Dissertations / Theses: 'Thermal inclusions'

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Fall, Andras. "Application of fluid inclusions in geological thermometry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30265.

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Many geologic processes occur in association with hydrothermal fluids and some of these fluids are eventually trapped as fluid inclusions in minerals formed during the process. Fluid inclusions provide valuable information on the pressure, temperature and fluid composition (PTX) of the environment of formation, hence understanding PTX properties of the fluid inclusions is required. The most important step of a fluid inclusion study is the identification of Fluid Inclusion Assemblages (FIA) that represent the finest (shortest time duration) geologic event that can be constrained using fluid inclusions. Homogenization temperature data obtained from fluid inclusions is often used to reconstruct temperature history of a geologic event. The precision with which fluid inclusions constrain the temperatures of geologic events depends on the precision with which the temperature of a fluid inclusion assemblage can be determined. Synthetic fluid inclusions trapped in the one-fluid-phase field are formed at a known and relatively constant temperature. However, microthermometry of synthetic fluid inclusions often reveals Th variations of about ± 1- 4 degrees Centigrade, or one order of magnitude larger than the precision of the measurement for an individual inclusion. The same range in Th was observed in well-constrained natural FIAs where the inclusions are assumed to have been trapped at the same time. The observed small variations are the result of the effect of the fluid inclusion size on the bubble collapsing temperature. As inclusions are heated the vapor bubble is getting smaller until the pressure difference between the pressure of the vapor and the confining pressure reaches a critical value and the bubble collapses. It was observed that smaller inclusions reach critical bubble radius and critical pressure differences at lower temperatures than larger inclusions within the same FIA. Homogenization temperature (Th) variations depend on many factors that vary within different geological environments. In order to determine minimum and acceptable Th ranges fro FIAs formed in different environments we investigated several geologic environments including sedimentary, metamorphic, and magmatic hydrothermal environments. The observed minimum Th ranges range from 1-4 degrees Centigrade and acceptable Th range from 5-25 degrees Centigrade. The variations are mostly caused by the fluid inclusion size, natural temperature and pressure fluctuations during the formation of an FIA and reequilibration after trapping. Fluid inclusions containing H₂O-CO₂-NaCl are common in many geologic environments and knowing the salinity of these inclusions is important to interpret PVTX properties of the fluids. A technique that combines Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry of individual inclusions was developed to determine the salinity of these inclusions. In order to determine the salinity, the pressure and temperature within the inclusion must be known. The pressure within the inclusions is determined using the splitting in the Fermi diad of the Raman spectra of the CO₂ at the clathrate melting temperature. Applying the technique with to synthetic fluid inclusions with known salinity suggests that the technique is valid and useable to determine salinity of H₂O-CO₂-NaCl fluid inclusions with unknown salinity.
Ph. D.

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Miller, Christine. "Mineral inclusions in diamonds from Wawa metaconglomerate : implications for thermal evolution of the lithospheric mantle." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43013.

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Mineral inclusions in non-fibrous and fibrous diamonds from an Archean metaconglomerate deposit in Wawa, Ontario, Southern Superior craton were studied to characterize the compositional and thermal state of the lithospheric mantle from the Archean to present day. Electron microprobe analysis of Wawa non-fibrous diamonds shows large inclusions of Cr-pyrope, Mg-chromite, olivine, and enstatite indicating harzburgitic parent rock. Wawa fibrous diamonds host microinclusions of pyrope and olivine of predominantly lherzolitic assemblage. Thermobarometry calculations for non-fibrous diamonds yield temperatures and pressures consistent with formation in a cool, cratonic root reaching to a minimum depth of 190 km with a geotherm between 39-41 mW/m², located beneath the Southern Superior province during the Archean. Comparison to results from xenoliths in nearby post-Archean kimberlites, and to modern geophysics, indicates heating and thinning of the cratonic root. This effectively destroyed the diamondiferous portion of the lithospheric mantle, as early as 1.1 Ga in some areas of the Southern Superior, through tectonic erosion during amalgamation of terranes to the protocraton. Diamond inclusion analysis for Wawa fibrous diamonds and datasets for non-fibrous and fibrous diamonds from Diavik, Ekati (Panda kimberlite), and Koffiefontein (South Africa) reveal metasomatic trends of mantle rock evolution due to the influx of K-rich hydrous carbonatitic fluid related to fibrous diamond precipitation. Thermometry for fibrous diamond inclusions yields temperatures of 580-1030°C. Low formation temperatures, paired with the alkali-rich and hydrous nature of the metasomatic agent, result in subsolidus diamond growth in the absence of melting or thermal disturbance of the mantle. Fibrous diamond growth, previously linked to kimberlite generation, may be a temporally distinct and genetically independent event, as suggested by long mantle residence times for fibrous diamonds and contrasting chemistry of fibrous diamond fluid and kimberlites. This would make metasomatism associated with formation of fibrous diamonds a “cratonic root-friendly” process that would not have played any part in the destruction of the Southern Superior lithospheric root.

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KRAMER, KEVIN ALBERT. "FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THERMAL-ELASTOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF NON-VOIDED HARD-ALPHA INCLUSIONS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1100552079.

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Prokofjev, Sergei I., Erik Johnson, and Ulrich Dahmen. "Correlated thermal motion of two liquid Pb inclusions on a dislocation in an Al-based alloy." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-183698.

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Prokofjev, Sergei I., Erik Johnson, and Ulrich Dahmen. "Correlated thermal motion of two liquid Pb inclusions on a dislocation in an Al-based alloy." Diffusion fundamentals 20 (2013) 81, S. 1-2, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13668.

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Lombardo, Nick, and e56481@ems rmit edu au. "Properties of Composites Containing Spherical Inclusions Surrounded by an Inhomogeneous Interphase Region." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080408.143315.

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The properties of composite materials in which spherical inclusions are embedded in a matrix of some kind, have been studied for many decades and many analytical models have been developed which measure these properties. There has been a steady progression in the complexity of models over the years, providing greater insight into the nature of these materials and improving the accuracy in the measurement of their properties. Some of the properties with which this thesis is concerned are, the elastic, thermal and electrical properties of such composites. The size of the spherical inclusion which acts as the reinforcing phase, has a major effect on the overall properties of composite materials. Once an inclusion is embedded into a matrix, a third region of different properties between the inclusion and matrix is known to develop which is called the interphase. It is well known in the composite community that the smaller the inclusion is, the larger the interphase region which develops around it. Therefore, with the introduction of nanoparticles as the preferred reinforcing phase for some composites, the interphase has a major effect on its properties. It is the aim of this thesis to consider the role of the interphase on the properties of composites by modeling it as an inhomogeneous region. There is much scientific evidence to support the fact that the interphase has an inhomogeneous nature and many papers throughout the thesis are cited which highlight this. By modeling the inhomogeneous properties by arbitrary mathematical functions, results are obtained for the various properties in terms of these general functions. Some specific profiles for the inhomogeneous region are considered for each property in order to demonstrate and test the models against some established results.

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Esteves, Melina Cristina Borges. "Thermal history and fluid circulation in deformational structures associated with the Bambuí Group at the fold-and-thrust zone, western margin of the São Francisco Craton." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44143/tde-10092018-135551/.

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As condições de pressão e temperatura existentes no evento tectônico que atuou na zona de fold-and-thrust da margem oeste do Cráton do São Francisco foram estimadas com base em estudos estruturais, microestruturais, petrográficos e de inclusões fluidas de veios sintectônicos. A presença de veios de diferentes gerações na zona de fold-and-thrust é evidenciada por fluidos atuando em diferentes cenários de paleoestresse ao longo da história deformacional da área. A área é composta por rochas do Grupo Bambuí fracamente deformadas que registram condições de metamorfismo que variam de diagênese a fácies subxisto verde. Dois eventos tectônicos foram identificados através da disposição geométrica dos veios e da superfície dobrada: (i) uma compressão principal NE-SW (D1) com \'sigma\'1 subhorizontal de orientação SW e \'sigma\'3 sub-vertical, relacionado à formação de veios sintectônicos sub-horizontais de orientação NW formados em condições que atingiram pelo menos 140- 160°C e pressões em torno de 200-363 MPa; (ii) uma compressão posterior NW-SE (D2) com \'sigma\'1 sub-horizontal de orientação NW e \'sigma\'3 também sub-horizontal de orientação NE. Estão relacionados à D2 a formação de veios sintectônicos sub-verticais paralelos à clivagem, formados nas mesmas condições mínimas de temperatura de 140-160°C e pressões entre 181- 295 MPa. A indicação de flutuações na pressão durante esses eventos desempenhou um papel crucial, pois os fluidos influenciam significativamente os processos mecânicos, os mecanismos de deformação e as reações químicas que operam em cinturões de fold-andthrust. Os fluidos apresentam composição formada por H2O-NaCl-CaCl2, onde o processo de mistura de diferentes fontes de fluidos (metamórficas e meteóricas) é evidenciado pela tendência evolutiva de temperaturas de homogeneização e salinidades, resultando em alguma variação na salinidade (12 contra 4% em peso equivalente de NaCl para os veios subhorizontais e para os paralelos à clivagem, respectivamente). Este trabalho confirma que a combinação entre a reconstrução do paleoestresse e o estudo de inclusões fluidas podem fornecer informações fundamentais sobre a relação entre o fluxo de fluidos e a tectônica de terrenos orogênicos, contribuindo para o conhecimento científico sobre a evolução deformacional/metamórfica do Grupo Bambuí e, consequentemente, da zona de fold-andthrust da margem ocidental do Cráton do São Francisco.
P-T conditions existing at the tectonic event that acted at the fold-and-thrust zone of the western margin of the São Francisco Craton were estimated on the basis of structural, microstructural, petrographic and fluid inclusion study of syntectonic veins. The presence of veins of different generations in the fold-and-thrust zone is evidenced by fluids operating at different scenarios of paleostress throughout the deformation history. The area are composed of weakly deformed rocks of the Bambuí Group recording a metamorphism with conditions ranging from diagenetic to sub-greenschist facies. Two tectonic events were identified by vein geometric arrangement and folded surface, a major early NE-SW compression (D1 - \'sigma\'1 subhorizontal SW-trending and \'sigma\'3 subvertical), related with subhorizontal NW-trending syntectonic veins formed at conditions that have reached at least 140°C and pressures around 200-363 MPa; and later NW-SE compression (D2 - \'sigma\'1 subhorizontal NW-trending and \'sigma\'3 subhorizontal NE-trending), related with subvertical syntectonic cleavage-parallel veins formed at the same range of temperature and pressures between 181-295 MPa. Indication of fluctuations in pressure during these events played a crucial role as fluids significantly influence the mechanical processes, deformation mechanisms and chemical reactions that operate in fold-thrust belts. Fluids show H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 composition where mixing process of different fluids sources (metamorphic and meteoric) are evidenced by evolutive trending of homogenization temperatures and salinities resulting in some variation in salinity (12 against 4 wt.% NaCl eq. for subhorizontal and cleavage-parallel veins respectively). This research confirms that combine the reconstruction of the paleostress states and fluid inclusion studies can provide fundamental information of relationship between fluid flow and tectonic of orogenic terrains contributing to the scientific knowledge about the deformational/metamorphic evolution of the Bambuí Group and the fold-and-thrust zone of the western margin of the São Francisco Craton.

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Mangenot, Xavier. "Contributions du thermomètre Δ47 et du chronomètre U-Pb à l’étude de l’histoire diagénétique, thermique, et hydrogéologique des réservoirs carbonatés du Jurassique Moyen du bassin de Paris." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC276/document.

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Dans l’étude de la diagenèse des formations silico-clastiques ou carbonatées, il est souvent difficile de contraindre la température et l’âge des différents épisodes de cimentation ou de recristallisation. Le premier objectif de ce travail de thèse était de tester le potentiel de deux outils isotopiques récents (le géothermomètre des « clumpedisotopes » Δ47 et le géochronomètre U-Pb par analyse ponctuelle sur lame mince) dans le cadre de l’étude de la diagenèse des carbonates. Le deuxième objectif était de préciser l’histoire diagénétique, thermique, ethydrogéologique des réservoirs carbonatés du bassin de Paris. Pour atteindre ces deux objectifs, nous avons étudié des ciments de calcite et dolomite collectés dans les calcaires du Jurassique Moyen du dépocentre du bassin de Paris. La bonne caractérisation pétrographique et sédimentologique de ces échantillons, et le couplage entre les géothermomètres Δ47 et inclusions fluides, nous ont permis d’accéder à plusieurs informations de premier ordre. Premièrement, nous montrons que le Δ47 permet de reconstruire simultanément et précisément la température de formation des ciments diagénétiques dans la gamme 60-100°C (avec une précision de ~3-5°C) et la composition isotopique en oxygène des fluides (δ18Owater) à partir desquels ces ciments ont précipités (avec une précision de ~ 1‰). Deuxièmement, nous présentons une amélioration des connaissances de l’histoire thermique et des périodes de paléo-circulation des fluides à l’échelle régionale dans le bassin de Paris. Notamment, le croisement du géothermomètre Δ47 avec la méthode de datation U-Pb nous a permis pour la première fois de poser des contraintes thermo-chronologiques absolues sur l’ensemble des phases de circulations de fluides étudiées. Plus largement, ce couplage Δ47 /(U-Pb) inédit dévoile un champ d’application nouveau en thermo-chronologie de basse température (10-100°C). Nous anticipons que ce travail initie de nombreuses applications pour l’étude des histoires thermiques des bassins sédimentaires, via l’analyse de la diagenèse des carbonates
Diagenesis studies of both siliciclastic and carbonate rock units face the difficulty of constraining the temperature and age of the successive episodes of mineral crystallization. The first objective of this PhD work was to test the potential of two recent isotopic tools (the "clumped isotopes" Æ47 geothermometer and the laser ablation U-Pb geochronometer ) to integrate conventional carbonate diagenesis studies. The second objective was to reconstruct the diagenetic, thermal, and hydrogeological histories of the Middle Jurassic carbonate reservoirs of the Paris Basin. To achieve these goals, we studied calcite and dolomite cements mostly collected in the basin subsurface (exploration cores). The good petrographical and sedimentological characterization of the studied samples, together with the analysis of fluid inclusions and ?47 thermometry for determining the temperature and the chemical and isotopic compositions of the mineralizing fluids, allowed us to reach several first-order information. First, we show that Æ47 allows to simultaneously and precisely reconstruct the formation temperature of diagenetic cements in the range 60-100 ¡C (with an accuracy of ~ 3-5 ¡C) and the oxygen isotopic composition of the parent fluids (d18Owater) with a precision of ~ 1 ä. Secondly, this work improves our knowledge on the thermal history and past fluid-flows occurring at the basin scale. In particular, the coupling of the Æ47 thermometer with the U-Pb chronometer permitted for the first time to set absolute thermo-chronological constraints on every fluid-flow episodes investigated. More broadly, this unprecedented Æ47/(U-Pb) coupling reveals a new field of application in the low-temperature thermo-chronology field (10-100 ¡C). We anticipate that this pioneer thermo-chronological approach will induce many future applications in the study of sedimentary basins via carbonate diagenesis studies

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Teixeira, Carlos Alberto Siragusa. "Evolução térmica e paleofluídos dos folhelhos da Formação Serra Alta na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44141/tde-26092014-101814/.

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A Formação Serra Alta é constituída por uma sequência de folhelhos e siltitos cinza supostamente de origem marinha. Esta unidade é uma potencial rocha geradora de hidrocarbonetos e zona preferencial para alojamento de sills associados ao magmatismo Serra Geral. Visando a caracterização do potencial gerador de hidrocarbonetos, a evolução térmica e os paleofluidos diagenéticos da Formação Serra Alta, foram realizadas medidas de concentração de carbono orgânico total (COT) e hidrogênio (H) em amostras coletadas em afloramentos e estudos isotópicos e de inclusões fluidas em materiais diagenéticos. Os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT) e hidrogênio (H) para as amostras de folhelhos da Formação Serra Alta estão situados entre 0,1 e 0,5% e entre 0,24 e 3,20%, respectivamente. Os dados microtermométricos apresentaram temperaturas de homogeneização (Th) que variaram de 55 a 220°C, temperaturas eutéticas (Te) de -57,5 a -49,5ºC (sistema H2O + NaCl + CaCl2) e temperaturas de fusão do gelo (Tfg) de -2,5 a 1,0°C, indicativas de salinidades baixas, entre 0 e 4,2% em peso de NaCl equivalente. Os resultados de \'\'delta\'\' POT.13\'\'C IND.PDB\' e \"delta\'\'POT.18\' \'O IND.PDB\' das amostras de veio e cimento de calcita demonstram valores negativos (%o), tanto para \'delta\'\'POT.13\' C quanto para \'delta\'\'POT.18 O. Enquanto os valores de \'delta\'\'POT.13\'\' C IND.PDB\' do cimento dos folhelhos da Formação Serra Alta variam entre -8,6 e -2,3%o, os veios de calcita apresentam uma estreita faixa de valores entre -5,1 e -3,7%o. Os teores de COT indicam potencial de geração de óleo e gás considerado baixo para os folhelhos da Formação Serra Alta. As características das inclusões (monofásicas associadas a bifásicas com pequena variação nas proporções volumétricas entre as fases), as salinidades relativamente constantes associadas às grandes variações em Th são indicativos de aprisionamento em zona freática de baixa temperatura (<50°C) com posterior reequilíbrio térmico causado por stretching devido ao soterramento e à presença de corpos ígneos. Os pleofluidos aquosos aprisionados como inclusões em zona de baixa temperatura, antes do pico térmico do Cretáceo, explicariam a ausência de inclusões fluidas primárias de hidrocarbonetos nos veios de calcita. As Th acima de 150ºC indicam elevada maturidade térmica alcançada pela Formação Serra Alta em função do soterramento e do magmatismo Serra Geral. Estes resultados são semelhantes aos obtidos para as formações adjacentes (Irati e Teresina) à Formação Serra Alta. Valores de \'delta\'\'POT.13\'\'C IND.PDB\' e \'delta\'\'POT.18\'\'O IND.PDB\' para o cimento carbonático dos folhelhos, revelam duas gerações ou duas fases de precipitação distintas da calcita. A primeira geração compatível com assinatura isotópica próxima ao fluido marinho original (\'delta\'\'POT.13\' C entre -2,3 e -4,6%o e \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O entre -7,6 e 1,4%o) e a segunda geração compatível com assinatura isotópica de um fluido diagenético de origem meteórica (\'delta\'\'POT.13\' C entre -6,2 e -8,6%o e \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O entre -8,4 e -4,1%o). Assim, a hipótese de origem meteórica para os fluidos percolantes nas fraturas corrobora a salinidade baixa registrada nas inclusões fluidas dos veios de calcita, mas com alguma influência ou modificação por meio de fluidos pré-existentes, que interagiram com carbonatos marinhos das unidades estratigráficas adjacentes (formações Irati e Teresina) à Formação Serra Alta.
The Serra Alta Formation at the eastern border of the Paraná Basin consists of a sequence of gray shales and siltstones presumably of marine origin. This unit is a potential source rock for hydrocarbons and preferred area for hosting sills associated with the early Cretaceous Serra Geral magmatism. In order to characterize the hydrocarbon generation potential, the thermal evolution and diagenetic paleofluids of the Serra Alta Formation, were performed measurements of concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) and hydrogen (H), in shale samples collected from outcrops, and isotope and fluid inclusions studies on diagenetic calcite. The total organic carbon (TOC) and hydrogen (H) contents for shale samples of the Serra Alta Formation lie between 0.1 and 0.5% and between 0.24 and 3.20% respectively. The microthermometry data show homogenization temperature (Th) ranging from 55 to 220°C, eutectic temperature (Te) from -57.5 to -49.5°C (H2O + CaCl2 + NaCl system) and ice melting temperatures from -2.5 to 1.0°C, indicative of low salinity between 0 and 4.2 wt. % of NaCl equivalent. \'delta\'\'POT.13\'\'IND.CPDB\' and \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O IND.PDB\' results from samples of calcite cement and veins demonstrate negative values (%o), both for \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C and for \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O. While the values \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C IND.PDB\' cement of the Serra Alta Formation shales vary between -8.6 and -2.3%o, the calcite veins have a narrow range of values between -5.1 and -3.7%o. The TOC content indicate that the shales of the Serra Alta Formation have low potential for oil and gas generation. The association of one-phase and two-phase fluid inclusions with small variations in volumetric ratio between phases and the relatively constant salinity associated with large variations in Th are indicative of fluid trapping in low temperature (<50°C) groundwater zone, with subsequent thermal reequilibrium caused by stretching due to burial and the presence of igneous bodies. The fluid trapping at this low temperature zone, before Cretaceous thermal peak, would explain the absence of hydrocarbon primary fluid inclusions in the calcite veins. Temperatures of homogenization higher than 150ºC indicate high thermal maturity achieved by the Serra Alta Formation due to burial and the Serra Geral magmatism. These results are similar to those obtained for the adjacent formations (Irati and Teresina) of the Serra Alta. \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C IND.PDB\' and \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O IND.PDB\' values for carbonate cement reveal two generations or two distinct phases of calcite precipitation. The first generation is compatible with isotopic signature close to the original marine carbonate (\'delta\'\'POT.13\'C between -2.3 and -4.6%o and \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O between -7.6 and 1.4%o) and the second generation is compatible with isotopic signature of a diagenetic fluid of meteoric origin (\'delta\'\'POT.13C between -6.2 and -8.6%o and \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O between -8.4 and -4.1%o). Thus, the meteoric origin for the paleofluids percolating in fractures corroborates the low salinity recorded in fluid inclusions from veins of calcite, but with some influence of paleofluids, which interacted with marine carbonates of stratigraphic units (Irati and Teresina formations) adjacent to the Serra Alta Formation.

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Khalifa, Muftah. "Parameters Controlling Distribution of Diagenetic Alterations within Fluvial and Shallow Marine Sandstone Reservoirs : Evidence from the Libyan Basins." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Mineralogi, petrologi och tektonik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-284581.

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This thesis demonstrates that geological setting, depositional facies, open system flux of hot basinal brines and descending of shallow waters have a strong impact on the distribution of the diagenetic alterations within continental and paralic/shallow marine sandstones which in turn control the quality and heterogeneities of the reservoirs. Geological setting controls the mineralogical and textural maturity of sandstone, whereas depositional facies control the pore water chemistry (marine, brackish or meteoric), sedimentary texture and sand body geometry. Eogenetic alterations in the fluvial deposits are dominated by precipitation of infiltrated clays, kaolinitization of detrital silicates, whereas the shallow marine deposits are dominated by precipitation of early calcite and kaolinite. Conversely mesogenetic alterations are dominated by clay minerals transformation, quartz overgrowths and Ferroan- carbonates, barite and anhydrite. Flux of hot basinal brines is evidenced by precipitation of mesogenetic minerals that lack of internal sources (e.g. barite, anhydrite and ferroan carbonate cements), which is evidenced by: (1) restricted occurrence of these minerals in downthrown blocks. (2) The high fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (Th) of quartz overgrowths (Th > 110-139°C), and carbonate cements (T > 80-140°C), which also have light δ18OV-PDB(-17.6‰ to -6.7‰). Flux of hot basinal brines is further evidenced by occurrence of saddle Fe-dolomite along stylolites. Fluid inclusion microthermometry further revealed a dramatic shift in pore- water chemistry from NaCl dominated brines during precipitation of quartz overgrowths to NaCl-CaCl2 dominated brines during cementation by Fe-dolomite. Presence of mixed brine (NaCl+CaCl2) systems in the fluid inclusions suggests flux of descending waters, which have circulated in the overlying carbonate-evaporite successions. The restricted occurrence of oil- filled inclusion to quartz overgrowths and methane to Fe-carbonate cements suggest migration of oil during precipitation by quartz and migration of methane during precipitation by Fe- carbonate cements. The extensive mesogenetic cements in the down thrown blocks is attributed to flux of basinal brines along deep seated faults, i.e. open system diagenesis. Integration of fluid inclusion microthermometry, isotopes, Raman spectrometry and thermal tectonic evolution of basins are essential techniques for unraveling the evolution of basinal fluids, cementation conditions and relative timing of hydrocarbons migration.

Errata: Felaktigt disputationsdatum på spikbladet.

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Зіменко, Сергій Вікторович. "Моделювання теплових втрат через огороджувальні конструкції складної форми." Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/24683.

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Обсяг магістерської роботи 113 – аркушів, кількість рисунків – 51, таблиць – 48, додатків – 2. Мета магістерської дисертації – оцінка теплозахисних властивостей огороджувальних конструкцій житлових будівель з урахуванням теплопровідних включень. Під час виконання магістерської дисертації було розглянуто наявні програмні та приладові інструменти, методики оцінки на прикладі об’єкту житлового фонду, підходи до зниження рівня теплопередачі огороджувальних конструкцій, економічний ефект від впровадження енергоефективних проектів з врахуванням результатів моделювання та його вплив на загальний енергетичний баланс будівлі. На основі розділу аналізу програмного забезпечення складено передумови та визначено потребу у впровадженні стартап проекту, для якого визначено потенційну стратегію виходу на ринок. Результати даної дисертації активно впроваджувалися у практичний процес енергетичного обстеження та можуть бути використані у сферах інжинірингу та проектування.
The volume master's thesis equals 113 pages, quantity of figures – 51, tables – 48, applications – 2. The purpose of the master's dissertation is the assessment of the heat-protective properties of the enclosing structures of residential buildings of non-standard constructions. During the implementation of the master's thesis, existing software and instrumental tools, valuation techniques on an example of a housing stock, approaches to reducing the level of heat transfer of fencing structures, the economic effect of implementing energy efficient projects taking into account the results of modeling and their impact on the overall energy balance of the building were considered. Based on the software analysis section, the preconditions have been created and the need for implementation of the project startup has been determined, for which a potential market entry strategy has been identified. The results of this dissertation have been actively implemented in the practical process of energy survey and can be used in the fields of engineering and design.

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Silwana, Nothemba. "Structure and thermal stability of selected organic inclusion compounds." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2618.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.
Crystal engineering is the synthesis of new crystalline materials with specific chemical and physical properties which allows the comprehensive understanding of the non covalent interactions that occur between molecules in the crystalline state. This has lead to extensive work being done in terms of host design. The study of non-covalent interactions formed by - these materials is crucial to understanding many biological processes. This study focuses on the inclusion compounds of 1, 4-bis (diphenylhydroxymethyl) benzene H, a host compound engineered by EWeber, that conforms to Weber's rules for host design as it is bulky, rigid, and has hydroxyl moieties that act as hydrogen-bonding donors. A Cambridge Structural Database (CSDversion 5.33) search has revealed that no research has been conducted on this host compound. Characterization of the compounds were conducted using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy (HS), gas chromatography (GC), powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) and single X -ray diffraction. Host: guest ratios determined from TG analysis were correlated with structural analysis results. We have successfully prepared inclusion compounds with N, N- dimethylformamide(DMF) N, N- dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-methylformamide (NMF) and N-methylacetamide (NMA), 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 4-picoline, pyridine and morpholine. Following which a series of competition experiments were conducted to establish the selectivity profile of the host by dissolving the host in an excess of two guests pairs, between DMF: DMA, DMF: NMF, DMF: NMA, DMA: NMF, DMA: NMA and NMF: NMA. The results of the competition experiment showed that the host had high selectivity for DMF and the selectivity profile follows a trend as follows DMF>NMA>NMF>DMA. The results for the competition experiments between the picolines, pyridine and morpholine were inconclusive.

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Janjic, Nikolina. "Structures and thermal stability of selected organic inclusion compounds." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14968.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The crystal structures of 1,1 ,6,6-Tetraphenyl-hexa-2,4-diyne-1 ,6-diol and 5-(3,5- Dicarboxyphenylethynyl)-isophthalic acid hosts with various guests have been elucidated. Depending on their structural properties and the way in which the host components pack, the guests may become trapped in spaces or voids, stacked in channels or sandwiched between layers of hosts. The crystal structures are stabilised by hydrogen bonding networks created by host-guest intermolecular interactions. The host hydroxy moieties adopt a trans conformation in 1,1 ,6,6-Tetraphenyl-hexa-2,4-diyne-1 ,6- diol host-guest inclusion componds. Host-guest hydrogen bonding in 5-(3,5- Dicarboxyphenylethynyl)-isophthalic acid salts occurs via the carboxylate group of the host anion. Hydrogen bond formation was the directing force determining the form of a host-guest array. The crystal structures of four inclusion compounds with 1,1 ,6,6-Tetraphenyl-hexa-2,4- diyne-1 ,6-diol host and six hydrated salt structures with 5-(3,5-Dicarboxyphenylethynyl)isophthalic acid host were solved using the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. In addition the thermal stability and the structural properties of all compounds were investigated by thermal analysis techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and hot-stage microscopy.

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Jaradeh, Majed. "The Effect of Processing Parameters and Alloy Composition on the Microstructure Formation and Quality of DC Cast Aluminium Alloys." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4205.

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The objective of this research is to increase the understanding of the solidification behaviour of some industrially important wrought aluminium alloys. The investigation methods range from direct investigations of as-cast ingots to laboratory-scale techniques in which ingot casting is simulated. The methods span from directional solidification at different cooling rates to more fundamental and controlled techniques such as DTA and DSC. The microstructure characteristics of the castings have been investigated by optical and Scanning Electron microscopy. Hardness tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties. The effects of adding alloying elements to 3XXX and 6XXX aluminium alloys have been studied with special focus on the effects of Zn, Cu, Si and Ti. These elements influence the strength and corrosion properties, which are important for the performance of final components of these alloys. Solidification studies of 0-5wt% Zn additions to 3003 alloys showed that the most important effect on the microstructure was noticed at 2.5 wt% Zn, where the structure was fine, and the hardness had a maximum. Si addition to a level of about 2% gave a finer structure, having a relatively large fraction of eutectic structure, however, it also gave a long solidification interval. The addition of small amounts of Cu, 0.35 and 1.0 wt%, showed a beneficial effect on the hardness. Differences have been observed in the ingot surface microstructures of 6xxx billets with different Mg and Si ratios. Excess Si compositions showed a coarser grain structure and more precipitations with possible negative implications for surface defect formation during DC casting. The comparison of alloys of different Ti content showed that the addition of titanium to a level of about 0.15 wt% gave a coarser grain structure than alloys with a normal Ti content for grain refinement, i.e. < 0.02 wt%, although a better corrosion resistance can be obtained at higher Ti contents. The larger grain size results in crack sensitivity during DC casting. A macroscopic etching technique was developed, based on a NaOH solution, and used in inclusion assessment along DC cast billets. Good quantitative data with respect to the size and spatial distribution of inclusions were obtained. The results from studied billets reveal a decreasing number of inclusions going from bottom to top, and the presence of a ring-shaped distribution of a large number of small defects in the beginning of the casting. The present study shows how composition modifications, i.e. additions of certain amounts of alloying elements to the 3xxx and 6xxx Al alloys, significantly change the microstructures of the materials, its castability, and consequently its mechanical properties
QC 20100901

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15

Liu, Yanqing. "Thermal engineering in an epitaxial nanostructured germanium semiconductor." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY082/document.

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Ce travail de thèse porte sur les propriétés de transport thermique liées aux phonons dans un nouveau matériau nanostructuré constituée de couches minces de Ge:Mn de type "electron crystal - phonon glass". Ce matériau est élaboré par épitaxie par jets moléculaire au CEA/INAC à Grenoble sur des substrats spécifiques « Germanium-on-insulator (GOI) ». Il consiste en une matrice de germanium possédant une qualité cristalline parfaite dans laquelle sont inclues une importante concentration de nano-inclusions de Ge3Mn5 de forme quasi-sphérique. Révélé par les caractérisations de TEM, les nano-inclusions ont une distribution de diamètre variant de 5 à 50 nm. Il est par ailleurs possible de jouer sur les paramètres de croissance afin de modifier la dispersion de taille des inclusions ainsi que leur concentration. Cette possibilité nous a donc permit d'étudier l'influence des nano-inclusions sur le transport de chaleur de façon exhaustive autour de la température ambiante.Pour ce faire, une expérience de mesure de conductivité thermique « 3 omega » dédiée à ces échantillons et extrêmement sensible, a été fabriquée à l'institut Néel. Cette expérience nous a permis de mesurer les variations de conductivité thermique induites par la modification de la distribution en taille des nano-inclusions de Ge:Mn dans des couches minces d'une centaine de nanomètre d'épaisseur avec une erreur réduite d'environ 12%. Il a été montré que le transport thermique dans ces couches minces pouvait être réduit d'un facteur 20 comparé au germanium massif puisque des valeurs de conductivité thermique de l'ordre de 3 W.m-1.K-1 ont été mesurées. Ces valeurs ont été confirmées par des expériences SThM au CETHIL de Lyon. Les valeurs obtenues sont mêmes en dessous de la limite d'alliage pour le SiGe, ce qui n'est pas explicable par les théories actuelles. Ces faibles conductivités thermiques ainsi que la grande mobilité des porteurs dans le germanium font de ces matériaux à base de GeMn de bons candidats pour la thermoélectricité. Des simulations numériques ont été utilisées afin de mieux comprendre cette diminution spectaculaire de la conductivité thermique et d'interpréter les données expérimentales
This PhD project is an exhaustive study on the characterization of the thermal properties of a new type semiconducting materials based on germanium. It is a germanium matrix containing nano-inclusions with the objective of creating a perfect "electron crystal - phonon glass" material. The materials are thin films of an epitaxial germanium matrix embedded with Ge:Mn nano-inclusions, grown on a Germanium-on-insulator (GOI) substrate in CEA/INAC in Grenoble. From TEM images of the thin films it has been demonstrated that both the matrix and inclusions are monocrystalline, and the nano-inclusions have generally a spherical form with a diameter distribution ranging from 5 to 50 nm. Depending on the growth parameters in molecular beam epitaxy, i.e. the Mn concentration and the annealing temperature, the geometries, mean diameters and diameter distributions of nano-inclusions in Ge:Mn can be varied. With these unique structural features, these Ge:Mn thin films are one of the most interesting models for the study of the influence of nano-inclusions on thermal transport in a crystalline matrix.The characterization of the thermal properties of the material have been done using two advanced techniques: the 3-omega method in Institut Néel, and the Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) in CETHIL (Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon) in Lyon. A highly sensitive differential 3-omega measurement setup has been developed in the work, which permits precise (error~12%) measurements of electrical conductive thin films having low thermal conductivities. Dramatically reduced thermal conductivities have been revealed for Ge:Mn thin films containing different Mn% and having different inclusion geometries at room temperature, compared to crystalline bulk Ge. A minimum value of 3.3 Wm-1K-1 was found for Ge:Mn thin film containing 10% Mn, beating the “alloy limit” of thermal conductivity set by SiGe alloys at room temperature (6-12 Wm-1K-1). The measurement results of SThM confirmed the low thermal conductivities for all Ge:Mn/GOI samples at room temperature. Numerical simulations using different models have been performed to try to interpret the experimental results and to understand the mechanisms of the influence of the nano-inclusions on the phonon transport in semiconductor materials

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Rich, Rebecca E. (Rebecca Eileen). "Expansion and user study of CoolVent : inclusion of thermal comfort models in an early-design natural ventilation tool." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66803.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93).
CoolVent, a software design tool for architects, has been improved. The work of Maria- Alejandra Menchaca-B. and colleagues has been improved to include a more robust and intuitive building and window dimensioning scheme, feedback on the validity of user inputs and thermal comfort modeling (custom, ASHRAE and adaptive). These results now allow the architect to understand how their design choices have not only affected the temperature and airflow in each of the zones of their building design but also how their design choices have affected the overall comfort throughout the zones of their building. From this, architect's can now easily understand whether their building design can be successful as a naturally ventilated building and if not, they can use the provided interface to gain insight into how their design can be modified to make their building more sustainable. A user study has been conducted to test the effectiveness of the tool.
by Rebecca E. Rich.
M.Eng.

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17

Febrer, Alles Gemma. "A hybrid approach for inclusion of acoustic wave effects in incompressible LES of reacting flows." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11979.

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LLean premixed combustion systems, attractive for low NOx performance, are inherently susceptible to thermo-acoustic instabilities - the interaction between unsteady heat release and excited acoustic wave effects. In the present work, a hybrid, coupled Large Eddy Simulation (LES) CFD approach is described, combining the computational efficiency of incompressible reacting LES with acoustic wave effects captured via an acoustic network model. A flamelet approach with an algebraic Flame Surface Density (FSD) combustion model was used. The ORACLES experiments - a perfectly premixed flame stabilised in a 3D sudden expansion - are used for validation. Simulations of the inert flow agree very well with experimental data, reproducing the measured amplitude and distribution of turbulent fluctuations as well as capturing the asymmetric mean flow. With reaction the measured data exhibit a plane wave acoustic mode at 50Hz. The influence of this plane wave must be incorporated into the LES calculation. Thus, a new approach to sensitise the incompressible LES CFD to acoustic waves is adopted. First an acoustic network model of the experimental geometry is analysed to predict the amplitude of the 50Hz mode just before the flame zone. This is then used to introduce a coherent plane wave at the LES inlet plane at the appropriate amplitude, unlike previous LES studies, which have adopted a "guess and adjust" approach. Incompressible LES predictions of this forced flow then show good agreement with measurements of mean and turbulent velocity, as well as for flame shape, with a considerable improvement relative to unforced simulations. To capitalise on the unsteady flame dynamics provided by LES, simulations with varying forcing amplitude were conducted and analysed. Amplitude dependent Flame Transfer Functions (FTFs) were extracted and fed into an acoustic network model. This allowed prediction of the stable/unstable nature of the flame at each forcing amplitude. An amplitude at which the flame changed from unstable to stable would be an indication that this coupled approach was capable of predicting a limit cycle behaviour. With the current simple FSD combustion model almost all cases studied showed a stable flame. Predictions showed considerable sensitivity to the value chosen for the combustion model parameter but specially to the acoustic geometric configuration and boundary conditions assumed showing evidence of limit cycle behaviour for some combinations. Nevertheless, further work is required to improve both combustion model and the accuracy of acoustic configuration and boundary condition specification.

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Paterson, Jessy. "Etude expérimentale du transport de chaleur dans les nanomatériaux par méthodes électrothermiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY039.

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Les travaux effectués lors de cette thèse portent sur l'étude expérimentale des propriétés de transport de chaleur dans divers types de matériaux, de l'échelle macroscopique jusqu'à l'échelle du nanomètre. Les motivations ayant donné naissance à cette étude sont multiples. Les enjeux technologiques liés à la maîtrise accrue de la gestion thermique des technologies actuelles et de demain prennent une ampleur considérable, étant donné la corrélation importante qui existe entre les performances globales d'un dispositif et la gestion efficace des gradients thermiques apparaissant en son sein. En particulier, les performances des applications telles que les générateurs thermoélectriques ou bien les mémoires à changement de phase sont grandement améliorées lorsque leur architecture est basée sur des matériaux possédant des faibles conductivité thermiques. D'un point de vue fondamental, l'étude de matériaux de basse dimension, structurés à des échelles comparables aux longueurs caractéristiques définissant le transport de chaleur, comme le libre parcours moyen des phonons ou leur longueur d'onde, est d'une importance cruciale afin de comprendre les mécanismes responsable des propriétés thermiques atypiques observées dans des matériaux de basse dimension et/ou structurés à l'échelle nanométrique.Cette étude est menée à l'aide de méthodes dites électro-thermiques qui sont décrites de manière approfondie, en particulier concernant la modélisation des données expérimentales. En particulier, la méthode 3ω a été implémentée afin de mesurer la conductivité thermique de matériaux massifs, de couches minces d'épaisseur descendant jusqu'à 17 nm, ainsi que des résistances thermiques d'interfaces présentes dans des systèmes multicouches. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence la réduction de plus d'un facteur 3 de la conductivité thermique d'une matrice cristalline de germanium possédant des nano-inclusions sphériques cristallines d'un diamètre moyen de 16 nm, comparée à son homologue non nanostructuré. La réduction de la conductivité thermique de ce matériau nano-structuré est attribuée à des processus de diffusion des phonons par les nano-inclusions sphériques, ainsi que la distance inter-inclusions qui joue un rôle important quant à la réduction du libre parcours moyen des porteurs de chaleur dans ce matériau hétérogène. Une réduction de la conductivité thermique d'un facteur 5 est également observé dans le chalcogène GeTe après introduction de carbone -- réduction pouvant être expliquée par la présence de grains de tailles nanométriques entourés de carbone amorphe.Le caractère polyvalent de la méthode 3ω nous a permis de quantifier la contribution des résistances thermiques d'interfaces pour des systèmes de type Pt/AI₂O₃/germanium,Pt/Ai₂O₃/sapphire ou bien Pt/SiN/Si. Nos conclusions indiquent que la résistance thermique à l'interface AI₂O₃/germanium peut contribuer de manière substantielle à la résistance thermique globale d'un système multicouche, pouvant être préjudiciable si des applications basées sur des structures comportant ce type d'interface sont envisagées. Enfin, les propriétés thermiques anisotropes d'un substrat de saphir ont été étudiées, en utilisant la méthode 2ω
This dissertation presents an experimental study of heat transport in various types of materials that greatly differ in their structure, size and thermal properties. The motivations behind this study are multiple. The technological stakes related to the increased mastery of thermal management of current and future technologies are considerable, given the important correlation between the overall performance of a device and the efficient management of thermal gradients that develop within it. In particular, the performance of applications such as thermoelectric generators or phase-change memories are greatly enhanced when their architecture is based on materials with low thermal conductivities. From a fundamental point of view, the study of low dimensional materials, structured at scales comparable to the characteristic lengths defining heat transport, such as the mean free path of phonons or their wavelength, is of crucial importance in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for atypical thermal properties that are reported for low-dimensional and/or nanostructred materials.The experimental investigation of heat transport is carried out by means of electro-thermal methods, whose principles and foundations were particularly detailed. In particular, the 3ω method has been implemented to measure the thermal conductivity of bulk materials, thin films down to 17 nm thick, as well as thermal boundary resistances present in multilayer systems. We were able to demonstrate a reduction of more than a factor of 3 in the thermal conductivity of a crystalline germanium matrix with crystalline spherical nano-inclusions having an average diameter of 16 nm, compared to its non-nanostructured counterpart. The reduction of the thermal conductivity of this nano-structured material is attributed to phonon scattering by the spherical nano-inclusions, as well as the inter-inclusion distance, which plays an important role in reducing the mean free path of heat carriers in this heterogeneous material. A reduction in thermal conductivity by a factor of 5 is also observed in another germanium-based nanostructured material, GeTe, after the introduction of carbon -- a reduction that can be explained by the presence of nano-sized grains surrounded by amorphous carbon.The versatility of the 3ω method has allowed us to quantify the contribution of thermal boundary resistances for systems such as Pt/AI₂O₃/germanium, Pt/Ai₂O₃/sapphire or Pt/SiN/Si. Our findings indicate that the thermal boundary resistance at the AI₂O₃/germanium interface can contribute substantially to the overall thermal resistance of a multilayer system, which may be detrimental if applications based on structures with this type of interface are considered. Finally, anisotropic thermal properties have been experimentally studied on a sapphire substrate, using the 2ω method

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Glanowski, Thomas. "Compréhension et modélisation des mécanismes élémentaires d’endommagement en fatigue d’élastomères renforcés au noir de carbone." Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENTA0009.

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Les propriétés en fatigue d’élastomères renforcés au noir de carbone sont fortement conditionnées par leurs populations d’inclusions, qui sont générées par une formulation complexe et les étapes successives du procédé de fabrication (mélangeage, injection et réticulation). L’optimisation de ces propriétés implique d’abord être capable de décrire les caractéristiques statistiques de ces populations d’inclusions en termes de nature, taille, géométrie, orientation et dispersion spatiale. Ensuite, une compréhension fine des mécanismes de ruine est requise afin de définir la criticité des inclusions en terme de tenue mécanique en fonction de leurs caractéristiques, en particulier sous chargement cyclique. Cette étude présente d’abord les outils développés, qui reposent sur une analyse fine de données de micro-tomographies aux rayons X. Les résultats obtenus sur les populations d’inclusions et l’endommagement induit par ces dernières permettent de dégager le potentiel de ces outils et leurs limites actuelles, pour les matériaux considérés. L’existence d’inclusions atypiques, qui n’avaient jusque-là jamais été recensées dans la littérature, a ainsi pu être découverte. Le mécanisme de cavitation apparaît être le plus critique vis-à-vis de la fatigue puisqu’il semble mener à des micro-fissures se propageant dans la matrice. Une comparaison de la criticité des paramètres des inclusions vis-à-vis d’un critère en cavitation est réalisée graçe à une analyse paramétrique par éléments finis. Enfin, des mesures thermographiques à l’échelle des inclusions illustrent les investiguations complémentaires nécessaires à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d’endommagement à cette échelle
The fatigue properties of carbon black filled elastomers are strongly related to the inclusions’ population, induced by complex recipes and the successive stages of the manufacturing process (mixing, injection and curing). The improvement of these properties involves at first an ability to describe the statistical features of these inclusions’ population in terms of nature, size, geometry, orientation and spatial distribution. Then, a detailed understanding of the damage mechanisms is required in order to define the mechanical criticality of inclusions according to their characteristics under cyclic loading. This study presents at first the tools developed, based on a detailed analysis of X-ray micro-tomography data. The obtained results on the inclusion’s populations and the damage induced allow highlighting the potential of these tools and their current limits for the studied materials. Atypical inclusions, unknown in the litterature, has been discovered. The cavitation mechanism appears to be the most critical regarding fatigue because it leads to micro-cracks that propagate in the matrix. A comparison of the criticality of the inclusions’ parameters regarding a cavitation criterion is carried out with a parametric study using finite elements simulations. Finally, thermographic measurements at the inclusions’s scale show the additional investiguations needed for a better understanding of the damage mechanisms at this scale

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Yu, Lantao. "Optimisation par inclusion, alliage et dopage des matériaux thermoélectriques d'intérêt - application des méthodes ab initio et de dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS056/document.

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La thermoélectricité est considérée comme une source prometteuse de l'énergie puisqu'elle est capable de convertir directement la chaleur en électricité. Ceci permet de récupérer la chaleur dissipée sans causer de la pollution. Cependant, les options applicatives à grande échelle sont encore en restriction en raison du faible rendement de conversion thermoélectrique. Par conséquent, de nombreux travaux de recherche sont consacrés à l'amélioration de la performance thermoélectrique de différents matériaux, qui est caractérisée par la figure de mérite ZT. Un ZT favorable comprend simultanément un coefficient Seebeck satisfaisant, une conductivité électrique élevée et une faible conductivité thermique. Rechercher un matériau approprié avec une meilleure performance thermoélectrique est l'objectif de nos analyses. Avec les techniques de dopage, différents éléments peuvent être ajoutés dans des semi-conducteurs à différentes concentrations. La densité de charge pourrait ainsi être modifiée pour améliorer les propriétés thermoélectriques. En raison des obstacles liés à la synthèse des matériaux, des simulations numériques basées sur différentes méthodes, telles que la théorie fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT), la dynamique moléculaire (DM), sont ensuite mises en oeuvre pour estimer l'approche d'amélioration la plus prometteuse. Au cours de cette thèse, les propriétés thermoélectriques de plusieurs matériaux sont étudiées pour des applications dans différentes situations, à savoir CsSnI₃ comme un candidat potentiel avec sa haute conductivité électrique, ZnO comme un matériau thermoélectrique transparent, Bi₂Te₃ comme un traditionnel matériau avec d'autres améliorations et la cellulose comme futur semi- conducteur organique. Comme la DFT ne concerne que les propriétés des électrons (coefficient de Seebeck, conductivité électrique, conductivité thermique due aux électrons), la conductivité thermique du réseau n'est pas incluse ici. Par conséquent, DFT avec des déplacements finis et DM sont utilisés comme méthodes complémentaires pour établir la conductivité thermique due aux phonons. De cette façon, cette thèse est divisée en deux parties. Dans la première partie, des contextes théoriques de DFT sont introduits à partir de l'équation de Schrödinger. Les résultats des simulations DFT classiques sont présentés par la suite. En utilisant des positions atomiques issues de mesures expérimentales, nous avons lancé la relaxation de la structure cristalline pour assurer que chaque atome dans le système est à sa position d'équilibre. Les structures de bande d'énergie électronique sont également calculées pour valider les configurations de calcul (énergie de coupure, conditions de convergence, etc.). Une cartographie complète des valeurs propres dans l'espace réciproque est faite et les propriétés thermoélectriques sont calculées en résolvant les équations de transport de Boltzmann. Dans la deuxième partie, les théories de base des phonons sont mentionnées, suivies des introductions des méthodes en DFT avec des déplacements finis et en DM. Nous avons mis en oeuvre des simulations DM pour étudier l'influence du dopage à l'aluminium sur la conductivité thermique du réseau pour ZnO. Nous avons également utilisé la méthode en DFT avec des déplacements finis pour étudier la variation de la conductivité thermique de l'alliage Bi₂Te₃₋ₓSeₓ
Thermoelectricity is considered a promising source of energy since it is able to directly convert heat into electricity. This makes it possible to recover dissipated heat without causing pollution. However, large-scale applicative options are still under restriction because of the dim thermoelectric conversion yield. Therefore, numerous research works are dedicated to improving thermoelectric performance of different materials, which is characterized by the dimensionless figure of merit ZT. A favorable ZT includes simultaneously a satisfying Seebeck coefficient, a high electrical conductivity and a low thermal conductivity. To seek a suitable material with a better thermoelectric performance is the objective of our analyses. With doping technics, different elements can be added into semi-conductors within different concentrations. The charge density could be thus modified in order to change thermoelectric properties. Due to hurdles related to materials synthesis, numerical simulations based on different methods, such as density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD), are then implemented to estimate the most promising improvement approach. During this thesis, thermoelectric properties of several materials are investigated for applications in different situations, i.e. CsSnI₃ as a potential candidate with its high electronic conductivity, ZnO as a transparent thermoelectric material, Bi₂Te₃ as a traditional material with further improvements and cellulose as future organic semi-conductor. As DFT concerns only properties of electrons (Seebeck coefficient, electric conductivity, thermal conductivity due to electrons), lattice thermal conductivity is not included herein. Therefore, DFT with finite displacement and MD are used as a complementary method to establish thermal conductivity due to phonons. In this way, this thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, theoretical backgrounds of DFT are introduced starting with Schrödinger equation. Results of classical DFT simulations are presented afterwards. By using atomic positions from experimental measurements, we launched crystal structure relaxation to ensure that every atom in the system is at its equilibrium position. Electronic band structures are also calculated to validate calculation configurations (cutoff energy, convergence conditions, etc.). A full mapping of Eigenvalues in reciprocal space is realized and thermoelectric properties are calculated by solving Boltzmann transport equations. In the second part, basic theories of phonons are mentioned, followed by introductions of DFT with finite displacements and MD methods. We implemented MD simulations to study the influence of aluminum doping on lattice thermal conductivity for ZnO. We also used DFT with finite displacements method to study lattice thermal conductivity variation of Bi₂Te₃₋ₓSeₓ alloy

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Mantiloni, Lorenzo. "Modelling displacement and stress fields in hydrothermal regions: the case of a thermo-poro-elastic inclusion in a poro-elastic half-space." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18151/.

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Le regioni idrotermali sono interessate da una grande varietà di fenomeni naturali, tra cui episodi di rigonfiamento e subsidenza del suolo. Tra di esse, le caldere consentono di studiare le interazioni tra i processi magmatici e le dinamiche dei fluidi di cui sono imbevute le rocce porose nella crosta superficiale. Un'area idrotermale soggetta a instabilità periodiche è la caldera dei Campi Flegrei, nell'Italia meridionale. Una delle crisi più recenti, oggetto di numerosi studi e ricerche, ha avuto luogo nel biennio 1982-84. La tesi si propone di sviluppare un modello di sorgente deformativa che prevede una regione termo-poro-elastica inclusa in un solido poro-elastico semi-illimitato, nel caso in cui questa regione abbia forma cilindrica e subisca cambiamenti di temperatura e pressione di poro al suo interno. Viene fornita una soluzione semi-analitica per spostamenti e sforzi così generati all'interno e all'esterno della sorgente deformativa, e i risultati sono paragonati a quelli ottenuti tramite un approccio completamente numerico, insieme a quelli di altri tre modelli. Lo spostamento verticale risultante alla superficie libera è in buon accordo con quello prodotto dal modello di Mogi, e riproduce il pattern di deformazione verticale osservato presso i Campi Flegrei durante la crisi del 1982-84. Tuttavia, vi sono differenze nelle ampiezze delle componenti dello spostamento tra il nostro modello e gli altri due considerati. I risultati per il campo di sforzi sul piano mediano della sorgente indicano un regime compressivo al suo interno, mentre si evidenzia un regime distensivo nella regione sovrastante, e un regime trascorrente nella regione esterna del semispazio. Questo è in accordo con la distribuzione eterogenea dei meccanismi focali ottenuti dai dati sismologici relativi allo stesso episodio presso i Campi Flegrei. Alla fine dell’opera, sono discussi i limiti di applicabilità del modello e ne sono indicati alcuni possibili sviluppi ulteriori.

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Galaz-Mandakovic, Damir. "Inclusions, transformations et asymétries du capitalisme minier sur la cote d'Atacama : les dérives de la production thermoélectrique a Tocopilla (Chili) 1914-2015)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20069.

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La thèse a pour objet de décrire, caractériser et analyser le nouveau scénario développé à Tocopilla (Chili) pour l’installation d’une puissance pour alimenter les mines de cuivre à Chuquicamata et de salpêtre dans l’Atacama par des capitaux américains. Létude porte sur l’inclusion, la transformation et les dérives du capitalisme minier, ayant développé diverses asymétries qui ont frappé la population jusqu’a aujourd´hui, ce qui transforme la ville en un pôle technologique, génerant de relations coloniales avec la population, faisant de Tocopilla une périphérie étudiée sous l’influence de l’État en raison d’une économie coloniale qui a profondément affecté l’environnement
The thesis aims to describe, characterize and analyze the new scenario that was developed in Tocopilla (Chile) by means of the installation of a thermo power station to energize the copper mining in Chuquicamata and the mining of nitrate in the Atacama desert through american capitals. The inclusion, transformation and derivations of mining capitalism are studied. They developed numerous asymmetries that impacted the population until the present time. Converting the settlement into a technological pole, establishing colonial relations with the population and establishing Tocopilla in a periphery by the influence of the State, due to the effect of a colonial economy that deeply affected the environment
La tesis tiene como objetivo describir, caracterizar y analizar el nuevo escenario que se desarrolló en Tocopilla (Chile) por la instalación de una termoeléctrica para energizar la minería de cobre en Chuquicamata y la minería del salpetre en el desierto de Atacama a través de capitales estadounidenses. Se estudia la inclusión, la transformación y las derivaciones del capitalismo minero que desarrolló diversas asimetrías que impactaron profundamente a la población hasta el tiempo presente, tornando al poblado en un polo tecnológico, estableciéndose relaciones coloniales con la población, además de constituir a Tocopilla en una periferia ante la influencia del Estado por efecto de una economía colonial que afectó profundamente al medio ambiente

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Tourneur, Enora. "Circulation de fluides aux abords de failles d’échelle crustale : contraintes structurales, microtectoniques, inclusions fluides et géochimiques sur les processus de formation du gisement de Bou Azzer (Ni-Co), Anti-Atlas, Maroc." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG064.

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Le district de cobalt-nickel de Bou Azzer est un gisement unique au monde mis en place dans un environnement de serpentinite carbonatée. Deux types de minéralisations sont exploités : des minéralisations massives et un système de veines. Les minéralisations massives sont des corps métalliques, sous forme de lentilles, orientées N120°E et essentiellement enrichies en arséniures de nickel et de cobalt. Elles sont localisées au contact entre une serpentinite, une diorite quartzique ou des roches volcaniques précambriennes. Leur mise en place se fait dans des conditions de moyennes températures (à 220°C en moyenne), de fortes salinités à 38%pds eq. NaCl et de pressions variables entre 67-2883 bars.Les systèmes de veines sont des failles systématiquement minéralisées en arséniures de cobalt et de fer lorsqu’elles recoupent les minéralisations massives. Ces failles recoupent toutes les unités lithologiques de la boutonnière de Bou Azzer, sauf la formation sédimentaire cambrienne. Elles ont des orientations oscillantes entre N/S à N 070°E et sont systématiquement associées à un mouvement normal observé dans le plan vertical. Dans le plan horizontal, les failles minéralisées présentent des jeux sénestres ou dextres cohérents avec un contrôle transtensif selon une direction de raccourcissement orientée N030°E. Le fluide des structures extensives décrit des températures à 170°C en moyenne des salinités entre 32 et 41 %pds eq. NaCl et des pressions variant de 24 et 1800 bars. Les trois types de structures décrivent la même paragenèse minérale, les mêmes textures et les mêmes types de gangues encaissant les minéralisations (quartz et carbonates). Le système évolue de fluides riches en Ni-(Co-Fe) à des fluides riches en Co-(Ni-Fe) depuis les minéralisations massives jusqu’aux systèmes des veines induisant un continuum dans la formation de ces deux types de minéralisations. Deux types de textures sont également observés au sein des minéralisations massives : i) une texture Bréchifiée des Minéralisations Massives (BMM) et une texture Laminée des Minéralisations Massives (LMM). La BMM est illustrée par des arséniures de nickel et de cobalt fracturés par de la serpentine ; par des fragments résiduels de serpentinite, des reliques de spinelles et des fragments d’arséniures de nickel isolés au sein de la gangue carbonatée. La texture de la gangue traduit le fait que ces lentilles minéralisées sont certainement d'anciens corps bréchifiés d’une gangue précoce de serpentinite et des reliques de spinelles. La LMM est décrite par des niveaux alternant entre des arséniures de nickel et de la gangue carbonatée. Cette texture traduit l’architecture précoce du contact faillé sous forme d’anciens lits de spinelles remobilisés par le fluide minéralisateur. Les analyses géochimiques menées sur les arséniures, les gangues carbonatées, les spinelles et le fluide montrent un enrichissement commun en Co, Ni, As, Zn, Bi, Cu, Ag et Au et la même signature en Na/K, Li/B, V/Cr, As/V, Zn/V, Co/Cr. La relation étroite entre ces minéralisations et leurs encaissants indique que le lessivage des structures pré-existantes (spinelles et arséniures de nickel) par un fluide minéralisateur et la précipitation in-situ des métaux sont les processus à l’origine des gisements de cobalt-nickel de Bou Azzer. La formation précoce de la gangue de serpentinites résulterait d’un amincissement crustal en contexte hyper-extensif en transtension décrit il y a 540-560 Ma et accompagné d’un début d’océanisation lors de la formation du complexe supérieur. La circulation d’eau de mer dans le manteau serait l’agent principal de sa serpentinisation. L’exhumation serait le vecteur de la remontée et de la bréchification de la serpentinite mise en contact avec une diorite quartzique. Le timing de formation des minéralisations de Bou Azzer débuterait avec le processus de serpentinisation, décrit pendant les premiers stades de la formation des minéralisations
The Co-Ni district of Bou Azzer (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) is a unique and particular type of deposit because formed in a context carbonated serpentinite. Two types of mineralisation are exploited: massive orebodies and a system of veins.The massive mineralisations are metallic bodies, in the form of lenses, oriented N120°E and essentially enriched in Ni- and Co-arsenides. They are located at the contact between serpentinite, quartz diorite and Precambrian volcanic rocks. Their formation is realised under medium temperature conditions at ca. 220°C, high salinity at 38% wt eq. NaCl fluids and pressures bracketed between 67-2883 bars.Vein systems are controlled by faults that are systematically mineralised in Co- and Fe- arsenides when they intersect the massive mineralisations. These veins intersect all the lithologic units of the Bou Azzer inlier, except for the Cambrian sedimentary formation. They are trending between NS to N070°E and are systematically associated with normal movements in vertical planes. In the horizontal plane, the mineralised faults present sinistral or dextral motions coherent with a transtensive context controlled by a N030°E shortening direction. Associated fluid yields minimum temperatures of emplacement at 170°C in average, salinity between 32 and 41% wt eq. NaCl and pressures ranging from 24 to 1800 bars.All structures describe a same mineral paragenesis, a same textures and a same type of hosted gangues (quartz and carbonates). Fluids evolve since Ni-(Co-Fe) rich end-members to Co-(Ni-Fe) rich one since massive mineralisations to vein systems inducing a continuum in the formation of both types of mineralisation.Two types of textures are observed in massive mineralisation: a Brecciated Massive Mineralisation (BMM) texture and a Laminated Massive Mineralisation (LMM) one. BMM is characterised by i) Ni-/Co-arsenides fractured by serpentine; ii) residual fragments of serpentinite, iii) spinel relics and iv) fragments of Ni-arsenides isolated within the carbonated gangue. The texture of the gangue reflects the fact that these mineralised lenses are certainly previously formed brecciated bodies of an early gangue of serpentinite and spinel relics. The LMM is described as alternating Ni- arsenides and carbonated gangue layers. The combination of these two textures reflects the early architecture of the faulted contact, i.e. the BMM are ancient brecciated bodies whereas the LMM are witness of ancient mylonitic levels.Geochemical analyses carried out on arsenides, carbonate gangues, spinels and the liquid part of fluid inclusions show a common enrichment in Co, Ni, As, Zn, Bi, Cu, Ag and Au and the same for Na/K, Li/B, V/Cr, As/V, Zn/V, Co/Cr. The close relationship between these mineralisations and their host-rocks indicates that the leaching of pre-existing ultramafic fragments (spinels and Ni-arsenides) by a mineralising fluid and the in-situ metal precipitation are the processes at the origin of the cobalt- Bou Azzer nickel.The early formation of the serpentinite brecciated gangue is interpreted as a result of crustal thinning in a hyper-extensional context that occurred around 540-560 Ma and accompanied by an initiation of oceanic crust formation. The circulation of seawater in the mantle would be the main agent of its serpentinisation. The exhumation would be the vector of the rise and the brecciation of the serpentinite put in contact with a quartz diorite. Consequently, the formation of the Bou Azzer mineralisation would begin with the serpentinisation process, described during the early stages of the mineralisation process and ended by tectonically controlled vein formation

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Arnaud, Florence. "Analyse structurale et thermo-barométrique d'un système de chevauchements varisque : les Cévennes centrales (Massif Central français) microstructures et mécanismes de déformation dans les zones de cisaillement schisteuses." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL145N.

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Une approche pluri-disciplinaire sur la carte géologique à 1/50000 de Saint-André-de Valborgne permet de replacer les Cévennes centrales au sein de la chaine varisque d'Europe occidentale. Ce secteur est constitué de séries présumées paléozoïques affectées par la déformation varisque. L’analyse structurale et microstructurale permet la caractérisation de zones de cisaillement dans les séries schisteuses. Le mécanisme de déformation dominant dans ces zones ou les exsudats de quartz sont très abondants est la dissolution-cristallisation. Ces zones de cisaillement définissent une structuration des Cévennes en duplex à vergence S à SE. En tenant compte de cette géométrie, un nouveau log stratigraphique est proposé. L’étude thermo-barométrique sur les paragenèses minérales et des inclusions fluides indique que la déformation est contemporaine d'un métamorphisme sous des conditions de 500 ±12°C et 4,3 ±0,4Kb date dans la littérature entre 340 et 330 Ma. Ces chevauchements sont associés aux processus d'épaississement crustal. L’exhumation des nappes s'accompagne d'une chute de pression et de température. Au cours de cette exhumation, les gradients géothermiques sont d'au minimum 50/km. Par la suite, les Cévennes sont affectés par une extension contemporaine d'intrusions de granodiorites entre 330 et 290 Ma, d'une déformation fragile entre 300 et 280 Ma et de la formation du bassin sédimentaire d'Alès à cette même période. La direction de cette extension varie dans le temps de ENE-WSW à NNE-SSW. L'ensemble du scenario proposé s'intègre dans le modèle d'évolution de la branche sud de la chaine varisque d'Europe occidentale. D’après les modélisations analogiques d'une lithosphère en extension nous proposons que les Cévennes constituent un secteur affecté de manière fragile en horst et grabens au sein duquel les structures compressives sont conservées.

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Menegaz, Gabriela Lima. "Uso dos métodos de impedância eletromecânica e térmica para a detecção de inclusões visando a aplicação em tumores mamários." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2018.59.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O câncer de mama é um problema de saúde pública e possui a maior incidência e mortalidade na população feminina em todo o mundo. A detecção precoce do câncer de mama é essencial para redução da morbidade e mortalidade associadas a esta doença. Alguns dos métodos usados para detecção dos tumores mamários são a ultrassonografia, a imagem por ressonância magnética (MRI), a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET), a tomossíntese e a mamografia, recomendada como técnica de rastreamento. Cada um dos métodos apresenta vantagens e desvantagens, como provocar desconforto ao paciente durante a realização dos exames, possíveis reações ao agente de contraste, emissão de radiação, dependência do operador para análise dos resultados, dificuldade de detecção em tecidos densos, falta de acessibilidade para pessoas com deficiência ou baixa mobilidade, alto custo e produção de rejeitos radioativos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é aplicar os métodos de impedância eletromecânica e térmica na detecção de inclusões para que possam ser futuramente usados como técnicas alternativas às já existentes na identificação de tumores mamários. A aplicação do método da impedância eletromecânica que utiliza transdutores piezelétricos, atuando simultaneamente como sensor e atuador, acoplados à estrutura analisada permite o monitoramento das mudanças da massa, rigidez e/ou amortecimento e a consequente detecção da inclusão. O mesmo procedimento é aplicado no método da impedância térmica que, por sua vez, consiste na razão entre a variação da resposta da temperatura superficial da estrutura em função da aplicação de um fluxo de calor externo. A detecção das inclusões torna-se possível devido a definições de métricas de dano que são parâmetros estatísticos capazes de representar numericamente a diferença entre duas medições antes e após o dano. A metodologia proposta é validada experimentalmente através da aplicação em materiais hiperplásticos de geometria simples e complexa. Amostras de silicone e modelos de aplicação médica são analisadas. Os métodos de impedância propostos apontaram, preliminarmente, para uma maior sensibilidade da técnica a inclusões menores, de 10 mm de diâmetro para os testes realizados. Além disso, observou-se que o aquecimento externo imposto aos modelos e a presença de geração de calor nas inclusões auxiliou na detecção. Um teste qualitativo foi realizado in vivo para a análise do potencial de uso da impedância eletromecânica em aplicações clínicas. Este trabalho apresenta contribuições importantes, não só no campo da engenharia biomecânica, mas também na análise do comportamento estrutural, ampliando as aplicações de técnicas de dano em materiais hiperelásticos, assim como, propondo o uso da impedância térmica como um novo parâmetro para identificação de inclusões ou falhas estruturais em ensaios não destrutivos.
Breast cancer is a public health problem and has the highest incidence and mortality in the female population worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer is essential for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Some of the methods used to detect breast tumors are ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), tomosynthesis and mammography, which is recommended as a screening technique. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, such as discomfort to the patient during the exams, possible reactions to the contrast agent, radiation emission, operator dependence for the analysis of results, difficulty for detection in dense tissues, lack of accessibility for people with disabilities or low mobility, high cost and radioactive waste production. The main objective of this work is to apply the electromechanical and thermal impedance methods in the detection of inclusions, in order to be used, in the future, as alternative techniques to those already existent for the identification of breast tumors. The application of the electromechanical impedance method using piezoelectric transducers, acting simultaneously as a sensor and actuator, coupled to the analyzed structure allows the monitoring of mass, rigidity and/or damping variations, and consequent detection of the inclusion. The same procedure is applied in the thermal impedance method, which consists of the ratio between the gradient of the surface temperature response of the structure as a function of the application of an external heat flow. The detection of inclusions is possible due to the damage metrics that are statistical parameters capable of numerically representing the difference between two measurements before and after the damage. The proposed methodology is validated experimentally through the application in hyperplastic materials of simple and complex geometry. Silicone samples and medical application models are analyzed. The proposed impedance methods preliminarily presented a higher sensitivity of the technique to smaller inclusions of 10 mm in diameter for the tests performed. In addition, it was observed that the external heating imposed on the models and the presence of heat generation in the inclusions aided in the detection. A qualitative test was performed in vivo to analyze the potential of the use of electromechanical impedance in clinical applications. This work presents important contributions not only in the field of biomechanical engineering, but also in the analysis of structural behavior, expanding the applications of damage techniques in hyperelastic materials, as well as proposing the use of thermal impedance as a new parameter for identification of inclusions or structural failures in nondestructive testing.
Tese (Doutorado)

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Шиліна, О. П., В. П. Перегончук, Е. П. Шилина, В. П. Перегончук, E. P. Shilina, and V. P. Peregonchuk. "Порошкова композиція для газотермічного зміцнення деталей машин." Thesis, ВНТУ, 2013. http://ir.lib.vntu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7704.

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В роботі показано, що внаслідок екзотермічних реакцій, що протікають в процесі напилювання, досягається оптимальна об’ємна структура, у якої тверді зони, що складаються з більш крихкого матеріалу, ізольовані одна від однієї, а між ними розташована матриця з в’язкого матеріалу – виконується так званий принцип Шарпі-Бочвара.
В работе показано, что в результате экзотермических реакций, протекающих в процессе напыления, достигается оптимальная объемная структура, в которой твердые зоны, состоящие из более хрупкого материала, изолированные друг от друга, а между ними расположена матрица из вязкого материала - выполняется так называемый принцип Шарпи-Бочвара.
Іt is shown that due to exothermic reactions during spraying, achieved optimal three-dimensional structure, which has a solid zone consisting of a brittle material, isolated from one another, and between them is a viscous matrix material - performed so called Sharp-Bochvar.

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Crognier, Nemo. "Evolution thermique, circulation de fluide et fracturation associées à la structuration du bassin d’avant-pays sud-pyrénéen." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3030/document.

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Le bassin de Jaca (Pyrénées espagnoles) est un exemple classique de bassins d’avant pays, où les grandes lignes du remplissage sédimentaire, ainsi que la chronologie des failles ont été très étudiées. Il reste toutefois à mieux comprendre la paléo-hydrologie et l’histoire thermique du bassin, de manière à proposer un modèle de circulation des fluides pendant sa mise en place et sa déformation (Paléocène-Oligocène). Pour ce faire, ce travail propose d’analyser la répartition de la fracturation, d’étudier les conditions de formation des veines syn-tectoniques et de caractériser la maturité de la matière organique sur l’ensemble du paléobassin d’avant-pays de Jaca, des zones internes vers les zones externes.L’analyse pétrographique, géochimique et microthermométrique des veines montre que la grande majorité des fluides minéralisateurs sont à l’équilibre isotopique et thermique avec l’encaissant. Dans le détail, nous avons identifié 2 événements principaux de formation de veines dans la zone interne du bassin (Sierras Interiores), que nous proposons d’associer au fonctionnement des failles majeures dans le socle. Nous suggérons que les fluides circulent le long des niveaux de décollements et sont expulsés sur de courtes distances (< 10 km), au travers des réseaux de fractures, vers le bassin d’avant-pays. Le reste du bassin enregistre principalement des fluides locaux, parfois associés à l’infiltration d’eau météorique. L’analyse des températures d’enfouissement (50°C à 250°C), qui inclut des données de Δ47, montre une organisation N-S relativement homogène depuis les Sierras Interiores (fenêtre à gaz) jusqu’aux Sierras Exteriores (immature), avec des anomalies longitudinales marquées. Les modélisations thermiques 1D sur 9 puits virtuels suggèrent que les températures maximales vers les Sierras Interiores peuvent résulter d’un enfouissement sédimentaire, dont une grande partie est érodée actuellement. Nous proposons que ces parties érodées correspondent à des dépôts tardi-orogéniques conglomératiques déposés à proximité de la zone axiale. Les données suggèrent une répartition non homogène de ces dépôts selon un axe E-W, impliquant des transferts sédimentaires plus complexes qu’habituellement discutés. Au vu de nos résultats et des précédentes études, le modèle paléohydrologique et thermique du bassin de Jaca, et à plus grande échelle, de la chaîne plissée sud-pyrénéenne, est compartimenté à la fois dans l’espace et dans le temps, en lien avec à la propagation latérale et frontale de la déformation, qui contrôle l’ouverture du système. Le modèle paléohydrologique et thermique de la chaîne plissée sud-pyrénéenne constitue donc un potentiel analogue aux chaînes plissées dont le raccourcissement résulte d’une convergence oblique
The Jaca basin (Spanish Pyrenees) is a classical example of a foreland basin, where the sedimentary filling and the calendar of thrust activation have been extensively studied. It remains to understand the paleohydrology and the thermal history of the basin, so as to provide a fluid flow model related to its formation and deformation (Paleoecene-Oligocene). To do this, this work proposes to analyze the distribution of fracturing, to study the conditions of formation of syn-tectonic veins and to characterize the maturity of organic matter throughout the Jaca foreland basin, from hinterland to external areas.Petrographical, geochemical and microthermometric analysis of veins show that the vast majority of mineralizing fluids are at the isotopic and thermal equilibrium with the host-rock. In detail, we identified two main events of vein precipitation in the inner part of the basin (Sierras Interiores), probably related to major basement thrust activations. We suggest that fluids flow along decollement levels and are expelled over short distances (<10 km), through fracture networks towards the foreland basin. The other part of the basin mainly record local fluids, sometimes associated with the infiltration of meteoric water. Analysis of burial temperatures (50 °C to 250 °C), which includes Δ47 data, shows a relatively homogeneous N-S organization from the Sierras Interiores (gas window) to Sierras Exteriores (immature), with strong longitudinal anomalies. Thermal 1D modelling of 9 virtual wells suggest that the maximum temperatures of Sierras Interiores result from sedimentary accumulation, whose a large amount is now eroded. We propose that this eroded thickness corresponds to late-orogenic conglomeratic deposits near the axial zone. The data suggest an inhomogeneous distribution of the deposits along an E-W axis, involving more complex sedimentary transfers than usually discussed. Given our results and previous studies, the paleohydrological and thermal model of the Jaca basin, and on a larger scale, of the South Pyrenean fold and thrust belt, is compartmentalized both in space and in time, in response to the propagation of and oblique deformational front, which controls the opening of the system. The paleohydrological and thermal model of the South Pyrenean fold and thrust belt is therefore a potential analogue to fold and thrust belt including shortening due to an oblique convergence

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chung, ko mei, and 柯嵋鐘. "Thermal conductivity of holes and inclusions analyised by comformal mapping." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23783151754599864663.

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YU, XIAN-GUAN, and 余鑑泉. "Numerical determination of effective thermal conductivities of composite material with spherical inclusions." Thesis, 1987. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45899343856375764168.

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Prokofjev, Sergei I., and Erik Johnson. "Estimation of line tension of individual dislocations from the thermal motion trajectories of inclusions attached to them." 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31683.

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"The Inclusion of Thermal Emissions Within the SASKTRAN Framework." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2015-03-1967.

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The current capabilities of SASKTRAN – a radiative transfer model at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Canada – are to accurately model the scattering of solar radiation within the earth’s atmosphere for the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and near infra-red (NIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, the current model does not account for the radiation emitted by the ground and atmosphere, approximated by the blackbody spectrum. In the UV-Vis, this contribution is unimportant, but when transitioning to wavelengths longer than 2.5 μm, the solar spectrum decreases in intensity while radiation of terrestrial and atmospheric origin increases along the blackbody curve. At wavelengths longer than 5 μm in the far infra-red (FIR), the blackbody radiation is the dominant source in the atmosphere. A modification to the source code of SASKTRAN was made in order to include the additional effect of this “thermal” radiation – with the help of the spectral line database HITRAN – while still maintaining scattering capabilities of solar radiation. This would make SASKTRAN one of the first radiative transfer models with the ability to model radiation in the difficult region between 3 and 5 μm – the mid infra-red (MIR) region – where the solar and thermal radiation sources are equally diminished and are the same order of magnitude. An introduction is given to atmospheric physics with a focus on the science of infra-red active molecules like H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, and CO – the so-called “greenhouse gases” – and the measurement techniques used to determine their atmospheric distribution. A theoretical basis is then provided for general radiative transfer, and the physics of molecular absorption and emission is examined in detail. A summary of the implementation of thermal radiation within the SASKTRAN framework is given, followed by verification studies where the model’s radiative transfer calculations in the infra-red are compared against measurements, including those made by the ground-based instrument E-AERI, the space-borne instruments IASI and GOSAT, and against model results from the LBLRTM, another well-verified radiative transfer model.

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LIN, JING-JUAN, and 林靜娟. "Thermal stresses due to an insulated or a conductive rigid inclusion." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71239465462715692260.

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Sivalingam, Thiagarajan. "Thermal conduction equations for a medium with an inclusion using Galerkin method." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10106/2081.

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Piper, Jennifer. "The Thermal Evolution of the Ouachita Orogen, Arkansas and Oklahoma from Quartz-Calcite Thermometry and Fluid Inclusion Thermobarometry." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10263.

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To understand the fluid temperature and pressure during the Ouachita orogeny, we used isotopic analysis of syntectonic veins and adjacent host material, quartz-calcite oxygen isotope thermometry and fluid inclusion analysis. The veins were at or near isotopic equilibrium with their host rocks; neither the host nor veins has been isotopically reset. The average isotopic variation in (delta18)O between vein and host is 2.4 plus/minus 1.7% and 0.7 plus/minus 1.7% for quartz and calcite, respectively. The temperature of vein formation from quartz-calcite oxygen isotope thermometry is about 210-430 degrees C. Although this is a large range, the temperature does not vary systematically in the exposed Ordovician through Mississippian rocks. The lack of isotopic difference between host and vein suggests that the host oxygen determined that of the veins. This in turn suggests that the fluid in the rocks did not change regionally. The vitrinite reflectance/temperature of the host rocks increases with restored stratigraphic depth more than that calculated with the quartz-calcite thermometer in veins. Fluid inclusion analysis in vein quartz constrains homogenization temperatures to be from 106-285 degrees C. Isochores from fluid inclusion analyses were constrained using quartz-calcite thermometry and vitrinite reflectance temperatures to calculate vein formation pressures of 0.3?4.7 kbars. These pressures correspond to vein formation depths up to 19 km, assuming an unduplicated stratigraphic section. Using burial curves and a reasonable range of geothermal gradients, vein formation ages are between 300 to 315 Ma, i.e., Early to Middle Pennsylvanian.

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WANG, ZHAO-LIN, and 王兆麟. "Failure prediction of a plate weakened by an ellptic hole or elliptic rigid inclusion under thermal or mechanical load." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69677236204945237610.

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Popr, Martin. "Syntéza cyklodextrinových derivátů pro praktické aplikace." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-267013.

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Synthesis of cyclodextrin derivatives for practical applications Abstract The first part of this PhD thesis is focused on the synthesis of a series of monosubstituted tetraalkylammonium cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives. The emphasis was placed on the possible applicability of the synthetic process to multigram or even industrial scale. Monotosylation of the native cyclodextrins (-, -, -) on the primary side of the macrocycle afforded the starting materials. Derivatives with one cationic group were prepared by the reaction with aqueous trimethylamine. The reaction of the mono-Ts-CD with neat N,N,N'-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine or N,N,N'-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine and subsequent methylation led to derivatives with the substituent bearing two cationic groups (PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-CD). Analogs bearing a moiety with three tetraalkylammonium sites were synthesized by reaction of mono-Ts-CD with bis(3-aminopropyl)amine with subsequent methylation. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of mono-6- azido--CD with diaminoacetylenes followed by methylation led to analogs with a avariable distance of the charged substituent from the CD core. Majority of the presented reactions are straightforward, relatively high-yielding and the workup does not require chromatographic steps. The second part of the work is dealing with the...

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