Relevant bibliographies by topics / Thermally transferred

Academic literature on the topic 'Thermally transferred'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Thermally transferred"

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Shen, Z. X., B. Mauz, and A. Lang. "Source-trap characterization of thermally transferred OSL in quartz." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44, no. 29 (July 5, 2011): 295405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/29/295405.

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Adamiec, G., R. M. Bailey, X. L. Wang, and A. G. Wintle. "The mechanism of thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence in quartz." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, no. 13 (June 13, 2008): 135503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/13/135503.

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Kim, J. C., G. A. T. Duller, H. M. Roberts, A. G. Wintle, Y. I. Lee, and S. B. Yi. "Dose dependence of thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence signals in quartz." Radiation Measurements 44, no. 2 (February 2009): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.12.001.

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Yukihara, E. G. "Observation of strong thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) in BeO." Radiation Measurements 121 (February 2019): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.12.014.

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Yukihara, E. G. "Characterization of the thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) of BeO." Radiation Measurements 126 (July 2019): 106132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2019.106132.

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Wang, X. L., A. G. Wintle, and Y. C. Lu. "Thermally transferred luminescence in fine-grained quartz from Chinese loess: Basic observations." Radiation Measurements 41, no. 6 (July 2006): 649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.01.001.

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Qin, J. T., and L. P. Zhou. "Effects of thermally transferred signals in the post-IR IRSL SAR protocol." Radiation Measurements 47, no. 9 (September 2012): 710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2011.12.011.

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Koul, D. K., P. G. Patil, E. O. Oniya, and G. S. Polymeris. "Investigating the thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence source trap in fired geological quartz." Radiation Measurements 62 (March 2014): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.01.014.

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Barney, C. C., and M. M. Folkerts. "Thermal dehydration-induced thirst in rats: role of body temperature." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): R557—R564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.3.r557.

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Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to study the possible role of hyperthermia in the thirst associated with thermal dehydration. Rats were exposed to 40 degrees C for 4 h and then allowed access to water at different times after they were transferred to 25 degrees C. Delaying the time prior to allowing the rats to drink did not significantly alter either water intake or percent rehydration even though core temperature decreased during the first 1.5 h after removal from the heat. Exposing thermally dehydrated rats to 5 degrees C for 30 min prior to allowing them access to water also failed to significantly affect water intake or percent rehydration. Thermally dehydrated rats allowed to drink while remaining in the heat did not show a significant increase in water intake during the first hour or percent rehydration over rats drinking at 25 degrees C. Nondehydrated rats did show significant increases in water intake and percent rehydration when allowed to drink in the heat. Hyperthermia does not play a role in drinking in thermally dehydrated rats but can stimulate drinking in water-replete rats.
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Pagonis, Vasilis, Ann G. Wintle, Reuven Chen, and X. L. Wang. "Simulations of thermally transferred OSL experiments and of the ReSAR dating protocol for quartz." Radiation Measurements 44, no. 5-6 (May 2009): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.02.009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Thermally transferred"

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Batchelor, Andrew Robert. "Thermal design considerations for GaAs transferred-electron devices." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237561.

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Moffatt, Jillian Elizabeth. "Testing the TT-OSL single-aliquot protocol for quartz sediment dating." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/85972.

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Thermally-transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) is a form of optically stimulated luminescence that saturates at much higher doses than conventional OSL (Wang et al, 2006b). Luminescence sediment dating is a technique whereby the natural radiation dose given to a sample is measured. This is divided by the environmental radiation rate of the sample site to give the sample's age. As TT-OSL is able to measure higher doses than conventional OSL, it has been considered a candidate for long range luminescence sediment dating, beyond one million years. In this thesis, TT-OSL single-aliquot sediment dating protocols were tested on selected samples from the south-east of South Australia (SESA) stranded dune sequence, a sequence of ancient dunes ranging from 0 to 900 thousand years of age that have previously been independently dated using luminescence and non-luminescence dating methods. A young sample with a high natural dose from Baldina Creek, Burra, South Australia was also dated. Measurements of the thermal depletion of the TT-OSL signal were also made. It was found that, for the SESA samples, TT-OSL dating results do not agree with previous independent measurements above 200 ka. The results for the young Baldina Creek sample were within the expected range.
Thesis (M.Phil.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2014
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Book chapters on the topic "Thermally transferred"

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Fauchais, Pierre L., Joachim V. R. Heberlein, and Maher I. Boulos. "Plasma-Transferred Arc." In Thermal Spray Fundamentals, 631–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68991-3_10.

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Boulos, Maher I., Pierre L. Fauchais, and Joachim V. R. Heberlein. "Plasma Transferred Arc Coating." In Thermal Spray Fundamentals, 519–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70672-2_12.

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von Freeden, Justus, Jesper de Wit, Stefan Caba, Susanne Kroll, Huan Zhao, Jinchang Ren, Yijun Yan, Farhan Arshed, Abdul Ahmad, and Paul Xirouchakis. "Composite Repair and Remanufacturing." In Systemic Circular Economy Solutions for Fiber Reinforced Composites, 191–214. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22352-5_10.

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AbstractFor the reuse of components and structures made of fiber composite materials, a complete remanufacturing process chain is necessary to prepare the parts for a further life cycle. The first step is to dismantle the parts to be reused. Fiber composite components are mostly joined using adhesive technology, so that solution techniques are required for adhesive connections. One possibility is the separation of the adhesive layer by means of thermally expanding particles. Adhesive residues are removed by laser so that the components can be glued again after reprocessing. The decisive factor for which process is used for the remanufacturing of the components is the state at the end of the life cycle. Non-destructive testing methods offer a very good option for detecting damage, planning necessary repairs and direct reuse of damage-free components. Repairs to fiber composite structures have been carried out in aviation for a long time and are accordingly established. These processes can be transferred to the repair of automotive fiber composite components. Many technical solutions were developed and tested as part of the project. Future research work is aimed at further development, particularly with regard to the automation of the technologies in order to enable an industrial application of the recycling of automobile components made of fiber composites.
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Boulos, Maher I., Pierre Fauchais, and Emil Pfender. "High-Power Plasma Torches and Transferred Arcs." In Handbook of Thermal Plasmas, 1–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12183-3_16-1.

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Manrique, M., T. Figueira, J. Gómez, and P. R. Taylor. "Thermal Decomposition of Ilmenite in a Non-Transferred Arc Thermal Plasma Flow Reactor." In Plasma Physics, 499–503. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4758-3_59.

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Shimomura, Mitsuhiko, Masahiro Fujiwara, Yasutoshi Makino, and Hiroyuki Shinoda. "Estimation of Frictional Force Using the Thermal Images of Target Surface During Stroking." In Haptics: Science, Technology, Applications, 234–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06249-0_27.

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AbstractWe propose a method for estimating the frictional force between a contacted surface and the human touch using thermal video images captured using an infrared thermographic camera. Because this method can estimate force remotely, its application to various situations, in which the measurement is difficult to obtain using conventional contact-based methods, is expected. Furthermore, thermal images have the advantage of measuring physical quantities directly related to frictional force. As a result of machine learning using the measured data from multiple subjects and materials, we succeeded in estimating the frictional force with a high accuracy from the information of the temperature change on the surface. In addition, we account for both the frictional and direct heat transferred between the finger and object affecting the temperature change; therefore, we attempted to improve the accuracy by extracting only frictional heat. Consequently, our method succeeded in improving the accuracy.
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Li, Yudong, and Ramana Reddy. "Numerical Study of the Fluid Flow and Temperature Distribution in a Non-transferred DC ARC Thermal Plasma Reactor." In Applications of Process Engineering Principles in Materials Processing, Energy and Environmental Technologies, 445–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51091-0_43.

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Dehaudt et, Ph, and Ph Rochette. "ETUDE PARAMETRIQUE DU PROCEDE DE RECHARGEMENT PAR PLASMA D'ARC TRANSFERE PARAMETRIC STUDY OF PLASMA TRANSFERRED ARC SURFACING." In Advances in Thermal Spraying, 711–18. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-031878-3.50078-2.

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Zafer Alibaba, Halil. "Adaptive Thermal Comfort of an Office for Energy Consumption-Famagusta Case." In Zero-Energy Buildings [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101077.

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The aim of this study was to determine how much thermal comfort can be obtained through heat/energy transfers between the office/external air and the transparent/opaque surfaces of an office by combining different transparent and opaque wall surface ratios with different window opening percentages using dynamic thermal simulations. It found that the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) for energy conservation is 40%, with a 20% window opening ratio. The 80% and 90% thermal comfort ranges of the adaptive thermal comfort methodology are found in May, October, September, and the yearly average, while June and August are only in the range of 80% acceptability. The office constantly loses heat through air flow with any glass size on its external facade and any window opening ratio. Moreover, all sizes of opaque and transparent internal surfaces transferred heat from outside by conduction, while the opaque wall similarly always transferred energy to heat up the office air internally and outside air externally through convection. The external glass also heats the office air by convection, except in the months of January, November, and December.
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Morales, Edith Obregón, José de Jesús Pérez Bueno, Juan Carlos Moctezuma Esparza, Diego Marroquín García, Arturo Trejo Pérez, Roberto Carlos Flores Romero, Juan Manuel Olivares Ramírez, et al. "3D Scanning and Simulation of a Hybrid Refrigerator Using Photovoltaic Energy." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 1277–96. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch110.

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In this chapter, a methodology that starts from the measurement and recording of real prototype geometries up to simulations to evaluate parameters, improvements or performance under various conditions is proposed. Here it is presented a case study of a solar powered refrigerator with storage capacity for 50 kg of fruit. The refrigerator comprises two systems, vapor-compression and Peltier. The methodology consisted in acquiring by a 3D laser scanner or Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) and in some small complex items using a 3D photogrammetry scanner. These data were transferred first as a CAD or SolidWorks® geometry and subsequently transferred to domains geometry useful for ANSYS or COMSOL simulation software. These models with high-resolution brings the simulations closer to real prototypes. As a source of direct information from the prototypes, thermal images obtained using a thermographic camera were taken. Also, wireless sensors were installed for temperature and humidity monitoring. The analyses of the energy efficiencies of both prototypes were performed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Thermally transferred"

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LaBounty, Christopher J., Gerry Robinson, Patrick Abraham, Ali Shakouri, and John E. Bowers. "Transferred-Substrate InGaAsP-Based Thermionic Emission Coolers." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1445.

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Abstract Most optoelectronic devices are based on III-V semiconductors such as the InP/InGaAsP material system. Solid state refrigerators based on the same material system can be monolithically integrated with optoelectronics. Thermionic emission cooling in InGaAsP-based heterostructures has been shown experimentally to provide cooling power densities of several 100 W/cm2. Cooling by several degrees across thin films on the order of a micron thick has been demonstrated. Thermionic emission of hot electrons over heterobarriers allows for enhanced cooling power beyond what is possible from the bulk thermoelectric properties. The thermal resistance of the InP substrate between the hot side of the thin film cooler and the heat sink is found to be a limitation in cooler performance. Several possibilities are examined for replacing the InP substrate with a higher thermally conducting one such as silicon, copper, or even diamond, and a process for substrate transfer to a thin copper film has been developed. Three-dimensional simulations predict an order of magnitude improvement in the thermal resistance of the substrate. Experimental results of packaged InGaAsP coolers with copper substrates will be discussed.
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Wilden, J., J. P. Bergmann, H. Frank, S. Pinzl, and F. Schreiber. "Thin Plasma-Transferred-Arc Welded Coatings - an Alternative to Thermally Sprayed Coatings?" In ITSC2004, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2004p0556.

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Abstract HVOF-, arc- and plasma sprayed coatings are widely used for wear protection. Today these type of layers are dominant if thin coatings from 50 up to 500 µm and low heat input into the work piece are required. The main disadvantage of thermally sprayed coatings is the adhesion to the substrate and the early failure when cyclic loaded. In both cases a metallurgical bonding to the substrate can improve the life cycle time. Plasma transferred arc (PTA) welded coatings show a metallurgical bonding to the substrate. The main disadvantages of this coating technology are the dilution of about 5%, the heat input into the substrate and that nowadays all welding positions seem to be impossible to carry out. In this paper the theoretical background for welding thin coatings (less than 500 µm) with a decreased dilution and in all welding positions is given and experimentally proved.
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Shihchia Liu, Deyin Zhao, Jung-Hun Seo, Yonghao Liu, Zhenqiang Ma, and Weidong Zhou. "Thermally engineered photonic crystal membrane reflectors based on transferred nanomembranes on diamond." In 2014 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcon.2014.6995494.

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Baiamonte, L., G. Pulci, E. Hlede, C. Bartuli, T. Valente, and F. Marra. "Self-Lubricating Cobalt-Based Composite Coatings Deposited by Plasma Transferred Arc." In ITSC2017, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. DVS Media GmbH, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2017p1153.

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Abstract Wear-resistant cobalt–based alloy (Stellite 12) coatings deposited by plasma transferred arc (PTA), commonly used to protect critical mechanical components in harsh environments, were modified by addition of hard ceramic particles (TiC) and solid lubricant compounds (MoS2 and CaF2) to improve the overall tribological performance. In this preliminary study, microstructural, microhardness and tribological analyses were carried out to assess: a) the feasibility of PTA deposition of thermally sensitive phases characterised by very low density; b) the effect of the addition of a mixture of soft and hard phases on the coating hardness; c) the effect of the modified composition in terms of wear resistance; d) the effect of the addition in terms of lubrication (friction coefficient and produced heat). Results showed that: a) an appropriate pre-consolidation of feedstock materials can be effective in preserving the heat-sensitive phases within the microstructure of PTA deposits; b) the addition of a total amount of 5% wt. of solid lubricants and reinforcing carbides produced a limited decrease in the coating hardness (about 13%) and an evident improvement in terms of friction coefficient but, on the other hand, a remarkable reduction (about 30%) in wear resistance. Further investigation will be addressed to optimize the composition of modified feedstock to counteract the softening effect of lubricant phases without depressing the self-lubrication behaviour.
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Schlaefer, T., K. Bobzin, F. Ernst, K. Richardt, C. Verpoort, F. Schreiber, A. Schwenk, and G. Flores. "Plasma Transferred Wire Arc Spraying of Novel Wire Feedstock onto Cylinder Bore Walls of ALSI Engine Blocks." In ITSC2008, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p0006.

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Abstract Hypoeutectic AlSi engine blocks of modern passenger cars are generally equipped with cast iron liners in order to provide cylinder running surfaces that meet the tribological requirements. A very promising alternative to the use of cylinder liners lies within the application of thermally sprayed coatings onto the walls of cylinder bores as friction partners for the piston rings. This work describes the development of a novel iron based wire feedstock as well as its application by the Plasma Transferred Wire Arc internal diameter coating system. The material developed within the frame of this work leads to partially amorphous coatings with embedded nanoscale precipitations if processed by thermal spraying. The coatings were applied onto the inner diameters of test liners made of Aluminium EN AW 6060 and onto cylinder bore walls of in-line 4 cylinder engines. All substrates were mechanically roughened in order to obtain high bond strengths of the sprayed coatings. The coatings microstructure was analysed by light optical microscopy, hardness measuring by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore the oil storage capacities of the honed surfaces were determined.
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Fernandez, Christopher, and Sheldon Jeter. "Comparison and Implementation of Thermally Massive Wall and Roof Models for Use in Simplified Building Energy Models." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1669.

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Abstract An increasing trend in building energy simulations is to use simplified models to reduce simulation time, evaluate different model configurations, and analyze for energy consumption across different constructions and weather climates. Simplified models tend to share some common benefits such as ease of calibration and reduced setup and operation time. All of which allows for shorter time and simpler program to evaluate different situations or systems. Some of these simplified models ignore thermal capacitance within walls and roofs; removing thermal capacitance can decrease simulation time but may alter loading due to ignoring the delay between when exterior surfaces receive loading and when the load is transferred to the interior. While this simplification is sometimes useful, it often overlooks the delay that occurs between the external wall heating and that heat being transferred to the interior. This paper will explore alternative methods for evaluating conduction loads in opaque surfaces for use in building energy models. Specifically, a differential equation conduction method with numerical integration, closed form solution, and forward difference calculation. These methods will be evaluated for how different conduction simulation techniques can be used in different situations to provide a potential increase in accuracy for simplified models while simultaneously reducing computational loads. Understanding the physics of dynamic envelope loading can change how much energy a building uses and when room conditioning needs to occur.
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Beblo, Richard, Darrel Robertson, James Joo, Brian Smyers, and Gregory Reich. "System Design and Modeling of a Thermally Activated Reconfigurable Wing." In ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2010-3636.

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Reconfigurable structures such as morphing aircraft generally require an on board energy source to function. Frictional heating during the high speed deployment of a blunt nosed low speed reconnaissance air vehicle can provide a large amount of thermal energy during a short period of time. This thermal energy can be collected, transferred, and utilized to reconfigure the deployable aircraft. Direct utilization of thermal energy has the ability to significantly decrease or eliminate the losses associated with converting thermal energy to other forms, such as electric. The following work attempts to describe possible system designs and components that can be utilized to transfer the thermal energy harvested at the nose of the aircraft during deployment to internal components for direct thermal actuation of a reconfigurable wing structure. A model of a loop heat pipe is presented and used to predict the time dependant transfer of energy. Previously reported thermal profiles of the nose of the aircraft calculated based on trajectory and mechanical analysis of the actuation mechanism are reviewed and combined with the model of the thermal transport system providing a system level feasibility investigation and design tool. The efficiency, implementation, benefits, and limitations of the direct use thermal system are discussed and compared with currently utilized systems.
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Lee, Kanghun, Sangseok Yu, Sang gyu Kang, Kook Young Ahn, and Sang Min Lee. "Operational Characteristic of Planar Steam Reformer Thermally Coupled With Catalytic Burner." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87686.

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High efficiency reforming is a key parameter of high temperature stationary fuel cell system. In this study, a planar heat exchanger steam reformer (PHESR) was integrated with catalytic combustor in order that the unused energy of anode off-gas is delivered for heat of reforming. The PHESR was designed to use the anode-off gas of externally reformed SOFC system because it has an efficiency problem. In the PHESR reactor, the heat is transferred from catalytic burner to reformer that has weak gradient of temperature difference between two reactors. The thermal behaviors of exothermic and endothermic reactions between reactors were investigated experimentally. The parameters of investigation were fuel utilization, inlet temperature, and air excess ratio. Comparison parameter was volume fraction of hydrogen at the exit of reforming side. The temperature gradients in longitudinal direction of two reactors were measured. As expected, temperature differences between two reactors were crucial factors that required optimization. Furthermore, the geometric aspects between the finned and un-finned reactors were also investigated. The results demonstrate that the volume fraction of hydrogen at the exit is closely coupled with the geometric constraints and the operating parameters.
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Elbuken, Caglar, Lin Gui, Carolyn L. Ren, Mustafa Yavuz, and M. Behrad Khamesee. "Design and Characterization of a Polymeric Photo-Thermal Microgripper for Micromanipulation." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68798.

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Photo-thermally actuated polymer (SU-8) microgrippers were designed, simulated and characterized. The microgrippers were actuated by thermal expansion of compliant polymer parts. The required heat was transferred to the devices by laser absorption. The microgrippers were made of a single SU-8 layer and dyed before the experiments for enhanced laser absorption. Finite element simulation results were used to predict the working range of the grippers. It has been demonstrated that using a simple design 22 μm of deflection can be achieved for a micro-gripper of approximately 900 μm long. The gripping experiments have demonstrated the successful operation of polymeric photo-thermal microgrippers.
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Lucas, H., A. Denoirjean, M. Vardelle, and A. M. Furlani. "Cladding by Plasma Transferred Arc Process: Effect of the Process on Plasma Parameters Behavior and Molten Bath." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0782.

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Abstract Coatings, a few-millimeter thick, are widely used to protect new mechanical parts against abrasion and erosion or rebuild worn parts. The plasma transferred arc process is a commonly used process to deposit such coatings. It makes it possible to bring about a metal bath inside which melted powders are introduced to form an alloyed coating between the feedstock material and substrate material with metallurgical adhesion. The main parameters of the process are the arc current intensity, plasma and shrouding gas flow rates, distance between the cathode tip and piece, velocity of plasma torch displacement; they all have a notable effect on the produced coating. This study investigates the plasma behavior and properties of the clad by using a design of experiments. The properties of the coating are the dilution level, porosity, and efficiency of material deposition, heat flux transferred to a water-cooled calorimeter, and the hardness in the clad and the substrate to estimate the thermally affected area.
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Reports on the topic "Thermally transferred"

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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.

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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.
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