Journal articles: 'Thermodynamics studies'

1

Haldar, Amritendu, and Ritabrata Biswas. "Thermodynamic studies of different type of black holes: General uncertainty principle approach." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 34 (November 7, 2018): 1850200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318502000.

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We present an investigation on thermodynamics of two different types of black holes viz. Kiselev black hole (asymptotically flat) and Taub–NUT (non-asymptotically flat) black hole. We compute the thermodynamic variables like black hole’s Hawking temperature and entropy at the black hole’s event horizon. Further, we derive the heat capacity and examine it to study the thermal stability of the black holes. We also calculate the rate of emission, assuming the black holes radiate energy in terms of photons by tunneling. We graphically represent all the parameters including the rate of emission of the black holes and interpret them physically. We depict a comparative study of thermodynamics between the aforesaid types of black holes. We find the existence of a transition of phase. Finally, we obtain the quantum corrected thermodynamics on the basis of general uncertainty principle and it is seen from the quantum-corrected entropy that it contains the logarithmic term. We offer comparative studies on joint effect of generalized uncertainty principle parameter [Formula: see text] along with the concerned black holes’ parameters on the thermodynamics.

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Šesták, Jaroslav. "Studies in network thermodynamics." Thermochimica Acta 108 (November 1986): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(86)85106-1.

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Terazima, Masahide. "Applications of Time-Resolved Thermodynamics for Studies on Protein Reactions." J 5, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j5010014.

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Thermodynamics and kinetics are two important scientific fields when studying chemical reactions. Thermodynamics characterize the nature of the material. Kinetics, mostly based on spectroscopy, have been used to determine reaction schemes and identify intermediate species. They are certainly important fields, but they are almost independent. In this review, our attempts to elucidate protein reaction kinetics and mechanisms by monitoring thermodynamic properties, including diffusion in the time domain, are described. The time resolved measurements are performed mostly using the time resolved transient grating (TG) method. The results demonstrate the usefulness and powerfulness of time resolved studies on protein reactions. The advantages and limitations of this TG method are also discussed.

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Shen, Jia Jia, and Ying Yang. "Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies of Prodigiosin Dyeing on Polyester." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.156.

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Prodigiosin is a natural pigment which has antimicrobial activity and produced by a microorganism, but it is insoluble in water, thereby limiting their application in textile dyeing. With the study of the Prodigiosin’s kinetics and thermodynamics on PET, the feasibility of using Prodigiosin as disperse dyes was discussed. The thermodynamics results show that the up-take of Prodigiosin in PET fiber is linear to the dye bath concentration, with increasing temperature, the distribution coefficient decreases and the thermodynamic affinity of the dye has little gown up, the enthalpy and entropy of dyeing were -2.51[kJ/mol] and 5.05[J/(mol·K)] respectively, which show that PET dyeing with prodigiosin is a exothermic process and the diffusion coefficient increases with the temperature rise. The activation energy calculated with the Arrhenius equation is 6.09 [kcal /mol].

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Stolarski, Ryszard. "Thermodynamics of specific protein-RNA interactions." Acta Biochimica Polonica 50, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2003_3688.

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Description of the recognition specificity between proteins and nucleic acids at the level of molecular interactions is one of the most challenging tasks in biophysics. It is key to understanding the course and control of gene expression and to the application of the thus acquired knowledge in chemotherapy. This review presents experimental results of thermodynamic studies and a discussion of the role of thermodynamics in formation and stability of functional protein-RNA complexes, with a special attention to the interactions involving mRNA 5' cap and cap-binding proteins in the initiation of protein biosynthesis in the eukaryotic cell. A theoretical framework for analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of protein-nucleic acid association is also briefly surveyed. Overshadowed by more spectacular achievements in structural studies, the thermodynamic investigations are of equal importance for full comprehension of biopolymers' activity in a quantitative way. In this regard, thermodynamics gives a direct insight into the energetic and entropic characteristics of complex macromolecular systems in their natural environment, aqueous solution, and thus complements the structural view derived from X-ray crystallography and multidimensional NMR. Further development of the thermodynamic approach toward interpretation of recognition and binding specificity in terms of molecular biophysics requires more profound contribution from statistical mechanics.

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Nikitas, Panaghiotis, and Adriani Pappa-Louisi. "Adsorption isotherms for coadsorption studies from solution." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-055.

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The mixed adsorption of k adsorbates from solution on energetically homogeneous surfaces is studied by means of lattice statistical thermodynamics. The adsorption layer is considered to behave as a non-electrolyte bulk solution composed from k adsorbates and solvent. On the basis of this assumption the adsorption isotherms and their state equations are determined by means of the lattice theory of strictly regular solutions and Flory–Huggins statistics. The thermodynamic restrictions imposed when these models have to be applied to real systems are also determined and discussed.

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Gutfreund, H. "Studies in modern thermodynamics: Volume 8 Biochemical thermodynamics, 2nd edition." FEBS Letters 239, no. 2 (November 7, 1988): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80966-9.

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8

Bannur, Vishnu M. "Landau's statistical mechanics for quasi-particle models." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 10 (April 15, 2014): 1450056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14500560.

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Landau's formalism of statistical mechanics [following L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980)] is applied to the quasi-particle model of quark–gluon plasma. Here, one starts from the expression for pressure and develop all thermodynamics. It is a general formalism and consistent with our earlier studies [V. M. Bannur, Phys. Lett. B647, 271 (2007)] based on Pathria's formalism [following R. K. Pathria, Statistical Mechanics (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1977)]. In Pathria's formalism, one starts from the expression for energy density and develop thermodynamics. Both the formalisms are consistent with thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Under certain conditions, which are wrongly called thermodynamic consistent relation, we recover other formalism of quasi-particle system, like in M. I. Gorenstein and S. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. D52, 5206 (1995), widely studied in quark–gluon plasma.

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9

Artamonov, Anton А., and Еvgeny Plotnikov. "THERMODYNAMIC UNCERTAINTY RELATION AS A FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF QUANTUM THERMODYNAMICS." Resource-Efficient Technologies, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2018/1/178.

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The paper addresses physics of thermodynamic fluctuations in temperature and energy. These fluctuations are interrelated and, hence, can affect various micro- and macro systems. It is shown that the thermodynamic uncertainty relation must be taken into account in the physics of superconductivity, in quantum computations and other branches of science, where temperature and energy fluctuations play a critical role. One of the most important applications of quantum thermodynamics is quantum computers. It is assumed that in the near future the state structures will create a specific quantum cryptocurrency obtained using quantum computing. The quantum cryptocurrency exhibits two main features: the maximum reliability (quantum protection against hacking threats) and the possibility of state control (at the moment, only large scientific state centers have quantum computers). The paper reviews the studies aimed to theoretically prove the validity of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation. This relation connects fluctuations in temperature and energy of a system. Other similar relations are considered, including the relationship between fluctuations in pressure and volume, in entropy and temperature, and others. The main purpose of the paper is to validate the thermodynamic analogue of the uncertainty relation that interconnects temperature and energy fluctuations. Experimental data was obtained on the basis of the study of the transport properties of semiconductor devices – transistors. In the experiment, the transport properties of a pair of semiconductor transistors placed on a single silicon crystal were studied. In this system, one transistor was used to determine temperature fluctuations, and the other one was employed to estimate energy fluctuations. The key role of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation in modern thermodynamics has been clarified. The performed experimental studies confirm the validity of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation.

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Muhmood, Luckman, Anna Semykina, Masanori Iwase, and Seshadri Seetharaman. "Some Novel Studies of Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Transport Phenomena in Slags." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 4-5 (October 30, 2012): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0067.

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AbstractThe following paper revolves around the research work conducted in collaboration during Professor Iwase's brief visits to the Materials Process Science Division at Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. The paper focuses on the thermodynamic aspects of CaO–FeO–SiO2 and CaO–FeO–SiO2–MnO slag oxidation in air and sulfur transport through CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag. Thermodynamics of slag oxidation in air opens potential new areas in terms of focus on effective recovery of iron oxide from slag. The slag transport studies are of fundamental nature and focuses on a novel technique to calculate the diffusion of species through slag by analyzing its corresponding concentration in the metal phase.

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11

Bain, Kinsey, Alena Moon, Michael R. Mack, and Marcy H. Towns. "A review of research on the teaching and learning of thermodynamics at the university level." Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. 15, no. 3 (2014): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4rp00011k.

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We review previous research on the teaching and learning of thermodynamics in upper-level, undergraduate settings. As chemistry education researchers we use physical chemistry as a context for understanding the literature. During our synthesis four themes of research emerged: factors that influence student success in learning thermodynamics, understanding thermodynamics through mathematical concepts and representations, student reasoning using the particulate nature of matter, and students' alternative thermodynamic conceptions. We also draw from literature in physics education research, engineering education research, and research on undergraduate mathematics education communities to widen our perspective on the teaching and learning of thermodynamics across disciplines. Following our presentation of studies, we discuss gaps in the literature and directions for new research in line with the recommendations of the National Research Council's (2012) recent report on Discipline-Based Education Research. We also discuss implications for practice which we hope will provide increased pedagogical support for teaching thermodynamics in upper-level, undergraduate settings, especially physical chemistry.

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12

Voloshchuk, V., and Eu Nikiforovich. "MODELING OF THERMAL INSTALLATIONS BASED ON THERMODYNAMIC APPROACHES." Journal of Numerical and Applied Mathematics, no. 1 (135) (2021): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2706-9699.2021.1.06.

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The most widespread approaches to the study of thermal systems involve the iterative implementation of the following steps: thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, hydrodynamics, economics and ecology. Such methodology cannot combine economic, environmental and thermodynamic aspects from the beginning of the analysis. It does not provide information concerning not only external, but also internal, caused by thermodynamic inefficiencies of system components, impact factors on economic and ecological characteristics. Modeling methods based on the combined application of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics (methods of entropy and exergetic analysis), and their combination with economic and environmental assessment make it possible to identify the location, magnitude, causes, costs and environmental impact of thermodynamic inefficiencies in an energy conversion system. The paper proposes the improvement of methods for modeling thermal systems on the base of exergy analysis. It has been shown that combining exergetic, economic and ecological assessment can significantly simplify tasks of finding parameters and structure of the studied system. Examples of implementation of such studies have been presented.

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13

Nolasco Serna, C., N. Afanador García, and J. A. Gómez Camperos. "Applications of thermodynamics to study the physical phenomenon of heat conduction." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2073, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2073/1/012010.

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Abstract Thermodynamics can be understood as the discipline of the physical sciences, that studies theoretically and practically the different manifestations of energy. The study of thermodynamics is important in relation to the understanding of thermal systems in industry, as well as, supporting energetic processes in living organisms. In relation to the study of energy processes in the context of heat transfer, concepts from thermodynamics are relevant. In the present investigation, the process of heat conduction in a metal bar is analyzed by applying the heat equation and the concept of entropy variation. The first part of the research proposes a numerical method to solve the heat equation in addition to a set of finite difference equations describing the energetic behavior of the system. The numerical solution of the heat equation and the thermodynamic behavior of the system are studied by programming to demonstrate the fit of the results with the theoretical models. Finally, applications of the achieved results in engineering contexts are discussed.

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14

Song, Zhi Yun, Wang Xiao, Jun Hao, Yong Zhu Cui, Li Hua Lv, and Byung Gil Min. "Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Sodium Alginate/Hydroxyapatite Composite Adsorption Fiber for Cd(II) Adsorping." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.578.

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In this study, kinetics and thermodynamics of sodium alginate/ hydroxyapatite composite adsorption fiber for adsorping Cd () were studied. The morphology and structure were characterized by SEM and IR, and the effects of pH value and bath ratio on Cd () adsorption were discussed. The model of adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were simulated, and the parameters were calculated. The results showed that the sodium alginate/hydroxyapatite composite adsorption fiber possessed good adsorption ability towards Cd (). The optimum adsorption was found at the pH value of 6-7. High removal percent of more than 90% at low concentration and high concentration of Cd () was obtained at the bath ratio of 1:100 and 1:1000, respectively. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics studies showed that the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm described the adsorption behaviors well. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption of Cd () onto sodium alginate/hydroxyapatite composite adsorption fiber was physical and chemical sorption, endothermic in nature.

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15

Zhou, Chenxi, Bin Yang, Wenliang Fan, and Wei Li. "Brain Model Based on the Canonical Ensemble with Functional MRI: A Thermodynamic Exploration of the Neural System." Complexity 2021 (December 21, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9961864.

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Objective. System modeling is an important method to study the working mechanisms of the brain. This study attempted to build a model of the brain from the perspective of thermodynamics at the system level, which brought a new perspective to brain modeling. Approach. Regarding brain regions as systems, voxels as particles, and intensity of signals as energy of particles, the thermodynamic model of the brain was built based on the canonical ensemble theory. Two pairs of activated regions and two pairs of inactivated brain regions were selected for comparison in this study, and the thermodynamic properties based on the proposed model were analyzed. In addition, the thermodynamic properties were extracted as input features for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Main Results. The experimental results verified the assumption that the brain follows thermodynamic laws. This demonstrated the feasibility and rationality of the proposed brain thermodynamic modeling method, indicating that thermodynamic parameters drawn from our model can be applied to describe the state of the neural system. Meanwhile, the brain thermodynamic model achieved good accuracy in the detection of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting the potential application of thermodynamic models in auxiliary diagnosis. Significance. (1) In the previous studies, only some thermodynamic parameters in physics were analogized and applied to brain image analysis, while, in this study, a complete system model of the brain was proposed through the principles of thermodynamics. And, based on the neural system models proposed, thermodynamic parameters were obtained to describe the observation and evolution of the neural system. (2) Based on the proposed thermodynamic models, we found and confirmed that the neural system also follows the laws of thermodynamics: the activation of system always leads to increased internal energy, increased free energy, and decreased entropy as what is discovered in many other systems besides classic thermodynamic system. (3) The detection of neural disease was demonstrated to benefit from the thermodynamic model, which confirmed that the thermodynamic model proposed can indeed describe the evolution of the neural system diseases. And it further implied the immense potential of thermodynamics in auxiliary diagnosis.

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16

Feng, Zhi Biao, Ren Jiao Han, and Jing Long Wang. "Studies on Adsorption of Tyrosine on Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 1396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.1396.

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The thermodynamics and kinetics properties and mechanism of sorption process were studied for adsorpting tyrosine in aqueous solution with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and the adsorption isotherms at different temperatures were determined. The results showed that the adsorption of the tyrosine in aqueous solution obeys well with the Freundlich isotherm, The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous, exothermal and decreasing entropy process,and the adsorption process had an obvious physisorption characteristic.The pseudo-second-order equation provided the best correlation for the adsorption process, being in agreement with adsorption as the rate controlling step.

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17

Murphy, George L. "TIME, THERMODYNAMICS, AND THEOLOGY." Zygon� 26, no. 3 (September 1991): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1991.tb00824.x.

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18

Yolles, Maurice. "Consciousness, Sapience and Sentience—A Metacybernetic View." Systems 10, no. 6 (December 13, 2022): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10060254.

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Living systems are complex dynamic information processing energy consuming entities with properties of consciousness, intelligence, sapience, and sentience. Sapience and sentience are autonomous attributes of consciousness. While sapience has been well studied over the years, that of sentience is relatively rare. The nature of sapience and sentience will be considered, and a metacybernetic framework using structural information will be adopted to explore the metaphysics of consciousness. Metacybernetics delivers a cyberintrinsic model that is cybernetic in nature, but also uses the theory of structural information arising from Frieden’s work with Fisher information. This will be used to model sapience and sentience and their relationship. Since living systems are energy-consuming entities, it is also natural for thermodynamic metaphysical models to arise, and most of the theoretical studies of sentience have been set within a thermodynamic framework. Hence, a thermodynamic approach will also be introduced and connected to cyberintrinsic theory. In metaphysical contexts, thermodynamics uses free-energy, which plays the same role in cyberintrinsic modelling as intrinsic structural information. Since living systems exist at the dynamical interface of information and thermodynamics, the overall purpose of this paper is to explore sentience from the alternative cyberintrinsic perspective of metacybernetics.

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19

Baker, Graham. "Thermodynamics in solid mechanics: a commentary." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1836 (September 28, 2005): 2465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1669.

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This commentary on thermodynamics in solid mechanics aims to provide an overview of the main concepts of thermodynamic processes as they apply to, and may be exploited for, studies in nonlinear solid mechanics. We give a descriptive commentary on the (physical) interpretation of these concepts, and relate these where appropriate to behaviour of solids under thermo-mechanical conditions. The motivation is firstly that students of solid mechanics have often had less exposure to thermodynamics than those in other branches of science and engineering, yet there is great value in analytical formulations of material behaviour derived from the principles of thermodynamics. It also sets the contributions in this Theme Issue in context. Along with the deliberately descriptive treatment of thermodynamics, we do outline the main mathematical statements that define the subject, knowing that full details are provided by the authors in their corresponding contributions to this issue. The commentary ends on a lighter note. In order to aid understanding and to stimulate discussion of thermodynamics in solid mechanics, we have invented a number of very basic and completely fictitious materials. These have strange and extreme behaviours that describe certain thermodynamics concepts, such as entropy, in isolation from the complexities of real material behaviour.

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Floyd, Joshua. "Thermodynamics, entropy and disorder in futures studies." Futures 39, no. 9 (November 2007): 1029–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2007.03.011.

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21

Bastos, Amanda Kuhn, Cindy Torres, A. Mazumder, and Hugo de Lasa. "CO2biomass fluidized gasification: Thermodynamics and reactivity studies." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 96, no. 10 (August 31, 2018): 2176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23316.

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22

Fatma Gen, Fatma Gen, and Hanan Bsehen and Fatma Kandemirli Hanan Bsehen and Fatma Kandemirli. "Quantum Chemical Studies of Carbazochrome Molecule." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, no. 2 (2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000997/jcsp/44.02.2022.

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Control of spontaneous and postoperative bleeding is of particular concern to surgeons, anesthetists, hematologists, and the patient. Mainly carbazochrome(2-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-6-oxo-5H-indol-5-ylidene)-hydrazinecarboxamide,CBZ), adrenochrome derivative, currently used as hemostatic drugs. With Density Functional Theory (DFT), at B3LYP level with 6–311G(d,p), 6–311+G(d,p), 6–311++G(d,p), 6–311++G(2d,2p), 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis sets. Molecular structure of carbazochrome (C10H12N4O3) in the basic state in gas phase and solvent (ethanol, N, N-dimethyl form amide, N, N-dimethyl sulfoxide, water ) phases, energy Parameters such as the lowest empty molecular orbital (ELUMO), the highest energy filled molecular orbital (EHOMO), the energy difference between ELUMO and EHOMO, hardness, softness, electrophilicity index, chemical potential, electrofugality and nucleofugality were calculated and its effect on carbazochrome molecule has been investigated. In this study, the stabilization energy and hybridization of carbazochrome optimized by using DFT with B3LYP/6-311G(d, p) level in gas phase solvent phase, using natural bond orbital theory as integrated with NBO 3.1 were studied. Quantum mechanical calculations by using time-dependent DFT at B3LYP level 6–311G(d,p), 6–311+G(d,p), 6–311++G(d,p), 6–311++G(2d,2p), 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis sets were performed to obtain some valuable information about the UV spectrum of the carbazochrome molecule in gas and solvent medium (ethanol, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylsulfoxide, water) and compared with experimental values. Based on Gaussianand#39;s output data, on the basis of vibration analysis and statistical thermodynamics, standard thermodynamicfunctions of the carbazochrome molecule at different temperatures (200oC-1000oC): thermodynamic properties such as heat capacity entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy were calculated and the effect of base sets and solvent on these properties was investigated.

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23

Jennings, Robert C., Erica Belgio, and Giuseppe Zucchelli. "Equilibrium thermodynamics and the genesis of protein–protein complexes in cells." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 32, no. 3 (June 19, 2021): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-021-01004-1.

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AbstractIt is often thought that the structural complexity of living organisms places Life outside the laws of Physics. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, inanimate matter tends towards ever-increasing randomness. Most thermodynamic studies on the living system are course-grained in the sense that it is the whole organism which is considered and they lack microscopic details. In these studies, as the living system is an open system, non-linear thermodynamics have been used. This requires that a number of assumptions be made concerning the living system itself, which may not be correct in organisms living under natural environmental conditions. In the present study, we depart from this approach and use a fine-grained analysis of the genesis of subcellular protein complex structures. The analysis is performed in terms of classical equilibrium thermodynamics using the acquired knowledge of protein/protein interactions. In this way, it is demonstrated that the spontaneous creation of ordered subcellular structures occurs in accordance with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. We specifically consider the simple example of protein dimer and trimer formation from its monomer components, both in vitro and with chaperone assistance in vivo. The entropy decrease associated with protein complex assembly, on which the continuing debate is founded, is shown to be a relatively small component in the overall and positive entropy increase. Graphic abstract

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Tosti, Silvano. "Spontaneity of nuclear fusion: a qualitative analysis via classical thermodynamics." Open Research Europe 1 (August 3, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13738.2.

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Background: So far the feasibility of nuclear reactions has been studied only through the evaluation of the reaction rate, which gives us information about the kinetics, while the thermodynamic analysis has been limited to evaluations of the change in enthalpy without any consideration of the change in entropy. Methods: This work examines the thermodynamics of nuclear fusion reactions through a simplified approach. The analysis introduces the thermodynamic study of fission and fusion reactions through their comparison with a chemical process. Results: The main result is that fission reactions are always spontaneous (ΔG < 0) since a lot of energy is released in the form of heat and the system moves spontaneously towards a more disordered state. In contrast, fusion reactions are spontaneous only when the enthalpic contribution of the change in Gibbs free energy overcomes the entropic contribution. This condition is verified when the temperature of the process is below a characteristic value T*, calculated as the ratio between the energy corresponding to the mass defect and the change of entropy of the fusion reaction. Conclusions: Due to the unavailability of data related to entropy changes in fusion reactions, only a qualitative thermodynamic analysis has been carried out. Through such analysis, the influence of the operating conditions over the spontaneity of fusion processes has been discussed. The final considerations emphasize the role of the thermodynamics analysis that should be implemented in the current studies that, so far, have been mainly based on the assessment of the reaction rate and exothermicity of fusion reactions.

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Tosti, Silvano. "Spontaneity of nuclear fusion: a qualitative analysis via classical thermodynamics." Open Research Europe 1 (June 11, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13738.1.

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Background: So far the feasibility of nuclear reactions has been studied only through the evaluation of the reaction rate, which gives us information about the kinetics, while the thermodynamic analysis has been limited to evaluations of the change in enthalpy without any consideration of the change in entropy. Methods: This work examines the thermodynamics of nuclear fusion reactions through a simplified approach. The analysis introduces the thermodynamic study of fission and fusion reactions through their comparison with a chemical process. Results: The main result is that fission reactions are always spontaneous (ΔG < 0) since a lot of energy is released in the form of heat and the system moves spontaneously towards a more disordered state. In contrast, fusion reactions are spontaneous only when the enthalpic contribution of the change in Gibbs free energy overcomes the entropic contribution. This condition is verified when the temperature of the process is below a characteristic value T*, calculated as the ratio between the energy corresponding to the mass defect and the change of entropy of the fusion reaction. Conclusions: Due to the unavailability of data related to entropy changes in fusion reactions, only a qualitative thermodynamic analysis has been carried out. Through such analysis, the influence of the operating conditions over the spontaneity of fusion processes has been discussed. The final considerations emphasize the role of the thermodynamics analysis that should be implemented in the current studies that, so far, have been mainly based on the assessment of the reaction rate and exothermicity of fusion reactions.

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Tosti, Silvano. "Spontaneity of nuclear fusion: a qualitative analysis via classical thermodynamics." Open Research Europe 1 (October 12, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13738.3.

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Background: So far the feasibility of nuclear reactions has been studied only through the evaluation of the reaction rate, which gives us information about the kinetics, while the thermodynamic analysis has been limited to evaluations of the change in enthalpy without any consideration of the change in entropy. Methods: This work examines the thermodynamics of nuclear fusion reactions through a simplified approach. The analysis introduces the thermodynamic study of fission and fusion reactions through their comparison with a chemical process. Results: The main result is that fission reactions are always spontaneous (ΔG < 0) since a lot of energy is released in the form of heat and the system moves spontaneously towards a more disordered state. In contrast, fusion reactions are spontaneous only when the enthalpic contribution of the change in Gibbs energy overcomes the entropic contribution. This condition is verified when the temperature of the process is below a characteristic value T*, calculated as the ratio between the energy corresponding to the mass defect and the change of entropy of the fusion reaction. Conclusions: Due to the unavailability of data related to entropy changes in fusion reactions, only a qualitative thermodynamic analysis has been carried out. Through such analysis, the influence of the operating conditions over the spontaneity of fusion processes has been discussed. The final considerations emphasize the role of the thermodynamics analysis that should be implemented in the current studies that, so far, have been mainly based on the assessment of the reaction rate and exothermicity of fusion reactions.

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Yang, Bai Ren, Dong Xue Liu, Xian Niu, and Cheng Ding. "Biosorption of Cu²⁺ by Anaerobic Granular Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 3483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.3483.

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In order to investigate the biosorption of Cu2+ by anaerobic granular sludge, the effect of equilibrium time, pH, sludge dosage, biosorption kinetics, biosorption thermodynamics and biosorption isotherms had been studied. Results showed that pseudo second-order kinetic model was useful to describe the biosorption process of Cu2+. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations could well describe the desorption process at 15-55 °C. Thermodynamic studies showed that the biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. When the solution temperature maintained at 35 °C, pH of 6~7, a good biosorption process could be obtained.

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Barghamadi, Mohammad. "Isothermal kinetics and thermodynamics studies of curing reaction of epoxy-aromatic diamine reinforced with epoxy functional MWCNT." High Performance Polymers 29, no. 7 (July 25, 2016): 827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316660367.

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This study reports the cure kinetics and thermodynamics of an epoxy functional multiwall carbon nanotube-containing epoxy nanocomposite obtained by the polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with diaminodiphenyl sulfone as a curing agent through isothermal technique of differential scanning calorimetry. Isothermal kinetic parameters including reaction orders ( m, n), rate constants ( k1, k2), activation energy ( Ea), and pre-exponential factor ( A) were estimated using Kamal autocatalytic model. The model gives a good description of curing kinetics at various temperatures prior to the onset of vitrification. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (Δ H#), entropy (Δ S#), and Gibbs free energy (Δ G#) changes were also determined using the rate constants from the isothermal kinetic analysis and transition state theory. The thermodynamic functions were shown to be very sensitive parameters for the evaluation of the cure reaction.

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29

BELLUCCI, STEFANO, VINOD CHANDRA, and BHUPENDRA NATH TIWARI. "ON THE THERMODYNAMIC GEOMETRY OF HOT QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, no. 01 (January 10, 2011): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11051172.

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We study the nature of the covariant thermodynamic geometry arising from the free energy of hot QCD. We systematically analyze the underlying equilibrium thermodynamic configurations of the free energy of two- and three-flavor hot QCD with or without the inclusion of thermal fluctuations in the neighborhood of the QCD transition temperature. We show that there exists a well-defined thermodynamic geometric notion for the QCD thermodynamics. The geometry thus obtained has no singularity as an intrinsic Riemannian manifold. We further show that there is a close connection of this geometric approach with the existing studies of correlations and quark number susceptibilities.

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30

Kumari, K., R. P. Singh, and S. K. Saxena. "Studies of thermodynamics of phosphomidon on fly ash." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 18, no. 2-3 (December 1988): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248809357313.

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31

Mehrotra, K. N., and S. K. Upadhyaya. "Thermodynamics and Acoustical Studies on Calcium Soap Solutions." Physics and Chemistry of Liquids 19, no. 1 (February 1989): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00319108908028408.

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32

Shakhnovich, Eugene I. "Theoretical studies of protein-folding thermodynamics and kinetics." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 7, no. 1 (February 1997): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-440x(97)80005-x.

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33

Peters, Michael H. "Computational Statistical Mechanics. Studies in Modern Thermodynamics 11." Computers & Chemistry 16, no. 4 (October 1992): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0097-8485(92)80060-d.

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34

Çifci, Cemal. "Multilayered universe model with thermodynamics and kinetics studies." Chemical Physics Letters 747 (May 2020): 137356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137356.

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35

Shang, Yaxuan, Huakang Zhou, Xiangzhou Li, Jun Zhou, and Kai Chen. "Theoretical studies on the antioxidant activity of viniferifuran." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 39 (2019): 15736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj02735a.

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36

Chatterjee, Arobindo, and Vinit Kumar Jain. "Isothermal, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies of Graphene Oxide Adsorption on Silk." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.5.3.

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The properties of graphene enriched silk depend on the amount of graphene oxide (GO) adsorption on silk. GO dipping parameters include the GO solution pH, initial GO concentration, dipping time and temperature, and the type of substrate. The effects of GO dipping parameters on the sorption process are studied to achieve the maximum GO adsorption on the silk surface for the preparation of an economical graphene/silk-based textile product. In addition, equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of GO adsorption on the silk surface in a batch sorption process are examined to understand the adsorption mechanism. The Freundlich isotherm best describes the adsorption of GO onto the silk. A pseudo-second order kinetic model best describes the kinetics of GO adsorption. Thermodynamic studies reveal that GO adsorption is spontaneous and exothermic.

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37

Helrich, Carl S. "Thermodynamics: What One Needs to Know." Zygon® 34, no. 3 (September 1999): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0591-2385.00229.

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38

Ugbe, Fabian Audu, Patrick Onuh Anebi, and Victoria Abiola Ikudayisi. "Biosorption of an Anionic Dye, Eosin Yellow onto Pineapple Peels: Isotherm and Thermodynamic Study." International Annals of Science 4, no. 1 (February 4, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.4.1.14-19.

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Eosin Yellow (EY), an anionic dye (acid dye) was adsorbed using an agricultural waste, pineapple peels (PP) as bio-sorbent in order to investigate its suitability as an alternative adsorbent, and to give insight into the mechanisms of binding. The study includes: equilibrium isotherms and thermodynamics studies. The adsorption isotherm and thermodynamics experiments were conducted using batch equilibrium techniques. The adsorption data were fitted into Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models; as a result, the data fitted well into the Langmuir model from which the adsorption capacity, qe was obtained as 11.76 mg/g. Experimental values of the thermodynamics parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) and separation factor (RL) in combination suggested that the adsorption process was endothermic, feasible, spontaneous, and had high degree of freedom. Combined results of the isotherms and thermodynamic study suggested a physisorption-chemisorption mechanism for the adsorption process. Therefore, the results of the study could provide useful information to evaluate the raw pineapple peel powder as a cheap source of adsorbent for the removal of EY from waste water.

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39

Nkechi, Okoji Josephine, Justus Ifeanyi Okolie, and Nnaemeka John Okorocha. "Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Studies of Dextrin Adsorption on Modified Coal." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 69 (August 2016): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.69.22.

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Dextrin produced from cassava was investigated for adsorption on coal during processing. Aluminium ion (Al3+) and nitrate ion (NO3-) were employed for adsorption test to improve coal surfaces. The effect of initial concentration, adsorbent dose and pH on dextrin adsorption onto modified coal surface was investigated. Studies concerning the adsorption equilibrium and thermodynamics are presented; the equilibrium data was modelled using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption equilibrium data was well explained by Freundlich isotherm. The percentage removal was found to be 93.75% and 90.75% at adsorbent dose of 0.2 g for both aluminium sulphate coal bituminous (ACB) and aluminium sulphate coal lignite (ACL) respectively. There was a rapid increase in adsorption of dextrin from low pH of 2 to about pH of 4 with a plateau region from pH 4 to pH 6. Adsorption capacity of 61.25 mg/g and 55.00 mg/g was achieved at initial concentration of 200 mg/L for ACB and ACL respectively. For a better interpretation, the nature of the adsorption of dextrin on the prepared coal samples was predicted from thermodynamic point of view by estimating the thermodynamic parameters. The determination of basic thermodynamic parameters: enthalpy of adsorption, Gibb’s free energy and entropy of adsorption are important. The negative value of ∆Gadindicates the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption process and the magnitude is an indication of the involvement of salt link, electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic bonding in the adsorption.

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40

Nkechi, Okoji Josephine, Justus Ifeanyi Okolie, and Nnaemeka John Okorocha. "Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Studies of Dextrin Adsorption on Modified Coal." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 69 (August 12, 2016): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-24059z.

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Dextrin produced from cassava was investigated for adsorption on coal during processing. Aluminium ion (Al3+) and nitrate ion (NO3-) were employed for adsorption test to improve coal surfaces. The effect of initial concentration, adsorbent dose and pH on dextrin adsorption onto modified coal surface was investigated. Studies concerning the adsorption equilibrium and thermodynamics are presented; the equilibrium data was modelled using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption equilibrium data was well explained by Freundlich isotherm. The percentage removal was found to be 93.75% and 90.75% at adsorbent dose of 0.2 g for both aluminium sulphate coal bituminous (ACB) and aluminium sulphate coal lignite (ACL) respectively. There was a rapid increase in adsorption of dextrin from low pH of 2 to about pH of 4 with a plateau region from pH 4 to pH 6. Adsorption capacity of 61.25 mg/g and 55.00 mg/g was achieved at initial concentration of 200 mg/L for ACB and ACL respectively. For a better interpretation, the nature of the adsorption of dextrin on the prepared coal samples was predicted from thermodynamic point of view by estimating the thermodynamic parameters. The determination of basic thermodynamic parameters: enthalpy of adsorption, Gibb’s free energy and entropy of adsorption are important. The negative value of ∆Gad indicates the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption process and the magnitude is an indication of the involvement of salt link, electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic bonding in the adsorption.

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41

Matsumoto, Naoki, and Tatsuya Tokunaga. "Thermodynamic calculation of phase equilibria in the Al–Fe–Zn–O system." High Temperature Materials and Processes 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2022-0249.

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Abstract The thermodynamics of the phase equilibria in the Al–Fe–Zn–O quaternary system was studied using the calculation of phase diagrams method to understand the oxidation behavior of the Zn bath surface during galvanizing process. The thermodynamic parameters for the Gibbs energies of the different constituent phases in the binary and ternary systems relevant to this quaternary system were taken mainly from previous studies. In this study, the thermodynamic assessment of the Al2O3–ZnO system was carried out based on the available experimental data, and some modifications to the thermodynamic model and/or parameters for the Fe–Zn–O ternary system were made to maintain consistency with the thermodynamic descriptions of other binary and ternary systems, making up the Al–Fe–Zn–O quaternary system adopted in this study. The calculated results on the ternary and quaternary systems generally agreed with the available experimental results on phase equilibria. The set of thermodynamic parameters enabled us to calculate the phase equilibria in the Al–Fe–Zn–O quaternary system over the entire composition and temperature ranges.

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42

Tannous, Afif I. "ORDER AND DISORDER: THERMODYNAMICS, CREATION, AND VALUES." Zygon� 20, no. 4 (December 1985): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1985.tb00610.x.

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43

Shi, Cheng Ying, Yin Chao Sun, and Yao Hui Sun. "Numerical Simulation and Studies of Temperature Rise within a High-Pressure Vessel during Refueling." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.606.

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The refueling process of a high-pressure vessel fixed on the rocket-propelled spacecraft was analyzed by the gas kinetics theories and the thermodynamics of variable mass system. A mathematical model was built up to simulate and analyze the refueling process so as to get rules of the pressure and temperature changes and lay the foundation for the design of the fast refueling control algorithm. During the simulation, the thermodynamic model based on natural convection was adopted to make the simulation close to the actual process. The studies shows that the best way to decrease the temperature of the gas within cylinder during refueling and keep the whole time prolong slightly is increase the heat transfer coefficient of cylinder and decrease the volume of stationary tank within measure.

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44

Pysarenko, S. V., O. M. Kaminskiy, O. E. Chyhyrynets, V. Yu Chernenko, M. O. Myroniak, and V. V. Shvalahin. "Thermodynamics of leaching of leukoxenized ilmenite." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2022): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-140-1-83-87.

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The thermodynamics of the alkaline leaching of ilmenite was investigated in this work. Thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy, etc.) are important and necessary for understanding both the course of the chemical reaction as a whole and the possibility of its implementation in the production process. The change in Gibbs energies at different temperatures during the chemical reaction of ilmenite leaching was calculated by the Temkin-Schwartzman method. The calculated values of the Gibbs energies of the reactions for the production of sodium and potassium titanates allowed us to state that the interaction of ilmenite with potassium hydroxide is energetically more advantageous. With the help of X-ray diffraction studies, it was established that ilmenite from the Irshansky deposit is leukoxenized. The identification of the main reflexes of the diffraction patterns confirmed that the interaction of potassium hydroxide and ilmenite yields potassium titanate.

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45

Llusco, Aleksei, Mario Grageda, and Svetlana Ushak. "Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies on Synthesis of Mg-Doped LiMn2O4 Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071409.

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In this work, a first study on kinetics and thermodynamics of thermal decomposition for synthesis of doped LiMn2O4 nanoparticles is presented. The effect of Mg doping concentration on thermal decomposition of synthesis precursors, prepared by ultrasound-assisted Pechini-type sol–gel process, and its significance on nucleation and growth of Mg-doped LiMn2O4 nanoparticles was studied through a method based on separation of multistage processes in single-stage reactions by deconvolution and transition state theory. Four zones of thermal decomposition were identified: Dehydration, polymeric matrix decomposition, carbonate decomposition and spinel formation, and spinel decomposition. Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis focused on the second zone. First-order Avrami-Erofeev equation was selected as reaction model representing the polymer matrix thermal decomposition. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters revealed that Mg doping causes an increase in thermal inertia on conversion rate, and CO2 desorption was the limiting step for formation of thermodynamically stable spinel phases. Based on thermogravimetry experiments and the effect of Mg on thermal decomposition, an optimal two-stage heat treatment was determined for preparation of LiMgxMn2−xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10) nanocrystalline powders as promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Crystalline structure, morphology, and stoichiometry of synthesized powders were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, and AAS, respectively.

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46

Zhang, Deyuan, and Yaqin Li. "Studies on kinetics and thermodynamics of biomachining pure copper." Science in China Series C: Life Sciences 42, no. 1 (February 1999): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02881748.

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47

Farahsani, Yashinta, and Margaretha Dharmayanti Harmanto. "MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECT IN TRANSLATING THERMODYNAMIC TERMINOLOGY." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v16i2.12991.

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Several studies on translation have been carried out, namely on the problem of untranslation, translation of terms from various fields, and the formation of target language terms with spelling adjustments. One of them is the field of thermodynamics which is part of the field of Mechanical Engineering, which has many terms borrowed from Dutch and English. Therefore, the researchers are interested in investigating the morphological aspects of the translation of thermodynamic terms using the natural borrowing technique. This study used qualitative research methods. Researchers took terminology data from two books, namely The Fundamental of Engineering Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. The results showed that the forms of borrowing that occurred were (1) borrowing by adjusting spelling and pronunciation adjustments; (2) borrowing with spelling adjustment without pronunciation adjustment; (3) borrowing without spelling adjustment, but with pronunciation adjustment; (4) adjustments to the spelling of prefixes and bound forms found 15 forms of adjustment; (5) suffix spelling adjustments found 20 forms of adjustment; and (6) a combination of translation and borrowing. In short, morphological aspects in translating thermodynamics terms are very important because they relate to the technique used.

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48

Sun, Hui, and Di Wu. "Recent advances in experimental thermodynamics of metal–organic frameworks." Powder Diffraction 34, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715619000782.

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This mini review summarizes recent advances in experimental thermodynamics of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Taking advantage of the development in mechanochemistry, near-room temperature solution calorimetry, and low-temperature heat capacity measurements, the energetic landscape, entropy trends, and Gibbs free energy evolutions of MOFs with true polymorphism [Zn(MeIm)2, Zn(EtIm)2, and Zn(CF3Im)2] as framework topology varies were thoroughly explored by integrated calorimetric and computational methodologies. In addition, the formation enthalpies of MOFs with ultrahigh porosity (MOF-177 and UMCM-1) and the simplest structure (metal formates) have been determined. The studies summarized below highlight the complex interplays among interrelated compositional, chemical, and topological (structural) factors in the determination of the thermodynamic parameters of MOFs.

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49

Farag Ali, Ahmed, and Mohamed Moussa. "Towards Thermodynamics with Generalized Uncertainty Principle." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/629148.

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Various frameworks of quantum gravity predict a modification in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to a so-called generalized uncertainty principle (GUP). Introducing quantum gravity effect makes a considerable change in the density of states inside the volume of the phase space which changes the statistical and thermodynamical properties of any physical system. In this paper we investigate the modification in thermodynamic properties of ideal gases and photon gas. The partition function is calculated and using it we calculated a considerable growth in the thermodynamical functions for these considered systems. The growth may happen due to an additional repulsive force between constitutes of gases which may be due to the existence of GUP, hence predicting a considerable increase in the entropy of the system. Besides, by applying GUP on an ideal gas in a trapped potential, it is found that GUP assumes a minimum measurable value of thermal wavelength of particles which agrees with discrete nature of the space that has been derived in previous studies from the GUP.

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Bartlett, Stuart J., and Patrick Beckett. "Probing complexity: thermodynamics and computational mechanics approaches to origins studies." Interface Focus 9, no. 6 (October 18, 2019): 20190058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0058.

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This paper proposes new avenues for origins research that apply modern concepts from stochastic thermodynamics, information thermodynamics and complexity science. Most approaches to the emergence of life prioritize certain compounds, reaction pathways, environments or phenomena. What they all have in common is the objective of reaching a state that is recognizably alive, usually positing the need for an evolutionary process. As with life itself, this correlates with a growth in the complexity of the system over time. Complexity often takes the form of an intuition or a proxy for a phenomenon that defies complete understanding. However, recent progress in several theoretical fields allows the rigorous computation of complexity. We thus propose that measurement and control of the complexity and information content of origins-relevant systems can provide novel insights that are absent in other approaches. Since we have no guarantee that the earliest forms of life (or alien life) used the same materials and processes as extant life, an appeal to complexity and information processing provides a more objective and agnostic approach to the search for life's beginnings. This paper gives an accessible overview of the three relevant branches of modern thermodynamics. These frameworks are not commonly applied in origins studies, but are ideally suited to the analysis of such non-equilibrium systems. We present proposals for the application of these concepts in both theoretical and experimental origins settings.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermodynamics studies'

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