Journal articles: 'Thermo precipitation'

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Ding, Wen Hong, Bo Jiang, Chao Lei Zhang, Ya Zheng Liu, Li Sun, Tian Wu Liu, Zhi Qiang Zhang, and Jin Pan. "Evolution of Carbides during Prestrain and Tempering." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.82.

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The effect of thermo-mechanical treatment on the microstructural evolution of low carbon micro-alloyed high strength steel was studied by combining prestrain with tempering (PST) in this paper. It was found that the prestrain causes the dislocation to plug up around the grain boundary and carbide, resulting in carbide boundary fragmentation. Moreover, it breaks the thermo-dynamic equilibrium between the matrix and carbide, induces the dissolution of carbon in the high energy state, and then changes the distribution of carbon in the matrix. In the subsequent tempering process, the precipitation regularity of carbide was changed, which promoted the precipitation carbide at low temperature. The influence of carbide precipitation on dislocation can be divided into two stages: the first stage was precipitation induced creep, which promoted stress relaxation; the second stage was precipitation pinning dislocation, which improved material strength and inhibited stress relaxation.

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Stechauner, G., and E. Kozeschnik. "Thermo-kinetic modeling of Cu precipitation in α-Fe." Acta Materialia 100 (November 2015): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.042.

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Vivas, J., C. Celada-Casero, D. San Martín, M. Serrano, E. Urones-Garrote, P. Adeva, M. M. Aranda, and C. Capdevila. "Nano-precipitation Strengthened G91 by Thermo-mechanical Treatment Optimization." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47, no. 11 (June 6, 2016): 5344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3596-2.

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Joy, Jobin K., Alexandros Solomou, Theocharis Baxevanis, Ibrahim Karaman, and Dimitris C. Lagoudas. "Micromechanical Modeling of Precipitation Hardened NiTiHf." Materials Science Forum 915 (March 2018): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.915.147.

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Actuation response of NiTiHf high temperature SMAs can be enhanced by means of suitable heat treatment on the material through precipitation hardening. Heat treatments can be chosen carefully to improve the performance of the NiTiHf SMAs in order to meet the requirements of targeted applications to design more robust and efficient high temperature solid-state actuator systems. The present work aims to develop a novel approach to model and predict the behavior of heat-treated NiTiHf SMAs. The predictions of the thermomechanical response of NiTiHf SMAs are based on Representative Volume Elements (RVEs). The precipitated NiTiHf SMA is modeled as a composite consist of of thermo-elastic non-transforming precipitates and a polycrystalline SMA matrix. The structural effect of precipitates and the effect of Hf-concentration gradient resulted from Hf depletion during precipitation are included. The composition distribution resulting from the elemental depletion and the transformation temperature distributions in the SMA matrix are related. In the present work, these relations are developed from experimental measurements on several NiTiHf compositions. Thermo-mechanical responses of Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20heat-treated at 500°C for 48h at different loading conditions are predicted and the correlations with experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed framework.

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Raynaud, G. M., and P. Guyot. "Coherent precipitation effect on thermo-power of AlCu alloys." Acta Metallurgica 36, no. 1 (January 1988): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(88)90034-x.

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Ramesh Babu, Shashank, Matias Jaskari, Antti Jarvenpää, Thomas Paul Davis, Jukka Kömi, and David Porter. "Precipitation Versus Partitioning Kinetics during the Quenching of Low-Carbon Martensitic Steels." Metals 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070850.

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Low-carbon, low-alloy steels undergo auto-tempering and carbon partitioning to austenite during quenching to martensite. The microstructures of two such steels quenched at two cooling rates have been evaluated using electron microscopy to characterise lath and carbide precipitate morphologies, and the results have been compared with theoretical predictions based on the Thermo-Calc modules DICTRA and TC-Prisma. The modelling tools predicted the carbon depletion rates due to diffusion from the bcc martensite laths into austenite and the precipitation of cementite in the ferrite matrix. The predictions showed a satisfactory agreement with the metallographic results, indicating that the Thermo-Calc based software can aid in the design of new low-carbon martensitic steels.

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Zhu, Yan, Hong Tao Li, Mei Zhang, Yong Zhong, and Lin Li. "Hot Deformation Behavior of Nano-Precipitation Strengthening Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.951.

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The hot deformation behavior of nanoprecipitation strengthening steel was studied using a Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The results show that the peak stress reduces as the temperature increases, and increases as the strain rate increases. The dynamic recrystallization will more likely occur at higher deformation temperature and lower strain rate. The deformation activation energy of the tested steel at 950-1150οC is calculated to be 333.844kJ/mol by regression analysis. Flow stress equation of the tested steel is also established.

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Mao, Bai Ping, Jun Peng Li, and Jian Shen. "Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of 2197 Al-Li Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1621.

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Effects of thermo-mechanical treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructure of 2197 alloy were studied through analyses of the mechanical properties by tensile tests and TEM observation of thermo-mechanical heat treated 2197 alloy plates of various states. Results show that the dominating precipitated phase of peak-aged 2197 alloy during thermo-mechanical heat treatment is T1 phase of which the size is 50~150nm. The precipitation and growth of T1 phase are accelerated due to the existed nucleation sites for heterogeneous nucleation of T1 phase offered by thermo-mechanical treatment, therefore, the time for 2197 alloy to reach the peak-aged state is shorten. The strength of 2197 alloy for peak-aged state is increased through thermo-mechanical treatment because the strengthening effect of T1 phase with higher aspect ratio is bigger than that of δ′ and θ′ phases.

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Webel, Johannes, Adrian Herges, Dominik Britz, Eric Detemple, Volker Flaxa, Hardy Mohrbacher, and Frank Mücklich. "Tracing Microalloy Precipitation in Nb-Ti HSLA Steel during Austenite Conditioning." Metals 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020243.

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The microalloying with niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti) is standardly applied in low carbon steel high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels and enables austenite conditioning during thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP), which results in pronounced grain refinement in the finished steel. In that respect, it is important to better understand the precipitation kinetics as well as the precipitation sequence in a typical Nb-Ti-microalloyed steel. Various characterization methods were utilized in this study for tracing microalloy precipitation after simulating different austenite TMCP conditions in a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator. Atom probe tomography (APT), scanning transmission electron microscopy in a focused ion beam equipped scanning electron microscope (STEM-on-FIB), and electrical resistivity measurements provided complementary information on the precipitation status and were correlated with each other. It was demonstrated that accurate electrical resistivity measurements of the bulk steel could monitor the general consumption of solute microalloys (Nb) during hot working and were further complemented by APT measurements of the steel matrix. Precipitates that had formed during cooling or isothermal holding could be distinguished from strain-induced precipitates by corroborating STEM measurements with APT results, because APT specifically allowed obtaining detailed information about the chemical composition of precipitates as well as the elemental distribution. The current paper highlights the complementarity of these methods and shows first results within the framework of a larger study on strain-induced precipitation.

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Wiehemeier, Lars, Timo Brändel, Yvonne Hannappel, Tilman Kottke, and Thomas Hellweg. "Synthesis of smart dual-responsive microgels: correlation between applied surfactants and obtained particle morphology." Soft Matter 15, no. 28 (2019): 5673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00690g.

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Surfactant-assisted precipitation polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylic acid (AAc) is used to make thermo- and pH-responsive copolymer microgels. The type of surfactant is found to have an impact on the particle properties.

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Hsieh, Chih-Chun, and Weite Wu. "Overview of Intermetallic Sigma () Phase Precipitation in Stainless Steels." ISRN Metallurgy 2012 (March 8, 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/732471.

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The phase which exists in various series of stainless steels is a significant subject in steels science and engineering. The precipitation of the phase is also a widely discussed aspect of the science and technology of stainless steels. The microstructural variation, precipitation mechanism, prediction method, and effects of properties of phase are also of importance in academic discussions. In the first section, a brief introduction to the development and the precipitation characteristics (including morphologies and precipitation sites) of phase in stainless steels is presented. In the second section, the properties effect, prediction method, processing effect, elemental addition, retardation method and Thermo-Calc simulation of the phase in stainless steels are highlighted.

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Jiang, Yue, Ying Ying Ai, and Qi Ting Wang. "Precipitation Behavior of a Maraging Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 567 (September 2012): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.567.92.

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The changes of precipitation phases and matrix structures in Fe-13Cr-7Ni-4Mo-4Co-2W maraging stainless steel at different temperature were studied by using the Thermo-Calc software. The research was on the microstructures and precipitation behaviors of the maraging stainless steel, the performance is investigated through solution and aging treatment by TEMand SADP. The calculation results were in good agreement with the experiments, which demonstrated that when maraging stainless steel was treated in high temperature, the Laves-Fe2Mo precipitates became totally dissolved as the temperature was above 1050°C, and about 8% of R phase was found during aging. The calculation provides a guiding significant to the establishment of reasonable heat treatment process and the development of new materials.

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13

Povoden-Karadeniz, Erwin, Peter Lang, Kerem I. Öksüz, Wu Jun, Siamak Rafiezadeh, Ahmad Falahati, and Ernst Kozeschnik. "Thermodynamics-Integrated Simulation of Precipitate Evolution in Al-Mg-Si-Alloys." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.476.

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Metastable precipitates govern the mechanical properties of hardenable Al-alloys. A computational precipitation simulation approach is presented that is based on a combination of compiled and assessed thermodynamic and diffusion data with predictive physical models. Predictive precipitation kinetics simulation delivers approximations of thermodynamic properties that would otherwise require time-consuming computational techniques based on density functional theory. Coupling of thermodynamics with thermo-kinetic simulation of hardenable Al-alloys Al-Mg-Si 6016 is presented.

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SENATORSKI, Jan, Jan TACIKOWSKI, and Paweł MĄCZYŃSKI. "WEAR RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMO-CHEMICALLY TREATED STRUCTURAL STEELS." Tribologia 273, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6255.

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The article presents results of investigations of wear resistance by friction, employing the “3 cylinder – cone” method, of selected structural steels subjected to given thermo-chemical treatment, i.e. nitriding, carburizing, and precipitation hardening after nitriding. The investigated steels were C45, 21NiCrMo2, 18HGT, and 41Cr4. These materials, after thermo-chemical treatment undergo metallurgical characteristics of diffusion layers formed on steel. It was observed that proportionality exists between their wear resistance and the value of surface unit loading. Moreover, the friction – wear properties of these layers exhibited certain differences, depending on their microstructure and chemistry.

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Pan, Li-Chun, and Chih-Ching Chien. "A novel application of thermo-responsive polymer to affinity precipitation of polysaccharide." Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 55, no. 1 (January 2003): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-022x(02)00180-x.

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Arnold, Lindsay, and Rachel Chen. "Novel thermo-responsive fucose binding ligands for glycoprotein purification by affinity precipitation." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 111, no. 2 (October 8, 2013): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.25118.

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Weidner, Anja, Roman Kolmorgen, Ivo Kubena, Dirk Kulawinski, Tomas Kruml, and Horst Biermann. "Decomposition and Precipitation Process During Thermo-mechanical Fatigue of Duplex Stainless Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47, no. 5 (February 22, 2016): 2112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3392-z.

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Kayani, Saif Haider, M. Imran Khan, Fazal Ahmad Khalid, Hee Young Kim, and Shuichi Miyazaki. "Precipitation Behavior of Thermo-Mechanically Treated Ti50Ni20Au20Cu10 High-Temperature Shape-Memory Alloy." Shape Memory and Superelasticity 2, no. 1 (December 21, 2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40830-015-0048-6.

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Rath, Markus, and Ernst Kozeschnik. "Coupled Grain Growth and Precipitation Modeling in Multi-Phase Systems." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.357.

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In this work, we utilize recent software for precipitation kinetics simulation and couple it with models for grain growth. Basis of our studies is the thermo-kinetic software MatCalc, which has been designed for simulation of the evolution of precipitates in general multi-component multi-phase alloy systems. Grain growth approaches of different complexity are incorporated into the precipitation kinetics framework, investigated with respect to their coupling behavior with precipitation and precipitate dissolution and, finally, benchmarked on typical grain growth problems of industrial practice. The example presented in this work comprises austenite grain growth studies accompanying TiN and NbC precipitation/dissolution during austenitization of a Ti/Nb microalloyed steel. It is demonstrated that the present approach represents a versatile tool for analysis of simultaneous grain growth and precipitation in industrially important alloy systems.

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Cueto-Rodriguez, Maria M., Erika O. Avila-Davila, Victor M. Lopez-Hirata, Maribel L. Saucedo-Muñoz, Luis M. Palacios-Pineda, Luis G. Trapaga-Martinez, and Juan M. Alvarado-Orozco. "Numerical and Experimental Analyses of the Effect of Heat Treatments on the Phase Stability of Inconel 792." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (December 9, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4535732.

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A study about the precipitation and phase stability was carried out in an IN-792 superalloy used as a blade in a gas turbine. Microstructure analysis was conducted experimentally on three different cross sections of the blade designated as high temperature (HT), medium temperature (MT), and low temperature (LT). To identify the HT, MT, and LT sections, a numerical thermal analysis was performed using ANSYS software. To obtain the distribution gradient of temperature in the blade, the real conditions of operation in steady state of the gas turbine were considered. A numerical study about the occurrence of phases in the IN-792 superalloy was carried out with Thermo-Calc and TC-PRISMA software. The analysis of the as-cast IN-792 superalloy with Scheil-Gulliver equations permitted to explain the phase formation during the solidification process. The calculated time-temperature-precipitation (TTP) diagram explains consistently the precipitation process observed after two different heat treatment conditions applied experimentally and numerically to regenerate the original microstructure of the IN-792 superalloy. The experimental results were consistent with the calculated isoplethic and TTP diagrams. In terms of accuracy, the further development of the Thermo-Calc databases for thermodynamic calculations in superalloys is evident. It was possible to calculate precipitation temperatures and the local evolution of precipitated particles for two different heat treatment conditions.

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Tao, Jing, Yu Wu, Derek Elsworth, Pan Li, and Yang Hao. "Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Modeling of Permeability Evolution in a CO2-Circulated Geothermal Reservoir." Geofluids 2019 (May 14, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5210730.

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The meager availability of water as a heat transfer fluid is sometimes an impediment to enhanced geothermal system (EGS) development in semi-arid regions. One potential solution is in substituting CO2 as the working fluid in EGS. However, complex thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) interactions may result when CO2 is injected into the geothermal reservoir. We present a novel numerical model to describe the spatial THMC interactions and to better understand the process interactions that control the evolution of permeability and the heat transfer area. The permeability and porosity evolution accommodate changes driven by thermo-hydro-mechanical compaction/dilation and mineral precipitation/dissolution. Mechanical and hydraulic effects are demonstrated to exert a small and short-term influence on permeability change, while the thermal effects are manifest in the intermediate and short-term influence. The most significant and long-term influence on permeability change is by chemical effects, where decreases in fracture permeability may be of the order of 10-5 due to calcite precipitation in fracture throats, which causes the overall permeability to reduce to 70% of the initial permeability. The initial pressure and temperature of the injected CO2 exerts an overriding influence on permeability. In particular, an increased temperature reduces the mineral precipitation in the fracture and enhances mineral dissolution within the matrix and pore but results in mechanical closure of the fractures. Optimizing injection pressure and temperature may allow the minimization of precipitation and the maximization of heat recovery.

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MAHOFA, EUBERT P., TUMMA BALA NARSAIAH, and CHIDURALA SHILPA CHAKRA. "Catalytic Soot Oxidation Using Ceria, Cobalt And Copper Nanocomposites." MRS Advances 3, no. 42-43 (2018): 2581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.286.

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ABSTRACTNanosized CeO2-CuO (CeCu, 2:1) and CeO2-CoO (CeCo, 2:1) were synthesized by co-precipitation from nitrate precursors using 25% ammonia solution (NH4OH) as the precipitating agent. The catalysts were calcined in air at 800°C for 4h to evaluate the thermal stability. Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques were used for catalyst characterization. A Thermo Gravimetric/Differential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA) was used to determine the catalytic efficiency and soot oxidation activity. Ce-composite nanoparticles heightens the redox properties of the catalyst relative to undoped ceria. The Ce-composite samples exhibited excellent soot catalytic combustion performance by decreasing activation energy of soot oxidation.

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Cong, Jinghua, Jiangwen Li, Jiajie Fan, Pengcheng Liu, Raja Devesh Kumar Misra, Chengjia Shang, and Xuemin Wang. "The Impact of Interphase Precipitation on the Mechanical Behavior of Fire-Resistant Steels at an Elevated Temperature." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 4294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194294.

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In this study, we address the challenge of obtaining high strength at ambient and elevated temperatures in fire-resistant Ti–Mo–V steel with ferrite microstructures through thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP). Thermally stable interphase precipitation of (Ti, Mo, V)C was an important criterion for retaining strength at elevated temperatures. Electron microscopy indicated that interphase precipitation occurred during continuous cooling after controlled rolling, where the volume fraction of interphase precipitation was controlled by the laminar cooling temperature. The interphase precipitation of MC carbides with an NaCl-type crystal structure indicated a Baker–Nutting (B–N) orientation relationship with ferrite. When the steel was isothermally held at 600 °C for up to 3 h, interphase precipitation occurred during TMCP with high thermal stability. At the same time, some random precipitation took place during isothermal holding. The interphase precipitation increased the elastic modulus of the experimental steels at an elevated temperature. It is proposed that fire-resistant steel with thermally stable interphase precipitation is preferred, which enhances precipitation strengthening and dislocation strengthening at elevated temperatures.

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Liu, Mu Tong, Ping Zhong, Wei Sheng, and Zhen Ye Zhao. "Optimized Design of Ultra-High Strength Stainless Steel Based on Thermo-Calc Calculation." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.585.

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The thermodynamic calculation software Thermo-Calc was used to study the influences of alloy elements Cr, Co, and Mo on the precipitated phases of a S280 ultrahigh strength stainless steel at the temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 1200 °C. The results showed that the precipitated phases in the steel were mainly composed of M23C6 carbide, M6C carbide, intermetallic compound of Laves phase and σ phase. The temperature and the content change of alloying elements Cr, Co and Mo have little effect on the precipitation of M23C6 carbide, while have great effect on the precipitation of Laves phase and σ phase. By lowering the element content and adjusting the heat treatment temperature, the precipitation of σ phase in the alloy can be reduced．According to the results of thermodynamic simulation, after optimizing the chemical composition, the Ф300mm bar was trial-produced. The chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy were analyzed and tested. The results show that, after tempering at 550 °C, the main precipitated phases in the S280 alloy were M23C6 carbide and intermetallic compound of Laves phase. The characterized nano-precipitates have good agreement with simulation results. The optimized design of S280 steel reached a tensile strength over 1930 MPa and a fracture toughness of 90 MPa•m1/2.

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Zhang, Zhan Ping, Yu Hong Qi, and Min Feng. "Phase Diagram Simulation and Investigation of Microstructure of Ni-Based Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1826–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1826.

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To develop proper Ni-based alloys for high-temperature vitriol pump which is submitted the corrosion of vitriol and rush of liquid with solid particles, the equilibrium phase diagrams of some Ni-Cr-Fe-C-Mo-Si-Cu alloys were calculated by software Thermo-Calc. Based on the simulation results and the mechanism of sigma phase precipitation strengthening, the chemical composition of a new Ni-based alloy was proposed. The alloy was casted and treated by solid solution at 1373K+2h, followed cooling to 1323K and quenching in water at room temperature, then strengthened by ageing respectively at 973K, 1023K, 1073K, 1123K for 4h. It was investigated the phases by XRD, the microstructures by OM and SEM. The proposed alloy consists of g, s and M23C6 from 1073K to 1273K. The most amount of s phase is up to 12.45 % (mass) at 1023K, it decreases with the augment of equilibrium temperature. s phase disappears above 1323K. The amount of s phase is enough in alloy to supply good precipitation hardening at a large temperature range. Experimental results were compared with the results of phase diagram simulation by Thermo-Calc. The alloy can be effectively strengthened by sigma phase precipitation at the temperature from 1023K to 1073K. Experimental results verified the validity of phase diagram simulation.

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Moonprasith, N., S. Loykulnant, and C. Kongkaew. "Use of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as Thermo-Responsive Flocculant in Skim Natural Rubber Latex." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.913.

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To recover residual rubber from skim natural rubber (SNR) latex, the effective and environmentally friendly methodology developed based on using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) as a thermo-responsive flocculant. The SNR particles could be completely separated to form high concentrated latex as cream phase within only 5 hours. Almost 100% of SNR was recovered when using HPMC 0.7%w/w. Quality of SNR obtained from this technique was higher and color of it was lighter than SNR obtained from the conventional method. HPMC could be easily precipitated from the serum phase by heating the serum phase at about 70 °C. The cloud point and the precipitation point of HPMC were affected by the additions of α-D-glucose, sn-phosphatidyl chloride and inorganic salts. It was found that reduction of the cloud point and the precipitation point of HPMC also depended on both concentration and type of cations and anions of inorganic salts.

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Zamberger, Sabine, and Ernst Kozeschnik. "Carbo-Nitride Precipitation in Tempered Martensite - Computer Simulation and Experiment." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1586.

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In the present work, the precipitation behavior of a V-microalloyed, quenched and tempered steel with 0.3wt % C is investigated experimentally and by computer simulation. The specimens are analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy using selected area diffraction (SAD) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The analysis is done on electropolished foils and on extraction replica. The numerical simulation is performed with the thermokinetic software package MatCalc, where the precipitation kinetics is examined for the experimentally applied thermo-mechanical cycles. Good agreement between experiment and simulation is obtained and the experimentally observed precipitate microstructure can be well explained on the basis of these simulations.

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Liu, Zhen Yu, Shuai Tang, Xiao Hui Cai, and Guo Dong Wang. "Precipitation Strengthening of Micro-Alloyed Steels Thermo-Mechanically Processed by Ultra Fast Cooling." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2320.

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Thermo-mechanical Controlled Processing (TMCP) is one of the greatest achievements in steel industry in the 20th century, which, however, depends too much upon low temperature rolling for the refinement of austenite grains, causing great loss in terms of productivity. To overcome this disadvantage, a new processing route with ultra fast cooling as the core has been proposed, and pilot rolling and industrial trials were carried out. As compared to conventional accelerated cooling, the ultra fast cooling can achieve cooling rate up to 300°C/s for 3 mm thick strip and highly homogeneous cooling by the pressurized water spraying. In the present work, the metallurgical backgrounds for ultra fast cooling in thermo-mechanical processing were studied and elucidated. By the pilot hot rolling experiments with a lean composition of a typical 600 MPa grade high strength steel, it has been found that the application of ultra fast cooling (UFC) at the exit of hot rolling mills can improve the strength by as much as 100 MPa as compared to the conventional TMCP. The strengthening mechanism lies in that the ultra fast cooling immediately after hot rolling may further improve the strengthening effects by precipitation, grain refinement, and dislocation hardening. The theoretical calculations and experiments indicate that the grain refinement, dislocation hardening, and precipitation in the TMCP with in-front UFC have caused the strength increments of 36, 34 and 54 MPa over the conventional TMCP with ACC, respectively. The microstructure characterization showed that the density of high angle grain boundaries had been increased, and the average size of precipitates had been reduced from about 34 nm to 10 nm with the cooling pattern changing from ACC to the application of UFC. The theoretical estimation indicates that when the cooling profile is changed from the conventional ACC to UFC+ACC, and to UFC, precipitation strengthening accounts for more and more strength increment in the improved strength of hot rolled micro-alloyed steels.

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Thomas, Shijo, and V. Umasankar. "Influence of MWCNT on Precipitation Hardenable Aluminium Alloy Matrix on Age Hardening and Solutionizing." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12200.

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MWCNT’s is gaining focus as reinforcement due to its thermo mechanical and electrical properties especially for aluminium alloys. Precipitation hardenable aerospace alloys though have been used for a long time, very few study has been conducted to understand the influence of MWCNT’s for the above properties. This paper presents the influence of MWCNT’s on the precipitation mechanism, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of AA2219. By heat treatment monolithic alloy achieved 26.66% improvement in hardness by 10 h aging compared with that of sintered one, whereas reinforced sample achieves the same amount hardness in short time of 90 minutes. MWCNT’s helps in achieving peak hardness at low aging time. MWCNT’s accelerates precipitation of Copper atoms which increases hardness. It has been found that the MWCNT’s has considerable influence on precipitation and improving the mechanical and electrical properties.

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Calliari, Irene, Marco Breda, Claudio Gennari, Luca Pezzato, Massimo Pellizzari, and Andrea Zambon. "Investigation on Solid-State Phase Transformations in a 2510 Duplex Stainless Steel Grade." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070967.

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Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels are very prone to secondary phases formation related to ferrite decomposition at high temperatures. In the present paper the results on secondary phase precipitation in a 2510 Duplex Stainless Steel, heat-treated in the temperature range 850–1050 °C for 3–30 min are presented. The precipitation starts at grain boundaries with a consistent ferrite transformation for very short times. The noses of the Time–Temperature–Precipitation (TTP) curves are at 1000 °C for σ-phase and at 900 °C for χ-phase, respectively. The precipitation sequence involves a partial transformation of χ into σ, as previously evidenced in 2205 and 2507 grades. Furthermore, the experimental data were compared to the results of Thermo-Calc calculations. Understanding and ability to predict phase stability in 2510 duplex stainless steel is a key factor to design optimal welding processes that avoid any secondary phase precipitation in the weld bead as well as in the heat-affected zone.

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Pan, Y. M., W. Zhang, Z. F. Hu, Z. Y. Feng, and X. P. Zhang. "Thermo-magnetic stability of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for hyperthermia." Materials Science-Poland 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2020-0081.

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Abstract Monodispersed Fe3O4 magnetic particles adsorbed by amylase (such as citric acid (CA), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) and β-cyclodextrin (CD)) were prepared by means of co-precipitation method. The absorption character of the samples was investigated by FT-IR, TG and VSM. It was found that the carboxyl (COOH groups) of amylase reacted with the hydroxyl (OH groups) on the surface of Fe3O4 particles, resulting in the formation of iron carboxylate that was adsorbed onto Fe3O4. The induction heating properties of the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles in an alternating current magnetic field were also investigated and the thermo-magnetic stability in induction heating was discussed.

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32

Song, Zhuo Fei, Shan Shan Feng, and Yun Li Feng. "Characteristics of Deposition Precipitation Process in Production of High Strength and Low Carbon Steel in FTSR." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.128.

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Precipitation characteristics of second phase in HSLC steel produced by FTSR technology have been researched by TEM and EDS in this article. And preliminary research of precipitation conditions of second phase particles in thermodynamics and dynamics have been took. The results indicate that: there’re second phase particles precipitated dispersively in hot rolled HSLC steels by FTSR technology. These particles mainly contain particles of Al2O3、MnS and AlN. Thermo dynamical analysis declares that most of the Al2O3 and all of the MnS、 AlN particles are precipitated in solid state. That’s why the precipitation process is slowed down by the diffusion velocity of the elements in solid, and thinner particles are precipitated while the material is in solid state than in liquid state.

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Rehman, Kashif, and Hatem S. Zurob. "Novel Approach to Model Static Recrystallization of Austenite during Hot-Rolling of Nb-Microalloyed Steel: Effect of Precipitates." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.417.

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Microalloying additions are critical for grain size control during thermo-mechanical processing. The addition of niobium is known to delay the onset and growth of recrystallization. A physically-based model for the interaction of strain-induced precipitation, recovery and recrystallization is presented. A key feature of the model is the incorporation of the effect of precipitation on the nucleation of recrystallization. Quantitative agreement between the experimental measurements and the model predictions has also been demonstrated. The model offers valuable insight into the relative contributions of solute and precipitate Nb as well as the optimum conditions for strain accumulation.

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Carretero Olalla, Victor, Nuria Sánchez Mouriño, Philippe Thibaux, Leo Kestens, and Roumen H. Petrov. "Influence of Finishing Rolling Variables on the Austenite Recrystallization and Grain Growth." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.439.

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The austenite recrystallization and grain growth during thermo-mechanical control processing (TMCP) of a pipeline steel grade is described and analysed in terms of precipitation state progress. The influences of finish rolling temperature and cooling rate on the link between microstructure-precipitation evolution and their consequent effect on the mechanical properties were examined. Two stage controlled rolling (roughing and finishing) was carried out on a laboratory rolling mill for a set of completed and interrupted schedules. Subsequent to rolling, two different cooling routes were used (air-cooling and accelerated water cooling (ACC) together with coiling simulation). From the combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, detailed texture analysis and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) precipitates quantification, consistent correlations between precipitation state and microstructure at every stage of TMCP can be recognized. The role of grain size and precipitation on final mechanical properties was discussed based on different strengthening mechanisms.

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35

Kogan, Yefim L. "LES study of precipitation/condensation dependance on cumulus clouds dynamics." Advances in Science and Research 18 (May 19, 2021): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-89-2021.

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Abstract. Parameters affecting condensation/evaporation rates (CR/ER) in trade wind cumulus clouds were analyzed using LES model simulations. The model was initialized with data observed during the RICO field project, and simulated in a rather large 50.0×50.0×4 km3 domain. 2031 clouds were analyzed seeking relationships between CR/ER and thermo-dynamical cloud parameters. The condensation/evaporation rates were analyzed by stratifying the clouds by their size. The analyzed parameters included, among others, integral mass and buoyancy fluxes, as well as cloud and rain water and drop concentration. The results revealed rather remarkable relationship between integral condensation/evaporation rate and integral upward mass flux. Identified relathionship may be useful for parameterization of subgrid latent heat in meso and large-scale models.

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Chatterjee, Subrata, S. K. Ghosh, and P. S. Bandyopadhyay. "Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Processed Ultrahigh Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.685.

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A low-carbon, titanium and niobium (Ti-Nb) bearing and a low-carbon titanium, niobium and copper (Ti-Nb-Cu) bearing ultra high strength steel have been thermo-mechanically processed on a laboratory scale unit. Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the above air cooled steels have been studied at different finish rolling temperatures (FRTs). Microstructural characterization reveals largely a mixture of granular bainite and bainitic ferrite along with the precipitation of microalloying carbide/carbonitride particles and/or Cu-rich precipitates. (Ti-Nb) bearing steel yields higher yield strength (1114-1143 MPa) along with higher tensile strength (1591-1688 MPa) and moderate ductility (12-13%) as compared to (Ti-Nb-Cu) bearing steel having yield strength (934-996 MPa) combined with tensile strength (1434-1464 MPa) and similar ductility (13%) for the selected range of 850-750°C FRT. Due to higher strength-ductility combinations, these present investigated steels can be regarded as the replacement material for ballistic applications as well as other sectors like defense, pipeline, cars, pressure vessels, ships, offshore platforms, aircraft undercarriages and rocket motor casings etc. Key words: Thermo-mechanical controlled processing, ultra high strength steel, microstructure, mechanical properties.

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WANG, MENG KUI, and YU QIANG YANG. "PREPARING DOUBLE-BASE THERMO-SENSITIVE CERAMICS WITH NANOPOWDERS." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 02n03 (April 2006): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x06004346.

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The preparing process and the properties of thick-film double-based thermo-sensitive material were studied. The preparing steps were as follows: (i) preparing Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 micro-powders with chemical co-precipitation method; (ii) adding dispersants and surface active agents into crushing medium powders to prepare Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 nanopowders; (iii) preparing V 2 O 3-based micro-powders; (iv) mixing Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 nanopowders, V 2 O 3-based micro-powders, donor impurities, acceptor impurities and micro additives according to a certain ratio to make thick-film thermo-sensitive ceramic material. The presintering and sintering temperature of the prepared PTC ceramics were both reduced, which is very meaningful in using cheaper SiC instead of more expensive MoSi 2, prolonging the kiln's life, and lowering the production cost. The samples we prepared did not contain PbO , so they are safe to the environment.

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He, Shuan Xi, Xi Wang, Bo Ran Ma, Yue Shi, Wan Xin Zhang, Ming Zhu, Long Tao Jiang, and Gao Hui Wu. "Influence of Deformation on Precipitation Behavior of 2024Al Alloy." Materials Science Forum 788 (April 2014): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.788.674.

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In the present work, 2024Al alloy was rolled before solid solution, between solid solution and aging, and after aging treatments. Precipitation sequence in 2024 Al has not been altered by the rolling treatment. However, peak aging temperature of S’ phase was decreased from 264 to 254 oC, implying that the process of S’precipitation was accelerated by the deformation. After thermo-mechanical treatments, precipitates werefiner dispersed, and finest precipitate distribution was observed after treatment III (rolling between solid solution and aging), while precipitate size was all smaller than 240nm and more than 95% precipitates was smaller than 200nm. The highest dislocation density was found in 2024Al alloy after treatment III since the dislocations generated during deformation was slightly decreased during following low temperature aging treatment. Therefore, in order to improve the mechanical properties, it is suggested that the rolling treatment should be performed between solid solution and aging treatment.

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Hamed, Ahmed, Mamdouh Eissa, Abdelhakim Kandil, Omnia Ali, and Taha M. Mattar. "Developing High Strength-High Toughness Low Carbon Steel Using Combined V-Ti-Micro-Alloying and Different Thermo-Mechanical Treatments." Key Engineering Materials 786 (October 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.786.57.

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This work aims at designing and developing low carbon steel alloys to meet the high tensile strength, high ductility and high impact toughness properties. The effect of solid solution mechanism, precipitation hardening, as well as grain refinement were developed with different Manganese content (0.78-2.36wt%) combined with Vanadium(0.008-0.1wt%) and Titanium (0.002-0.072wt%) microalloying additions. The controlled thermo-mechanical treatments and chemical compositions play a big role in developing the microstructure and the corresponding mechanical properties. Therefore, the studied chemical compositions were treated thermo-mechanically by two different ways of changing start and finish forging temperatures with subsequent air cooling. The first way by start forging from 1050 to 830oC and the second from 950 to730oC. The second way of forging process developed finer grain sizes and higher ultimate tensile strengths for all the studied steel alloys. In spite of finer grain sizes, the impact toughness value was lower in the second regime due to detrimental influence of precipitation strengthening in the ferrite. A combination of 544 MPa yield strength, 615 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 20% elongation and 138 Joule impact toughness has been attained.

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Ahmadi, M. R., E. Povoden-Karadeniz, L. Whitmore, M. Stockinger, A. Falahati, and E. Kozeschnik. "Yield strength prediction in Ni-base alloy 718Plus based on thermo-kinetic precipitation simulation." Materials Science and Engineering: A 608 (July 2014): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.054.

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41

Khare, Alika K. "Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Properties of Forged High Strength, High Toughness Precipitation Hardened Steel." Key Engineering Materials 84-85 (January 1993): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.84-85.357.

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42

Xia, Min, Chunsong Ye, Kewu Pi, Defu Liu, and Andrea R. Gerson. "Ca removal and Mg recovery from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater by selective precipitation." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 10 (August 10, 2017): 2842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.452.

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Abstract Selective removal of Ca and recovery of Mg by precipitation from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater has been investigated. Thermodynamic analysis of four possible additives, Na2CO3, Na2C2O4, NaF and Na2SO4, indicated that both carbonate and oxalate could potentially provide effective separation of Ca via precipitation from Mg in FGD wastewater. However, it was found experimentally that the carbonate system was not as effective as oxalate in this regard. The oxalate system performed considerably better, with Ca removal efficiency of 96% being obtained, with little Mg inclusion at pH 6.0 when the dosage was ×1.4 the stoichiometric requirement. On this basis, the subsequent recovery process for Mg was carried out using NaOH with two-step precipitation. The product was confirmed to be Mg(OH)2 (using X-ray diffraction and thermo gravimetric analysis) with elemental analysis suggesting a purity of 99.3 wt.%.

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43

Yuan, Shao Qiang, Guo Li Liang, and Xiao Juan Zhang. "Strain-Induced Precipitation in Nb-Bearing Low Carbon Multi-Microalloyed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.560.

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Thermo-simulation test, transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and nanobeam EDS technique were used to investigate the strain induced precipitation behavior during relaxation process after deformed austenite in Mn-Mo-Nb-B low carbon multi-microalloyed Steel. The experiment results indicate that during isothermal held at 850 °Cand 900 °C after predeformation, the size of precipitates occurred in the Mn-Mo-Nb-B steel at different stage is smaller than that happened in the only Nb and Ti-bearing microalloyed steel. The ratio of Nb/Ti to precipitates increased with the relaxing time. After being held longer, Mo atoms would enter the lattice of (Nb,Ti)(C,N) precipitates and the amount in the precipitates increased with the relaxation as time prolonged.

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Kostryzhev, Andrii G., Abdullah Al Shahrani, Chen Zhu, Simon P. Ringer, and Elena V. Pereloma. "Effect of Austenitising and Deformation Temperatures on Dynamic Recrystallisation in Nb-Ti Microalloyed Steel." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.431.

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An investigation into the influence of the reheat temperature and the austenite deformation temperature on Nb precipitation and recrystallisation kinetics was carried out for a steel containing 0.081C–0.021Ti–0.064Nb (wt. %). Thermo-mechanical processing was carried out using a Gleeble 3500 simulator. The austenite grain structure was correlated to the dispersive properties of Nb atom clustering and precipitation. Irrespective of the reheat temperature, deformation to 0.75 strain at 1075 °C produced a fully recrystallised austenitic microstructure. After deformation at 975 °C, only partial recrystallisation was observed in the samples reheated to the higher temperature, whereas samples reheated to the lower temperature were fully recrystallised. The influence of solute drag and particle pinning effects on the recrystallisation rate is discussed.

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45

Wang, Ming Yue, Jing Jing Wang, Yan Lin He, Xiao Gang Lu, and Lin Li. "Experimental Study and Calculation of the Precipitation Behavior of Carbides in Fe-5.78Cr-0.35C Alloy during High-Temperature Aging." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1184.

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The precipitation behavior of carbides in Fe-5.78Cr-0.35C (wt.%) alloy during aging at 850°C was studied. The type, particle size and distribution of carbides were determined and measured by the combination of HRTEM (High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and quantitative metallography technique. Results show that the type of carbides was M7C3 and the obvious coarsening of carbides was observed during aging. In addition, the thermodynamic and kinetic calculation using Thermo-Calc software was conducted to study the precipitation of carbides. The stable phase in the alloy aging at 850°C was M7C3 carbide and austenite which is in accordance with experimental results. According to Ostwald coarsening mechanism, the average interfacial energy between γ phase and M7C3 carbide was calculated as 0.7 J·m-2. Then the precipitation behavior of carbides in Fe-5.78Cr-0.35C alloy during aging was well predicted.

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Witkowska, Małgorzata, Wiktoria Ratuszek, Joanna Kowalska, and Krzysztof Chruściel. "Sigma Phase Precipitations in Duplex Steel SAF 2205." Solid State Phenomena 203-204 (June 2013): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.203-204.355.

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The present work concerns the precipitation process of the sigma phase in the ferritic-austenitic stainless steel of duplex type SAF 2205. After the preliminary thermo-mechanical treatment, the steel was subjected to cold rolling up to 85% of reduction and subsequent annealing in the temperature range 650÷950°C for various times. Significant structural changes were observed in the course of annealing treatment affecting the formation of the ferrite and austenite texture. The development of annealing textures resulted from recovery and recrystallization processes in both component phases and the precipitation of the sigma phase. X-ray investigations included the phase analysis, measurements of pole figures for case of each phase, austenite and ferrite. Microstructure of analysis was conducted by means of optical microscopy. The microstructure and texture of duplex type steel after annealing result from the precipitation process of sigma phase, depend on the temperatures and time of annealing.

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Sigwadi, Rudzani A., Sipho E. Mavundla, Nosipho Moloto, and Touhami Mokrani. "Synthesis of zirconia-based solid acid nanoparticles for fuel cell application." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 27, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v27i2a1342.

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Zirconia nanoparticles were prepared by the precipitation and ageing methods. The precipitation method was performed by adding ammonium solution to the aqueous solution of zirconium chloride at room temperature. The ageing method was performed by leaving the precipitate formed in the mother liquor in the glass beaker for 48 hours at ambient temperatures. The nanoparticles from both methods were further sulphated and phosphated to increase their acid sites. The materials prepared were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-EmmettTeller (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The XRD results showed that the nanoparticles prepared by the precipitation method contained mixed phases of tetragonal and monoclinic phases, whereas the nanoparticles prepared by ageing method had only tetragonal phase. The TEM results showed that phosphated and sulphated zirconia nanoparticles obtained from the ageing method had a smaller particle size (10–12 nm) than the nanoparticles of approximately 25–30 nm prepared by precipitation only. The BET results showed that the ZrO2 nanoparticles surface area increased from 32 to 72 m2/g when aged.

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Macioł, Piotr, Romain Bureau, Cecilia Poletti, Christof Sommitsch, Piotr Warczok, and Ernst Kozeschnik. "Agile Multiscale Modelling of the Thermo-Mechanical Processing of an Aluminium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 1319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1319.

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The multiscale modelling of the behaviour of metal alloys during processing is often limited by the computing power required to run them. The Agile Multiscale Methodology was conceived to enhance the designing and controlling of complex multiscale models through an automatic run-time adaptation of its constitutive sub-models. This methodology is used to simulate the behaviour of an 6082 aluminium alloy during its thermomechanical treatment. The macroscopic deformation, the work-hardening and the state of precipitation are computed in different modules, allowing the coupling of several software solutions (DEFORMTM2D and © MatCalc) through an external storage of the relevant data.

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Ding, Zhaoyang, Kai Zheng, and Xuejun Cao. "Lipase purification by affinity precipitation with a thermo-responsive polymer immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA ligand." Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 19, no. 5 (September 2014): 892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0015-7.

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Li, Sipeng, Zhaoyang Ding, Jifu Liu, and Xuejun Cao. "Metal-Chelate Affinity Precipitation with Thermo-Responsive Polymer for Purification of ε-Poly-l-Lysine." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 183, no. 4 (May 20, 2017): 1254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-017-2495-3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermo precipitation'

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