Relevant bibliographies by topics / Thermal management challenges

Academic literature on the topic 'Thermal management challenges'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Thermal management challenges"

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Baxendale, Anthony. "Design Challenges in Underbonnet Thermal Management." ATZautotechnology 4, no. 1 (January 2004): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03246807.

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Schmidt, R. R., E. E. Cruz, and M. Iyengar. "Challenges of data center thermal management." IBM Journal of Research and Development 49, no. 4.5 (July 2005): 709–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.494.0709.

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Affonso, Walter, Ricardo Gandolfi, Ricardo Jose Nunes dos Reis, Carlos Roberto Ilário da Silva, Nicolas Rodio, Timoleon Kipouros, Panagiotis Laskaridis, et al. "Thermal Management challenges for HEA – FUTPRINT 50." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1024, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1024/1/012075.

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Singh, Tanuj, Roland Nolte, Antonella Calamiello, and Cedric Rouaud. "Holistic Thermal Management for Future CO2 Challenges." ATZ worldwide 117, no. 7-8 (June 30, 2015): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-015-0042-9.

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Narasimhan, Susheela, Herman Chu, Mudasir Ahmad, and Li Li. "Thermal Challenges in 3D Stacks." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, DPC (January 1, 2012): 001354–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2012dpc-wa11.

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Thermal Management of high performance 3D SiP Modules is gaining momentum in telecommunication and networking applications. With increasing need for bandwidth and reduced real estate on boards, there is an acute need for 3D SiP modules. At the same time, the stacked modules come with a host of new challenges in terms of thermal management, packaging, thermo-mechanical stresses etc. This study looks at one such module with stacked dies for memories along with another high performance silicon all under a single lid. The study focuses on the effect of underfill materials on thermal performance, effect of through silicon vias, effect of non-uniform heat source on hot spots on the die etc. It will also focus on thermal management of a single module as well as a series of modules in a networking application. The effect of thermo-mechanical stresses will also be investigated and conclusions drawn on the effect of each of these parameters.
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Freeman, Jeffrey, Philip Osterkamp, Michael Green, Andrew Gibson, and Benjamin Schiltgen. "Challenges and opportunities for electric aircraft thermal management." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 86, no. 6 (September 30, 2014): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-04-2014-0042.

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Wang, Evelyn N. "INTRODUCTION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THERMAL MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES." Annual Review of Heat Transfer 18 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/annualrevheattransfer.2015012604.

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Nienaber, J. A., and G. L. Hahn. "Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenges." International Journal of Biometeorology 52, no. 2 (May 25, 2007): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-007-0103-x.

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Garimella, Suresh V., Lian-Tuu Yeh, and Tim Persoons. "Thermal Management Challenges in Telecommunication Systems and Data Centers." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 2, no. 8 (August 2012): 1307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2012.2185797.

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Moore, Arden L., and Li Shi. "Emerging challenges and materials for thermal management of electronics." Materials Today 17, no. 4 (May 2014): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.04.003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Thermal management challenges"

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Dalke, Phillip Allen. "Model-Based Design and Analysis of Thermal Systems for the Ohio State EcoCARMobility Challenge Vehicle." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu159545443238678.

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Books on the topic "Thermal management challenges"

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Haran, Kiruba, Nateri Madavan, and Tim C. O'Connell, eds. Electrified Aircraft Propulsion. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108297684.

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What are the benefits of electrified propulsion for large aircraft? What technology advancements are required to realize these benefits? How can the aerospace industry transition from today's technologies to state-of-the-art electrified systems? Learn the answers with this multidisciplinary text, combining expertise from leading researchers in electrified aircraft propulsion. The book includes broad coverage of electrification technologies – spanning power systems and power electronics, materials science, superconductivity and cryogenics, thermal management, battery chemistry, system design, and system optimization – and a clear-cut road map identifying remaining gaps between the current state-of-the-art and future performance technologies. Providing expert guidance on areas for future research and investment and an ideal introduction to cutting-edge advances and outstanding challenges in large electric aircraft design, this is a perfect resource for graduate students, researchers, electrical and aeronautical engineers, policymakers, and management professionals interested in next-generation commercial flight technologies.
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Armstrong, Neil, and Willem van Mechelen, eds. Oxford Textbook of Children's Sport and Exercise Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.001.0001.

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Comprehensive and up to date, this textbook on children’s sport and exercise medicine features research and practical experience of internationally recognized scientists and clinicians that informs and challenges readers. Four sections—Exercise Science, Exercise Medicine, Sport Science, and Sport Medicine—provide a critical, balanced, and thorough examination of each subject, and each chapter provides cross-references, bulleted summaries, and extensive reference lists. Exercise Science covers growth, biological maturation and development, and examines physiological responses to exercise in relation to chronological age, biological maturation, and sex. It analyses kinetic responses at exercise onset, scrutinizes responses to exercise during thermal stress, and evaluates how the sensations arising from exercise are detected and interpreted during youth. Exercise Medicine explores physical activity and fitness and critically reviews their role in young people’s health. It discusses assessment, promotion, and genetics of physical activity, and physical activity in relation to cardiovascular health, bone health, health behaviours, diabetes, asthma, congenital conditions, and physical/mental disability. Sport Science analyses youth sport, identifies challenges facing the young athlete, and discusses the physiological monitoring of the elite young athlete. It explores molecular exercise physiology and the potential role of genetics. It examines the evidence underpinning aerobic, high-intensity, resistance, speed, and agility training programmes, as well as effects of intensive or over-training during growth and maturation. Sport Medicine reviews the epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and management of injuries in physical education, contact sports, and non-contact sports. It also covers disordered eating, eating disorders, dietary supplementation, performance-enhancing drugs, and the protection of young athletes.
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Book chapters on the topic "Thermal management challenges"

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Baraya, Kamlesh Kumar. "Thermal Management Challenges in Small Satellites." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 217–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6470-1_18.

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Schönerstedt, Heike. "Challenges in thermal management for electrified vehicles." In Proceedings, 1099. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21194-3_84.

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Lasance, C. J. M. "Thermal Management of Air-Cooled Electronic Systems: New Challenges for Research." In Thermal Management of Electronic Systems, 3–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1082-2_1.

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Saulnier, J. B. "The Numerical Modelling of Heat Transfer in Electronic Systems : Challenges and Ideas of Answer." In Thermal Management of Electronic Systems II, 3–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5506-9_1.

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Rajamani, Parthiban. "Cold Phase Methane Emissions, a Challenge to Overcome in Spark Ignited Natural Gas Engines." In Handbook of Thermal Management of Engines, 313–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8570-5_10.

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Salehi, Mohammad, Florian Kriebel, Semeen Rehman, and Muhammad Shafique. "Power-Aware Fault-Tolerance for Embedded Systems." In Dependable Embedded Systems, 565–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_24.

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AbstractPower-constrained fault-tolerance has emerged as a key challenge in the deep sub-micron technology. Multi-/many-core chips can support different hardening modes considering variants of redundant multithreading (RMT). In dark silicon chips, the maximum number of cores that can simultaneously be powered-on (at the full performance level) is constrained by the thermal design power (TDP). The rest of the cores have to be power-gated (i.e., stay “dark”), or the cores have to operate at a lower performance level. It has been predicted that about 25–50% of a many-core chip can potentially be “dark.” In this chapter, a system-level power–reliability management technique is presented. The technique jointly considers multiple hardening modes at the software and hardware levels, each offering distinct power, reliability, and performance properties. Also, a framework for the system-level optimization is introduced which considers different power–reliability–performance management problems for many-core processors depending upon the target system and user constraints.
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Sundaram, Smita, and Indu Shekhar Thakur. "Isolation and Characterization of Thermo-alkalotolerant Bacillus sp. Strain ISTS2 for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration." In Management of Water, Energy and Bio-resources in the Era of Climate Change: Emerging Issues and Challenges, 315–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05969-3_24.

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Lakshmi Prasad, Thallam. "Desalination Membrane Management." In Pathways and Challenges for Efficient Desalination. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99723.

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With growing market of membrane technologies the disposal of these spent modules going to be serious issue especially for water industry. Review of status of technologies is briefly highlighted. Keeping this in mind, the various schemes/protocols can be planned and accordingly exploratory studies have been initiated using AOP based primary techniques such as hydro thermal processes. This chapter presents both the open literature and experimental studies related to spent desalination membranes.
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P., Agus, Erik Birgersson, and Arun S. "Computational Study of Thermal, Water and Gas Management in PEM Fuel Cell Stacks." In Hydrogen Energy - Challenges and Perspectives. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/49952.

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Chua, Huang Shen, and Mohammed J. K. Bashir. "Waste Management Practice in Malaysia and Future Challenges." In Handbook of Research on Resource Management for Pollution and Waste Treatment, 531–49. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0369-0.ch022.

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Malaysia current waste management systems are not able to solve the disposal rates. The reduction of waste through 3Rs programme (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is in precontemplation stage. The municipal solid waste (MSW) condition is mixed and wet. The landfill and Thermal Treatment Plant (incineration) are the current practices for the MSW disposal. Landfill created leachate while incineration released unhealthy gases. Incineration failed due to the improper management and high cost of the operation. Torrefaction is needed before it goes to the incineration to improve the high heating value (HHV). The MSW pyrolysis and gasification are able to convert into valuable products (bio-oil, biochar, combustible gases). Combustible gases can be used to feedback into the incinerator. The heat of the incinerator can be performed waste to energy (WTE), which is able to convert into electricity as a Feed-in-Tariff (FiT).
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Conference papers on the topic "Thermal management challenges"

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Nagendran, Bharath, Arun Raghupathy, and William Maltz. "Thermal management challenges in forced convection tablets." In 2015 31st Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/semi-therm.2015.7100136.

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Hang, Yin, and Hussameddine Kabban. "Thermal management in mobile devices: challenges and solutions." In 2015 31st Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/semi-therm.2015.7100138.

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Yazawa, Kazuaki. "Challenges in Energy Efficient Thermal Management." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42177.

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For a surveillance of energy efficient thermal management, an extended review of literatures has been done. Covered cooling technologies are intended for or supposed to relate to energy efficient design. Individual technologies are categorized with the discussion of advantage/disadvantages. In addition, the impact such as volume and mass of total system design is discussed. A universal criterion of metric to measure the effectiveness of optimization for minimum energy input is proposed. Extensive review of the supposed relevant technologies gives the idea that each model could be used for energy efficient thermal design. On the other hand, it has been found that the lack of system level modeling as well as the considerations of transient phenomena is not enough. Since these are essential, it should be the challenge toward the future of environmental friendly thermal designs.
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Ali, Andre. "Thermal challenges and industry trends of consumer electronic devices." In 2018 34th Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/semi-therm.2018.8357336.

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Lloyd-Thomas, D. G., R. Ashworth, and J. Qlao. "Meeting Heat Flow Challenges in Automotive Catalyst Design with CFD." In Vehicle Thermal Management Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/931079.

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Nelson, Cameron, and Jesse Galloway. "Package thermal challenges due to changing mobile system form factors." In 2018 34th Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/semi-therm.2018.8357359.

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Dixit, Himanshu. "Implementing Low-GWP Technologies in MVAC Systems: Challenges and Regulatory Approaches." In Thermal Management Systems Conference 2021. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-28-0143.

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Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Sambhaji Jaybhay, Balkrishna Gavhane, and Sangeet Kapoor. "Challenges during Deployment of Cabin Air Quality Enhancers in Current Mobility Solutions." In Thermal Management Systems Conference 2020. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0016.

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Cermak, Martin, Majid Bahrami, and John Kenna. "Natural graphite sheet heat sinks: A review of the material properties, benefits, and challenges." In 2018 34th Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/semi-therm.2018.8357353.

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Mohammed, Rahima, and Ashok Kabadi. "Thermo-mechanical design challenges in silicon validation platforms." In 2010 IEEE/CPMT 26th Semiconductor Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stherm.2010.5444280.

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Reports on the topic "Thermal management challenges"

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Avis, William. Drivers, Barriers and Opportunities of E-waste Management in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.016.

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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices and consumer appetite for better products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on e-waste management in Africa. This report provides an overview of constitutes e-waste, the environmental and health impacts of e-waste, of the barriers to effective e-waste management, the opportunities associated with effective e-waste management and of the limited literature available that estimate future volumes of e-waste. Africa generated a total of 2.9 million Mt of e-waste, or 2.5 kg per capita, the lowest regional rate in the world. Africa’s e-waste is the product of Local and imported Sources of Used Electronic and Electrical Equipment (UEEE). Challenges in e-waste management in Africa are exacerbated by a lack of awareness, environmental legislation and limited financial resources. Proper disposal of e-waste requires training and investment in recycling and management technology as improper processing can have severe environmental and health effects. In Africa, thirteen countries have been identified as having a national e-waste legislation/policy.. The main barriers to effective e-waste management include: Insufficient legislative frameworks and government agencies’ lack of capacity to enforce regulations, Infrastructure, Operating standards and transparency, illegal imports, Security, Data gaps, Trust, Informality and Costs. Aspirations associated with energy transition and net zero are laudable, products associated with these goals can become major contributors to the e-waste challenge. The necessary wind turbines, solar panels, electric car batteries, and other "green" technologies require vast amounts of resources. Further to this, at the end of their lifetime, they can pose environmental hazards. An example of e-waste associated with energy transitions can be gleaned from the solar power sector. Different types of solar power cells need to undergo different treatments (mechanical, thermal, chemical) depending on type to recover the valuable metals contained. Similar issues apply to waste associated with other energy transition technologies. Although e-waste contains toxic and hazardous metals such as barium and mercury among others, it also contains non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium and precious metals such as gold and copper, which if recycled could have a value exceeding 55 billion euros. There thus exists an opportunity to convert existing e-waste challenges into an economic opportunity.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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Halevy, Orna, Sandra Velleman, and Shlomo Yahav. Early post-hatch thermal stress effects on broiler muscle development and performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597933.bard.

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In broilers, the immediate post-hatch handling period exposes chicks to cold or hot thermal stress, with potentially harmful consequences to product quantity and quality that could threaten poultry meat marketability as a healthy, low-fat food. This lower performance includes adverse effects on muscle growth and damage to muscle structure (e.g., less protein and more fat deposition). A leading candidate for mediating the effects of thermal stress on muscle growth and development is a unique group of skeletal muscle cells known as adult myoblasts (satellite cells). Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that can be stimulated to follow other developmental pathways, especially adipogenesis in lieu of muscle formation. They are most active during the first week of age in broilers and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental conditions and nutritional status. The hypothesis of the present study was that immediate post-hatch thermal stress would harm broiler growth and performance. In particular, growth characteristics and gene expression of muscle progenitor cells (i.e., satellite cells) will be affected, leading to increased fat deposition, resulting in long-term changes in muscle structure and a reduction in meat yield. The in vitro studies on cultured satellite cells derived from different muscle, have demonstrated that, anaerobic pectoralis major satellite cells are more predisposed to adipogenic conversion and more sensitive during myogenic proliferation and differentiation than aerobic biceps femoris cells when challenged to both hot and cold thermal stress. These results corroborated the in vivo studies, establishing that chronic heat exposure of broiler chicks at their first two week of life leads to impaired myogenicity of the satellite cells, and increased fat deposition in the muscle. Moreover, chronic exposure of chicks to inaccurate temperature, in particular to heat vs. cold, during their early posthatch periods has long-term effects of BW, absolute muscle growth and muscle morphology and meat quality. The latter is manifested by higher lipid and collagen deposition and may lead to the white striping occurrence. The results of this study emphasize the high sensitivity of muscle progenitor cells in the early posthatch period at a time when they are highly active and therefore the importance of rearing broiler chicks under accurate ambient temperatures. From an agricultural point of view, this research clearly demonstrates the immediate and long-term adverse effects on broiler muscling and fat formation due to chronic exposure to hot stress vs. cold temperatures at early age posthatch. These findings will aid in developing management strategies to improve broiler performance in Israel and the USA. BARD Report - Project4592 Page 2 of 29
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Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0740.

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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping car manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are evaluated: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in detail and then implemented on the HEV model to derive the fuel-optimal control strategy managing the power split between the thermal and electric engine to satisfy the driver's power request, including the engine on/off operating mode and the best gear selection. Finally, the two proposed strategies are tested on different driving cycles and then compared to other commercial strategies available in literature, such as the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and a RuleBased (RB) strategy. The results show that the A-ECMS is more conservative in terms of state of charge (SoC) compared to the A-RB. In fact, in the A-ECMS the SoC is always within the admissible range with considerable margin from the upper and lower limits for tested cycles, while in the A-RB a deep discharge of the battery is allowed. This behavior leads to a better fuel consumption of the A-RB compared to the A-ECMS, both in the WLTC and in the FTP-75 cycle.
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