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Journal articles on the topic "Thermoeconomic analysi"
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Uysal, Cuneyt, and Ho-Young Kwak. "Role of Waste Cost in Thermoeconomic Analysis." Entropy 22, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22030289.
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Power plants or thermal systems wherein products such as electricity and steam are generated affect the natural environment, as well as human society, through the discharging of wastes. The wastes from such plants may include ashes, flue gases, and hot water streams. The waste cost is of primary importance in plant operation and industrial ecology. Therefore, an appropriate approach for including waste cost in a thermoeconomic analysis is essential. In this study, a method to take waste cost into account in thermoeconomics to determine the production cost of products via thermoeconomic analysis is proposed. The calculation of the waste cost flow rates at the dissipative units and their allocation to system components are important to obtain the production cost of a plant.
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dos Santos, Rodrigo Guedes, Atilio Barbosa Lourenço, Pedro Rosseto de Faria, Marcelo Aiolfi Barone, and José Joaquim Conceição Soares Santos. "A New Exergy Disaggregation Approach for Complexity Reduction and Dissipative Equipment Isolation in Thermoeconomics." Entropy 24, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24111672.
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Thermoeconomics connects thermodynamic and economic concepts in order to provide information not available in conventional energy and economic analysis. Most thermoeconomicists agree that exergy is the most appropriate thermodynamic magnitude to associate with cost. In some applications, exergy disaggregation is required. Despite the improvement in result accuracy, the modeling complexity increases. In recent years, different exergy disaggregation approaches have been proposed, mostly to deal with dissipative components and residues, despite all of them also increasing the complexity of thermoeconomics. This study aims to present a new thermoeconomic approach based on exergy disaggregation, which is able to isolate dissipative components with less modeling complexity. This approach, called the A&F Model, splits the physical exergy into two terms, namely, Helmholtz energy and flow work. These terms were evaluated from a thermoeconomic point of view, through a cost allocation in an ideal Carnot cycle, and they were also applied and compared with the UFS Model, through a cost allocation analysis, in a case study with an organic Rankine cycle-powered vapor compression refrigeration system. The complexity and computational effort reduction in the A&F are significantly less than in the UFS Model. This alternative approach yields consistent results.
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Dos Santos, R. G., P. R. De Faria, J. J. C. S. Santos, J. A. M. Da Silva, and J. L. M. Donatelli. "THE EFFECT OF THE THERMODYNAMIC MODELS ON THE THERMOECONOMIC RESULTS FOR COST ALLOCATION IN A GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEM." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v14i2.62133.
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The thermoeconomics combines economics and thermodynamics to provide information not available from conventional energy and economic analysis. For thermoeconomics modeling one of the keys points is the thermodynamic model that should be adopted. Different thermodynamic models can be used in the modeling of a gas turbine system depending on the accuracy required. A detailed study of the performance of gas turbine would take into account many features. These would include the combustion process, the change of composition of working fluid during combustion, the effects of irreversibilities associated with friction and with pressure and temperature gradients and heat transfer between the gases and walls. Owing to these and others complexities, the accurate modeling of gas turbine normally involves computer simulation. To conduct elementary thermodynamic analyses, considerable simplifications are required. Thus, there are simplified models that lead to different results in thermoeconomics. At this point, three questions arise: How different can the results be? Are these simplifications reasonable? Is it worth using such a complex model? In order to answer these questions, this paper compares three thermodynamic models in a gas turbine cogeneration system from thermoeconomic point of view: cold air-standard model, CGAM model and complete combustion with excess air.
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Ranasinghe, J., S. Aceves-Saborio, and G. M. Reistad. "Irreversibility and Thermoeconomics Based Design Optimization of a Ceramic Heat Exchanger." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240318.
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This paper illustrates the optimization procedure for heat exchangers residing in complex power plants. A specific case of optimizing a new technology ceramic heat exchanger, which is a part of the complex power plant, is shown. The heat exchanger design methods presented are based on two different objective functions, namely, a modified irreversibility rate based objective function proposed by the authors in earlier work and an objective function based on thermoeconomics. This paper also extends existing work by illustrating a method to obtain the cost coefficients for thermoeconomic optimization, based on the use of an overall plant simulation model. A discussion on possible methods of improving the design guideposts obtained from irreversibility minimization analysis is also presented.
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Valencia, Duarte, and Isaza-Roldan. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste-Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 4017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194017.
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Waste-heat recovery (WHR) systems based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) improve the thermal efficiency of natural gas engines because they generate additional electric power without consuming more gas fuel. However, to obtain a cost-effective design, thermoeconomic criteria must be considered to facilitate installation, operation, and penetration into real industrial contexts. Therefore, a thermo-economic analyses of a simple ORC (SORC), ORC with recuperator (RORC) and a double-pressure ORC (DORC) integrated with a 2 MW Jenbacher JMS 612 GS-N. L is presented using toluene as the organic working fluid. In addition, the cost rate balances for each system are presented in detail, with the analysis of some thermoeconomics indicator such as the relative cost difference, the exergoeconomic factor, and the cost rates of exergy destruction and exergy loss. The results reported opportunities to improve the thermoeconomic performance in the condenser and turbine, because the exergoeconomic factor for the condenser and the turbine were in the RORC (0.41 and 0.90), and DORC (0.99 and 0.99) respectively, which implies for the RORC configuration that 59% and 10% of the increase of the total cost of the system is caused by the exergy destruction of these devices. Also, the pumps present the higher values of relative cost difference and exergoeconomic factor for B1 (rk = 8.5, fk = 80%), B2 (rk = 8, fk = 85%).
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Picallo-Perez, Ana, José María Sala, and Arrate Hernández. "Application of Thermoeconomics in HVAC Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124163.
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In order to achieve a sustainable society, the energy consumption in buildings must be reduced. The first step toward achieving this goal is to detect their weak points and analyze the energy-saving potential. to detect the units with higher consumption and cost. Exergy is very useful for analyzing pieces of equipment, systems or entire buildings. It measures not only the quantity of energy but also its quality. If the exergy is combined with economic analysis, this gives rise to thermoeconomics, and the system can be checked systematically and optimized from the perspective of economics. In this work, exergy methods and thermoeconomic analysis were applied to a building thermal system. Due to its complexity, it is necessary to adapt some concepts to translate the exergy application from industry to buildings. The purpose of this work is to overcome these shortcomings and to deal with energy-saving actions for buildings. To this end, a thermoeconomic study of a facility that covers the heating and domestic hot water (DHW) demands of 176 dwellings in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country) using two boilers and two cogeneration engines was analyzed. The irreversibility associated with each piece of equipment was quantified, and the costs associated with resources, investment and maintenance were calculated for each flow and, consequently, for the final flows, that is, electricity (11.37 c€/kWh), heating (7.42 c€/kWh) and DHW (7.25 c€/kWh). The results prove that the boilers are the lesser efficient components (with an exergy efficiency of 15%). Moreover, it is demonstrated that micro-cogeneration engines not only save energy because they have higher exergy efficiency (36%), but they are also economically attractive, even if they require a relatively high investment. Additionally, thermoeconomic costs provide very interesting information and underscore the necessity to adapt the energy quality in between the generation and demand.
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Cheng, Wei Liang, Hui Ji, and An Di. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Air Conditioning Systems." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1748.
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In order to decrease the operation costs of air conditioning systems, an evaluation model based on unit thermoeconomic costs of thermoeconomic theory is presented in this paper. By using real components and fictitious components in an air conditioning system, the relationships between the fuel and product are established, and then the operation performances of the air conditioning system can be analyzed and evaluated. The unit thermoeconomic costs can be obtained with the experimental data. The results show that the unit thermoeconomic cost of the system is the lowest when the vaporizing temperature is at 16.3°C, and the unit thermoeconomic cost of the compressor component is the highest. Therefore, the direction and emphases of the technique improvement and performance enhancement are provided.
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Valero, A., L. Serra, and J. Uche. "Fundamentals of Exergy Cost Accounting and Thermoeconomics. Part I: Theory." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 128, no. 1 (July 8, 2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2134732.
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These two papers resume the theoretical background supporting the main ideas of the exergy cost accounting and the thermoeconomic approach followed by Valero and co-workers. Part I introduces the basic requirements, with a simple example accompanying the dissertations, to calculate the exergy and thermoeconomic costs and to perform the thermoeconomic analysis of a complex system. The connections with other thermoeconomic approaches and schools are briefly explained. Part II presents, as an illustration of the applications of thermoeconomic analysis, some of the most interesting applications of costs to the operation diagnosis and optimization of a complex system, showing the results on the mentioned example presented in Part I.
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Massardo, A. F., and M. Scialo`. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Gas Turbine Based Cycles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 4 (May 15, 2000): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287346.
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The thermoeconomic analysis of gas turbine based cycles is presented and discussed in this paper. The thermoeconomic analysis has been performed using the ThermoEconomic Modular Program (TEMP V.5.0) developed by Agazzani and Massardo (1997). The modular structure of the code allows the thermoeconomic analysis for different scenarios (turbine inlet temperature, pressure ratio, fuel cost, installation costs, operating hours per year, etc.) of a large number of advanced gas turbine cycles to be obtained in a fast and reliable way. The simple cycle configuration results have been used to assess the cost functions and coefficient values. The results obtained for advanced gas turbine based cycles (inter-cooled, re-heated, regenerated and their combinations) are presented using new and useful representations: cost versus efficiency, cost versus specific work, and cost versus pressure ratio. The results, including productive diagram configurations, are discussed in detail and compared to one another. [S0742-4795(00)01903-7]
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Shi, Zhi Gang, and Zhuo Li. "Thermoeconomic Optimization of a Seawater Source Heat Pump System for Residential Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.794.
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A seawater source heat pump (SWHP) system offer an attractive option for heating and cooling residential and commercial buildings owing to their higher energy efficiency compared with conventional systems. A thermoeconomic model was developed for analysis and optimization of SWHP with residential building. The thermodynamic and thermoeconomic optimum result for SWHP in the Qingdao, china, weather conditions were obtained using MATLAB optimization toolbox. The thermoeconomic optimization results show exergy loss and EER increasing by 22.7% and 13.9% respectively, but annual production costs reduce by 29.1%.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Thermoeconomic analysi"
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Ferreira, S. B. "Thermoeconomic analysis and optimisation of biomass fuel gas turbines." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3423.
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The ready availability of biomass in Brazil makes this type of fuel a major
candidate to integrate the country's energy matrix. Although this fuel is used as a
primary energy source, its use for electricity generation is still modest. On the other
hand, high efficiency and power density achieved by modem gas turbine engines make
them a promising option for the power generation market. Thus, this thesis has as main
objective to analyse the marriage between the solid fuel, biomass in this case, and gas
turbines.
Two main types of power plants are studied; the biomass integrated gasification
gas turbine cycle (BIGGT) and the externally fired cycle (EFGT), which for the first
time is thoroughly studied for the use of biomass fuel, plus the intercooled and
recuperated variants of these power plants. The results are compared with the ordinary
natural gas fuelled cycle. The method involves on- and off-design point performance
and exergy analysis. The economic performance and optimisation for each cycle is also
explored in order to assess their feasibility. The optimisation technique adopted is the
Genetic Algorithm (GA) connected to the conventional hill-climbing methodology. This
merge uses the GA to identify the region of optimum values, which are then passed on
to the hill-climbing algorithm. In this way the long time demanded by the GA to
converge is shortened and the unreliability of the hill-climbing method in finding the
global optimum is overcome.
The codes developed for design-point performance analysis and optimisation,
compared with a commercial package, proved reliable and robust. The tools developed
for exergy analysis (on- and off-design) are also robust and flexible, with the capability
of analysing and calculating the properties of mixtures made of 23 different gases. The
emissions equations are sufficiently accurate for the purposes of this thesis. The
relationship proposed for calculating the variable operating and maintenance costs
proved to be consistent with the current knowledge.
The results show that the optimised cycles are competitive with current
technology in terms of cost of electricity, the EFGT being the more competitive
biomass cycle, with costs of electricity (US$ 0.07/kWh) comparable with those of the
natural gas fuelled power plants. The BIGGT in its turn shows a cost of electricity 29
percent higher than its natural gas and externally fired counterparts (US$0.09/kWh)
counterparts. The method used to work out the best investment
- the required revenue
(RR) method -
demonstrated that the EFGT is again comparable with the NGGT cycle,
with its RR being only 7 percent higher. The BIGGT cycle shows a higher RR due to its
costly gasification/cleaning system. The minimisation of the exergy destruction ratio
indicates that little improvement would be achieved after the reduction of this
parameter, and a penalty - an 85 percent increase in the cost of electricity - must be
paid.
The environmental advantage of the biomass-fuelled cycles over the natural gas
cycle is clear, making these systems very promising as low emissions alternatives. Both
BIGGT and EFGT cycles presented very low CQ2 emissions. Regarding NO., emissions,
the EFGT cycle has the lowest rates, whereas the BIGGT has the highest.
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Spelling, James. "Hybrid Solar Gas-Turbine Power Plants : A Thermoeconomic Analysis." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121315.
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The provision of a sustainable energy supply is one of the most importantissues facing humanity at the current time, and solar thermal power hasestablished itself as one of the more viable sources of renewable energy. Thedispatchable nature of this technology makes it ideally suited to forming thebackbone of a future low-carbon electricity system.However, the cost of electricity from contemporary solar thermal power plantsremains high, despite several decades of development, and a step-change intechnology is needed to drive down costs. Solar gas-turbine power plants are apromising new alternative, allowing increased conversion efficiencies and asignificant reduction in water consumption. Hybrid operation is a furtherattractive feature of solar gas-turbine technology, facilitating control andensuring the power plant is available to meet demand whenever it occurs.Construction of the first generation of commercial hybrid solar gas-turbinepower plants is complicated by the lack of an established, standardised, powerplant configuration, which presents the designer with a large number ofchoices. To assist decision making, thermoeconomic studies have beenperformed on a variety of different power plant configurations, includingsimple- and combined-cycles as well as the addition of thermal energy storage.Multi-objective optimisation has been used to identify Pareto-optimal designsand highlight trade-offs between costs and emissions.Analysis of the simple-cycle hybrid solar gas-turbines revealed that, whileelectricity costs were kept low, the achievable reduction in carbon dioxideemissions is relatively small. Furthermore, an inherent trade-off between thedesign of high efficiency and high solar share hybrid power plants wasidentified. Even with the use of new optimised designs, the degree of solarintegration into the gas-turbine did not exceed 63% on an annual basis.In order to overcome the limitations of the simple-cycle power plants, twoimprovements were suggested: the integration of thermal energy storage, andthe use of combined-cycle configurations. Thermal energy storage allowed thedegree of solar operation to be extended, significantly decreasing carbondioxide emissions, and the addition of a bottoming-cycle reduced the electricitycosts. A combination of these two improvements provided the bestperformance, allowing a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of up to 34%and a reduction in electricity costs of up to 22% compared to a combination ofconventional power generation technologies.Hållbar energiförsörjning är för närvarande en av de viktigaste frågorna förmänskligheten. Koncentrerad solenergi är nu etablerad som en tillförlitlig källaav förnybar energi. Den reglerbara karaktären hos tekniken gör den specielltintressant för uppbyggnaden av ett framtida koldioxidsnålt elsystem.Kostnaden för elektricitet från nuvarande termiska solkraftverk är hög trottsflera decennier av utveckling. Ett genombrått på tekniknivå krävs för att drivaned kostnaderna. Sol-gasturbiner är ett av de mest lovande alternativen, somger en ökad verkningsgrad samtidigt som vattenkonsumtionen reducerasdrastiskt. Sol-gasturbintekniken gör det möjligt att blandköra solenergi ochandra bränslen för att möta efterfrågan vid alla tidpunkter, en attraktiv aspekt iförhållande till alternativa lösningar.Uppbyggnaden av första generationens kommersiella hybrida solgasturbinkraftverkförsvåras dock av bristen på etablerade och standardiseradekraftverkskonfigurationer. Dessa ger planeraren ett stort antal valmöjlighetersom underlag för beslutsfattande. Termoekonomiska studier har genomförtsför ett flertal olika kraftverkskonfigurationer, däribland kraftverk med enkelcykel, kombikraftverk samt möjligheten att utnyttja termisk energilagring.Pareto-optimala konfigurationer har identifierats med hjälp av multiobjektsoptimeringför att belysa balansen mellan kostnader och utsläpp.Analysen av det enkla hybrida sol-gasturbinkraftverket visade attelektricitetskostnaden hållits på en låg nivå, men att den möjliga minskningen avkoldioxidutsläpp är relativt liten. Dessutom identifierades en inre balans mellanatt bibehålla en hög verkningsgrad hos konfigurationen och en hög andelsolenergi i produktionen. Andelen av solenergi i gasturbinen överskred aldrig63% på årlig bas, även med optimerade kraftverkskonfigurationer.Två förbättringar föreslås för att övervinna begränsningarna hos kraftverk medenkel cykel: integration av termisk energilagring samt nyttjande avkombikraftverkskonfigurationer. Termisk energilagring tillåter en ökad andelsolenergi i driften och reducerar koldioxidutsläppen drastiskt, medan denytterligare cykeln hos kombikraftverket reducerar elektricitetskostnaden.Kombinationen av dessa förbättringar ger den bästa prestandan, med enreduktion av koldioxidutsläppen på upp till 34% och reducerade elektricitetskostnaderpå upp till 22% i jämförelse med andra kombinationer avkonventionella kraftverkskonfigurationer.
QC 20130503
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Lamas, Wendell de Queiróz [UNESP]. "Análise termoeconômica de uma mini-estação de tratamento de esgoto com auto-suficiência energética." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106407.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Neste trabalho é desenvolvida uma metodologia para a alocação dos custos dos produtos por uma mini-estação de tratamento de esgotos, com vistas a realizar a análise da viabilidade econômica do investimento necessário para a sua implantação, inclusive caracterizando-a como a melhor escolha a ser adotada na solução de saneamento básico em zonas rurais e em regiões de limitado poder aquisitivo, além de que tem potencial energético face à sua capacidade de transformar em eletricidadea energia contida no biogás gerado. Essa metodologia á aplicada ao sistema instalado no campus de Guaratinguetá da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Estadual Paulista, tendo sido estabelecidas as condições iniciais a partir da realidade vivida no campus e sendo relacionadas as características termodinâmicas do sistema, a partir do seu diagrama de processo. As características associadas ao diagrama de processo possibilitam construir o diagrama funcional termoeconômico do sistema e determinar as equações referentes às funções exergéticas desse sistema e os respectivos valores das exergias associados. Após esses cálculos, elabora-se um modelo estrutural para avaliar os custos de seus produtos (biogás, biofertilizante, água em condições de re-uso e energia elétrica) e avaliar a viabilidade econômica em função do retorno de capital investido. A seguir, a mesma metodologia á aplicada a um sistema comercialmente disponível, com características de tratamento muito próximas às da mini-ETE. A partir dos resultados obtidos, é possível verificar que a mini-estação de tratamento de esgoto é uma alternativa viável e muito atraente sobre o ponto de vista técnico-econômico, pois além de apresentar auto-suficiência energética, possui um retorno de investimento de aproximadamente um terço do tempo do sistema comercialmente disponível com características semelhantes para tratamento.
In this work a methodology that allows for the allocation of costs of the generated products for a small wastewater treatment station is developed, and used to perform an analysis of its economic feasibility, to justify the investment, beside its characterization as one of the best choice to be adopted as a basic sanitation solution in rural areas, and in areas characterized by low income population, together with a major energy potential because of its capability to transform the generated biogas into electric energy. For this purpose, the methodology is applied to a system established at Guaratinguetá Campus, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University. After establishing initial conditions based on site evaluation, the thermodynamics features of the system are related based on its process diagram. Such features, associated to process diagram, make it possible to build the thermoeconomi functional diagram for the system under analysis and, after words, the equations related to exergetic functions for the system are determined and the exergy values are calculated. After these calculations, a structural model is developed, in order to provide its products costs (biogas, biofertilizer, water in reuse conditions and electric energy). The economic viability is evaluated as a function of the estimated return on investment. The same methodology is then applied to a commercially available system, with characteristics close to a small wastewater treatment station. Based on the results of this work it is possible to verify that the small wastewater treatment station is a viable and attractive alternative in the technical and economic point of view, showing self-sufficiency in energy, and a pay-back period about one-third of estimated time of the commercial system referred to with similar features.
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OYEKALE, JOSEPH OYETOLA. "Modelling, thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of hybrid solar-biomass organic Rankine cycle power plants." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/284453.
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The need for modern energy systems to embrace the requirements of energy security, sustainability and affordability in their designs has placed emphatic importance on exploitation of renewable resources, such as solar and wind energy, etc. However, these resources often lead to reduced reliability and dispatchability of energy systems; less-efficient conversion processes; high cost of power production; etc. One promising way to ameliorate these challenges is through hybridization of renewable energy resources, and by using organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for power generation. Thus, this PhD research project is aimed at conceptual design and techno-economic optimization of hybrid solar-biomass ORC power plants.
The methodologies adopted are in four distinct phases:
- First, novel hybrid concentrated solar power (CSP)-biomass scheme was conceived that could function as retrofit to existing CSP-ORC plants as well as in new hybrid plant designs. Thermodynamic models were developed for each plant sub-unit, and yearly techno-economic performance was assessed for the entire system. Specifically, the ORC was modelled based on characteristics of an existing CSP-ORC plant, which currently operates at Ottana, Italy. Off-design models of ORC components were integrated, and their performance was validated using experimental data obtained from the aforementioned real plant.
- Second, detailed exergy and exergoeconomic analyses were performed on the proposed hybrid plant, in order to examine the system components with remarkable optimization potentials. The evaluation on optimization potentials considered intrinsic irreversibilities in the respective components, which are imposed by assumptions of systemic and economic constraints. This has been termed enhanced exergy and enhanced exergoeconomic analyses here.
- Third, the techno-economic implications of using siloxane mixtures as ORC working fluid were investigated, with the aim of improving heat transfer processes in the ORC plant. The studied fluid pairs were actively selected to satisfy classical thermodynamic requirements, based on established criteria.
- Fourth, the biomass retrofit system was optimized multi-objectively, to minimize biomass consumption rate (maximize exergetic efficiency) and to minimize exergy cost rate. Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) was adopted for multi-objective optimization.
The conceptual scheme involves parallel hybridization of CSP and biomass systems, such that each is capable of feeding the ORC directly. Results showed that the proposed biomass hybridization concept would increase both thermodynamic efficiency and economic performance of CSP-ORC plants, thereby improving their market competitiveness. Total exergy destroyed and exergy efficiency were quantified for each component, and for the whole system. Overall system exergetic efficiency of about 7 % was obtained. Similarly, exergoeconomic factor was obtained for each system component, and their implications were analysed to identify system components with high potentials for optimization. Furthermore, it was observed that thermodynamic performance of the hybrid plant would be optimized by using siloxane mixtures as ORC working fluid. However, this would result in larger heat exchange surface area, with its attendant cost implications. Lastly, biomass combustion and furnace parameters were obtained, which would simultaneously optimize exergetic efficiency and exergy cost rate for the hybrid plant.
In sum, a novel scheme has been developed for hybridizing solar and biomass energy for ORC plants, with huge potentials to improve techno-economic competitiveness of solar-ORC systems.
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Lamas, Wendell de Queiróz. "Análise termoeconômica de uma mini-estação de tratamento de esgoto com auto-suficiência energética /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106407.
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Resumo: Neste trabalho é desenvolvida uma metodologia para a alocação dos custos dos produtos por uma mini-estação de tratamento de esgotos, com vistas a realizar a análise da viabilidade econômica do investimento necessário para a sua implantação, inclusive caracterizando-a como a melhor escolha a ser adotada na solução de saneamento básico em zonas rurais e em regiões de limitado poder aquisitivo, além de que tem potencial energético face à sua capacidade de transformar em eletricidadea energia contida no biogás gerado. Essa metodologia á aplicada ao sistema instalado no campus de Guaratinguetá da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Estadual Paulista, tendo sido estabelecidas as condições iniciais a partir da realidade vivida no campus e sendo relacionadas as características termodinâmicas do sistema, a partir do seu diagrama de processo. As características associadas ao diagrama de processo possibilitam construir o diagrama funcional termoeconômico do sistema e determinar as equações referentes às funções exergéticas desse sistema e os respectivos valores das exergias associados. Após esses cálculos, elabora-se um modelo estrutural para avaliar os custos de seus produtos (biogás, biofertilizante, água em condições de re-uso e energia elétrica) e avaliar a viabilidade econômica em função do retorno de capital investido. A seguir, a mesma metodologia á aplicada a um sistema comercialmente disponível, com características de tratamento muito próximas às da mini-ETE. A partir dos resultados obtidos, é possível verificar que a mini-estação de tratamento de esgoto é uma alternativa viável e muito atraente sobre o ponto de vista técnico-econômico, pois além de apresentar auto-suficiência energética, possui um retorno de investimento de aproximadamente um terço do tempo do sistema comercialmente disponível com características semelhantes para tratamento.Abstract: In this work a methodology that allows for the allocation of costs of the generated products for a small wastewater treatment station is developed, and used to perform an analysis of its economic feasibility, to justify the investment, beside its characterization as one of the best choice to be adopted as a basic sanitation solution in rural areas, and in areas characterized by low income population, together with a major energy potential because of its capability to transform the generated biogas into electric energy. For this purpose, the methodology is applied to a system established at Guaratinguetá Campus, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University. After establishing initial conditions based on site evaluation, the thermodynamics features of the system are related based on its process diagram. Such features, associated to process diagram, make it possible to build the thermoeconomi functional diagram for the system under analysis and, after words, the equations related to exergetic functions for the system are determined and the exergy values are calculated. After these calculations, a structural model is developed, in order to provide its products costs (biogas, biofertilizer, water in reuse conditions and electric energy). The economic viability is evaluated as a function of the estimated return on investment. The same methodology is then applied to a commercially available system, with characteristics close to a small wastewater treatment station. Based on the results of this work it is possible to verify that the small wastewater treatment station is a viable and attractive alternative in the technical and economic point of view, showing self-sufficiency in energy, and a pay-back period about one-third of estimated time of the commercial system referred to with similar features.
Orientador: José Luz Silveira
Coorientador: Giorgio Eugenio Oscare Giacaglia
Banca: Luiz Octavio Mattos dos Reis
Banca: Joaquim Antonio dos Reis
Banca: José Rui Camargo
Banca: Sebastião Cardoso
Doutor
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Alsagri, Ali Sulaiman. "Thermoeconomic and Optimization Analysis of Advanced Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycles in Concentrated Solar Power Application." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1528816504089412.
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Balciunas, Dominykas. "Thermoeconomic analysis of LNG physical exergy use for electricity production in small-scale satellite regasification stations." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30797.
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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold utilization in small scale regasification stations is a novel topic in the industry, while such systems have been proven feasible in large scale LNG facilities. Cold recovery and utilization in LNG regasification facilities would increase the thermodynamic efficiency and reduce cold pollution. The aim of the study is to analyze the possibility to apply industry-proven thermodynamic cycles in small scale satellite regasification stations for electricity production, taking the characteristics of a real-world regasification station project in Druskininkai, Lithuania for which useful cold utilization is not currently planned. Direct Expansion (DE) and Rankine (ORC) Cycles are analyzed together with cascading using Aspen Hysys software to find the optimal solution considering thermal and exergy efficiency as well as the payback period. Thermoeconomically feasible retrofit solutions of approximately 13% thermal efficiency and approximately 17% exergy efficiency showing payback periods of 5 to 10 years and 3.3 to 6 thousand euro additional capital expenditure (CAPEX) per net kW of power production are found. Increase in complexity of thermodynamic cycles is directly proportional to both increased thermodynamic efficiencies and capital costs and the study proves that there is a limit at which increase in thermodynamic efficiency of a cycle by cascading becomes economically infeasible. Future work is suggested to improve the accuracy of the results by rigorous design to evaluate pressure drops as well as improvements in economic analysis by utilizing the discounted cash flow methodology. Sensitivity analysis of LNG physical and chemical conditions as well as ambient air could be performed whereas changes in working fluid and better engineering of the part related to intial heat exchange could improve thermodynamic efficiencies. Alternative solutions with a higher temperature heat source are also suggested.
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Roland, von Spakovsky Michael. "A practical generalized analysis approach to the optimal thermoeconomic design and improvement of real-world thermal systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16459.
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Colpan, Can Ozgur. "Exergy Analysis Of Combined Cycle Cogeneration Systems." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605993/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, several configurations of combined cycle cogeneration systems proposed by the author and an existing system, the Bilkent Combined Cycle Cogeneration Plant, are investigated by energy, exergy and thermoeconomic analyses. In each of these configurations, varying steam demand is considered rather than fixed steam demand. Basic thermodynamic properties of the systems are determined by energy analysis utilizing main operation conditions. Exergy destructions within the system and exergy losses to environment are investigated to determine thermodynamic inefficiencies in the system and to assist in guiding future improvements in the plant. Among the different approaches for thermoeconomic analysis in literature, SPECO method is applied. Since the systems have more than one product (process steam and electrical power), systems are divided into several subsystems and cost balances are applied together with the auxiliary equations. Hence, cost of each product is calculated. Comparison of the configurations in terms of performance assessment parameters and costs per unit of exergy are also given in this thesis.
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Sandoz, Raphael. "Thermoeconomic Analysis and Optimisation of Air-Based Bottoming Cycles for Water-Free Hybrid Solar Gas-Turbine Power Plants." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103906.
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The growing worldwide energy demand and the impacts of climate change due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions are among the major issues facing humanity. The global energy system, responsible for most of the greenhouse gases emissions, is therefore at the heart of global concerns. In particular, the search for a reliable, sustainable and environmentally friendly means of generating electricity is a crucial matter, with growing worries about the scarcity of fossil resources, air pollution and water acidification. For these reasons, alternatives for the sustainable production of electricity are to be found.Among the plethora of alternatives available, concentrated solar power (CSP) appears as one of the most favourable options. The stability and dispatchability of production achievable by the integration of storage and fuel-solar hybridisation are amidst the major advantages of this technology. Nevertheless, conventional CSP plants are based on stream-turbine cycles which consume large amounts of water. In addition to the low thermodynamic efficiency of this type of cycle, the installation of such plants in water-scarce areas is complicated by their reliance on water resources. Thus, the study of new concepts that overcome these drawbacks is necessary for the future of this technology. The availability of high temperature solar receivers for solar tower systems opens the way for the use of gas-turbines in hybrid solar-natural gas configurations. In order to increase the efficiency of the cycle while keeping the water consumption as low as possible, a promising alternative to the recovery of the waste heat in steam-turbines is to use a low-temperature intercooled-recuperated gas-turbine cycle.This work focuses on the analysis and optimisation of the performance of an innovative hybrid solar gas-turbine power plant with an air-based bottoming cycle (ABHSGT). The evaluation considers thermodynamic performance, economic viability and environmental impact as interrelated concerns. With this in mind, detailed steady-state and dynamic models of the power plant have been developed and validated by comparison with existing components. A second model without bottoming cycle has been built for comparison. A multi-objective optimisation using an evolutionary algorithm has then been performed, optimising both capital cost and specific CO2 emissions and resulting in a Pareto-optimal set of possible designs.The analysis of the trade-off curves resulting from the optimisation reveals promising outcomes. The global minimum for the levelised cost of electricity, found at relatively high solar shares, proves the economic potential of the technology. The integration of the bottoming cycle decreases significantly the levelised cost of electricity and the CO2 emissions of the system compared to the reference plant, and higher efficiencies are achieved.The optimal design selected for an in-depth thermoeconomic and environmental analysis exhibits a levelised cost of electricity of 109 [USD/MWhe] for a solar share of 20% and an overall exergetic efficiency 38.5%. The specific CO2 emissions are reduced by 33% compared to simple gas-fired power plant. The water consumption is kept at very low levels compared to other CSP plants, making the system suitable for the deployment in water-scarce areas. In addition, the environmental impact induced by the land use requirements is considerably lower than that of other renewable energy technologies. The sensitivity analysis performed to assess the consequence of changes in varying financial conditions on the levelised cost of electricity and the net present value reveals that the system studied represents a profitable investment in the presence of feed-in tariffs.In the light of the performance obtained in the three aspects considered (thermodynamic, economic and environmental), it can be concluded that the ABHSGT represents a promising alternative to other renewable energy technologies, especially in water-scarce areas.
Books on the topic "Thermoeconomic analysi"
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El-Sayed, Y. M. The thermoeconomics of energy conversions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003.
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Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2018-0-01196-2.
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Thermoeconomic Analysis of a Gasificatin Combined Cycle Power Plant. Electric Power Res Inst, 1987.
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Sala-Lizarraga, Jose M., and Ana Picallo. Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings: Design and Analysis for Sustainable Energy Systems. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2019.
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Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings: Design and Analysis for Sustainable Energy Systems. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2019.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Thermoeconomic analysi"
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Querol, Enrique, Borja Gonzalez-Regueral, and Jose Luis Perez-Benedito. "Thermoeconomic Cost." In Practical Approach to Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analyses of Industrial Processes, 63–79. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4622-3_5.
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Groscurth, Helmuth-M., and Reiner Kümmel. "The Optimum Price of Energy: A Thermoeconomic Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 539–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51675-7_32.
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Manjunath, K. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Crossflow Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1421–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2794-1_120.
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de Oliveira, Silvio. "Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analysis of Power Plants, Refrigeration and Polygeneration Systems." In Exergy, 55–109. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4165-5_3.
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Sahu, Mithilesh Kumar, Tushar Choudhary, and Sanjay. "Thermoeconomic Modelling and Analysis of Energy Conversion System: Intercooled Recuperated Gas Turbine." In Renewable Energy and its Innovative Technologies, 69–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2116-0_7.
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Querol, Enrique, Borja Gonzalez-Regueral, and Jose Luis Perez-Benedito. "Introduction." In Practical Approach to Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analyses of Industrial Processes, 1–7. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4622-3_1.
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Querol, Enrique, Borja Gonzalez-Regueral, and Jose Luis Perez-Benedito. "Exergy Concept and Determination." In Practical Approach to Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analyses of Industrial Processes, 9–28. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4622-3_2.
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Querol, Enrique, Borja Gonzalez-Regueral, and Jose Luis Perez-Benedito. "Matrix Algebra and Balances." In Practical Approach to Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analyses of Industrial Processes, 29–38. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4622-3_3.
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Querol, Enrique, Borja Gonzalez-Regueral, and Jose Luis Perez-Benedito. "Exergetic Cost." In Practical Approach to Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analyses of Industrial Processes, 39–62. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4622-3_4.
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Hepbasli, Arif, Mustafa Araz, Emrah Biyik, Runming Yao, Mehdi Shahrestani, Emmanuel Essah, Li Shao, et al. "Thermoeconomic Analysis and Evaluation of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) System Based on Actual Operational Data." In The Role of Exergy in Energy and the Environment, 877–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89845-2_63.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Thermoeconomic analysi"
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Correas, Luis, Ángel Martínez, and Antonio Valero. "Operation Diagnosis of a Combined Cycle Based on the Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0848.
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Abstract Diagnosis of the performance of energy was theoretically developed based on the Structural Theory (Valero, Serra and Lozano, 1993), and traditionally Thermoeconomics have usually been applied to the design of power plants and comparison between alternatives. However, the application of thermoeconomic techniques to actual power plants has always to face the generally poor quality of measurement readings from the standard field instrumentation as an unavoidable first step. The proposed methodology focuses on measurement uncertainty estimation and performance calculation by means of data reconciliation techniques, in order to obtain the most confident plant balance upon the available instrumentation. The formulation of the Structural Theory has been applied to a combined cycle, where the Fuel-Product relationships at the component level must be optimally defined for a correct malfunction interpretation. This set of relationships determines the ability to diagnose and the level of the diagnostics obtained. The paper reports the application of the methodology to a 280 MW rated combined cycle, where performance diagnosis is illustrated with results from a collection of actual operation data sets. The results show that data reconciliation yields sufficient accuracy to conduct a thermoeconomic analysis, and how the estimated impact on fuel correlates with physical causes. Hence the feasibility of thermoeconomic analysis of plant operation is demonstrated.
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Guarinello, Flávio, Sérgio A. A. G. Cerqueira, and Silvia A. Nebra. "Thermoeconomic Evaluation of a Gas Turbine Cogeneration System." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0838.
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Abstract The main purpose of this work is to apply the Thermoeconomics concepts to a projected steam injected gas turbine cogeneration system which aims at providing the thermal and electrical demands of an industrial district, sited in Cabo (Pernambuco-Brazil). The power plant is evaluated on the basis of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. A Thermoeconomic analysis, using the Theory of Exergetic Cost, was performed, in order to determine the production costs of electricity and steam. Two hypothetical operational conditions, as regards to the level of electric power generation, were considered.
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Dhillon, Aman Kumar, and Parthasarathi Ghosh. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Reverse Brayton Cycle Based Cryocooler." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87190.
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In the present study, the performance of an RBC cryocooler with 10 kW cooling load at 65 K has been analyzed using Aspen HYSYS V8.6®. Helium, neon and helium-neon mixture are used as working fluids for the process cycle. A thermodynamic and cost model for the RBC cryocooler has been developed using exergoeconomic tool to analyze the cycle. It has been previously reported that to have same impact on the cycle exergy efficiency improvement, a small improvement in the heat exchanger effectiveness is required in contrast to a substantial improvement in the compressor efficiency. But it will also increase the capital cost of the cryocooler. The exergy efficiency, relative cost ratio and exergoeconomic factors for each component have been found to identify the major sources of cost. The effect of using different working fluids on the thermoeconomics of the cycle have been presented in this paper. Conclusions from this study might be utilized by the scientist and design engineer in improving the cycle efficiency from the thermoeconomic point of view.
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Lozano, Miguel A., Antonio Anastasia, Luis M. Serra, and Vittorio Verda. "Thermoeconomic Cost Analysis of Central Solar Heating Plants Combined With Seasonal Storage." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40549.
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The European Union and its Member States have committed themselves to achieving a 20% share of renewable energy by 2020. If the focus remains solely on solar thermal systems for domestic hot water (DHW) preparation, as in Spain, then the solar contribution will be very limited. Central Solar Heating Plants combined with Seasonal Storage (CSHPSS) systems enable high solar fractions of 50% and more. Most CSHPSS demonstration plants in Europe have been built in Central and North Europe, mainly in Denmark, Germany and Sweden. South Europe has little experience. This article presents a thermoeconomic cost analysis of CSHPSS systems. The objective of thermoeconomics is to explain the cost formation process of internal flows and products of energy systems. The costs obtained with thermoeconomics can be used to optimize the design of new plants and to control the production of existing plants. A simulation study on solar assisted district heating systems with high solar fractions and seasonal thermal energy storage was carried out with TRNSYS taking into consideration the meteorological conditions in Zaragoza (Spain). A CSHPSS plant was designed for a district of 500 dwellings with an annual thermal energy demand of 2,905 MWh/year. The process of cost formation has been analyzed considering the very specific features of the CSHPSS designed system: free solar energy, seasonal and DHW thermal energy storage, continuous variation of the operation due to highly variations of solar radiation and energy demands (hourly and seasonal). These features impose important difficulties in the calculation of the costs of internal flows and products in this type of systems.
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Garuti dos Santos, Arthur, Alberto Hernandez Neto, and Silvio de Oliveira Junior. "Thermoeconomic Methodology for District Cooling Systems Analysis." In Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2018.cit18-0144.
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Avsec, Jurij, and Urska Novosel. "Energy and Thermoeconomic Analysis of Energy Devices." In 2018 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical And Power Engineering (EPE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe.2018.8559790.
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Massardo, A. F., and M. Scialò. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Gas Turbine Based Cycles." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-312.
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The thermoeconomic analysis of gas turbine based cycles is presented and discussed in this paper. The thermoeconomic analysis has been performed using the ThermoEconomic Modular Program (TEMP V.5.0) developed by the Authors (Agazzani and Massardo, 1997). The modular structure of the code allows the thermoeconomic analysis for different scenarios (turbine inlet temperature, pressure ratio, fuel cost, installation costs, operating hours per year, etc.) of a large number of advanced gas turbine cycles to be obtained in a fast and reliable way. The simple cycle configuration results have been used to assess the cost functions and coefficient values. The results obtained for advanced gas turbine based cycles (intercooled, re-heated, regenerated and their combinations) are presented using new and useful representations: cost vs. efficiency, cost vs. specific work, and cost vs. pressure ratio. The results, including productive diagram configurations, are discussed in detail and compared to one another.
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Fajardo, J., B. Sarria, L. Castellon, and D. Barreto. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Wheat Flour Agroindustrial Plant." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51652.
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This paper presents the development of an exergy and thermoeconomic analysis of a wheat flour agro-industrial plant, which was aimed to evaluate the energy use and establish the operation cost of its components, and to understand the cost formation process and the cost flow. It was found that throughout the production process exists an exergy destruction ratio of 95,08 %. It identified improvement opportunities in relation to cost, has recommended alterations with regard matter flows or an economic investment for change some components with low exergoeconomic factors: 2% planer of wheat bran, 3% knurled roller grinding benches and 5% smooth roller grinding benches.
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Uche, Javier, Luis Serra, and Antonio Valero. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of a Dual-Purpose Power and Desalination Plant." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1313.
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Abstract Thermoeconomic analysis techniques are very convenient tools to be applied in the analysis of highly complex systems as it is proved in this paper. A thermoeconomic analysis has been applied to an actual dual-purpose power and desalination plant considering the dual plant as a whole system. Probably due to its complexity, this type of plants are usually analyzed separately, considering the power and the desalination plant as two independent systems, thus neglecting component interactions and avoiding the potential energy saving derived from the combined analysis. The most important aim of this paper consists on checking the validity of thermoeconomic analysis when applied to actual complex energy systems. Thus, this paper contains some of the most important results of a research work [1] in which a critical analysis of thermoeconomic applications when applied to actual complex energy systems, as a dual plant is. The paper is focused on (a) the thermoeconomic diagnosis of the plant operation, in which the interactions between the plant components have been studied and quantified in terms of additional fuel consumption, efficiency variation, and so on; (b) the optimization of the plant by maximizing the installation benefit, which is a consequence of the thermoeconomic cost analysis..
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Lozano, Miguel A., Carla Mancini, Luis M. Serra, and Vittorio Verda. "Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analysis of a Solar Air Heating Plant." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20152.
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The aim of this work is to present the energy, exergy and thermoeconomic analysis of a hypothetical solar air heating plant located in Zaragoza, Spain. The plant consists mainly of four parts: 1) a field of solar collectors, 2) a water tank storage, 3) a heat exchanger where heat energy is transferred from the collectors to the water storage tank, and 4) a water to air heater heat exchanger. Circulating pumps, pipes and fan have also been considered. In a previous work of the authors the design variables of the system were optimally determined from a conventional economic approach. In this paper, a productive structure for the plant has been proposed and energy losses and exergy destructions (or irreversibility) have been calculated. Energy and exergy efficiencies have also been determined for each of the components and the whole system. Moreover, the costs of internal flows have been dynamically calculated for the time period under consideration. The very specific features of solar heating systems: thermal energy storage as well as continuous variation of solar radiation and energy demand (seasonal and throughout the day) impose important difficulties, which in our opinion have not been deeply studied yet in current methodologies. The major conclusions are: i) energy, exergy and thermoeconomic analyses following a dynamic approach is very sensitive to the reference environment (ambient air temperature), ii) the same productive structure can and must be used for all of them, iii) solar energy should be considered as a high quality source and thermodynamic efficiency of solar heating plants is very low (2.5% in our case), and iv) a dynamic analysis of the process of cost formation through the different components reveals interesting and valuable information about the physics and economics of solar energy conversion systems.