Academic literature on the topic 'Thermionics'

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Journal articles on the topic "Thermionics"

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ZHANG, C. "EFFECT OF INELASTIC SCATTERING OF HOT ELECTRONS ON THERMIONIC COOLING IN A SINGLE-BARRIER STRUCTURE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, no. 14 (June 10, 2000): 1451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200001503.

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One of the important problems in thermionics using layered structures is the inelastic scattering of hot electrons in the electrodes and in the barrier region. Scattering in these systems is mainly via the electron–phonon interaction, or indirectly via the electron–electron interaction. In semiconductor heterostructures at room temperature, the LO-phonon plays a crucial role in thermalising electrons. In this work we study the effect of electron–phonon scattering on thermionic cooling in a single-barrier structure. Because of the asymmetry of the barrier under a bias, a larger fraction of the total energy loss will be dissipated in the hot electrode. As a result, we find that the theoretical thermal efficiency can increase due to limited electron–phonon scattering.
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Khoshaman, Amir H., Harrison D. E. Fan, Andrew T. Koch, George A. Sawatzky, and Alireza Nojeh. "Thermionics, Thermoelectrics, and Nanotechnology: New Possibilities for Old Ideas." IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine 8, no. 2 (June 2014): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnano.2014.2313172.

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Humphrey, T. E., M. F. O’Dwyer, C. Zhang, and R. A. Lewis. "Solid-state thermionics and thermoelectrics in the ballistic transport regime." Journal of Applied Physics 98, no. 2 (July 15, 2005): 026108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1977191.

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Marshall, Paul. "Making Old Television Technology Make Sense." VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture 8, no. 15 (October 27, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2019.jethc163.

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How does traditional analogue television work? That’s a question beyond the comfort zone of most media historians who may not be familiar with analogue electronics. Even young engineers know little of thermionics, cathode rays and a myriad of other forgotten technologies. This important facet of television’s history is now only recorded by older engineers and by amateur groups who collect these technologies. In this paper, I will show by using examples how material artefacts can help us understand television’s history more fully.
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Huang, Sunchao, Matthew Sanderson, Yan Zhang, and Chao Zhang. "High efficiency and non-Richardson thermionics in three dimensional Dirac materials." Applied Physics Letters 111, no. 18 (October 30, 2017): 183902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5006277.

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Khoshaman, Amir H., Andrew T. Koch, Mike Chang, Harrison D. E. Fan, Mehran Vahdani Moghaddam, and Alireza Nojeh. "Nanostructured Thermionics for Conversion of Light to Electricity: Simultaneous Extraction of Device Parameters." IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 14, no. 4 (July 2015): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2015.2426149.

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Voronovich, D. A. "Thermionic properties of lutetium borides single crystals." Functional materials 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm21.03.266.

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Koeck, F. A. M., J. M. Garguillo, John R. Smith, Y. J. Tang, G. L. Bilbro, and Robert J. Nemanich. "Vacuum Thermionic Energy Conversion Based on Nanocrystalline Diamond Films." Advances in Science and Technology 48 (October 2006): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.48.83.

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Vacuum thermionic energy conversion achieves direct conversion of heat into electrical energy. The process involves thermionic electron emission from a hot surface and collection of the electrons on a cold surface where the two surfaces are separated by a small vacuum gap. Results are presented which indicate that nanocrystalline diamond films could lead to highly efficient thermionic energy conversion at temperatures less that 700°C. A critical element of the process is obtaining a stable, low work function surface for thermionic emission. Results are presented which establish that N-doped diamond films with a negative electron affinity can exhibit a barrier to emission of less than 1.6 eV. Films can be deposited onto field enhancing structures to achieve an even lower effective work function. Alternatively, nanocrystalline diamond films prepared with S doping exhibit field enhanced thermionic emission and an effective work function of ~1.9 eV. The field enhanced structures can reduce the effect of space charge and allow a larger vacuum gap. The possibility of a low temperature nanocrystalline diamond based thermionic energy conversion system is presented.
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Zhu, Weiwei, Cong Ji, and Fan Gu. "Effects of heat transfer on characteristics of thermionic energy converter." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 12 (December 2018): 1247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0435.

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Photon enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) is a new concept in solar energy conversion, combining thermal and photovoltaic carrier excitations with thermionic emission. A solar-power-driven thermionic energy converter operates by illuminating the solar light condensed by a large-scale Fresnel lens to convert heat energy into electrical energy. By enhancing the efficiency of converting solar radiation into the emitter internal energy, the output power and efficiency of the thermionic energy converter can be greatly improved. In this study, using numerical simulations, the effects of emitter temperature and output characteristics on a thermionic energy converter were investigated. The results showed that the higher rate of the heating power represented the higher temperature of an emitter, as well as output current density, and efficiency. In addition, by reducing the diameter of a collector and thermal conductivity of insulation materials, or increasing the diameter of emitter, the temperature of emitter, output current density, and efficiency could be notably improved. It is also worth mentioning that the main factor that affected the emitter temperature in the process of heat transfer was heat conduction between solids. In conclusion, adequate illumination, reasonable size of collector and emitter, as well as appropriate insulation measurements could efficiently improve the output characteristics of thermionic energy converter.
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Galstian, I. Ye, E. G. Len, E. A. Tsapko, H. Yu Mykhailova, V. Yu Koda, M. O. Rud, M. Ya Shevchenko, V. I. Patoka, M. M. Yakymchuk, and G. O. Frolov. "Low-Temperature Thermionic Converters Based on Metal–Nanostructured Carbon Composites." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 42, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.42.04.0451.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Thermionics"

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Humphrey, Tammy Ellen Physics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Mesoscopic quantum ratchets and the thermodynamics of energy selective electron heat engines." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Physics, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19186.

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A ratchet is an asymmetric, non-equilibrated system that can produce a directed current of particles without the need for macroscopic potential gradients. In rocked quantum electron ratchets, tunnelling and wave-reflection can induce reversals in the direction of the net current as a function of system parameters. An asymmetric quantum point contact in a GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructure has been studied experimentally as a realisation of a quantum electron ratchet. A Landauer model predicts reversals in the direction of the net current as a function of temperature, amplitude of the rocking voltage, and Fermi energy. Artifacts such as circuit-induced asymmetry, also known as self-gating, were carefully removed from the experimental data, which showed net current and net differential conductance reversals, as predicted by the model. The model also predicts the existence of a heat current where the net electron current changes sign, as equal numbers of high and low energy electrons are pumped in opposite directions. An idealised quantum electron ratchet is studied analytically as an energy selective electron heat engine and refrigerator. The hypothetical device considered consists of two electron reservoirs with different temperatures and Fermi energies. The reservoirs are linked via a resonant state in a quantum dot, which functions as an idealised energy filter for electrons. The efficiency of the device approaches the Carnot value when the energy transmitted by the filter is tuned to that where the Fermi distributions in the reservoirs are equal. The maximum power regime, where the filter transmits all electrons that contribute positively to the power, is also examined. Analytic expressions are obtained for the power and efficiency of the idealised device as both a heat engine and as a refrigerator in this regime of operation. The expressions depend on the ratio of the voltage to the difference in temperature of the reservoirs, and on the ratio of the reservoir temperatures. The energy selective electron heat engine is shown to be non-endoreversible, and to operate in an analogous manner to the three-level amplifier, a laser based quantum heat engine. Implications for improving the efficiency of thermionic refrigerators and power generators are discussed.
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Tanner, Peter Godfrey. "Some developments of thermionic converters." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248055.

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Vashaee, Daryoosh. "High efficiency heterostructure integrated thermionic coolers /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Hirt, Benjamin David. "Impact of Additives on Thermionic Cathodes." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1524832507214002.

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Lough, Benjamin C. C. "Investigations into thermionic cooling for domestic refrigeration." School of Engineering Physics - Faculty of Engineering, 2004. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/230.

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Thermionic refrigeration using semiconductor heterostructures is examined theoretically and experimentally. A theory of single-barrier devices is first developed where two classes of single-barrier devices are defined and compared. So-called class 1 devices are found to always perform better. A theory of multiple-barrier devices based on class 1 barriers is then developed using a numerical solution. Experimentally, three generations of 10-barrier devices based on A1(subscript x)Ga(subscript 1-x)As-GaAs heterostructures were made and electrically characterised. This material is by no means ideal (as will be discussed) but was used to availability and because, at the commencement of this work, had never been used for this purpose before. Thermal measurements were made to determine if any cooling occurred at room temperature. No cooling was observed but the electrical characteristics allowed for examination of the models developed. It was found that the earlier models used did not accurately model the I-V characteristics of the devices. This was attributed to the fact that the initial models did not take space-charge into account. A more robust numerical model is developed in which the I-V characteristics of devices are predicted much more accurately. This model is then used to design new generations of devices. The work concludes by recommending a next generation design in which substantially more cooling is expected compared to the samples examined here. The probability of cooling being observed in the future is therefore increased. The types of devices described here will always be hindered because of heat conduction. Other methods incorporating thermionic emission, such as an opto-thermionic system in which removed heat is given off as light, may ultimately prove to be the best solution. This aside, it is hoped that the work presented here will contribute to the understanding of the field.
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Koeck, Franz Alexander. "Thermionic Emission from Doped and Nanocrystalline Diamond." NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04032003-161449/.

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Microwave Plasma assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD) has been utilized to synthesize nitrogen doped and intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond films to investigate thermionic field emission behavior. Sulfur-doped nanocrystalline diamond films prepared by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) have been included in the thermionic field emission measurements. The samples were imaged in UHV by photo electron emission microscopy (PEEM) using a UV Hg lamp for photoemission excitation. The same instrument was used to obtain the thermionic-field emission electron microscopy images (T-FEEM) at temperatures up to 900ºC. The Raman spectra of the films showed a strong diamond peak at 1332cm-1 and weaker signal from the graphitic regions in the sample. Field emission could not be measured at room temperature, but the PEEM images showed relatively uniform emission. The PEEM images showed little change as the temperature is increased. At temperatures as low as 640ºC the T-FEEM images exhibited strongly enhanced electron emission with increasing temperature. Doped and undoped nanocrystalline diamond films showed localized emission from small emission sites with a significant temperature dependence of the electron emission for the sulfur doped films at around 600ºC. This thesis focuses on developing a consistent model of thermionic emission from doped and nanocrystalline diamond films.
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Stephen, Alexander. "Enhancement of thermionic cooling using Monte Carlo simulation." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210113.

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Advances in the field of semiconductor physics have allowed for rapid development of new, more powerful devices. The new fabrication techniques allow for reductions in device geometry, increasing the possible wafer packing density. The increased output power comes with the price of excessive heat generation, the removal of which proves problematic at such scales for conventional cooling systems. Consequently, there is a rising demand for new cooling systems, preferably those that do not add large amount of additional bulk to the system. One promising system is the thermoelectric (TE) cooler which is small enough to be integrated onto the device wafer. Unlike more traditional gas and liquid coolers, TE coolers do not require moving parts or external liquid reservoirs, relying only on the flow of electrons to transport heat energy away from the device. Although TE cooling provides a neat solution for the extraction of heat from micron scale devices, it can normally only produce small amounts of cooling of 1-2 Kelvin, limiting its application to low power devices. This research aimed to find ways to enhance the performance of the TE cooler using detailed simulation analysis. For this, a self consistent, semi-classical, ensemble Monte Carlo model was designed to investigate the operation of the TE cooler at a higher level than would be possible with experimental measurements alone. As part of its development, the model was validated on a variety of devices including a Gunn diode and two micro-cooler designs from the literature, one which had been previously simulated and another which had been experimentally analysed. When applied to the TE cooler of focus, novel operational data was obtained and signification improvements in cooling power were found with only minor alterations to the device structure and without need for an increase in volume.
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Larson, Gregg D. "Two-dimensional modeling of a proposed auxilliary ionization scheme for thermionic converters." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15964.

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Day, Christopher M. "Field enhanced thermionic emission from oxide coated carbon nanotubes." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1348860.

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A cathode structure was demonstrated that utilizes aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to improve the thermionic electron emission by increasing the field enhancement of the cathode surface. Aligned CNTs were grown on the surface of a tungsten substrate by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The tungsten-CNT structure was further coated with a thin film of low work function emissive materials by magnetron sputtering. Numerous cathodes with varying CNT morphology and oxide layer thickness were created. The field and thermionic emission of the cathodes were tested in order to study the effects of the surface properties on the emission characteristics. It was observed that the introduction of CNTs into an oxide cathode structure improves both the thermionic and field emission, even in cathodes with relatively low field enhancement factors. Because of the high field enhancement factors that are available for CNTs, there remains a potential for dramatically improved electron emission.
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SCHOENEMAN, DONALD WARREN. "COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF THERMIONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ACTIVE DEVICES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188077.

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Two computer-aided design methods are described in this dissertation for the design of Thermionic Integrated Circuits (TIC). Such circuits combine vacuum tube techniques with modern integrated circuit techniques to produce microminiature vacuum tube circuits, with possibly hundreds of vacuum triodes on a single substrate. The first method described in the line charge approximation technique in which the TIC devices are modelled as collections of line charges. A TIC is produced by evaporating metal electrodes on one or two sapphire substrates. The entire structure is heated to about 850°C so that electrons are emitted from the cathode electrodes to travel to the plate electrodes as in a conventional vacuum triode. The line charge approximation method is easy to implement and provides a simple means of satisfying the sapphire dielectric boundary conditions of the TIC basic problems, which are electrostatics problems since space charge effects are neglected. The method requires only a single matrix inversion and is a finite element Green's function approach. The method uses no iteration as in previous TIC analysis methods. Later as the development of TIC devices proceeded further it was found that conducting shields had to be placed over the unused sapphire surface so that the basic problem became a metal box problem. For this case a second method was developed called the step and ramp function method in which each electrode is modelled by a step function, which is the electric field solution for a potential step on a zero potential boundary. A superposition of these step functions models the TIC electrodes. The method provides direct calculation of the electric fields from equations and requires no iteration or matrix inversion. The potential variation between electrodes is modelled by linear potential functions called ramps. A superposition of steps and ramps completely specifies a TIC structure. The method does not solve for the case of electrodes which are elevated above substrates. For this case a modified line charge method was developed but not implemented.
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Books on the topic "Thermionics"

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Thermionic Research and Technology. Thermionics Quo Vadis?: An assessment of the DTRA's advanced thermionics research and development program. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.

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Bros, Peter King. Thermionics: The formation, movement, and dissipation of matter in the universe : a conceptual unification of the macrocosmic and microcosmic nature of measurable and observable physical phenomena. [Upper Marlboro, Md.]: B & B Records Center, 1986.

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Stakhanov, I. P. Fizika termoėmissionnogo preobrazovateli͡a︡. Moskva: Ėnergoatomizdat, 1985.

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History of thermionic devices (conference proceedings) (23 April 1994 Apr 1994 London). Conference proceedings: History of thermionic devices. London: The Society, 1995.

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Srivastava, M. K. Redistribution of thermal x-ray radiation in cavities: View-factor method and comparison with DSn calculations. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 1999.

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Benke, Steven M. Operational testing and thermal modeling of a TOPAZ-II single cell thermionic fuel element test stand. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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Thermionics Quo Vadis? Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/10254.

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(US), National Research Council. Thermionics Quo Vadis?: An Assessment of the Dtra's Advanced Thermionics Research and Development Program (Compass series). Natl Academy Pr, 2001.

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Richardson, O. W. (Thermionic) Emission From Hot Bodies. Wexford College Press, 2003.

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Beck, A. H. W. Thermionic Valves: Their Theory and Design. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Thermionics"

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Watson, John. "Thermionic Devices." In Mastering Electronics, 59–68. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08533-0_5.

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Nolas, George S., Jeffrey Sharp, and H. Julian Goldsmid. "Thermionic Refrigeration." In Thermoelectrics, 255–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04569-5_9.

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Yates, John T. "Thermionic Emitters." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 133–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17668-0_14.

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Watson, John. "Thermionic devices." In Mastering Electronics, 59–68. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11911-0_5.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Thermionic Emission." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 743. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11770.

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Watson, John. "Thermionic Devices." In Mastering Electronics, 57–64. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14210-1_6.

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Goldsmid, H. Julian. "Thermionic Energy Conversion." In Introduction to Thermoelectricity, 221–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00716-3_13.

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Goldsmid, H. Julian. "Thermionic Energy Conversion." In Introduction to Thermoelectricity, 257–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49256-7_13.

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Yates, John T. "Thoriated Thermionic Emitters." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 202–5. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2304-7_63.

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Yates, John T. "Thermionic Emitter Mounting." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 214–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2304-7_66.

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Conference papers on the topic "Thermionics"

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"Session: advanced thermionics concepts." In IEEE 1988 International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.1988.132249.

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LAMP, TOM, and TOM MAHEFKEY. "The Advanced Thermionics Initiative Program." In Conference on Advanced SEI Technologies. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-3467.

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Agnew, Paul, Mohamed S. El-Genk, and Mark D. Hoover. "TOPAZ-II Materials and Thermionics Research." In SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION: Eleventh Symposium. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2950261.

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Lamp, Thomas R., and Brian D. Donovan. "The advanced thermionics initiative...program update." In Proceedings of the tenth symposium on soacpace nuclear and propulsion. AIP, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43132.

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Yarygin, V. I., A. V. Vizgalov, V. V. Klepikov, S. U. Tulin, V. A. Ruzhnikov, L. R. Wolff, and W. B. Veltkamp. "Progress in the Field of Terrestrial Thermionics." In 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (1992). 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/929354.

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Desplat, Jean-Louis. "Evaluation of oxygen-dispensing collectors for thermionics." In Space technology and applications international forum -1999. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.57541.

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Lamp, Tom, and Brian Donovan. "Advanced thermionics technology programs at Wright Laboratory." In Proceedings of the ninth symposium on space nuclear power systems. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.41904.

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Allen, Daniel T., Yuri V. Nikolaev, Stanislav A. Eryomin, Yuri D. Karpechenko, Valery I. Vybyvanyets, Mikhael D. Kochetkov, Alexander E. Klinkov, and Raphael Ya Kucherov. "Applications of out-of-core close-spaced thermionics." In Proceedings of the tenth symposium on soacpace nuclear and propulsion. AIP, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43135.

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Miskolczy, Gabor, and Peter Reagan. "Application of chemical vapor composites (CVC) to terrestrial thermionics." In Proceedings of the 12th symposium on space nuclear power and propulsion: Conference on alternative power from space; Conference on accelerator-driven transmutation technologies and applications. AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.47230.

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Desplat, Jean-Louis. "Evaluation of Two Types of Oxygen-Dispensing Collectors for Thermionics." In 34th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-2459.

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Reports on the topic "Thermionics"

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Geller, C. B., C. S. Murray, D. R. Riley, J. L. Desplat, L. K. Hansen, G. L. Hatch, J. B. McVey, and N. S. Rasor. High Efficiency Thermionics (HET-IV) and Converter Advancement (CAP) programs. Final reports. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/225989.

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Kenny, Thomas, and Theodore H. Geballe. Thermionic Cooling Devices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada380668.

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Bowers, J. E., V. Narayanamurti, and A. Shakouri. Heterostructure Integrated Thermionic Coolers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389343.

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Schock, Alfred. Thermionic Reactor Design Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033362.

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Schock, Alfred. Thermionic Reactor Design Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033380.

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Hunter, R. L., A. S. Gontar, M. V. Nelidov, Yu V. Nikolaev, and L. N. Schulepov. Fuel elements of thermionic converters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/446378.

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Allen, Daniel T. Thermionic converter emitter support arrangement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6735751.

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Rapp, Vi. Thermionic emission and energy conversion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1607933.

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James P. Blanchard. Insulation for a Thermionic Microbattery. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/832892.

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Wilde, D. K., D. K. Lynn, and D. Hamilton. Thermionic integrated circuit program: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5019901.

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