. Both single and double heating and compaction procedures were examined using an infrared thermograph model to monitor temperature change when performing the warm gutta-percha vertical compaction procedure. Our results demonstrate that 44–58°C is the ideal temperature to soften gutta-percha for excellent compaction. Heating and compacting gutta-percha twice at 3 mm from the apex can mold the gutta-percha completely.

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Machida, Kenji, and Yasuhiro Kutsuma. "OS03W0061 Stress-components analysis by inverse problem using infrared thermography." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS03W0061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os03w0061.

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Suriani, M. J., Aidi Ali, A. Khalina, S. M. Sapuan, and S. Abdullah. "Detection of defects of Kenaf/Epoxy by Thermography Analyses." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 36 (September 18, 2012): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/36/1/012013.

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Morena, S., F. Bordese, E. Caliano, S. Freda, E. De Feo, and S. Barba. "ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY TECHNIQUES FOR DEGRADATION DIAGNOSTICS. AN APPLICATION FOR THE CULTURAL HERITAGE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-449-2021.

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Abstract. The great technological development in recent years in the field of architectural survey has made possible increasingly expeditious and less invasive investigations with the aim of acquiring a series of data related to the asset and fundamental for the protection of cultural heritage. In addition, the synergy between the various techniques represents an added value able, not only, to fill possible gaps and lacks arising from application limits of the instruments, but also to enhance the peculiarities of the same. This paper presents an integrated survey activity (range-based, image-based and IR thermography techniques) aimed at applying the combination and collaboration of multiple sensors for the analysis and study of historical buildings as well as for the generation of digital repository to support current and future investigations. In particular, the attention has been on the Chiesa dell’Annunziata located in the municipality of Sessa Aurunca in the province of Caserta (Italy). By carrying out a systematic process of survey, colorimetric-material analysis and thermographic investigations, the work has allowed to identify the main forms of degradation that characterize the structure and the causes that generate it. The work conducted through the combination of multiple technologies demonstrates, once again, the importance of synergy and integrations between several instrumentations useful for the documentation of the built heritage, characterized by complex analyses and investigations based on increasingly interdisciplinary approaches.

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Mayer, Zoe, Andres Epperlein, Elena Vollmer, Rebekka Volk, and Frank Schultmann. "Investigating the Quality of UAV-Based Images for the Thermographic Analysis of Buildings." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020301.

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Thermography for building audits is commonly carried out by means of terrestrial recording processes with static cameras. The implementation of drones to automatically acquire images from various perspectives can speed up and facilitate the procedure but requires higher recording distances, utilizes changing recording angles and has to contend with the effects of movement during image capture. This study investigates the influence of different drone settings on the quality of thermographic images for building audits in comparison to ground-based acquisition. To this end, several buildings are photographically captured via unmanned aerial vehicle and classical terrestrial means to generate a dataset of 968 images in total. These are analyzed and compared according to five quality criteria that are explicitly chosen for this study to establish best-practice rules for thermal image acquisition. We discover that flight speeds of up to 5 m/s have no visible effects on the image quality. The combination of smaller distances (22 m above a building) and a 45° camera angle are found to allow for both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of rooftops as well as a qualitative screening of building façades. Greater distances of 42 m between camera and building may expedite the acquisition procedure for larger-scaled district coverage but cannot be relied upon for thermal analyses beyond qualitative studies.

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Kesztyüs, Dorothea, Sabrina Brucher, and Tibor Kesztyüs. "Use of infrared thermography in medical diagnostics: a scoping review protocol." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e059833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059833.

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IntroductionThermography offers a non-invasive radiation-free methodology for diagnostic imaging and temperature measurement, but the extent of the current application is unclear, as is the level of evidence for each use case. Moreover, population-based thermographic reference values for diagnostic purposes are nearly unknown. The aim of this scoping review is to identify patient populations and diseases in which thermography is applied, cataloguing of technical and environmental modalities, investigation of the existence of specific reference data and finally exploration of gaps and future tasks.Methods and analysisPubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and CENTRAL, Embase, Web of Science and OpenGrey are to be searched using pretested suitable search strategies, with no language restriction, but abstracts should be available in English or German and articles should not have been published before 2000. This limited time frame is due to the rapid technological progress, which makes it necessary to exclude reports based on outdated technology. The literature found will be selected on the basis of previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, relevant data will be extracted from the included references into a predesigned table. The selection and extraction process will be conducted by two researchers independently. The report of the results will be according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. The entire review process will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute approach. The scoping review protocol is registered at the Open Science Framework.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this work, but ethical medicine also obliges us to carefully consider diagnostic alternatives and compare them with current standards. The dissemination of the results will take place in a variety of ways. First and foremost through publication in an open access journal, but also through conference proceedings. In addition, this scoping review will serve to open up new research foci with regard to thermography.

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Kim, Jeong Guk, Sung Tae Kwon, and Won Kyung Kim. "NDE Characterization and Mechanical Behavior in Ceramic Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.946.

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Several nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, including ultrasonic C-scan, X-ray computed tomography (CT), and infrared (IR) thermography, were employed on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) to illustrate defect information that might effect mechanical behavior and to analyze structural performance of CMCs. Prior to tensile testing, through C-scan and CT analyses results, the qualitative relationship between the relative ultrasonic transmitted amplitude and porosity based on CT was exhibited. An IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of progressive damages and to determine temperature changes during tensile testing. Moreover, scanning-electron microscopy characterization was used to perform microstructural failure analyses. This paper describes the use of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to facilitate the understanding of tension behavior of CMCs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermographie – analyse'

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