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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermal inclusions'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Zou, W. N., Q. C. He, and Q. S. Zheng. "Thermal inclusions inside a bounded medium." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2157 (September 8, 2013): 20130221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0221.

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In the context of thermal conduction taken as a prototype of numerous transport phenomena, a general method is elaborated to study Eshelby's problem of inclusions inside a bounded homogeneous anisotropic medium. This method consists in: (i) recasting by a linear transformation the initial problem into Eshelby's problem of the transformed inclusion inside the transformed finite isotropic medium and (ii) decomposing Eshelby's problem of a thermal inclusion embedded in a finite isotropic medium into the sub-problem of the same inclusion inside the associated infinite medium and the sub-problem of the finite ambient isotropic medium including no inclusion but undergoing appropriate compensating boundary conditions. The general method is applied in the two-dimensional situation and the corresponding temperature field and Eshelby's conduction tensor are explicitly expressed in terms of some curvilinear complex integrals for the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Thus, the difficulties owing to the unavailability or non-existence of Green's function are overcome. The general results in the two-dimensional case are finally specified and illustrated by considering a finite circular medium with circular or polygonal inclusions.

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2

Huang, Cai Hua, Xiao Hua Sun, Yi Hua Sun, and Jun Zou. "Thermal Effects Induced by Absorbing Inclusions in Laser Optical Films." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1427.

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The thermal transportation caused by absorbing inclusions in optical films under the radiation of laser pulse is unsteady heat conduction. The temperature distribution in films is ununiform and time-dependent. Considering the small size of inclusions, the absorbing inclusions were treaded as dot-heat sources. Based on this assumption, the unsteady heat conduction model was brought out and the temperature distribution in films was figured out and discussed, the mechanism that the catastrophic damage may avoid with micro-damage or micro-deformation in films through the release of stress concentration is presented. By comparing the thermal effects caused respectively by single inclusion and assembling ones, the effect of inclusion size on thermal damage in films was discussed.

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3

Siddiqui, MU, and Abul Fazal M. Arif. "Estimation and optimisation of effective thermal conductivity for polymer matrix composites with hybrid inclusions." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 16 (November 15, 2017): 2139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317741953.

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Composites with hybrid inclusions have shown remarkable thermal conductivity enhancement over composites with a single type of inclusion. However, to achieve maximum thermal conductivity enhancement, the optimum ratio of inclusions in the hybrid mix needs to be determined. In this communication, an effective medium theory based model for the estimation of effective thermal conductivity of composites with hybrid inclusions is presented. The proposed model accurately captures the synergic effect of hybrid inclusions within the composite and can be used to optimise the filler ratio in the hybrid mix. The model has been validated against several published experimental results and is found to be in good agreement with them. Parametric studies have also been carried out to study the effect of material and model parameters on the optimum ratio of hybrid inclusions.

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4

Mura, Toshio. "Inclusion Problems." Applied Mechanics Reviews 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3151875.

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The present review on inclusion problems emphasizes papers published after 1982. Materials associated with inclusions are composite materials, precipitated or transformed alloys, porous media, and polycrystals. The inclusion problems deal with the following subjects of these materials: (1) average elastic moduli and average thermal properties; (2) nonelastic constitutive equations; (3) behavior of inclusions including nucleation, growth, and collapse of voids; (4) cracks and inclusions including the transformation toughening, crack growth through composites and stress intensity factors; (5) sliding and debonding inclusions; and (6) dynamic effects of inclusions.

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5

George, S. C., T. E. Ruble, and A. Dutkiewicz. "THE USE AND ABUSE OF FLUORESCENCE COLOURS AS MATURITY INDICATORS OF OIL IN INCLUSIONS FROM AUSTRALASIAN PETROLEUM SYSTEMS." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00025.

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It is well established that the fluorescence colours of crude oils shift towards the blue end of the spectrum with increased API gravity and implied thermal maturity. Oil inclusions also fluoresce, and it would be useful to correlate these fluorescence colours likewise to thermal maturity, because oil inclusions often contain the only direct evidence of residual oils once present in a reservoir. In order to validate this concept, the geochemical and petrographic properties of fluid inclusion oils in 36 sandstone samples from Australasian oil fields have been compared. A maturity assessment was made for each fluid inclusion oil using 25 molecular maturity ratios. Each fluid inclusion oil was placed in one of four maturity brackets, approximately equivalent to early, mid, peak and post oil generation windows.Samples containing mainly blue-fluorescing oil inclusions have thermal maturities throughout the oil window, including relatively low maturities (Rc

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6

Lee, Sanboh, P. K. Liaw, C. T. Liu, and Y. T. Chou. "Thermal stresses due to spheroidal inclusions." Materials Chemistry and Physics 61, no. 3 (November 1999): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-0584(99)00118-2.

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7

Huang, Cai Hua, Xiao Hua Sun, and Yi Hua Sun. "The Temperature Field Caused by Sphere Inclusion in Dielectric Irradiated by Single Pulse Laser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.448.

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The thermal effect arisen from absorbing inclusions is the main factor which causes the damage of optical materials or component irradiated by the longer pulse duration laser. The unsteady heat conduction depends markedly on both the thermal properties of inclusions and the parameters of laser. Based on the differential equation of heat conduction, the temperature distribution caused by single absorbing inclusion is solved by use of finite difference method. The effect of the laser intensity and the pulse duration on temperature field is analyzed in detail. The result demonstrates that the smaller size inclusion and the smaller pulse duration cause relative safe thermal effect, consequently, the less probability to be damaged by thermal effect.

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8

Prokofjev, S. I., Erik Johnson, V. M. Zhilin, and U. Dahmen. "Influence of Elasticity of Dislocations on Thermal Motion of Trapped Liquid Pb Inclusions in Al." Advances in Science and Technology 46 (October 2006): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.46.98.

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Thermal motion of nanoscale liquid Pb inclusions attached to fixed dislocations in thin Al foils is investigated using in-situ TEM. In contrast with 3D random motion of free inclusions, the attached inclusions demonstrate oscillations in the close proximity of the dislocations. This is due to the elasticity of the dislocations. It is found that inclusions captured by one dislocation repulse at small separations, and attract at large ones and this is also caused by the dislocation elasticity. Such behaviour of trapped inclusions can be considered as a motion in a potential well or in coupled potential wells in the case of motion of several trapped inclusions on one dislocation. The potential of interaction of an inclusion with a dislocation and the potential of mutual interaction between inclusions are determined.

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9

Shu, Yong, Shuxun Sang, Yuxiang Lin, and Huiming Zheng. "Natural Gas Accumulation Characteristics in the Linxing Area, Ordos Basin, NW China: Revealed from the Integrated Study of Fluid Inclusions and Basin Modeling." Geofluids 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8695497.

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The Linxing area is located in the north of the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, which has great resource potential for tight gas. In this paper, fluid inclusion analysis and basin modeling are the main means to clarify the gas accumulation mechanism of the Upper Paleozoic in the Linxing area. Petrographic analysis shows that fluid inclusions can be classified into 5 types: aqueous inclusions, hydrocarbon-bearing aqueous inclusions, hydrocarbon inclusions, crystal-bearing aqueous inclusions, and aqueous-carbonic inclusions. According to the statistical analysis of homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions, combined with the burial-thermal evolution, the study area was divided into 3 areas: the inner-magma baking area, the middle-anomal thermal area, and the outer-normal thermal area. The gas accumulation characteristics are differences among the 3 areas, the closer to Zijinshan magmatic pluton, the earlier gas accumulation period; and the vertical gas accumulation in the inner-magma baking area and the middle-anomal thermal area was not a slow and gradual process from bottom to top. The period from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous is the key period for rapid pressure accumulation in the Upper Paleozoic reservoirs, which is consistent with the period of natural gas accumulation. The area near the Zijinshan magmatic pluton was the high fluid potential area during the gas accumulation period, which indicates that natural gas and other fluids migrated from Zijinshan magmatic pluton to the surrounding area. It is concluded that in the Linxing area, the Zijinshan magmatic pluton had a significant impact on natural gas accumulation, and the natural gas accumulation model under the control of magmatic thermal-tectonic effect was proposed.

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10

Bolaños, Silvia Jiménez, and Bogdan Vernescu. "Nonlinear neutral inclusions: assemblages of coated ellipsoids." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 4 (April 2015): 140394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140394.

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The problem of determining nonlinear neutral inclusions in (electrical or thermal) conductivity is considered. Neutral inclusions, inserted in a matrix containing a uniform applied electric field, do not disturb the field outside the inclusions. The well-known Hashin-coated sphere construction is an example of a neutral inclusion. In this paper, we consider the problem of constructing neutral inclusions from nonlinear materials. In particular, we discuss assemblages of coated ellipsoids. The proposed construction is neutral for a given applied field.

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11

Zou, W. N., Q. S. Zheng, and Q. C. He. "Solutions to Eshelby’s problems of non-elliptical thermal inclusions and cylindrical elastic inclusions of non-elliptical cross section." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2127 (August 4, 2010): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0271.

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Eshelby’s inclusion problem is solved for non-elliptical inclusions in the context of two-dimensional thermal conduction and for cylindrical inclusions of non-elliptical cross section within the framework of generalized plane elasticity. First, we consider a two-dimensional infinite isotropic or anisotropic homogeneous medium with a non-elliptical inclusion subjected to a prescribed uniform heat flux-free temperature gradient. Eshelby’s conduction tensor field and its area average are first expressed compactly in terms of two boundary integrals avoiding the usual singularity and then specified analytically for arbitrary polygonal inclusions and for inclusions characterized by the finite Laurent series. Next, we are interested in a three-dimensional infinite isotropic or transversely isotropic homogeneous medium with a cylindrical inclusion of a non-elliptical cross section that undergoes uniform generalized plane eigenstrains. The solution to this problem is obtained by decomposing a generalized plane eigenstrain tensor into a plane strain part and an anti-plane strain part, exploiting the mathematical similarity between two-dimensional thermal conduction and anti-plane elasticity, and combining the relevant results of Zou et al. (Zou et al. 2010 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 58 , 346–372. ( doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2009.11.008 )) with those derived in the present work for Eshelby’s conduction tensor field and its area average.

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12

Zhang, Mei, Peng Cheng Zhai, and Qing Jie Zhang. "Effective Thermal Conductivity of Functionally Graded Composite with Arbitrary Geometry of Particulate." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1522.

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In this paper, a new micromechanical method, the Weighted Residual Self-consistent Scheme (WRSCS), is developed for the prediction of the effective thermal conductivity of particulate composites with arbitrary configurations. The method is based on the concept of the traditional Self-consistent Scheme (SCS). For some special configurations of inclusions, such as spherical or ellipsoidal, the effective conductivity of the composite can be solved without much difficulty using SCS. But for the composite with inclusion of arbitrary geometry, such as polygon or other irregular configurations, it is difficult to get an analytic solution. In the WRSCS, the arbitrary inclusion configuration is modeled by applying collocation points at interface. Based on SCS micromechanical model, the local fields inside the inclusion can be evaluated by using the solution of a single inclusion in an infinite matrix and inclusion interaction is taken into account through the yet unknown average equivalent medium. The solution for calculating the potential field inside the inclusion is obtained by means of Weighted Residual Method (WRM). Using the WRSCS, the effective thermal conductivities for composites with different inclusion’s geometry are calculated. For the case of spherical inclusion, the results from the WRSCS show good agreements with the one from traditional SCS [7, 8]. Examining results corresponding to different inclusion’s geometry, it shows that the effective thermal conductivity depends not only on the volume fractions and the properties of components, but also on the inclusion’s configuration.

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13

Decarlis, A., M. Jaeger, and R. Martin. "Determination of the Effective Thermal Conductivity Tensor of Heterogeneous Media Using a Self-Consistent Finite Element Method: Application to the Pseudo-percolation Thresholds of Mixtures Containing Nonspherical Inclusions." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 1 (September 9, 1999): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.521451.

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This paper concerns the determination of the effective thermal conductivity of heterogeneous media with randomly dispersed inclusions. Inclusions of arbitrary shape can be considered since the self-consistent problem is solved numerically with the finite element method. Results for many different cases of heterogeneous media with axially symmetrical inclusions are presented. Moreover, the influence of the inclusion’s shape on the pseudo-percolation threshold is investigated. [S0022-1481(00)00801-X]

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14

Kammerling, Robert C., and John I. Koivula. "Thermal Alteration of Inclusions in "Rutilated" Topaz." Gems & Gemology 25, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5741/gems.25.3.165.

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15

Artemieva, I. M., and E. M. Chesnokov. "Thermal characteristics of anisotropic media with inclusions." Geophysical Journal International 107, no. 3 (December 1991): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb01415.x.

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16

Lloyd, J. C., and W. J. Clegg. "Effect of Fibre Anisotropy on Composite Thermal Conductivity." Advanced Materials Research 59 (December 2008): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.59.148.

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This paper examines the effect of anisotropy on the effective composite thermal conductivity, Kc, of metal matrix composites containing carbon-based inclusions. Added effects of thermal interface conductance, hbd, and size have also been considered. It has been found that at high hbd values, the effective thermal conductivity of the composite is limited by inclusion anisotropy. At lower hbd values and smaller inclusion sizes, this effect is greatly diminished due to the more dominant effect of limited heat flow across the interface.

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17

Bai, Guang Zhao, Wan Jiang, G. Wang, Li Dong Chen, and X. Shi. "Effective Thermal Conductivity of MoSi₂/SiC Composites." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.551.

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Thermal conductivity of as-prepared MoSi2/SiC composites has been determined by Laser Flash method. Interfacial thermal conductance for composites with 100nm SiC and with 0.5µm has been determined by using effective medium theory. The results of interfacial thermal conductance exhibit that both the inclusion size and the clustering of the inclusions play an important role in determining composite thermal conductivity.

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18

Oberg, M. B. A. M., C. T. M. Anflor, and J. N. V. Goulart. "USING BEM TO PREDICT THE EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 09. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v14i1.62107.

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This work presents a study on the effective thermal conductivity in material with heterogeneous composition in two dimensions. The Boundary Elements Method (BEM) is used to solve the steady state potential equations. The sub regions technique was implemented in order to take into account the effects of these inclusions inside the domain. In the numerical implementation, the inclusions are randomly generated in a Representative Volume Element (RVE) domain. The Average Field Theory is used to predict the effective properties (macroscopic) of the material with heterogeneous composition. The material is characterized by a specified volume fraction as well as the inclusion’s size. The samples are composed of square domains with defined number of randomly distributed inclusions and submitted to a condition of unidirectional heat conduction. Each set of samples is analyzed several times in order to guarantee statistical stability of the result.

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19

Lee, Y. M., A. Haji-Sheikh, L. S. Fletcher, and G. P. Peterson. "Effective Thermal Conductivity in Multidimensional Bodies." Journal of Heat Transfer 116, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910853.

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The effective thermal conductivity in three-dimensional bodies is studied analytically. The three-dimensional model considers a spherical inclusion centrally located in a cubical body. Later, the spherical inclusion is replaced by an elliptical inclusion to study the biased effect or directionality of heat flux. Two different aspect ratios for the elliptical inclusion are considered. It is shown that the effective thermal conductivity is influenced by surface conductance in addition to geometric factors. Also, the effective thermal conductivity is measured for different samples. Spherical inclusions are placed inside cylindrical bodies for convenience of the experiments. The data show that cracks induced by applied pressure and thermal stress during the experiment reduce the thermal conductance. Using the measured effective thermal conductivity data, an analytical procedure is used to calculate the average values of the apparent contact conductance.

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20

Mura, T., H. M. Shodja, and Y. Hirose. "Inclusion Problems." Applied Mechanics Reviews 49, no. 10S (October 1, 1996): S118—S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3101963.

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The present review on inclusion problems emphasizes papers primarily published after 1982. Materials associated with inclusions are composite materials, precipitated or transformed alloys, porous media, and polycrystals. The inclusion problems deal with the following subjects of these materials: (1) stress fields caused by non-elastic strains (eigenstrains) and; (2) stress disturbances due to heterogeneity and inhomogeneities of materials under applied stresses; (3) average elastic moduli and average thermal properties; (4) nonelastic constitutive equations; (5) behavior of inclusions including nucleation, growth, and collapse of voids; (6) cracks and inclusions including the transformation toughening, crack growth through composites and stress intensity factors; (7) sliding and debonding inclusions; and (8) dynamic effects of inclusions. The present review is an update to the review paper, which appeared in Applied Mechanics Reviews, Volume 41 (1988), and includes opinions of some of the experts who made significant contributions to the field of inclusion problems. It is our hope that we cited all the important papers relevant to the subject of inclusion problems. The first author would welcome anyone’s comments and any references which were not included in this review.

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21

Sousa, Antonio C. M., and Fangming Jiang. "SPH as an Inverse Numerical Tool for the Prediction of Diffusive Properties in Porous Media." Materials Science Forum 553 (August 2007): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.553.171.

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Heat and mass transfer and fluid flow in porous media are usually characterized by, or associated with, the effective thermal conductivity, the effective mass diffusivity and the permeability, respectively. All these macroscopic quantities are conceptually established on a phenomenological “equivalence” basis. They may contain the influence of porous micro-structures upon the corresponding diffusive process; however, the detailed nature inside the porous medium is lumped and neglected. Pore scale numerical modelling has the potential of providing adequate meso-/micro- scale insight into the transport process in porous medium, as well as obtaining macroscopic properties, which can encompass the complex pore-structure details. Modelling heat/mass transfer and fluid flow in complicated porous micro-structures presents a major challenge to numerical methods due to their multiscale and multiphysics nature. A relatively-novel numerical technique - the meshless Lagrangian-based Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is thought to be capable of making a significant contribution to this research field. This work deals primarily with the SPH modelling of heat conduction and fluid flow in 2-D isotropic porous media. The porous matrix is formed by randomly including a different component into a base component. Various pore-structures are realized by changing the inclusion shape/size, or the relative arrangement condition between inclusions. Pore-scale heat transfer and fluid flow streams are visualized, and both heat transfer and fluid flow always follow, as expected, the paths of least resistance through the porous structures. In what concerns the effective thermal conductivity, for the porous media with the base component of larger bulk thermal conductivity, the “flexible” EMT model, which can accommodate, to some extent, the influence from the porous micro-structures on the effective thermal conductivity by adjusting the so-called flexible factor ff, gives effective thermal conductivities agreeable to the SPH predictions across the whole composition range if ff is taken to be ~ 4.5; the effective thermal conductivity shows a weak dependence on the inclusion shape/size and the relative arrangement condition between inclusions; however, for porous media with dispersed inclusions, which component has larger bulk thermal conductivity presents a strong effect upon the effective thermal conductivity. The SPH fluid flow simulation results confirm the macroscopic Darcy’s law to be valid only in the creeping flow regime; the dimensionless permeability (normalized by the squared characteristic dimension of the inclusions) is found to have an exponential dependence on the porosity within the intermediate porosity range, and the derived dimensionless permeability /""porosity relation is found to have only a minor dependence on either the relative arrangement condition between inclusions or the inclusion shape/area.

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22

Kropivnyi, Volodymyr, Mykola Bosyi, Olexandr Kuzyk, and Alena Kropivna. "Specific Distribution of Thermal Effects of Graphite Forming Reactions in High-strength Cast Iron." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 3(34) (October 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).48-53.

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The dependence of thermal effects of reactions in the formation of inclusions of vermicular and globular graphite is substantiated in the article. The calculation of thermal effects according to the heat of formation of reagents in cast iron and their dependence on the temperature factor is given. The distribution of temperatures and carbon content in the eutectic shell is shown, increasing the compact inclusion of graphite due to diffusing carbon from the melt through the austenitic shell.

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23

Lu, Shih-Yuan, and Sangtae Kim. "Effective thermal conductivity of composites containing spheroidal inclusions." AIChE Journal 36, no. 6 (June 1990): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360614.

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24

Sangani, A. S., and C. Yao. "Bulk thermal conductivity of composites with spherical inclusions." Journal of Applied Physics 63, no. 5 (March 1988): 1334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339960.

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25

Ammari, Habib, Ekaterina Iakovleva, Hyeonbae Kang, and Kyoungsun Kim. "Direct Algorithms for Thermal Imaging of Small Inclusions." Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 4, no. 4 (January 2005): 1116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/040620266.

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26

Balagurov, B. Ya, and G. A. Vinogradov. "Thermal conduction of composites with needle-shaped inclusions." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 37, no. 10 (October 2006): 1805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.08.019.

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27

Pasternak, Elena, Igor Shufrin, and Arcady V. Dyskin. "Thermal stresses in hybrid materials with auxetic inclusions." Composite Structures 138 (March 2016): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.11.032.

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28

Gavrysh, V. I. "Thermal state modeling in thermosensitive elements of microelectronic devices with reach-through foreign inclusions." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 3 (September 25, 2012): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo15.03.247.

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29

Grishina, Svetlana, Jean Dubessy, Alexis Kontorovich, and Jacques Pironon. "Inclusions in salt beds resulting from thermal metamorphism by dolerite sills (eastern Siberia, Russia)." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 5 (October 14, 1992): 1187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/5/1187.

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30

Shu, Wei, Xue Min Wang, Cheng Jia Shang, and Xin Lai He. "The Influence of Oxide Inclusion on Austenite Grain Size and Heat Affected Zone Toughness for Low Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.617.

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The low carbon steels were smelted with special oxide introduction technique and the HAZ properties has been studied with thermal simulation. The optical microscope, SEM and TEM were used to analyze the composition, size and distribution of the inclusions, and the mechanical properties after thermal simulation were also investigated. The influence of oxide inclusions on the austenite grain size was also studied. The results show that after the smelting the inclusion is complex, in the core is Ti oxides about 1-3 micron and around it is MnS. When the reheat temperature is below 1000, the size of austenite grain is the same for experimental steel and base steel. However, when the reheat temperature is over than 1100, the size of austenite grains in experimental steel is one third of that in base steels. After thermal simulation, with thet8/5increasing the toughness of HAZ decreased. The austnite grain size also increased. The microstructure is composed of intergranular ferrite and intragranular acicular ferrite. Therefore by introducing the fine oxide inclusion to the steel the austenite grain was refined and during the phase transformation the acicular ferrite formed at inclusions at first. These two factors are the main causes to improve the toughness of heat affected zone for steels produced by oxide metallurgy technique.

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31

Yang, Zhi Gang, Chi Zhang, and T. Pan. "The Mechanism of Intragranular Ferrite Nucleation on Inclusion in Steel." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.113.

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The intragranular ferrite, which renders fabrication of fine-microstructure and improves toughness of welds in ultra-fine grain steels, is often observed to nucleation on non-metallic inclusion. The mechanism of this nucleation is related to the interfacial energy between austenite, ferrite with inclusions, the solute depletion zone around the inclusions and the strain energy due to different thermal coefficients between matrix and inclusions, et al. The interfacial energy of iron with nitrides and carbides is crucial to promote the ferrite nucleation on such as VN. On the other hand, the composition change in local austenite is probably the control reason for ferrite on MnS and Ti2O3. The thermal strain energy is calculated to be far less than the driving force for phase transformation and not effective to promote ferrite nucleation unless at very small undercoolings.

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32

Yang, Chengwei, Min Jiang, Xinhua Wang, and Tie Ou. "Study of the Ti-Mn-Al-Si-O-S Complex Inclusions Inducing Intragranular Acicular Ferrite." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.620.

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High temperature confocal laser microscope, FE-SEM-EDS and EPMA were utilized to study the Ti-Mn-Al-Si-O-S complex inclusion inducing IAF in Ti deoxidized steel. FactStage was also used to calculate the thermodynamics of inclusion formation. It was demonstrated that when the cooling rate is fixed to 5°C/s, IAF can be induced by complex inclusions which act as the core of IAF at 609°C. Microstructure of the complex inclusions is complicated. These inclusions are consisted of the TiOx-MnO core which is surrounded by MnO-Al2O3-SiO2 complex inclusions and small amount of MnS. The reason that Ti-Mn-Al-Si-O-S complex inclusions can induce IAF is that a Mn-depleted zone is formed by the core TiOx-MnO and the MnS around it. Meanwhile, the difference between MnO-Al2O3-SiO2 and austenite thermal expansion coefficients is tremendous is another principle element for the IAF formation.

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33

Bai, Xueyu, Qingbing Dong, Han Zheng, and Kun Zhou. "Modelling of Non-Newtonian Starved Thermal-elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Heterogeneous Materials in Impact Motion." Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 34, no. 6 (November 23, 2021): 954–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10338-021-00284-2.

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AbstractThis study presents a numerical model for the thermal-elastohydrodynamic lubrication of heterogeneous materials in impact motion, in which a rigid ball bounces on a starved non-Newtonian oil-covered plane surface of an elastic semi-infinite heterogeneous solid with inhomogeneous inclusions. The impact–rebound process and the microscopic response of the subsurface inhomogeneous inclusions are investigated. The inclusions are homogenized according to Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method. The Elrod algorithm is adopted to determine the lubrication starvation based on the solutions of pressure and film thickness, while the lubricant velocity and shear rate of the non-Newtonian lubricant are derived by using the separation flow method. The dynamic response of the cases subjected to constant impact mass, momentum, and energy is discussed to reveal the influence of the initial drop height on the impact–rebound process. The results imply that the inclusion disturbs the subsurface stress field and affects the dynamic response of the contact system when the surface pressure is high. The impact energy is the decisive factor for the stress peak, maximum hydrodynamic force, and restitution coefficient, while the dynamic response during the early approaching process is controlled by the drop height.

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Xiao, Xuewei, Honghan Chen, Chunquan Li, Xiuyan Liu, Zecheng Wang, and Hua Jiang. "Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Oil Charge and Cracking in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Dolomite Reservoirs of the Central Sichuan Basin, China." Geofluids 2022 (April 15, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3019100.

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The Cambrian Longwangmiao gas reservoirs in the Moxi area of the Sichuan Basin have a complex associated gas accumulation history. Based on core and thin section examination, fluid inclusion analyses and 1-D burial-thermal modelling, the diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation processes in the Longwangmiao Formation have been reconstructed. Various diagenetic events were identified, making up a complete pore fill sequence as follows: solid bitumen/dolomite→ nonfluorescent solid bitumen → dolomite → quartz/yellow fluorescent oily bitumen → residual hole. Analyses of oil inclusions and bitumen-bearing inclusions are key to the understanding of the hydrocarbon accumulation processes. The Th values of the aqueous inclusions that are contemporaneous with hydrocarbon inclusions range from 74.3 to 214.3°C. In conjunction with burial-thermal history modelling results, the results indicate that there were two stages of oil charge and three stages of natural gas accumulation in the Longwangmiao carbonate reservoirs. The two stages of oil charge occurred in the Late Silurian and Middle Triassic, respectively. Three gas accumulation events occurred in the Middle to Late Triassic, Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, and Late Cretaceous, respectively.

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Chen, Tung Yang. "Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composites Reinforced with Curvilinearly Anisotropic Inclusions with Kapitza Contact Resistance." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.775.

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Effective thermal conductivities of composites consisting of curvilinearly anisotropic inclusions with Kapitza thermal contact resistance between the constituents are considered. We show that the effect of these curvilinearly anisotropic inclusions can be exactly simulated by certain equivalent isotropic or transversely isotropic inclusions. Three different micromechanical models are employed to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of the composite. Interestingly, all these methods result in the same simple, closed-form expression.

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Xia, Xian Xi, Bao Yin Zhu, Guo Dong Zhang, and Jin Hua Shi. "Tracking Supervision of Service Performance and Life Assessment of Defective 15Cr1Mo1V Steel Pipeline." Key Engineering Materials 795 (March 2019): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.318.

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A large number of inclusion defects were found during the metal supervision process of 15Cr1Mo1V steel main steam pipeline of the Russian-made thermal power unit. In this paper, the tracking supervision research of 15Cr1Mo1V steel pipe elbow with inclusion defects is carried out. The variation law of strength, toughness, metallographic structure and creep rupture strength with inclusion defects at different operating time is studied. Type and composition of inclusions are analysed and creep fatigue crack evaluation of the most serious inclusion defects discovered is performed. The results show that with the increase of service time, the room temperature and high temperature strength of the material gradually decreased, the impact toughness deteriorated, the ductile-brittle transition temperature increased and greater than room temperature, the metallurgical organization aging grade rose from 3 to 4, creep rupture strength decreased, creep aging was increasingly serious, and creep residual life reduced. The main inclusions are plastic MnS、SiO2 and severe inclusion levels up to 3. Longitudinal inclusions are mostly long-chain features, and the ends are sharp but no sharp cracks are found at the sharp ends; the transverse inclusions are granular. Creep fatigue crack evaluation show that there was no obvious growth of material inclusion defects with the increase of service time, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision and inspection of brittle inclusions in the follow-up operation.

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Ru, C. Q. "Stress Analysis of Thermal Inclusions With Interior Voids and Cracks." Journal of Electronic Packaging 122, no. 3 (August 30, 1999): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286020.

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Thermal mismatch induced residual stresses are identified as one of the major causes of voiding and failure of some critical components in electronic packaging, such as passivated interconnect lines and isolation trenches. In this paper, a general method is presented for thermal stress analysis of an embedded structural element in the presence of internal or nearby voids and cracks. Here, the elastic mismatch between dissimilar materials is ignored. Hence, the embedded structural element is modeled as a thermal inclusion of arbitrary shape surrounded by an infinite elastic medium of the same elastic constants. Thermal stresses are caused by thermal mismatch between the inclusion and the surrounding material due to a uniform change in temperature. With the present method, the problem is reduced to one of an infinite homogeneous medium containing the same voids and cracks, subjected to a set of remote stresses determined by the geometrical shape of the thermal inclusion. In particular, the remote stresses are uniform when the thermal inclusion is an ellipse. The method gives an elementary expression for the internal stress field of a thermal inclusion with a single interior void or crack. Several examples of practical interest are used to illustrate the method. The results show that an internal void or crack can significantly change stress distribution within the inclusion and gives rise to stress concentration around the void or crack. [S1043-7398(00)00303-0]

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Yu, Zhe, and Chengjun Liu. "Modification Mechanism of Spinel Inclusions in Medium Manganese Steel with Rare Earth Treatment." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070804.

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In aluminum deoxidized medium manganese steel, spinel inclusions are easily to form during refining, and such inclusions will deteriorate the toughness of the medium manganese steel. Rare earth inclusions have a smaller hardness, and their thermal expansion coefficients are similar to that of steel. They can avoid large stress concentrations around inclusions during the heat treatment of steel, which is beneficial for improving the toughness of steel. Therefore, rare earth Ce is usually used to modify spinel inclusions in steel. In order to clarify the modification mechanism of spinel inclusions in medium manganese steel with Ce treatment, high-temperature simulation experiments were carried out. Samples were taken step by step during the experimental steel smelting process, and the inclusions in the samples were analyzed by SEM-EDS. Finally, the experimental results were discussed and analyzed in combination with thermodynamic calculations. The results show that after Ce treatment, the amount of inclusions decrease, the inclusion size is basically less than 5 μm, and the spinel inclusions are transformed into rare earth inclusions. After Ce addition, Mn and Mg in the spinel inclusions are first replaced by Ce, and the spinel structure is destroyed to form CeAlO3. When the O content in the steel is low, S in the steel will replace the O in the inclusion, and CeAlO3 and spinel inclusions will be transformed into Ce2O2S. By measuring the total oxygen content of the steel, the total Ce content required for complete modification of spinel inclusions can be obtained. Finally, the critical conditions for the formation and transformation of inclusions in the Fe-Mn-Al-Mg-Ce-O-S system at 1873K were obtained according to thermodynamic calculations.

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Knyazeva, Anna G., Olga N. Kryukova, and Kirill S. Kostikov. "Calculation of Effective Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for Composite ‘Glass-Eucryptite’ Changing during Sintering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 756 (April 2015): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.756.372.

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In this work, thermal expansion coefficient of composite is calculated on the base of the model transient zone formation between spherical inclusion and matrix. Effective properties of particle surrounded by transient zone are used when composite properties are calculated. Different models leads to qualitative results similar to each other. Quantitative results depend on sintering temperature and time, on inclusion sizes and volume part of inclusions.

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Wang, Xuelin, Qingsong Lu, Wei Zhang, Zhenjia Xie, and Chengjia Shang. "Investigation on the Correlation between Inclusions and High Temperature Urea Corrosion Behavior in Ferritic Stainless Steel." Metals 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111823.

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The influence of inclusion size and number density on high-temperature urea corrosion (HTUC) behavior of ferritic stainless steels was investigated in a simulated working environment of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system in commercial vehicles. There is a positive correlation between the control level of inclusions and the resistance of HTUC. By slightly increasing the content of Nb in ferritic stainless steels, the inclusions, especially TiN, were significantly refined, and thus displayed an improvement in HTUC resistance. The interface between inclusions and the matrix becomes a fast channel for chromium precipitation during high-temperature nitriding induced by the decomposition of urea. Chromium nitrides will precipitate around the inclusions and wrap the inclusions, which will decrease the chromium equivalent of the matrix and reduce the resistance of ferritic stainless steels to HTUC. In addition, the high-temperature oxidation accompanied with thermal fatigue also makes the inclusions more likely to become the crack nucleation source, which can accelerate the material thinning and reduce its service life.

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Khan, Waseem Sabir. "CHEMICAL AND THERMAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS INCORPORATED WITH VARIOUS NANOSCALE INCLUSIONS." Journal of Thermal Engineering 3, no. 4 (July 21, 2017): 1375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18186/journal-of-thermal-engineering.330180.

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Wang, Linzhu, Zuobing Xi, and Changrong Li. "Modification of Type B Inclusions by Calcium Treatment in High-Carbon Hard-Wire Steel." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050676.

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To investigate the modification of type B inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steel with Ca treatment, Si-Ca alloy was added to high-carbon hard-steel, and the composition, morphology, size, quantity, and distribution of inclusions were observed. The samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The experimental thermal results showed that the modification effect of inclusion was better in high-carbon hard-wire steel with Al of 0.0053% and Ca of 0.0029% than that in steel with Al of 0.011% and Ca of 0.0052%, in which the inclusions were mainly spherical semi-liquid and liquid CA2, CA, and C12A7. The inclusion size decreased from 3.2 μm to 2.1 μm. The degree of inclusions segregation was reduced in high-carbon hard-wire steels after calcium treatment. The results indicate that the modification of inclusions is conducive to obtaining dispersed inclusions with fine size. The ratio of length to width decreased and tended to be 1 with the increase in CaO content in the inclusion. When the content of CaO was higher than 30%, the aspect ratio was in the range of 1 to 1.2. The relationship between the activity of aluminum and calcium and the inclusions type at equilibrium in high-carbon hard-wire steel was estimated using classical thermodynamics. The calculated results were consistent with the experimental results. The thermodynamic software Factsage was used to analyze the effect of aluminum and calcium additions on the type and quality of inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steels. The modification law and mechanism of type B inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steels are discussed.

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Epov, M. I., V. I. Terekhov, M. I. Nizovtsev, E. L. Shurina, N. B. Itkina, and E. S. Ukolov. "Effective thermal conductivity of dispersed materials with contrast inclusions." High Temperature 53, no. 1 (January 2015): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x15010046.

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Gao, H., W. H. Müller, and G. Kemmer. "Mixed mode fracture in epicycloid specimens. I—Thermal inclusions." International Journal of Solids and Structures 35, no. 14 (May 1998): 1617–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(97)00123-6.

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45

Guo-qing, Gu, and Liu Zen-rong. "Thermal Conductivity of Periodic Composite Media with Spherical Inclusions." Communications in Theoretical Physics 15, no. 2 (March 1991): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/15/2/141.

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46

Denysyuk, I. T. "Thermal stresses in an anisotropic plate with angular inclusions." Materials Science 35, no. 3 (May 1999): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02355480.

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47

Maslov, Boris P. "Thermal-stress concentration near inclusions in viscoelastic random composites." Journal of Engineering Mathematics 61, no. 2-4 (November 15, 2007): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10665-007-9204-0.

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Jamrozik, Wojciech, and Jacek Górka. "Detection of slag inclusions using infrared thermal imagining system." MATEC Web of Conferences 338 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133801012.

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Assuring high quality of welded joins is a vital task in many industrial branches also when joints are made manually. It is the case metal-arc welding with covered electrode. One of main imperfection, that can occur in this process is slag inclusion. In the paper an method for detection of slag inclusion in multipass manual welding is proposed and validated. The key idea of the method is that small temperature disturbances will be noticeable in consecutive cross-section of joint in the cooling pass. Temperature distribution weld face was measured with longwave infrared camera (LWIR). For consecutive cross-section made in IR representation of joint differences in mean temperature was calculated to assess the cooling rate directly after the elements were welded. It can be made because on each thermogram the whole joint is visible, thus position of electrode in time can be easily marked. Results of slag inclusion detection were compared with radiographic images of made joints. In the future additional studies will be performed in order to generalize proposed method to wider group of materials and for more complex welds.

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Rong, Zhe, Hongbo Liu, Peng Zhang, Feng Wang, Geoff Wang, Baojun Zhao, Fengqiu Tang, and Xiaodong Ma. "The Formation Mechanisms and Evolution of Multi-Phase Inclusions in Ti-Ca Deoxidized Offshore Structural Steel." Metals 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030511.

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To understand and clarify the formation mechanisms and evolution of complex inclusions in Ti-Ca deoxidized offshore structural steel, inclusions in industrial steel were systematically investigated. The number density of total inclusions generally decreased from Ladle Furnace (LF), Vacuum Degassing (VD), Tundish to the final product except for Ti and Ca addition. The major inclusions during the refining process were CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2. CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusion initially originated from the combination of CaO-SiO2-(MgO) in refining slag or refractory and deoxidization product Al2O3 and TiO2. With the refining process proceeding and Ca addition, the Al2O3 concentration in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusions gradually dropped while the CaO and TiO2 concentrations gradually increased. The CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions originally came from refining slag, existing as 2CaO∙ Al2O3∙ SiO2, and maintained a liquid state during the early stage of LF. After Ca treatment, it was gradually transferred to 2CaO∙ SiO2 due to Al2O3 continuously being reduced by Ca. The liquidus of 2CaO∙ SiO2 inclusion was higher than that of molten steel, so they presented as a solid-state during the refining process. After welding thermal simulation, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusions were proven effective for inducing intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) while CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 was inert for IAF promotion. Additionally, Al2O3-MgO spinel in multiphase CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusion has different formation mechanisms: (1) initial formation as individual Al2O3-MgO spinel as a solid-state in molten steel; (2) and it presented as a part of liquid inclusion CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx and firstly precipitated due to its low solubility.

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Huang, Cai Hua, Xiao Hua Sun, Yi Hua Sun, and Jun Zou. "Research on Thermal Effect Caused by Absorbing Inclusion in Dielectric Irradiated by Pulse Laser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.231.

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The thermal effect caused by absorbing inclusion irradiated by pulse laser is affected by size of inclusions, pulse duration, repetition interval and number of pulse laser. The temperature both in the center of inclusion and the interface between inclusion and dielectric increases firstly with the increase of the size of inclusion, then trends to a constant value when the size is over the critical radius. Pulse duration and repetition interval of pulse change the energy acumulation in inclusion then have influence on the peak temperature in the center and interface. The temperature fluctuates periodically but the overall assumes the trend of increase.

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