Journal articles: 'Thermally active panels'

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Kalús, Daniel, Mária Kurčová, Zuzana Straková, and Matej Kubica. "Thermaly Active Interior Panels with an Integrated Active Area." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2021-0007.

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Abstract Panels with an integrated active area can be used for interior applications for walls, ceilings and floor heating, and alternatively as a wet or dry type of construction. At present, most panels with an integrated active area are made of gypsum boards with milled channels and embedded pipes. Some manufacturers already supply these panels with thermal insulation (Radwan et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020). Certain limitations, mainly regarding the diameter and material of the pipes, apply to the panels with channels milled in the gypsum board and embedded pipes. These limitations are closely related to the high cost of such panels and to the limited heat/cooling output. The disadvantages of these panels are eliminated by the construction of a thermal insulation panel with active thermal protection for application with an active heat transfer control system (indoor thermally active panel (ITAP)) in accordance with European Patent No. EP 2 572 057 B1 (Kalús, 2011).

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Kalús, Daniel, Zuzana Straková, and Matej Kubica. "Parametric Study of Heating and Cooling Capacity of Interior Thermally Active Panels." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 65, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.17570.

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ITAP panels - interior thermally active panels with an integrated active surface in an innovative way combine existing building and energy systems into one compact unit, and thus create combined building and energy systems. These are building structures with an internal energy source. Low heat losses, respectively, thermal gains predestine for energy-efficient buildings the application of low-temperature heating/high-temperature cooling systems such as large-area floor, wall, and ceiling heating/cooling. The main benefit of ITAP panels is the possibility of unified and prefabricated production. At the same time, they represent a reduction of production costs due to their technological process of production, a reduction of assembly costs due to a reduction of steps during implementation on the construction site and a reduction of implementation time due to their method of application.

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Quesada Allerhand, José, Ongun Berk Kazanci, and Bjarne W. Olesen. "Energy and thermal comfort performance evaluation of PCM ceiling panels for cooling a renovated office room." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103020.

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The performance of suspended ceiling panels with phase change materials (PCM) for comfort cooling applications in office rooms was studied. The panel consisted of a metal casing, which encapsulates the PCM. Water can circulate through the pipes embedded in the panel to influence the latent energy storage of the material. To evaluate the performance of the PCM panels, a comparison with an all-air system and a thermally active building system (TABS) was made. Using TRNSYS 17, a recently renovated room in the Technical University of Denmark was modelled. The room was simulated during the cooling season with each of the three cooling systems in which the thermal environment and the corresponding energy use were determined. Operative temperature was maintained between 22°C to 27°C at least 90% of the occupied period with each system. Similarities were observed between the PCM and TABS systems. Energy savings of 15% and peak cooling power reduction of 30% compared with the all-air system were observed. This study proved the common claim that PCM ceiling panels and TABS perform similar in terms of the created thermal indoor environment and energy savings, as well in terms of heat removal from the indoor space. Therefore, PCM ceiling panels could be used as an alternative for TABS in renovation projects while providing similar benefits to TABS.

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Safin, Ruslan Rushanovich, Aigul Ravilevna Shaikhutdinova, Ruslan Khasanshin, Shamil Mukhametzyanov, and Albina Safina. "Increasing the Strength of the Glue Line in the Production of Thermally Modified Wood Paneling." Coatings 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020253.

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This work is devoted to the study of the effect of ultraviolet rays for the surface activation of pine wood thermally modified at temperatures of 180−240 °C in order to increase the surface roughness, enhance the wettability of thermal wood and the adhesive strength of the glue in the production of wood block furniture panels. Studies were carried out to measure the contact angle of wettability of thermally modified wood samples of pine, as a result of which it was determined that the ultraviolet treatment process contributes to an increase in the adhesion properties of the surface layer of thermally modified wood by more than 13% due to the reactivity of ultraviolet rays to oxidize and degrade ligno-containing wood products. At the same time, the most active process of surface activation takes place during 60 min of ultraviolet irradiation of wood with a total irradiation of at least 125 W/cm2. It was revealed that the combined effect of two-stage wood processing, including preliminary volumetric thermal modification followed by surface ultraviolet treatment, causes an increase in the moisture resistance of glued wood products by 24%. So, if the strength of the glue seam when gluing natural wood samples after boiling decreased by 46%, then the samples that underwent two-stage processing showed a decrease only by 22%. In connection with the results obtained, an improved technology for the production of furniture boards for the manufacture of moisture-resistant wood products is proposed.

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Binar, Tomáš, Jiří Švarc, Stanislav Rolc, Petr Dostál, and Michal Šustr. "The Use of Resistant Glass in Special Agricultural Machinery and the Logistic Support Depending on Operating Temperatures." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 4 (2017): 1121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765041121.

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The paper is concerned with quality assessment of bullet‑resistant glass in relation to ambient temperatures. The measurement results provided below may be drawn on in the field of logistics when transport, special as well as special agricultural machinery are operated at fluctuating temperatures. In the paper, data from shooting tests, monitoring the projectile velocity, penetration through the glass and projectile fragmentation at various ambient temperatures, is presented. For perfect protection of agricultural machine operators not only the bullet‑resistance of glass panels, but also their further use in work is of great importance. Hence, emphasis is put on active safety of these machinery, where a perfect transparency of the bullet‑resistant panels is one of crucial factor. In the paper, the extent of damaged areas is compared; these are divided into three zones according to significantly differing temperatures. The paper results may have influence on agricultural machinery in thermally extreme areas.

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Keskküla, Kadri, Tambet Aru, Mihkel Kiviste, and Martti-Jaan Miljan. "Hygrothermal Analysis of Masonry Wall with Reed Boards as Interior Insulation System." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205252.

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When the masonry walls of buildings under heritage protection need to be restored and thermally improved, the only option is to use an interior insulation system. This is also the riskiest method of insulating walls in cold climates. Capillary active interior insulation systems have been proven to be the most reliable, minimizing the risk of mold growth and decay caused by condensation. They have also been proven to be less risky in wind-driven rain. The building studied is situated in a heritage-conservation area in downtown Tartu, Estonia, and therefore cannot be insulated from the exterior. This paper compares the hygrothermal performance of four different interior insulation systems with and without a heating cable and vapor barrier. In the first case, Isover Vario KM Duplex UV was placed between reed panels. In the second case, reed panels were used without the vapor barrier. Data loggers were applied between the reed panels and the original wall and inside the room to measure temperature and relative humidity in one-hour intervals. Exterior temperature and relative humidity values were taken from the Estonian University of Life Sciences Institute of Technology weather service station. In addition to the measurements taken in the case study building, calculations were made using heat-air-moisture (HAM) Delphin software to simulate the situation. The use of a smart vapor retarder (Isover Vario KM Duplex UV) with reed panels in the interior insulation system reduced the relative humidity level inside the wall. The vapor retarder improved the drying-potential compared to the interior insulation system without the vapor barrier.

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Šimko, Martin, Michal Krajčík, and Ondřej Šikula. "Radiant wall cooling with pipes arranged in insulation panels attached to facades of existing buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103013.

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Radiant systems are being increasingly used for space heating and cooling of buildings. The contemporary research of radiant systems addresses mainly floor and ceiling structures. Research regarding the possibilities of their incorporation in wall structures is lacking, despite their potential advantages. This study addresses a radiant wall system manufactured according to a patent. The patented design involves panels that consist of pipes arranged in milled channels in thermal insulation. The potential advantage of this system is the fact that the thermally active panels can be attached to the facades of existing buildings as a part of their retrofit. Thereby, only minor interventions on the interior side of the retrofitted buildings are needed. To test and improve the design of the wall system, laboratory measurements and computer simulations were performed on a wall fragment for its operation under summer conditions. The results indicate a significant potential for improvement of the patented design by addressing the imperfections in the contact between pipe and wall. Inserting a metal fin between pipe and wall enhanced the cool distribution within the wall fragment considerably. From the three materials of the metal fin considered, using copper led to highest values of the cooling output, followed by aluminium. For these two metals the effect of increasing the thickness of the fin on the cooling output was small. On the contrary, the fin made of steel was the least efficient in terms of cool distribution. In this case the cooling output was most sensitive to the thickness of the fin.

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Kalús, Daniel, Daniela Koudelková, Veronika Mučková, Martin Sokol, and Mária Kurčová. "Contribution to the Research and Development of Innovative Building Components with Embedded Energy-Active Elements." Coatings 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12071021.

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The research described in this study focuses on the innovation and optimization of building envelope panels with integrated energy-active elements in the thermal barrier function. It is closely related to developing and implementing the prototype prefabricated house IDA I with combined building-energy systems using renewable energy sources. We were inspired by the patented ®ISOMAX panel and system, which we have been researching and innovating for a long time. The thermal barrier has the function of eliminating heat loss/gain through the building envelope. By controlling the heat/cold transfer in the thermal barrier, it is possible to eliminate the thickness of the thermal insulation of the building envelope and thus achieve an equivalent thermal resistance of the building structure that is equal to the standard required value. The technical solution of the ISOMAX panel also brings, besides the use of the thermal barrier function, the function of heat/cold accumulation in the load-bearing part of the building envelope. Our research aimed to design and develop a panel for which the construction would be optimal in terms of thermal barrier operation and heat/cold accumulation. As the production panels in the lost formwork of expanded polystyrene (according to the patented system) proved to be too complicated and time consuming, and often showed shortcomings from a structural point of view, the next goal was to design a new, statically reliable panel construction with integrated energy-active elements and a time-saving, cost-effective, unified production directly in the panel factory. In order to develop and design an innovative panel with integrated energy-active elements, we analyzed the composition of the original panel and designed the composition of the innovative panel. We created mathematical–physical models of both panels and analyzed their energy potential. By induction and an analog form of formation, we designed the innovative panel. Based on the synthesis of the knowledge obtained from the scientific analysis and the transformation of this data, most of the building components and all the panels with integrated energy-active elements were manufactured directly in the prefabrication plant. Subsequently, the prototype of the prefabricated house IDA I was realized. The novelty of our innovative building envelope panel solution lies in the panel’s design, which has a heat loss/gain that is 2.6 times lower compared to the ISOMAX panel.

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Sun, Guo, and Yuan Gui Sun. "Thermal-Structural Analysis of Ni-Based Alloy Panel with Active Cooling Thermal Protection System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4718.

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In hypersonic environments, the development of aircraft engine presents the mitigation of the extreme thermal environment inside the combustion chamber. This paper establishes the capabilities for combustor panel design. By given the key loading and boundary conditions of the panel structure, the thermal structural analysis determines temperatures and stresses and the optimization improves panel’s robustness subject to thermal mechanical loads. A parametric sweep analysis is carried and the results give the optimal value of the panel face thickness.

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Simonova, O. S., A. O. Chulkov, V. P. Vavilov, and S. B. Suntsov. "Active thermal testing of hyperthermoconductive panels." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 53, no. 6 (June 2017): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061830917060080.

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Elhefnawy, Ahmed, Ali Elmaihy, and Ahmed Elweteedy. "A university small satellite thermal control modeling and analysis in the post-mission phase." FME Transactions 49, no. 4 (2021): 1014–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2104014e.

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This work includes the thermal control analysis of a small spacecraft in the post-mission phase. The satellite internal component distribution has been modified to fulfill all thermal requirements when using a passive thermal control system. In the post-mission phase, the satellite will be used by the radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) community as a transponder, fully using the AMSAT payload that will maintain active and shall last at least 2 years. Thermal Desktop software is introduced for the mentioned spacecraft. The final analysis predictions show that the passive thermal control system maintains all satellite element's temperatures within their temperature limits. The temperature variation of +X solar panel is 75 °C which is less than experienced by +Z and -Z panels, which are 100 °C. The temperature change on equipment agrees with their panels. Compared with a specialized thermal analysis, software package (ESATAN-TMSs) verified the integrity of the results.

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Kalús, Daniel, Jozef Gašparík, Peter Janík, Matej Kubica, and Patrik Šťastný. "Innovative Building Technology Implemented into Facades with Active Thermal Protection." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084438.

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The article focuses on the description of an innovative solution and application of active thermal protection of buildings using thermal insulation panels with active regulation of heat transfer in the form of a contact insulation system. The thermal insulation panels are part of a prefabricated lightweight outer shell, which together with the low-temperature heating and high-temperature cooling system creates an indoor environment. The energy source is usually renewable energy sources or technological waste heat. Research and development of an innovative facade system with active thermal protection is in the phase of computer simulations and preparation of laboratory measurements of thermal insulation panels with various combinations of energy functions. In the article we present theoretical assumptions, calculation procedure and parametric study of three basic design solutions of combined energy wall systems in the function of low-temperature radiant heating and high-temperature radiant cooling.

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Bogatu, Dragos-Ioan, Eleftherios Bourdakis, Ongun Berk Kazanci, and Bjarne W. Olesen. "Experimental Comparison of Radiant Ceiling Panels and Ceiling Panels Containing Phase Change material (PCM)." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101072.

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Two commercially available ceiling panels, one metal and one gypsum incorporating microencapsulated PCM were compared experimentally to determine their limitations and ability to provide an adequate indoor thermal environment. The experiments took place from February to May 2018 in a climate chamber at the Technical university of Denmark. In total, seven scenarios were evaluated, five with active cooling, where the flow rate and solar heat gains were varied, and two without. Results showed that according to EN 15251:2007, the RCPs maintained the best indoor thermal environment for 91% of occupancy time in Category III – operative temperature between 22oC and 27oC, and 75% in Category II – operative temperature between 23oC and 26oC, for a 140 kg/h flow rate and the reference solar heat gains. Alternatively, the PCM panels maintained Category III for only 48% of the time, while only 30% in Category II for a 220 kg/h flow rate and the reference solar heat gains. The PCM panel presented the ability to store the heat for a later time. However, the PCM panels’ solution proved inadequate in terms of heat storage capacity, pipe positioning and thermal conductivity while improvements are required in order to employ them in new and renovated buildings.

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Steganov, Gennadii Borisovich, Dmitrii Leonidovich Kargu, Evgenii Nikolaevich Malenin, and Andrei Valerievich Yanguzov. "A method for estimating the thermal regime of solar panels when performing angular turns of the Earth observation satellite." Исследования космоса, no. 2 (February 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8817.2019.2.31434.

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The results of modeling the thermal operation of solar panels (PSB) of the Earth observation satellite (EOS) when moving in a circular orbit are presented. Modeling of the thermal regime is carried out for two groups of photovoltaic converters (FEP). FEPs are conventionally divided into groups, depending on the strength of the influence of different heat fluxes characteristic of the movement of the satellite in a circular orbit. Analytical expressions for the heat balance equation of the PSBs and the results of numerical calculations at the end of the active life (SAC) are given. In this work, methods of deduction, induction, analysis, modeling, formalization, experiment, as well as statistical method, system and structural-functional method were used. The presented model for calculating the temperature of the solar panel of the Earth observation satellite is a set of mathematical expressions that allow calculating temperature of any FEP within a particular solar panel and make adjustments to the plan of exploitation.

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Kalús, Daniel, Daniela Koudelková, Veronika Mučková, Martin Sokol, Mária Kurčová, and Peter Janík. "Practical Experience in the Application of Energy Roofs, Ground Heat Storages, and Active Thermal Protection on Experimental Buildings." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 9313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189313.

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Research Area: Building components with integrated energy-active elements (BCEAE) are generally referred to as combined building-energy systems (CBES). Aim: Research on the application of energy (solar) roofs (ESR), ground heat storage (GHS), active thermal protection (ATP), and their cooperation in different modes of operation of energy systems with an emphasis on the use of renewable energy sources (RES) and waste heat. Methodology: The analysis and synthesis of the state of the art in the field, the inductive and analogical form of the creation of an innovative method of operation of combined building-energy systems, the development of an innovative solution of the envelope panel with integrated energy-active elements, the synthesis of the knowledge obtained from the scientific analysis and the transformation of the data into the design and implementation of the prototype of the prefabricated house IDA I and the experimental house EB2020. Results: The theoretical analysis of building structures with active thermal protection results in the determination of their energy potential and functionality, e.g., thermal barrier, heating/cooling, heat storage, etc. New technical solutions for envelopes with controlled heat transfer were proposed based on the implementation of experimental buildings. Conclusions: The novelty of our research lies in the design of different variants of the way of operation of energy systems using RES and in upgrading building envelope panels with integrated energy-active elements.

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Wei, Xinyuan, Enming Miao, Wei Wang, and Hui Liu. "Real-time thermal deformation compensation method for active phased array antenna panels." Precision Engineering 60 (November 2019): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2019.08.003.

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Mei, Chuh, K. Abdel-Motagaly, and R. Chen. "Review of Nonlinear Panel Flutter at Supersonic and Hypersonic Speeds." Applied Mechanics Reviews 52, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3098919.

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A review of various analytical methods and experimental results of supersonic and hypersonic panel flutter is presented. The analytical methods are categorized into two main methods. The first category is the classical methods, which include Galerkin in conjunction with numerical integration, harmonic balance and perturbation methods. The second category is the finite element methods in either the frequency domain (eigensolution) or the time domain (numerical integration). A review of the experimental literature is given. The effects of different parameters on the flutter behavior are described. The parameters considered include inplane forces, thermal loading, flow direction, and initial curvature. Active control of composite panels at supersonic speeds and elevated temperatures is also considered. This review article cites 84 references.

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Elguezabal, Peru, Alex Lopez, Jesus Maria Blanco, and Jose Antonio Chica. "Assessment on the Efficiency of an Active Solar Thermal Facade: Study of the Effect of Dynamic Parameters and Experimental Analysis When Coupled/Uncoupled to a Heat Pump." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030597.

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The building sector presents poor performance in terms of energy efficiency and is looking for effective alternatives aimed at reducing the use of fossil fuels. The facade is a key element able to harness renewable energy as an Active Solar Thermal Facade (ASTF). The main purpose of this study is the assessment of a novel design concept based on a steel sandwich panel technology. The performance of the active system will be first addressed by a parametric study in order to analyze its behavior and secondly, by describing a real case based on an experimental test by connecting the active panels to a heat pump. The study shows the impact of solar irradiation and mass flow on the thermal jump achieved, while ambient and fluid inlet temperatures are the most influencing parameters in the efficiency of the facade. When coupled to the heat pump, results from a measurement campaign demonstrate a remarkable improvement in the performance of the ASTF. The results presented provide significant proof about the benefits of a synergetic combination of both technologies—solar facades and heat pumps—as efficient alternatives for the building sector, aiming to improve energy efficiency as well as reduce their dependence on non-renewable sources.

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Borodinecs, Anatolijs, Aleksandrs Geikins, Elina Barone, Vladislavs Jacnevs, and Aleksejs Prozuments. "Solution of Bullet Proof Wooden Frame Construction Panel with a Built-In Air Duct." Buildings 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010030.

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The growing terrorism threats across the world play an important role in the design of civil buildings and living areas. The safety of personnel is a top priority in unclassified buildings, especially military buildings. However indoor air quality and thermal comfort has a direct impact on personal productivity and ability to concentrate on duties and affect the decision making in stress conditions. The use of wooden structures is becoming more common in the building construction, and application of wooden frame structures for the construction of new buildings as well as for retrofitting the existing buildings. Prefabricated wooded frame construction perfectly fits need of unclassified buildings, allowing significant reduction of construction time and integration of various active and passive elements, such as a fresh air supply duct. Within the scope of this paper a 12 mm thick ballistic panel made of aramid was tested. Ballistic panel, thermal conductivity, and fire resistance of wooded construction panel with embedded air duct were analyzed for the various modelled exterior wall solutions. The main advantage of the proposed technology is fast and qualitative modular construction of unclassified buildings, providing all modern requirements not only for safety, but also for the energy efficiency and indoor air quality. It was found that bullet proof aramid panels do not reduce overall fire safety in comparison to traditional construction materials. However embedded outdoor air supply ducts significantly reduces construction heat transfer coefficient.

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Amadi, NioKing, Robert Belema, Harrison Obodo Chukwu, Daniele Dendi, Amuzie Chidinma, Roger Meek, and Luca Luiselli. "Life in the suburbs: artificial heat source selection for nocturnal thermoregulation in a diurnally active tropical lizard." Web Ecology 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-20-161-2020.

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Abstract. The rapid expansion of urban environments invariably presents a novel series of pressures on wildlife due to changes in external environmental factors. In reptiles, any such changes in temperature are critical since thermoregulation is the key driver in the function of many physiological processes. How reptiles adapt to such changes may vary from those species that are impacted negatively to others that have the behavioural flexibility to exploit new conditions. In this paper we describe retreat site selection, movements and aspects of the thermal ecology of the African lizard Agama agama in urban environments of West Africa. In early evening lizards began movement from late-afternoon core activity areas and ascended the walls of houses for overnight retreats. A high proportion retreated to locations in groups under or on top of warm electrical panels. The thermal potential these panels offered was the attainment of body temperatures equal to or higher than the minimum preferred body temperature (PBT ≈ 36 ∘C in A. agama) and hence increased physiological performance. The lizards that took advantage of the heat sources travelled further each day to and from diurnal activity areas than individuals that spent the night high on walls but not next to heat panels. There were both potential costs (enhanced predation pressures) and benefits (impacts on thermal ecology, retreat site selection) of this behaviour for lizards living in urban environments.

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Riaz, Ahmad, Ruobing Liang, Chao Zhou, and Jili Zhang. "A review on the application of photovoltaic thermal systems for building façades." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419845117.

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The hybrid photovoltaic-thermal system has shown great progress. Electrical energy is produced from PV panels while thermal energy is produced via a working fluid carried through the panels. In this paper, the vertical PV/T is introduced using working fluids such as air and liquid, which serve to control the excess temperature of the PV panels as well as to collect heat to be made available as thermal energy. Installations of PV/T systems on building façades, as well as integration with other technologies such as heat pipe and heat pump are also discussed. Current studies of such building integration technologies are also explored, including the scale of application. This study aims to provide constructive information which can be used in future development of building facades for large-scale applications, to contribute to future sustainable development. Practical application: This study helps researchers and engineers who are considering photovoltaic thermal systems for building façades to have better understanding of its effect on electrical and thermal energy – for space heating, fresh air supply and hot water supply – using an active building envelope.

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Majdi, Hasan Shakir, Mahmoud A. Mashkour, Laith Jaafer Habeeb, and Ahmad H. Sabry. "Enhancement of energy transfer efficiency for photovoltaic (PV) systems by cooling the panel surfaces." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 8(112) (August 31, 2021): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.238700.

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The thermal coefficient of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel is a value that is provided with its specification sheet and tells us precisely the drop in panel performance with rising temperature. In desert climates, the PV panel temperatures are known to reach above 70 degrees centigrade. Exploring effective methods of increasing energy transfer efficiency is the issue that attracts researchers nowadays, which also contributes to reducing the cost of using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with storage batteries. Temperature handling of solar PV modules is one of the techniques that improve the performance of such systems by cooling the bottom surface of the PV panels. This study initially reviews the effective methods of cooling the solar modules to select a proper, cost-effective, and easy to implement one. An active fan-based cooling method is considered in this research to make ventilation underneath the solar module. A portion of the output power at a prespecified high level of battery state-of-charge (SOC) is used to feed the fans. The developed comparator circuit is used to control the power ON/OFF of the fans. A Matlab-based simulation is employed to demonstrate the power rate improvements and that consumed by the fans. The results of simulations show that the presented approach can achieve significant improvements in the efficiency of PV systems that have storage batteries. The proposed method is demonstrated and evaluated for a 1.62 kW PV system. It is found from a simultaneous practical experiment on two identical PV panels of 180 W over a full day that the energy with the cooling system was 823.4 Wh, while that without cooling was 676 Wh. The adopted approach can play a role in enhancing energy sustainability.

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Moffatt, Dawne M. "Glass Substrates for Flat Panel Displays." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 3 (March 1996): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036101.

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One material exists in most types of flat panel displays that are used in high information content applications, from liquid crystal displays to electroluminescent displays. This material is glass, something we all use daily. As a substrate, glass plays a significant role in the manufacture and function of flat panel displays (FPDs). In the case of active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs), the semiconductor-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) or diodes are fabricated on the active glass substrate. In addition, AMLCDs require color-filter structures consisting of dyed or pigmented resins built upon the passive plate of an AMLCD cell. For plasma and electroluminescent display panels, the glass provides the surface upon which are deposited phosphors, conductive lines, and dielectrics.The excellent properties of glass make it the substrate of choice in FPDs. It is the only material that can meet the demanding requirements of high-information-content FPD manufacturing processes and operation. Glass' transparency is an obvious requirement. For all types of displays, the rigidity of glass also plays a important role because it adds overall mechanical integrity and strength.One of the most important attributes of glass in terms of the display manufacturing process is its thermal stability. Glass substrates, particularly those made of “hard” or high temperature glasses, can be processed at elevated temperatures with minimal deformation. In addition, the dimensional precision required in the alignment of various display components is maintained throughout the specific manufacturing processes.

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Talvik, Martin, Simo Ilomets, Targo Kalamees, Paul Klõšeiko, Dariusz Heim, Anna Wieprzkowicz, and Dominika Knera. "Thermal performance of ETICS, energy activated with PCM and PV." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012116.

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Abstract Installing photo-voltaic (PV) panels on building façades is a growing tendency that helps to achieve both newly built and renovated nearly zero energy buildings. A novel approach to building active facades is to use a phase change material (PCM) behind the flexible PV. The PCM stabilises the PV’s temperature which can lead to an increase in energy production and cuts down the temperature peaks to avoid damage. In this study, the thermal performance of an En-ActivETICS wall was modelled in three different locations across Europe. The model was validated against on-site temperature measurements. The efficiency of the PV was calculated and an optimal PCM thickness and melting temperature were selected. The results show that annual energy production of the PV panel could increase between 2% (in Lodz) to 5% (in Madrid) using a 40mm-thick PCM. The optimal PCM melting temperatures for a certain climate should be chosen as 0 to 10 degrees below maximum air temperature in summer. The maximum peak PV temperatures could be reduced by ca. 20 K (from ∼90 to ∼70°C). Reasonable way to fix the stainless steel casing to the wall would be with four stainless steel anchor bolts – that gives 78% or 93% efficiency in case of EPS or PIR thermal insulation, respectively.

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Babashov, V. G., and N. M. Varrik. "Trends in the development of flexible thermal protection systems for modern aircraft." Perspektivnye Materialy, no. 11 (2020): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2020-6-10-21.

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The emergence of new types of space and aviation technology necessitates the development of new types of thermal protection systems capable of operating at high temperature and long operating times. There are several types of thermal protection systems for different operating conditions: active thermal protection systems using forced supply of coolant to the protected surface, passive thermal protection systems using materials with low thermal conductivity without additional heat removal, high-temperature systems, which are simultaneously elements of the bearing structure and provide thermal protection, ablation materials. Heat protection systems in the form of rigid tiles and flexible panels, felt and mats are most common kind of heat protecting systems. This article examines the trends of development of flexible reusable heat protection systems intended for passive protection of aircraft structural structures from overheating.

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Midhun, V. C., S. Suresh, B. Praveen, and Cyril Reuben Raj. "Effect of vacuum insulation panel on active thermal management for electronics system exposed to thermal radiation." Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 26 (December 2021): 101117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2021.101117.

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Quesada Allerhand, José, Ongun Berk Kazanci, and Bjarne W. Olesen. "Investigation of the influence of operation conditions on the discharge of PCM ceiling panels." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103021.

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The aim of this study was to determine favorable operation conditions for ceiling panels containing phase change materials (PCM) for cooling applications in office rooms. A recently renovated room in the Technical University of Denmark was used to have realistic boundary conditions. Using TRNSYS 17, the performance of the PCM panels during the cooling season in passive operation, discharge by air, and discharge by water circulation were investigated. A set of simulations were performed during a representative week in the cooling period. The room was simulated with no climatic systems, PCM without active discharge, ventilation during occupied hours only, and PCM with ventilation during occupied hours. Afterwards, two discharge methods were investigated, night ventilation at different flow rates and water circulation in pipes embedded in the panels. A parametric analysis was performed to identify the influence of operation factors in the thermal environment of the room. The parameters studied were the water flow rate, supply water temperature and circulation schedule as well as the conductivity of the PCM. After selecting different operating conditions of the water discharge, simulations were performed from May to October to observe the performance of the selected operation conditions. The results show that the PCM is more effective to provide adequate indoor thermal conditions if it is discharged actively by means of water. The parameters that affect the thermal indoor environment the most are the water circulation schedule, the water supply temperature, and the PCM thermal conductivity. The water flow rate did not have a significant influence. The study shows the importance of selecting an appropriate operation and control strategy for the PCM system. The process used in the study can be potentially used as a procedure for the design of similar climatic systems to determine if active discharge of the PCM is needed and if yes, which discharge method is needed.

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Zhang, Lang, Puyun Gao, Dongxu Li, and Xue Wang. "Vibration Characteristics and Its Active Control of Smart Functionally Graded Circular Cylindrical Panels in Thermal Environments." Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures 21, no. 5 (January 30, 2014): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2012.697598.

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Sreekireddy, Pavani, Tadisina Kishen Kumar Reddy, Prabhu Selvaraj, Vanteru Mahendra Reddy, and Bok Jik Lee. "Analysis of active cooling panels in a scramjet combustor considering the thermal cracking of hydrocarbon fuel." Applied Thermal Engineering 147 (January 2019): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.078.

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Conrardy, C., T. D. Huang, D. Harwig, P. Dong, L. Kvidahl, N. Evans, and A. Treaster. "Practical Welding Techniques to Minimize Distortion in Lightweight Ship Structures." Journal of Ship Production 22, no. 04 (November 1, 2006): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2006.22.4.239.

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The trend in both military and commercial shipbuilding is the increased use of thin steel to reduce weight and improve performance. Complex panel structures have thickness transitions for weight and structural optimization with multiple inserts ranging from 5 to 45 mm. Welding practices developed for thicker plate can result in significant out-of-plane distortion when applied to thin-plate structures. Buckling distortion of complex lightweight panels has resulted in a significant negative effect on manufacturing cost and production throughput, limiting the shipbuilders' ability to produce innovative ship designs. High fitting and welding costs are the consequence of this large welding distortion. This problem is exacerbated as the fairness requirements are tightened. New methods are needed to control distortion when welding thinner materials. To tackle the distortion problems, in 2002 Northrop Grumman Ship Systems initiated a multiyear program to develop distortion-control technology for complex panels. This paper reports the results of a study to develop "best practices" for welding of lightweight structures. Control of welding distortion for thin structures requires control of each welding operation from butt welding of plates through to unit assembly. A general philosophy was applied to minimize welding heat input while maximizing restraint during unit construction. To achieve this, the following techniques were evaluated: increasing restraint during each welding operation, improving fitting practice, weld sequencing, and minimizing welding heat input. Additionally, an active distortion mitigation approach, known as transient thermal tensioning, was investigated for reduction of buckling distortion during thin-panel longitudinal stiffener welding. A series of tests were performed to evaluate various distortion control approaches and to optimize production processes. The culmination of the project will involve demonstrating best practices in the production of thin-steel structures. A plan is also being developed for implementing the most advantageous approaches into production.

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Mohammed, Ahmed Hasan, Ghanim Thiab Hasan, and Kamil Jadu Ali. "Numerical analysis of the photovoltaic system inspection with active cooling." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp2779-2789.

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The use of solar energy may replace the present fossil fuel or gas to produce electricity. The goal of this study is to set up a simulation model to survey the performance of a photovoltaic thermal system (PV/T) based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Ansys fluent software has been used for the simulation procedure. The electrical panel output and its efficiency were investigated numerically. In addition, the effect of variations in absorbed radiation on inlet fluid and absorber panel temperature on the system performance was investigated. The study was conducted for three cases, in a first case, where there is no refrigerant in the system and in the latter case, at constant fluid rate of the pump, whereas the third case with optimal pump operation. The numerical findings obtained from CFD simulators have been compared with the test records of the experimental results of the literature. The two results have a good agreement. From the obtained results, it can be noted that the system shows a good improvement for the electric net efficiency level of 3.52% with a lower reduction of the thermal system efficiency of 1.96% in comparison to the system when using the constantly high flow rate.

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PENG, Shibin, Rui GUO, Shangsheng FENG, and Feng JIN. "Calculation Model of Temperature Response of Active Cooling Lattice Sandwich Panel for Thermal Protection." 应用数学和力学 43 (2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21656/1000-0887.420405.

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Syafiqah, Z., Y. M. Irwan, N. A. M. Amin, M. Irwanto, W. Z. Leow, and A. R. Amelia. "Thermal and Electrical Study for PV Panel With Cooling." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i2.pp492-499.

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Paper presents an investigation on photovoltaic (PV) panel with a direct-current (DC) fan cooling system. The DC fan cooling system was installed at the back of PV panel in order to reduce its operating temperature. The performance of PV panel can be affected with the increase of its operating temperature. Therefore, with the aid of the DC fan cooling system, it can enhance the performance by raise the output power generated. However, DC fan cooling system is considered as an active cooling system, whereby it consumes input power in operating it. The thermal behavior of PV panel with different DC fan speeds were observed by using a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software. From the temperature obtained, a current-Voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) can be formed by using PSPICE due to examine its electrical performance. As the DC fan speed increases, the power input to operate it also increase. Hence, it is crucial to find the optimum speed so that the power generated by PV panel that can be saved is high.

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Zukowski, Miroslaw, Marta Kosior-Kazberuk, and Tomasz Blaszczynski. "Energy and Environmental Performance of Solar Thermal Collectors and PV Panel System in Renovated Historical Building." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 7158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217158.

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The major intent of this article was to determine the amount of energy received by two active systems used to convert solar radiation and to estimate their impact on reducing the emission of pollutants. Thermal solar collectors with an area of 51.36 m2 and photovoltaic panels with an area of 50.4 m2 were subject to comparative analysis. It was assumed that either of the two systems could be installed on the roof of an old tenement house located in Poznan (Poland), which is planned for renovation. Computer simulations made with DesignBuilder software were used as a research tool. Two main conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of the year-long operation of both systems in the conditions of a typical meteorological year. Thermal solar collectors can produce 469 kWh of heat from 1 m2 of the device annually, while PV panels can generate 136 kWh of electricity per year from 1 m2 of active area. However, it turned out that the use of photovoltaic systems can contribute to a higher reduction in pollutants emitted to the atmosphere as a result of the alternative combustion of fossil fuels. Additionally, the optimal angle of inclination of devices for solar radiation conversion located near Poznan was determined.

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Kumar Natarajan, Sendhil, Matty Katz, and Tapas Kumar Mallick. "Thermal model for an early prototype of concentrating photovoltaic for active solar panel initiative system." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 011601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3683513.

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Iten, Muriel. "Techno-Economic Assessment of an Air-Multiple PCM Active Storage Unit for Free Cooling Application." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 12936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132312936.

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A latent energy storage (LES) unit is presented in this paper for free space cooling and ventilation application. The unit includes multiple phase change materials (PCM) to advance the thermal performance of common LES units. It is composed by metallic rectangular panels containing commercial paraffins with melting temperatures ranging among 20 °C and 25 °C and surrounded by air channels. The average cooling load of the unit corresponds to approximately 1 kW over 8 h. It fulfils the peak ventilation cooling load during summer of an office building in Portugal. The study provides a techno-economic analysis and the environmental benefits of the LES technology compared to a traditional air conditioning (AC) unit for the cooling and ventilation of an office building. During daytime, the air-multiple PCM unit allows reducing the energy consumption by nearly 200 kWh. The full charging of the PMs during nighttime, requires significant energy consumption due to the high air flowrate demand for full solidification. The competitiveness of such units can be achieved by introducing fins into the panels, allowing double the energy savings. In an overall perspective, the unit presents several benefits such as lower initial cost and reduced maintenance requirements (non-use of refrigerants and batteries) that also allows better personal health issues when related to traditional ACs.

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Stepaniuk, Viktor, Jayakrishnan Pillai, Birgitte Bak-Jensen, and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban. "Estimation of Energy Activity and Flexibility Range in Smart Active Residential Building." Smart Cities 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities2040029.

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The smart active residential buildings play a vital role to realize intelligent energy systems by harnessing energy flexibility from loads and storage units. This is imperative to integrate higher proportions of variable renewable energy generation and implement economically attractive demand-side participation schemes. The purpose of this paper is to develop an energy management scheme for smart sustainable buildings and analyze its efficacy when subjected to variable generation, energy storage management, and flexible demand control. This work estimate the flexibility range that can be reached utilizing deferrable/controllable energy system units such as heat pump (HP) in combination with on-site renewable energy sources (RESs), namely photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbine (WT), and in-house thermal and electric energy storages, namely hot water storage tank (HWST) and electric battery as back up units. A detailed HP model in combination with the storage tank is developed that accounts for thermal comforts and requirements, and defrost mode. Data analytics is applied to generate demand and generation profiles, and a hybrid energy management and a HP control algorithm is developed in this work. This is to integrate all active components of a building within a single complex-set of energy management solution to be able to apply demand response (DR) signals, as well as to execute all necessary computation and evaluation. Different capacity scenarios of the HWST and battery are used to prioritize the maximum use of renewable energy and consumer comfort preferences. A flexibility range of 22.3% is achieved for the scenario with the largest HWST considered without a battery, while 10.1% in the worst-case scenario with the smallest HWST considered and the largest battery. The results show that the active management and scheduling scheme developed to combine and prioritize thermal, electrical and storage units in buildings is essential to be studied to demonstrate the adequacy of sustainable energy buildings.

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Elguezabal, Peru, Alex Lopez, Jesús María Blanco, and José Antonio Chica. "Parametric assessment of a building active façade by means of a combined metallic sandwich panel with an unglazed solar collector." MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202046.

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The building sector has a poor performance in terms of energy efficiency and is looking for alternatives to reduce the use of fossil fuels on building use stage. Renewables are unlimited and solar thermal energy is a technology with a demonstrated potential. The façade is a key element able to harness renewable energy coming from the sun becoming in an Active Solar Thermal Façade (ASTF). The main purpose of this study is the development of a parametric study using a numerical model to analyze the behavior of an unglazed solar collector. Thus, evaluating different design and meteorological parameters to show their influence on the heat transfer and the efficiency. The study shows that solar irradiation and mass flow are the most influential on thermal difference. However, for the efficiency ambient temperature and inlet temperature both are the most influencing ones. In brief, a set of parameters have a significant influence on the behavior of the ASTF that are fully governed by environmental conditions. Nevertheless, there are some other parameters that can be controlled during the operation. The challenge is to make a continuous configuration of this adaptable values depending on the external situation to achieve a higher performance for the ASTF.

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Švajlenka, Jozef, Mária Kozlovská, František Vranay, Terézia Pošiváková, and Miroslava Jámborová. "Comparison of Laboratory and Computational Models of Selected Thermal-Technical Properties of Constructions Systems Based on Wood." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123127.

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Energy-efficient buildings, sustainable buildings, smart buildings, nearly zero-energy buildings, passive and active buildings are construction concepts widely recognised as setting the latest trends. The purpose of their design is to create an optimal thermal microclimate by means of heat flows that are either formed within it or enter into it. This research paper presents an analysis of the measurements of the density of heat flows, their spread in building constructions, all of which is examined in laboratory conditions and confronted with calculation models. The hypothesis of this research is to confirm or refute whether the computational models match the laboratory simulations in terms of thermal-technical parameters. The research uses a methodology designed for examining building constructions under virtually stable conditions. Two variants of external sandwich walls based on prefab cross laminated timber panels (variant A) and structural insulated panel (variant B) were proposed as the subject of the study. Both variants were subjected to research in laboratory conditions and computational simulations. For the sake of comparison, the calculation simulations that manufacturers of wood construction systems typically declare were also performed. The results of the analyses show significant differences between the theoretical or declared parameters and the values measured in laboratory conditions (7.5–32.6%). The deviations of the experimental measurements from the calculated or declared parameters were not as significant for variant A as they were for variant B. These findings show that for these analysed sandwich structures based on wood, it is not always possible to reliably declare calculated values of thermal-technical parameters. The publication is also a contribution to the current needs in the field of heating technology in terms of sustainability and the quality of internal environments.

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Liu, Xiaohong, Yuekuan Zhou, Chun-Qing Li, Yaolin Lin, Wei Yang, and Guoqiang Zhang. "Optimization of a New Phase Change Material Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal Panel with The Active Cooling Technique Using Taguchi Method." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061022.

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This paper investigates the energy performances of a hybrid system composed of a phase change materials-ventilated Trombe wall (PCMs-VTW) and a photovoltaic/thermal panel integrated with phase change material (PV/T-PCM). Equivalent overall output energy (QE) was proposed for energy performance evaluation regarding different energy forms, diversified conversions and hybrid thermal storages. This study focuses on parameters’ optimization of the PV/T-PCM system and parameters in the PCMs-VTW are kept optimal. Based on the experimentally validated numerical modelling, nine trial experiments have been conducted following Taguchi L9 (34) standard orthogonal array. The higher the better concept was implemented and the optimal combination of operating parameters was thereafter identified by using signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method. The results show that QE is highly dependent on the mass flow rate, followed by the diameter of active cooling water pipe. However, the inlet cooling water temperature and the thickness of PCM have limited influence on QE. The optimal combination of each factor was identified as B3A3C2D1 (mass flow rate of 1 kg/s, diameter of water pipe of 0.6 m, inlet cooling water temperature of 15 °C and the thickness of PCM of 20 mm) with the highest QE of 20,700 kWh.

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Attia, Shady, and Camille Gobin. "Climate Change Effects on Belgian Households: A Case Study of a Nearly Zero Energy Building." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 5357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205357.

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Overheating in residential building is a challenging problem that causes thermal discomfort, productivity reduction, and health problems. This paper aims to assess the climate change impact on thermal comfort in a Belgian reference case. The case study represents a nearly zero energy building that operates without active cooling during summer. The study quantifies the impact of climate change on overheating risks using three representative concentration pathway (RCP) trajectories for greenhouse gas concentration adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Building performance analysis is carried out using a multizone dynamic simulation program EnergyPlus. The results show that bioclimatic and thermal adaptation strategies, including adaptive thermal comfort models, cannot suppress the effect of global warming. By 2050, zero energy buildings will be vulnerable to overheating.

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Etier, Issa, Salem Nijmeh, Mohammed Shdiefat, and Omar Al-Obaidy. "Experimentally evaluating electrical outputs of a PV-T system in Jordan." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp421-430.

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This experimental work is looking at the properties of photovoltaic/thermal (PV-T) system, which had designed to increase the output power of the PV panel for the climate of Zarqa, Jordan. Operating temperature of the PV module has a significant impact on the performance of the PV module. However, most of the radiation energy absorbed by the PV panel is converted into heat, which is normally lost and provides no value. In order to decrease the operating temperature of the PV panel, a water cooling system with a control system had designed. Experimentally, when the PV module was operating under active water-cooling condition using the backside cooling technique, the temperature dropped significantly, which led to an increase in the electrical efficiency of solar cells by 6.86%.

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Shafagh, Ida, Simon Rees, and Fleur Loveridge. "Investigations into thermal resistance of tunnel lining heat exchangers." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020506006.

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Geothermal energy is a promising and sustainable source that can reduce current dependence on conventional fuels for thermal energy production. To exploit this source of energy thermo-active geostructures such as tunnel lining heat exchangers are being investigated theoretically as well as experimentally. These geostructures are composed of concrete panels embedded with reinforcement cages fitted with absorber pipes. Several engineering projects in China, Finland and Italy have deployed such heat exchangers in tunnels. To achieve efficient energy production, characterisation of these systems require realistic models of the substructure heat exchanger. Therefore investigations into thermal resistance of the heat exchanger is vital. The present study is concerned with quantifying the thermal resistance of tunnel lining heat exchangers where the thermal boundary surfaces are applied at surfaces representing the adjacent ground and the exposed concrete, in addition to the pipe surface. Steady state temperature distribution in a two dimensional cross section of a tunnel lining heat exchanger is investigated using the boundary collocation least squares method. Design parameters including pipe and tunnel lining specifications are used as model inputs.

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Kudabayev, Ruslan, Nursultan Mizamov, Nurlan Zhangabay, Ulanbator Suleimenov, Andrii Kostikov, Anna Vorontsova, Svetlana Buganova, Altynsary Umbitaliyev, Elmira Kalshabekovа, and Zhumadilla Aldiyarov. "Construction of a model for an enclosing structure with a heat-accumulating material with phase transition taking into account the process of solar energy accumulation." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 8 (120) (December 30, 2022): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.268618.

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This paper proposes a mathematical model and a procedure for calculating the thermal state of the enclosing structure of the building, which includes an energy-active panel that accumulates solar radiation due to the phase transition of the heat-accumulating material. The mathematical model is based on a two-dimensional non-stationary nonlinear equation of thermal conductivity, which describes the process of heat transfer in the bearing layer of the enclosing structure and the energy-active panel. The model also includes equations describing radiant heat transfer between opaque and translucent bodies. To correctly describe solar insolation, the ASHRAE 2009 model was used in conjunction with the daily change in the position of the Sun in the sky. To solve the system of equations that make up the mathematical model, an iterative procedure has been developed, which involves alternating solution at each time step of the two-dimensional equation of thermal conductivity and a set of algebraic equations of convective and radiant heat transfer. The study’s result established that the amount of accumulated energy in the heat-accumulating material of the phase transition during daylight hours increases significantly, from 15 to 35 %. At night, the surface temperature of the heat-accumulating element in structures using a material with a phase transition is greater than in the case of heat accumulation only in the bearing layer. As a result, it is possible to select from 70 to 120 % more accumulated heat while the presence of high-thermal partitions in a heat-accumulating material with a phase transition contributes to an increase in accumulated heat and usable heat

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Letz, M., T. Gotschke, F. Wagner, M. Heiss-Chouquet, L. Müller, U. Peuchert, and D. Vanderpool. "Structured glass substrates in wafer- and panel level packaging: Status and recent achievements." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2021, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 000098–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1085-8024-2021.1.000098.

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Abstract Glasses can be used as core substrate for panel- and/or wafer-level packaging to achieve heterogeneous integration of chiplets and integrated passives in increasingly complex packages. Glass has a large number of advantages: The stiffness of glass (i) allows manufacturing of highly accurate buildup layers. These buildup layers can have manufacturing precision of 1μm and below on large dies with sizes of 50mm x 50mm and more, needed for antenna in package (AiP) applications and high performance computing (HPC). Special glasses can be made with adjusted thermal expansion (CTE) (ii), either adjusted to silicon or with larger thermal expansion to allow packages with buildup layers of epoxy molds and metallization that see high thermal loads either during manufacturing or during operation. Glasses can also be optimized with very good dielectric properties (iii) and can be utilized in antenna-in-package applications. But most of all, economic glass structuring techniques (iv) which can provide millions of vias and thousands of cut-outs in a glass panel are important and are being developed. SCHOTTs Structured Glass Portfolio FLEXINITY® and related technologies provide an excellent starting point for highly sophisticated structured glass substrates required for Advanced Packaging. The biggest hurdle for a large-scale commercialization of glass panel packaging is industrial readiness along the whole process chain. This is needed, to bring glass panel packaging in applications like IC-packaging, RF-MEMS packaging and medical diagnostics or, in combination with cutouts for fan-out, embedding of active and passive components. In addition, metallization processes with good adhesion, excellent electrical properties and high geometric accuracy for glasses are an important step. In the current manuscript, we review the status and discuss our contribution towards achieving industrial readiness for glass in panel- and wafer-level packaging.

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Agyekum, Ephraim Bonah, Seepana PraveenKumar, Naseer T. Alwan, Vladimir Ivanovich Velkin, Sergey E. Shcheklein, and Salam J. Yaqoob. "Experimental Investigation of the Effect of a Combination of Active and Passive Cooling Mechanism on the Thermal Characteristics and Efficiency of Solar PV Module." Inventions 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040063.

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A photovoltaic (PV) module’s electrical efficiency depends on the operating temperature of the cell. Electrical efficiency reduces with increasing PV module temperature which is one of the drawbacks of this technology. This is due to the negative temperature coefficient of a PV module which decreases its voltage significantly while the current increases slightly. This study combines both active and passive cooling mechanisms to improve the electrical output of a PV module. A heat sink made up of aluminum fins and an ultrasonic humidifier were used to cool the panel. The ultrasonic humidifier was used to generate a humid environment at the rear side of the PV module. The cooling process in the study was able to reduce the temperature of the panel averagely by 14.61 °C. This reduction led to a 6.8% improvement in the electrical efficiency of the module. The average power of 12.23 W was recorded for the cooled panel against 10.87 W for the referenced module. In terms of water consumption, a total of 1.5 L was approximately consumed during the whole experimental process due to evaporation. In effect, the proposed cooling approach was demonstrated as effective.

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Gao, Ming Ming, Jie Hou, De Liang Zeng, Xiu Jian Lei, Jun Tang, and Ming Sheng Zhang. "New Energy Power Generation Process Output Complementary and Coordinated Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 3155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.3155.

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in view of the current high rate of abandoned wind, photovoltaic power generation costs and wind-fire bundling mode, in the active power control of the wind of low load operation of motor fluctuations in the fire team leader, the subject in the study of wind power, photovoltaic power generation, power, battery energy storage based on the load response characteristic, design the scheduler, a wind and photovoltaic power plant active power scheduling for equipment, allocation of plant-level optimal load distribution system of the thermal power plant joint scheduling, in order to improve the stability of output of new energy, reduce the energy consumption of the whole network. At the same time, the wind and photovoltaic power plant energy storage system and wind farm output coordination problem is equivalent to a mixed integer programming problem to be solved, to simultaneously determine fans and solar panels and bear the load rate; for thermal power plant load distribution optimization design of the minimum unit involved in strategy reduces the effect of variable load, variable load on set pressure and high temperature parts life. This topic to some extent to improve the wind energy and solar energy utilization, helps to reduce the carbon fuel usage, has certain theoretical and practical significance.

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Heydari Astaraee, Asghar, Antonio Salerno, Sara Bagherifard, Pierpaolo Carlone, Hetal Parmar, Antonello Astarita, Antonio Viscusi, and Chiara Colombo. "Thermographic Analysis of Composite Metallization through Cold Spray." Metals 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111860.

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Cold Spray is an innovative technology to create coatings through the impact of metallic particles on substrates. Its application to composites’ surfaces is recently attracting the attention of the scientific community thanks to the possibility to functionalize and improve their thermal and wear properties. Within this context, the generation of the first metal-to-composite layer is fundamental. This work presented an experimental investigation of a composite panel, reinforced with glass fibers and coated with aluminum particles. The coating investigation was carried out through active pulsed thermography, analyzing the thermal response of single and double hatches. The thermal outputs were compared with a standard microscopic analysis, with a critical discussion supporting the identification of factors that influence the thermal response to the pulse: (1) layer’s thickness; (2) cold spray coverage; (3) layer compactness; (4) particle-substrate adhesion; (5) particle’s oxidation; and (6) surface roughness.

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Šimko, Martin, Michal Krajčík, Ondřej Šikula, Peter Šimko, and Daniel Kalús. "Insulation panels for active control of heat transfer in walls operated as space heating or as a thermal barrier: Numerical simulations and experiments." Energy and Buildings 158 (January 2018): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.019.

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Samad, Nabeel Mohamed akram, Khaleel Ali Khudhur, and Ghanim Thiab Hasan. "Investigate and analysis the efficiency of photovoltaic system with active cooling based on numerical method." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i3.pp1249-1259.

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Abstract:

The aim of this research is to establish a simulation model to examine the performance and working efficiency of a solar cell system by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The proposed model consists of a water feed tube and an absorber plate, as well as a convection heat transfer system, the ansys fluent system simulation program was used. The electrical output of the panel and its efficiency have been investigated and the effect of changes in the intensity of solar radiation on the temperature of the liquid and the absorption plate on the performance of the system have been studied. A dynamic analysis of the thermal hybrid system was performed with a circulation pump. Calculations were performed using a detailed mathematical model. The analysis was performed in three cases, the first case when the system has no cooling, in the second case with constant flow, and in the third case when the pump was optimized. Finally, numerical results were compared with the practical reference results. Both results are in good agreement. The results obtained showed that the system with optimization case give a good improvement in efficiency with low reduction of the thermal efficiency compared to a constant flow.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermally active panels'

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