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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermo-responsive hydrogels'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zhao, Haifeng, Heng An, Baozhong Xi, Yan Yang, Jianglei Qin, Yong Wang, Yingna He, and Xinguo Wang. "Self-Healing Hydrogels with both LCST and UCST through Cross-Linking Induced Thermo-Response." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030490.

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Self-healing hydrogels have drawngreat attention in the past decade since the self-healing property is one of the characteristics of living creatures. In this study, poly(acrylamide-stat-diacetone acrylamide) P(AM-stat-DAA) with a pendant ketone group was synthesized from easy accessible monomers, and thermo-responsive self-healing hydrogels were prepared through a series of diacylhydrazide compounds cross-linking without any additional stimulus. Although the copolymers do not show thermo-response, the hydrogels became thermo-responsive andboth the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) varied with the composition of the copolymer and structure of cross-linkers. With a dynamic covalent bond connection, the hydrogel showed gel-sol-gel transition triggered by acidity, redox, and ketone to acylhydrazide group ratios. This is another interesting cross-linking induced thermo-responsive (CIT) hydrogel with different properties compared to PNIPAM-based thermo-responsive hydrogels. The self-healing hydrogel with CIT properties could have great potential for application in areas related to bioscience, life simulation, and temperature switching.

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2

Mah, Evan, and Raja Ghosh. "Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels for Stimuli-Responsive Membranes." Processes 1, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 238–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr1030238.

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3

Mejia, Andres F., Ratna Ng, Peter Nguyen, Min Shuai, Hugo Y. Acosta, M. Sam Mannan, and Zhengdong Cheng. "Thermo-responsive discotic nematic hydrogels." Soft Matter 9, no. 43 (2013): 10257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sm51358k.

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4

Al-Rajabi, Maha Mohammad, and Yeit Haan Teow. "Green Synthesis of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Cellulose for Sustained Drug Delivery." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132153.

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Drug delivery is a difficult task in the field of dermal therapeutics, particularly in the treatment of burns, wounds, and skin diseases. Conventional drug delivery mediums have some limitations, including poor retention on skin/wound, inconvenience in administration, and uncontrolled drug release profile. Hydrogels able to absorb large amount of water and give a spontaneous response to stimuli imposed on them are an attractive solution to overcome the limitations of conventional drug delivery media. The objective of this study is to explore a green synthesis method for the development of thermo-responsive cellulose hydrogel using cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). A cold method was employed to prepare thermo-responsive cellulose hydrogels by incorporating OPEFB-extracted cellulose and Pluronic F127 (PF127) polymer. The performance of the synthesized thermo-responsive cellulose hydrogels were evaluated in terms of their swelling ratio, percentage of degradation, and in-vitro silver sulfadiazine (SSD) drug release. H8 thermo-responsive cellulose hydrogel with 20 w/v% PF127 and 3 w/v% OPEFB extracted cellulose content was the best formulation, given its high storage modulus and complex viscosity (81 kPa and 9.6 kPa.s, respectively), high swelling ratio (4.22 ± 0.70), and low degradation rate (31.3 ± 5.9%), in addition to high t50% value of 24 h in SSD in-vitro drug release to accomplish sustained drug release. The exploration of thermo-responsive cellulose hydrogel from OPEFB would promote cost-effective and sustainable drug delivery system with using abundantly available agricultural biomass.

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5

Yuan, Kun, Xiao Fang Wang, Yuan Cheng Zhu, and Guo Fang Zuo. "Preparation of the Microsphere-Sized Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogel Dispersed in Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Matrix and its Thermo-Responsive Releasing Behavior." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 2084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.2084.

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A novel thermo-responsive microsphere-sized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) composite hydrogels were prepared by gelation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution containing ultra-fine CaCO3, then treated with 2wt% glutaraldehyde solution, sequencely with HCl acid, and PVA matrix with microsphere-sized pores obtained. The internal pores of the dry PVA matrix were filled with PNIPAm hydrogels to give a thermo-responsive composite hydrogels for drug carrier. The composite hydrogel was characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature dependence of equilibrium swelling ratio in water of the composite hydrogels was also investigated. Rhodamine B (RB) was loaded to the composite hydrogels for release study.

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6

Tuan, Huynh Nguyen Anh, and Vo Thi Thu Nhu. "Synthesis and Properties of pH-Thermo Dual Responsive Semi-IPN Hydrogels Based on N,N’-Diethylacrylamide and Itaconamic Acid." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051139.

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A series of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogels based on N,N’-diethylacrylamide (DEA) and itaconamic acid (IAM) were synthesized by changing the molar ratio of linear copolymer P(DEA-co-IAM) and DEA monomer. Linear copolymer P(DEA-co-IAM) was introduced into a solution of DEA monomer to prepare pH-thermo dual responsive P(DEA-co-IAM)/PDEA semi-IPN hydrogels. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the semi-IPN hydrogel has a higher thermal stability than the conventional hydrogel, while the interior morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a porous structure with the pore sizes could be controlled by changing the ratio of linear copolymer in the obtained hydrogels. The oscillatory parallel-plate rheological measurements and compression tests demonstrated a viscoelastic behavior and superior mechanical properties of the semi-IPN hydrogels. Besides, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the linear copolymers increased with the increase of IAM content in the feed, while the semi-IPN hydrogels increased LCSTs with the increase of linear copolymer content introduced. The pH-thermo dual responsive of the hydrogels was investigated using the swelling behavior in various pH and temperature conditions. Finally, the swelling and deswelling rate of the hydrogels were also studied. The results indicated that the pH-thermo dual responsive semi-IPN hydrogels were synthesized successfully and may be a potential material for biomedical, drug delivery or absorption applications. The further applications of semi-IPN hydrogels are being conducted.

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7

Chatterjee, Sudipta, and Patrick Chi-leung Hui. "Review of Applications and Future Prospects of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Based on Thermo-Responsive Biopolymers in Drug Delivery Systems." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132086.

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Some of thermo-responsive polysaccharides, namely, cellulose, xyloglucan, and chitosan, and protein-like gelatin or elastin-like polypeptides can exhibit temperature dependent sol–gel transitions. Due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, such biomaterials are becoming popular for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. This paper aims to review the properties of sol–gel transition, mechanical strength, drug release (bioavailability of drugs), and cytotoxicity of stimuli-responsive hydrogel made of thermo-responsive biopolymers in drug delivery systems. One of the major applications of such thermos-responsive biopolymers is on textile-based transdermal therapy where the formulation, mechanical, and drug release properties and the cytotoxicity of thermo-responsive hydrogel in drug delivery systems of traditional Chinese medicine have been fully reviewed. Textile-based transdermal therapy, a non-invasive method to treat skin-related disease, can overcome the poor bioavailability of drugs from conventional non-invasive administration. This study also discusses the future prospects of stimuli-responsive hydrogels made of thermo-responsive biopolymers for non-invasive treatment of skin-related disease via textile-based transdermal therapy.

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8

Zhang, Xiacong, Yu Yin, Jiatao Yan, Wen Li, and Afang Zhang. "Thermo- and redox-responsive dendronized polymer hydrogels." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 6 (2018): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01284e.

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Unique supramolecular coordination of Fe²⁺ with terpyridine afford these hydrogels redox-responsive sol–gel transitions, while characteristic thermoresponsive properties from OEG-based first generation dendronized polymers render these hydrogels thermally-induced macroscopical volume changes and enhanced mechanical properties.

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9

Ravichandran, R., C. Astrand, H. K. Patra, Anthony P. F. Turner, V. Chotteau, and J. Phopase. "Intelligent ECM mimetic injectable scaffolds based on functional collagen building blocks for tissue engineering and biomedical applications." RSC Advances 7, no. 34 (2017): 21068–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra02927f.

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10

Lin, Qianming, Miao Tang, and Chenfeng Ke. "Thermo-responsive 3D-printed polyrotaxane monolith." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 2 (2020): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01510h.

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11

Kosik, Katalin, Erzsébet Wilk, Erik Geissler, and Krisztina László. "Interaction of phenols with thermo-responsive hydrogels." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 319, no. 1-3 (April 2008): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.07.022.

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12

Sánchez-Ferrer, Antoni, Venkata Krishna Kotharangannagari, Janne Ruokolainen, and Raffaele Mezzenga. "Thermo-responsive peptide-based triblock copolymer hydrogels." Soft Matter 9, no. 16 (2013): 4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sm27690b.

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13

Podevyn, Annelore, Sandra Van Vlierberghe, Peter Dubruel, and Richard Hoogenboom. "Design and Synthesis of Hybrid Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Poly(2-oxazoline) and Gelatin Derivatives." Gels 8, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8020064.

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The combination of natural and synthetic polymers to form hybrid hydrogels offers the potential of fabricating new materials that possess a combination of properties resulting from both types of polymer classes. Within this work, two alkene-functionalized poly(2-alkyl/aryl–2-oxazoline) (PAOx) copolymers and one gelatin derivative, thiolated gelatin (gel-SH), are synthesized as precursors for hybrid hydrogels through a photo-induced radical thiol-ene crosslinking process. In-situ photo-rheology revealed an increased mechanical stability for hydrogels that possess an excess amount of PAOx precursor. A final qualitative investigation of the thermo-responsive properties of a P(EtOx270–norbornenOx30):gel-SH (2:1) hydrogel film revealed a cloud point temperature (Tcp) in the same range as the Tcp of the P(EtOx270–norbornenOx30) polymer precursor, which is around 30 °C. This promising result demonstrates that thermo-responsive hybrid poly(2-oxazoline)-gelatin hydrogels could be prepared with predictable Tcps and that further investigation into this appealing feature might be of interest. Ultimately, this work shows a proof-of-concept of using PAOx as potential hybrid hydrogel precursor in combination with cell-interactive gelatin derivatives to potentially improve the mechanical stability of the final scaffolds and introduce additional features such as thermo-responsiveness for the purpose of drug delivery.

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14

Liu, Kangkang, Heqing Cao, Wenhua Yuan, Yongzhong Bao, Guorong Shan, Zi Liang Wu, and Pengju Pan. "Stereocomplexed and homocrystalline thermo-responsive physical hydrogels with a tunable network structure and thermo-responsiveness." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 35 (2020): 7947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01484b.

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15

Ma, Xiao Mei, Yan Hong Li, and Yan Zhi Xia. "Dually Responsive Multi-Network Hydrogel of N-Isopropylacrylamide Copolymeric Microgels Embedded in Poly(vinyl alcohol)." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.154.

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To improve the performance of traditional hydrogels, dually responsive multi-network hydrogel was designed and fabricated in two steps. Firstly, temperature-and pH-responsive copolymeric microgel of N-isopropylacrylamide, methacrylic acid and polyethyleneglycol methacrylate were prepared via precipitation polymerization in poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution. Then glutaraldehyde was added to the microgel dispersion to build crosslinks among microgels and PVA, producing multi-network hydrogel with thermo-and pH-sensitivity. The morphology of the microgel and hydrogel was characterized by electron microscope technique. Swelling and deswelling behaviors show that the obtained hydrogels exhibit good temperature-and pH-sensitivity. The hydrogel shows rapid deswelling kinetics and approaches deswelling equilibrium in ~30min.

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16

Ilić-Stojanović, Snežana, Ljubiša Nikolić, Vesna Nikolić, Slobodan Petrović, Violeta Oro, Žarko Mitić, and Stevo Najman. "Semi-Crystalline Copolymer Hydrogels as Smart Drug Carriers: In Vitro Thermo-Responsive Naproxen Release Study." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020158.

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In this study, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) hydrogels were synthesized using free radical initiated copolymerization method. Four hydrogels with different cross-linker concentrations were prepared. Semi-crystalline, cross-linked copolymer networks were confirmed by FTIR, SEM and XRD analysis. Variation of swelling behaviour was monitored gravimetrically and thermo-responsiveness has been noticed. An application of synthesized thermo-responsive hydrogels as carriers for the modulated release of anti-inflammatory model drug was investigated. Moreover, naproxen loading into these hydrogels was also determined using FTIR, SEM and XRD techniques and release was analyzed using HPLC method at simulated physiological conditions. Swelling kinetic and mechanism of water transport, as well as diffusion of naproxen through the hydrogels were analyzed. Thus, the aim of this work was to study various compositions of obtained hydrogels and their possibility of application as a thermo-responsive carrier for prolonged naproxen release in order to evaluate as a potential candidate for drug carrier in future pharmaceutical applications.

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17

Chen, Lei, Guihui Duan, Ce Zhang, Ping Cheng, and Zhaolong Wang. "3D printed hydrogel for soft thermo-responsive smart window." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 4, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 025302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ac5ae3.

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Abstract Smart windows with tunable optical properties that respond to external environments are being developed to reduce energy consumption in buildings. In the present study, we introduce a new type of 3D printed hydrogel with amazing flexibility and stretchability (as large as 1500%), as well as tunable optical performance controlled by surrounding temperatures. The hydrogel on a PDMS substrate shows transparent-opaque transition with high solar modulation (ΔT sol) up to 79.332% around its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) while maintaining a high luminous transmittance (T lum) of 85.847% at 20 °C. In addition, selective transparent-opaque transition above LCST can be achieved by patterned hydrogels which are precisely fabricated via a projection micro-stereolithography based 3D printing technique. Our hydrogel promises great potential applications for the next generation of soft smart windows.

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18

Fan, Jingwei, Richen Li, Hai Wang, Xun He, Tan P. Nguyen, Rachel A. Letteri, Jiong Zou, and Karen L. Wooley. "Multi-responsive polypeptide hydrogels derived from N-carboxyanhydride terpolymerizations for delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 24 (2017): 5145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob00931c.

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19

Stile, Ranee A., and Kevin E. Healy. "Thermo-Responsive Peptide-Modified Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration." Biomacromolecules 2, no. 1 (March 2001): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm0000945.

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20

Agarwal, Abhishek K., Liang Dong, David J. Beebe, and Hongrui Jiang. "Autonomously-triggered microfluidic cooling using thermo-responsive hydrogels." Lab on a Chip 7, no. 3 (2007): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b617767k.

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21

Yoon, Jinhwan. "Customizing Volume Phase Transition of Thermo‐Responsive Hydrogels." Macromolecular Symposia 385, no. 1 (June 2019): 1800179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201800179.

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22

Zhang, Nai Yan, Jiang Yu, and Shou Jun Cai. "Synthesis and Properties of Thermo- and pH-Responsive PVA/P(DEA-co-MAA) Intelligent Semi-IPN Hydrogels." Advanced Materials Research 466-467 (February 2012): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.466-467.229.

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A series of temperature- and pH-responsive poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N, N-diethylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) PVA/P(DEA-co-MAA) intelligent semi-IPN hydrogels were synthesized by free-radical copolymerization techniques and semi-interpenetrating polymer network techniques. The effects of the feed components, temperature and pH on the swelling behavior of the hydrogels were studied in detail. This unique property makes them very useful for biomedical applications such as on-off switches for modulated drug delivery and tissue engineering. With the increase of PVA content, the thermo- and pH-responsive of the semi-IPN hydrogel improved.

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23

de Oliveira, Ariel C., Paulo R. Souza, Bruno H. Vilsinski, Manuel E. G. Winkler, Marcos L. Bruschi, Eduardo Radovanovic, Edvani C. Muniz, Wilker Caetano, Artur J. M. Valente, and Alessandro F. Martins. "Thermo- and pH-Responsive Gelatin/Polyphenolic Tannin/Graphene Oxide Hydrogels for Efficient Methylene Blue Delivery." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154529.

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Gelatin (GE), amino-functionalized polyphenolic tannin derivative (TN), and graphene oxide (GO) were associated to yield thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels for the first time. Durable hydrogel assemblies for drug delivery purposes were developed using the photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) as a drug model. The cooling GE/TN blends provide brittle physical assemblies. To overcome this disadvantage, different GO contents (between 0.31% and 1.02% wt/wt) were added to the GE/TN blend at 89.7/10.3 wt/wt. FTIR and RAMAN spectroscopy analyses characterized the materials, indicating GO presence in the hydrogels. Incorporation studies revealed a total MB (0.50 mg/mL) incorporation into the GE/TN-GO hydrogel matrices. Additionally, the proposed systems present a mechanical behavior similar to gel. The GO presence in the hydrogel matrices increased the elastic modulus from 516 to 1650 Pa. SEM revealed that hydrogels containing MB present higher porosity with interconnected pores. Dissolution and swelling degree studies revealed less stability of the GE/TN-GO-MB hydrogels in SGF medium (pH 1.2) than SIF (pH 6.8). The degradation increased in SIF with the GO content, making the polymeric matrices more hydrophilic. MB release studies revealed a process controlled by Fickian diffusion. Our results point out the pH-responsible behavior of mechanically reinforced GE/TN-GO-MB hydrogels for drug delivery systems purposes.

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24

Zhang, Kaiwen, Kun Xue, and Xian Jun Loh. "Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels: From Recent Progress to Biomedical Applications." Gels 7, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030077.

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Thermogels are also known as thermo-sensitive or thermo-responsive hydrogels and can undergo a sol–gel transition as the temperature increases. This thermogelling behavior is the result of combined action from multiscale thermo-responsive mechanisms. From micro to macro, these mechanisms can be attributed to LCST behavior, micellization, and micelle aggregation of thermogelling polymers. Due to its facile phase conversion properties, thermogels are injectable yet can form an in situ gel in the human body. Thermogels act as a useful platform biomaterial that operates at physiological body temperatures. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent progress in thermogel research, including investigations on the thermogel gelation mechanism and its applications in drug delivery, 3D cell culture, and tissue engineering. The review also discusses emerging directions in the study of thermogels.

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25

Shiblee, MD Nahin Islam, Kumkum Ahmed, Ajit Khosla, Masaru Kawakami, and Hidemitsu Furukawa. "3D printing of shape memory hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties." Soft Matter 14, no. 38 (2018): 7809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01156g.

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26

Bae, Saet-Byeol, and Sang-Wh Lee. "Synthesis of Gold Nanoflowers Encapsulated with Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Hydrogels." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7962–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11232.

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In this work, hydrogel-coated gold nanoflowers (AuNFs@hydrogel) were facilely prepared. First, gold nanoflowers (AuNFs) were synthesized by reducing gold acid with ascorbic acid in the presence of chitosan biopolymers, and the chitosan-mediated AuNFs were subsequently conjugated with oleic acid with carboxylate groups. Finally, the olefin-conjugated AuNFs were encapsulated with P(NIPAM-co-AAC) hydrogels via a radical polymerization reaction with co-monomer ratio of [NIPAM:AAc = 91:9 wt%]. The encapsulated hydrogels had a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) slightly above the physiological temperature and demonstrated a thermo-sensitive variation of particle size. The hydrogel-coated AuNFs can be utilized as a promising thermo-responsive drug delivery system with a unique optical property. As-prepared samples were characterized by DLS, SEM, TEM, UV-vis and Zeta potential meter.

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27

Luo, Yi, Werner Pauer, and Gerrit A. Luinstra. "Fabrication of Thermo-Responsive Controllable Shape-Changing Hydrogel." Gels 8, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8090531.

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Temperature response double network (DN) hydrogels comprising a network formed by polymerization of methacrylic acid (MA) modified PVA, N,N’-methylene bis(acrylamide), N-isopropylacryl amide (NIPAM), and one formed from crystalline polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are prepared in a 3D printed tailor-made mold. The (PVA-MA)-g-PNIPAAm thermoset intermediate is formed in water by a radical, photo-initiated process, and in the presence of dissolved PVA polymers. A subsequent freezing-thawing sequence induces the crystallization of the PVA network, which forms a second network inside the thermoset NIPAM polymer. The prepared hydrogel is thermoresponsive by the phase transition of PNIPAAm segments (T ≈ 32 °C) and has good mechanical properties (tensile strength 1.23 MPa, compressive strength 1.47 MPa). Thermal cycling between room temperature at 40 or 50 °C shows the product converses from a virgin-state to a steady-state, which most likely involves the reorganization of PVA crystals. The swelling-deswelling cycles remain clear at a length change of about 13%.

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28

Yeh, Mei-Yu, Jiong-Yao Zhao, Yi-Ru Hsieh, Jhong-Hua Lin, Fang-Yi Chen, Rajan Deepan Chakravarthy, Pei-Chun Chung, Hsin-Chieh Lin, and Shih-Chieh Hung. "Reverse thermo-responsive hydrogels prepared from Pluronic F127 and gelatin composite materials." RSC Advances 7, no. 34 (2017): 21252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra01118k.

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29

Wang, Zhi Jian, Chen Yu Li, Xin Yu Zhao, Zi Liang Wu, and Qiang Zheng. "Thermo- and photo-responsive composite hydrogels with programmed deformations." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 10 (2019): 1674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb02896f.

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Composite hydrogels were fabricated by photolithographic polymerization to form a non-responsive gel and subsequent thermal polymerization to form a dual-responsive gel. These composite gels with heterogeneous structures showed programmed deformations upon heating or light irradiation.

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30

Wang, Jiarong, and Mingyu Guo. "Thermo-responsive, mechanically robust and 3D printable supramolecular hydrogels." Polymer Chemistry 13, no. 12 (2022): 1695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2py00127f.

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Mechanically strong polyurethane-urea copolymer based supramolecular hydrogels with thermo-responsive surface wettability and 3D printable characters were developed using α-dihydroxyl terminated PNIPAm as chain-extender.

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31

Wang, Jilong, Yan Liu, Siheng Su, Junhua Wei, Syed Rahman, Fuda Ning, Gordon Christopher, Weilong Cong, and Jingjing Qiu. "Ultrasensitive Wearable Strain Sensors of 3D Printing Tough and Conductive Hydrogels." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111873.

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In this study, tough and conductive hydrogels were printed by 3D printing method. The combination of thermo-responsive agar and ionic-responsive alginate can highly improve the shape fidelity. With addition of agar, ink viscosity was enhanced, further improving its rheological characteristics for a precise printing. After printing, the printed construct was cured via free radical polymerization, and alginate was crosslinked by calcium ions. Most importantly, with calcium crosslinking of alginate, mechanical properties of 3D printed hydrogels are greatly improved. Furthermore, these 3D printed hydrogels can serve as ionic conductors, because hydrogels contain large amounts of water that dissolve excess calcium ions. A wearable resistive strain sensor that can quickly and precisely detect human motions like finger bending was fabricated by a 3D printed hydrogel film. These results demonstrate that the conductive, transparent, and stretchable hydrogels are promising candidates as soft wearable electronics for healthcare, robotics and entertainment.

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32

Maeda, Tomoki, Midori Kitagawa, Atsushi Hotta, and Satoshi Koizumi. "Thermo-Responsive Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on PEG-b-PLGA Diblock Copolymer and Laponite." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020250.

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Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-b-PLGA) diblock copolymers are widely known as polymeric surfactants for biomedical applications, and exhibit high solubility in water compared to PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA triblock copolymers known as gelation agents. In order to overcome the difficulties in the preparation of thermo-responsive hydrogels based on PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA due to the low solubility in water, the fabrication of thermo-responsive hydrogels based on PEG-b-PLGA with high solubility in water was attempted by adding laponite to the PEG-b-PLGA solution. In detail, PEG-b-PLGA with high solubility in water (i.e., high PEG/PLGA ratio) were synthesized. Then, the nanocomposite solution based on PEG-b-PLGA and laponite (laponite/PEG-b-PLGA nanocomposite) was fabricated by mixing the PEG-b-PLGA solutions and the laponite suspensions. By using the test tube inversion method and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), it was found that thermo-responsive hydrogels could be obtained by using PEG-b-PLGA, generally known as polymeric surfactants, and that the gelation temperature was around the physiological temperature and could be regulated by changing the solution composition. Furthermore, from the structural analysis by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), PEG-b-PLGA was confirmed to be on the surface of the laponite platelets, and the thermosensitive PEG-b-PLGA on the laponite surface could trigger the thermo-responsive connection of the preformed laponite network.

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33

Wang, Li, Yukun Jian, Xiaoxia Le, Wei Lu, Chunxin Ma, Jiawei Zhang, Youju Huang, Chih-Feng Huang, and Tao Chen. "Actuating and memorizing bilayer hydrogels for a self-deformed shape memory function." Chemical Communications 54, no. 10 (2018): 1229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc09456f.

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Ávila-Salas, Fabián, and Esteban F. Durán-Lara. "An Overview of Injectable Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels and Advances in their Biomedical Applications." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 34 (October 12, 2020): 5773–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666190603110045.

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Background:: Injectable hydrogels are a thermo-responsive system based on biomaterials. Injectable hydrogels have been broadly investigated mainly as vehicles or scaffolds of therapeutic agents that include drugs, proteins, cells, and bioactive molecules among others, utilized in the treatment of diseases such as cancers and the repair and regeneration of tissues. Results: : There are several studies that have described the multiple features of hydrogels. However, the main aspect that breaks the paradigm in the application of hydrogels is the thermoresponsiveness that some of them have, which is an abrupt modification in their properties in response to small variations in temperature. For that reason, the thermo-responsive hydrogels with the unique property of sol-gel transition have received special attention over the past decades. These hydrogels show phase transition near physiological human body temperature. This feature is key for being applied in promising areas of human health-related research. Conclusion: : The purpose of this study is the overview of injectable hydrogels and their latest advances in medical applications including bioactive compound delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.

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Mo, Kangwei, Meng He, Xiaodong Cao, and Chunyu Chang. "Direct current electric field induced gradient hydrogel actuators with rapid thermo-responsive performance as soft manipulators." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 8 (2020): 2756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc06407a.

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Kishi, R., H. Ichijo, and O. Hirasa. "Thermo-Responsive Devices Using Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Hydrogels." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 4, no. 4 (October 1993): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x9300400413.

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37

Swennen, I., V. Vermeersch, M. Hornof, E. Adriaens, J. P. Remon, A. Urtti, and E. H. Schacht. "In-situ crosslinkable thermo-responsive hydrogels for drug delivery." Journal of Controlled Release 116, no. 2 (November 2006): e21-e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.09.029.

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38

Mirkovic, Ilinka, Marija Nikolic, Sanja Ostojic, Jelena Maletaskic, Zoran Petrovic, and Jasna Djonlagic. "Thermo-responsive hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide) and hyaluronic acid cross-linked with nanoclays." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 9 (2020): 1197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc200109023m.

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Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPN) based on thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) and water-soluble sodium salts of linear hyaluronic acid (Na-HA) were physically cross-linked with synthetic nanoclay (laponite XLG). PNIPA hydrogels with different cross-linking densities and Na-HA concentrations were synthesized by in situ free-radical redox polymerization. The structure and heterogeneity of the semi-IPN hydrogels were examined by SEM and XRD. The content of clay incorporated in the gel was determined by TGA. DSC measurements showed that volume phase transition temperature and its enthalpy varied with the clay and hyaluronic acid content. SIPN hydrogels containing negatively charged polyelectrolyte, Na- HA, exhibited higher Qe and faster deswelling rates than the corresponding PNIPA NC hydrogels. The presence of the anionic Na-HA polymer reduced the storage modulus, indicating a weakening of the hydrogel network structure, especially at lower clay contents. The nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited high tan ? values, which increased with increasing Na-HA content.

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Lin, Hsin-Hua, Fu-Yu Hsieh, Ching-Shiow Tseng, and Shan-hui Hsu. "Preparation and characterization of a biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and the hybrid gel with soy protein for 3D cell-laden bioprinting." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 41 (2016): 6694–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb01501h.

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Bonetti, Lorenzo, Luigi De Nardo, Fabio Variola, and Silvia Fare'. "Evaluation of the subtle trade-off between physical stability and thermo-responsiveness in crosslinked methylcellulose hydrogels." Soft Matter 16, no. 24 (2020): 5577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00269k.

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Unger, Katrin, Marlene Anzengruber, and Anna Maria Coclite. "Measurements of Temperature and Humidity Responsive Swelling of Thin Hydrogel Films by Interferometry in an Environmental Chamber." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 3987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193987.

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Thin film thermo-responsive hydrogels have become a huge interest in applications such as smart drug-delivery systems or sensor/actuator technology. So far, mostly, the response of such hydrogels has been measured only by varying the temperature in a liquid environment, but studies of the response towards humidity and temperature are rare because of experimental limitations. Often the swelling measurements are performed on samples placed on a stage that can be heated/cooled, while vapors enter the permeation chamber at their own temperature. This thermal difference leads to some uncertainties on the exact relative humidity to which the sample is exposed to. In this study, we explored the possibility of performing swelling measurements under thermal equilibrium by placing the sample and an interferometer, as a detector, in an environmental chamber and therefore exposing the smart hydrogel to adjustable temperatures and relative humidity conditions while measuring the hydrogel’s thin film thickness changes. As a case study, we used thin films of the thermo-responsive hydrogel, poly N-vinylcaprolactam deposited by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). Similar thin films were previously characterized by in situ ellipsometry while the sample was heated on a stage and exposed to humid air produced at room temperature. The comparison between the two measurement methods showed that while measurements in the presence of thermal gradients are limited mostly to low humidity, measurements in thermal equilibrium are restricted only by the operation limits of the used environmental chamber.

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Ye, Wanli, Lidan Zhu, Shan Xia, and Xiumei Zhang. "Dual pH-/temperature-responsive and fluorescent hydrogel for controlled drug delivery." Journal of Polymer Engineering 38, no. 4 (April 25, 2018): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0228.

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AbstractThe purpose of this investigation is to develop a dual pH-/temperature-responsive and fluorescent hydrogel based on piperazine and Pluronic F127 (PF127). Firstly, polyurethane was synthesized using 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-bis(hydroxyethyl) piperazine, and PF127 by a step polymerization process. Erythrosine B (EB) is then incorporated into copolymers to offer a fluorescence property. The polyurethane-PF127-EB copolymer can spontaneously self-assemble into hydrogels with a great number of closely packed micelles, and the hydrogels also have the ability to undergo thermo-sensitive sol-gel phase transition above the critical gelation concentration. The gelation temperature can be adjusted near the physiological condition by modulating the concentration of the copolymer in an aqueous medium. The acid-titration curves indicate a good pH-responsive property, and the UV-vis and fluorescence spectra exhibit strong self-fluorescence signals for hydrogels. As a result, the hydrogels not only can serve as drug carriers but can also be utilized as fluorescence imaging probes in biomedical applications.

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Ma, X. M., R. Li, J. Ren, X. C. Lv, X. H. Zhao, Q. Ji, and Y. Z. Xia. "Restorable, high-strength poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels constructed through chitosan-based dual macro-cross-linkers with rapid response to temperature jumps." RSC Adv. 7, no. 75 (2017): 47767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10148a.

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Feng, Qiao, Ya Qi Zhao, and Xiang Chen. "Porous Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Gels Frontal Polymerized in Mixed Solvents of Ethanol and Dimethylsulfoxide." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.240.

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The thermo-responsive hydrogels poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) were synthesized by frontal polymerization (FP) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol mixture. The effects of composition of synthesis-solvent on FP feature and porous morphologies as well as their response behavior of the final products were studied. PNIPAm hydrogel synthesized in mixture exhibited a porous structure, which was responsible for its higher swelling ratio. Moreover, an improvement in swelling capability of the final PNIPAm hydrogel was found when the ethanol content in mixed media was elevated. The approach, frontal polymerization in mixed solvent, reported here provides a promising option to synthesize porous intelligent hydrogels PNIPAm.

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He, Xiaomin, Yan Sun, Jiahui Wu, Yang Wang, Feng Chen, Ping Fan, Mingqiang Zhong, et al. "Dual-stimulus bilayer hydrogel actuators with rapid, reversible, bidirectional bending behaviors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 17 (2019): 4970–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00180h.

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Kong, Song Hua, Mi Zhou, Xiao Feng Ye, and Xin Qian. "Thermo-Responsive Supramolecular Hybrid Hydrogels Formed by Graphene Oxide-Grafted-Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and α-Cyclodextrin." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.172.

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Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-grafted-graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by a coupling reaction and formed inclusion complexes (ICs) after selective threading of the mPEG segments of the GO-mPEG through the cavities of α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs) units. The polypseudorotaxane structures of the as-obtained hydrogels were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, TGA, DSC, and SEM. The complexation of the mPEG segments with α-CDs and the hydrogen-bond interaction between CDs resulted in the formation of supramolecular hybrid hydrogels with a strong network. The resultant hybrid hydrogels were found to be thermo-responsive, and could be applied as a promising drug delivery system.

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Chen, Yan, Yuting Gao, Lucília P. da Silva, Rogério P. Pirraco, Mengdi Ma, Liming Yang, Rui L. Reis, and Jie Chen. "A thermo-/pH-responsive hydrogel (PNIPAM-PDMA-PAA) with diverse nanostructures and gel behaviors as a general drug carrier for drug release." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 29 (2018): 4063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00838h.

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Zhao, Yu, Xiao-Jie Ju, Li-Ping Zhang, Wei Wang, Yousef Faraj, Lin-Bing Zou, Rui Xie, Zhuang Liu, and Liang-Yin Chu. "Transparent thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-l-poly(ethylene glycol)acrylamide conetwork hydrogels with rapid deswelling response." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 24 (2019): 9507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01545k.

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Transparent thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-l-poly(ethylene glycol)acrylamide conetwork hydrogels with rapid deswelling response are developed with multi-arm star poly(ethylene glycol)acrylamide as a cross-linker.

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Kim, Jin, Seo Young Cheon, Min Suk Kook, Chang Moon Lee, and Ki Young Lee. "Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels Containing Xenogenic Graft Materials for Bone Regeneration." Polymer Korea 42, no. 2 (March 31, 2018): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2018.42.2.280.

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Xue, Shishan, Yuanpeng Wu, Jiemin Wang, Meiling Guo, Dan Liu, and Weiwei Lei. "Boron Nitride Nanosheets/PNIPAM Hydrogels with Improved Thermo-Responsive Performance." Materials 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2018): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071069.

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