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1
Pompei, Laura, Fabio Nardecchia, and Adio Miliozzi. "Current, Projected Performance and Costs of Thermal Energy Storage." Processes 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030729.
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The technology for storing thermal energy as sensible heat, latent heat, or thermochemical energy has greatly evolved in recent years, and it is expected to grow up to about 10.1 billion US dollars by 2027. A thermal energy storage (TES) system can significantly improve industrial energy efficiency and eliminate the need for additional energy supply in commercial and residential applications. This study is a first-of-its-kind specific review of the current projected performance and costs of thermal energy storage. This paper presents an overview of the main typologies of sensible heat (SH-TES), latent heat (LH-TES), and thermochemical energy (TCS) as well as their application in European countries. With regard to future challenges, the installation of TES systems in buildings is being implemented at a rate of 5%; cogeneration application with TES is attested to 10.2%; TES installation in the industry sector accounts for 5% of the final energy consumption. From the market perspective, the share of TES is expected to be dominated by SH-TES technologies due to their residential and industrial applications. With regard to the cost, the SH-TES system is typically more affordable than the LH-TES system or the TCS system because it consists of a simple tank containing the medium and the charging/discharging equipment.
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Findik, Fehim, and Kemal Ermiş. "Thermal energy storage." Sustainable Engineering and Innovation 2, no. 2 (July 14, 2020): 66–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/sei.v2i2.115.
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Thermal energy storage (TES) is an advanced energy technology that is attracting increasing interest for thermal applications such as space and water heating, cooling, and air conditioning. TES systems have enormous potential to facilitate more effective use of thermal equipment and large-scale energy substitutions that are economic. TES appears to be the most appropriate method for correcting the mismatch that sometimes occurs between the supply and demand of energy. It is therefore a very attractive technology for meeting society’s needs and desires for more efficient and environmentally benign energy use. In this study, thermal energy storage systems, energy storage and methods, hydrogen for energy storage and technologies are reviewed.
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Demchenko, Vladimir, Alina Konyk, and Vladimir Falko. "Mobile Thermal Energy Storage." NTU "KhPI" Bulletin: Power and heat engineering processes and equipment, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-774x.2021.03.06.
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The article is devoted to topical issues related to the storage, accumulation and transportation of heat by stationary and mobile heat storage. Analysis of the current state of the district heating system indicates significant heat losses at all stages of providing the consumer with heat. The use of heat storage in heat supply systems leads to balancing the heat supply system, namely, the peak load is reduced; heat production schedules are optimized by accumulating excess energy and using it during emergency outages; heat losses caused by uneven operation of thermal equipment during heat generation are reduced; the need for primary energy and fuel consumption is reduced, as well as the amount of harmful emissions into the environment. The main focus is on mobile thermal batteries (M-TES). The use of M-TES makes it possible to build a completely new discrete heat supply system without the traditional pipeline transport of the heat carrier. The defining parameters affecting the efficiency of the M-TES are the reliability and convenience of the design, the efficiency and volume of the “working fluid”, the operating temperature of the MTA recharging and the distance of transportation from the heat source to the consumer. The article contains examples of the implementation of mobile heat accumulators in the world and in Ukraine, their technical and technological characteristics, scope and degree of efficiency. The technical indicators of the implemented project for the creation of a mobile heat accumulator located in a 20-foot container and intended for transportation by any available means of transport are given.
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Tan, Simon, and Andrew Wahlen. "Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage: An analysis on the effect of thermal energy storage insulation thermal conductivity on round-trip efficiency." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 6 (May 24, 2019): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v6i0.1547.
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Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has demonstrated promising potential for widescale use in the power distribution network, especially where renewables are concerned.Current plants are inefficient when compared to other technologies such as battery and pumped hydro. Presently, the greatest round-trip efficiency of any commercial CAES plant is 54% (McIntosh Plant), while the highest energy efficiency of any experimental plant is 66-70% (ADELE Project). So far, Adiabatic CAES systems have yielded promising results with round-trip efficiencies generally ranging between 65-75%, with some small-scale system models yielding round-trip efficiencies exceeding 90%. Thus far, minimal research has been devoted to analysing the thermodynamic effects of the thermal energy storage (TES) insulation. This metastudy identifies current industry and research trends pertaining to ACAES with a focus on the TES insulation supported by model simulations. Charged standby time and insulation of the TES on overall system efficiency was determined by performing a thermodynamic analysis of an ACAES system using packed bed heat exchangers (PBHE) for TES. The results provide insight into the effect various insulators, including concrete, glass wool and silica-aerogel, have on exergy loss in the TES and overall system efficiency. TES insulation should be carefully considered and selected according to the expected duration of fully charged standby time of the ACAES system.
Keywords: Compressed air energy storage; adiabatic compressed air energy storage; thermal energy storage; thermodynamic efficiency; renewable energy storage, packed bed heat exchanger
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Mao, Qianjun, Ning Liu, and Li Peng. "Recent Investigations of Phase Change Materials Use in Solar Thermal Energy Storage System." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (December 12, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9410560.
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Solar thermal energy storage (TES) is an efficient way to solve the conflict between unsteady input energy and steady output energy in concentrating solar power plant. The latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system is a main method of storing thermal energy using phase change materials (PCMs). Thermal properties, that is, melting points and latent heat, are the key parameters of PCMs for the TES system. In this paper, the PCMs are classified into inorganic and organic by the chemical composition, and according to the melting point, the inorganic PCMs can be divided into three contributions: low-temperature heat storage (less than 120°C), medium-temperature heat storage (120–300°C), and high-temperature heat storage (more than 300°C). The present article focuses mainly on the recent investigations on the melting point and latent heat of PCMs via DSC setup in the solar TES systems. The results can provide a good reference for the selection and utilization of PCMs in the solar TES systems.
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Yi, Joong Yong, Kyung Min Kim, Jongjun Lee, and Mun Sei Oh. "Exergy Analysis for Utilizing Latent Energy of Thermal Energy Storage System in District Heating." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071391.
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The thermal energy storage (TES) system stores the district heating (DH) water when the heating load is low. Since a TES system stores heat at atmospheric pressure, the DH water temperature of 115 °C has to be lowered to less than 100 °C. Therefore, the temperature drop of the DH water results in thermal loss during storage. In addition, the DH water must have high pressure to supply heat to DH users a long distance from the CHP plant. If heat is to be stored in the TES system, a pressure drop in the throttling valve occurs. These exergy losses, which occur in the thermal storage process of the general TES system, can be analyzed by exergy analysis to identify the location, cause and the amount of loss. This study evaluated the efficiency improvement of a TES system through exergy calculation in the heat storage process. The method involves power generation technology using the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and a hydraulic turbine. As a result, the 930 kW capacity ORC and the 270 kW capacity hydraulic turbine were considered suitable for a heat storage system that stores 3000 m3/h. In this case, each power generation facility was 50% of the thermal storage capacity, which was attributed to the variation of actual heat storage from the annual operating pattern analysis. Therefore, it was possible to produce 1200 kW of power by recovering the exergy losses. The payback period of the ORC and the hydraulic turbine will be 3.5 and 7.13 years, respectively.
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Enescu, Diana, Gianfranco Chicco, Radu Porumb, and George Seritan. "Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications: Current Status and Emerging Trends." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020340.
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Thermal energy systems (TES) contribute to the on-going process that leads to higher integration among different energy systems, with the aim of reaching a cleaner, more flexible and sustainable use of the energy resources. This paper reviews the current literature that refers to the development and exploitation of TES-based solutions in systems connected to the electrical grid. These solutions facilitate the energy system integration to get additional flexibility for energy management, enable better use of variable renewable energy sources (RES), and contribute to the modernisation of the energy system infrastructures, the enhancement of the grid operation practices that include energy shifting, and the provision of cost-effective grid services. This paper offers a complementary view with respect to other reviews that deal with energy storage technologies, materials for TES applications, TES for buildings, and contributions of electrical energy storage for grid applications. The main aspects addressed are the characteristics, parameters and models of the TES systems, the deployment of TES in systems with variable RES, microgrids, and multi-energy networks, and the emerging trends for TES applications.
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Biyanto, Totok R., Akhmad F. Alhikami, Gunawan Nugroho, Ridho Hantoro, Ridho Bayuaji, Hudiyo Firmanto, Joko Waluyo, and Agus Imam Sonhaji. "Thermal Energy Storage Optimization in Shopping Center Buildings." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 47, no. 5 (October 30, 2015): 549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2015.47.5.7.
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In this research, cooling system optimization using thermal energy storage (TES) in shopping center buildings was investigated. Cooling systems in commercial buildings account for up to 50% of their total energy consumption. This incurs high electricity costs related to the tariffs determined by the Indonesian government with the price during peak hours up to twice higher than during off-peak hours. Considering the problem, shifting the use of electrical load away from peak hours is desirable. This may be achieved by using a cooling system with TES. In a TES system, a chiller produces cold water to provide the required cooling load and saves it to a storage tank. Heat loss in the storage tank has to be considered because greater heat loss requires additional chiller capacity and investment costs. Optimization of the cooling system was done by minimizing the combination of chiller capacity, cooling load and heat loss using simplex linear programming. The results showed that up to 20% electricity cost savings can be achieved for a standalone shopping center building.
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Szybiak, Maciej, and Maciej Jaworski. "Design of thermal energy storage unit for Compressed Air Energy Storage system." E3S Web of Conferences 70 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187001015.
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The aim of this paper is to present a new concept of a high-temperature thermal energy storage (TES) for the application in the compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems. The proposed storage unit combines the advantages of pressurized containers with packed beds, e.g. of rocks, with the strengths of non-pressurized systems such as those encountered in CSP plants. Designed TES unit consists of the heat exchanger located inside a high-temperature thermocline-type vessel with molten HITEC® salt used as a heat storing material. In terms of the geometry of the designed heat exchanger, a tube-in-tube helical coil type was chosen due to its higher convective heat transfer coefficients in comparison with straight tubes. To find the most suitable case, four helical coils with different dimensions (diameter, pitch) were considered. Heat transfer and pressure drop analysis for each configuration were conducted. In particular, convective and overall heat transfer coefficients as well as friction factors were computed based on the empirical correlations. To verify the obtained results, the analysis based on numerical approach has been carried out with the use of ANSYS Fluent software for the most suitable case.
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Kim, Min-Hwi, Youngsub An, Hong-Jin Joo, Dong-Won Lee, and Jae-Ho Yun. "Self-Sufficiency and Energy Savings of Renewable Thermal Energy Systems for an Energy-Sharing Community." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144284.
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Due to increased grid problems caused by renewable energy systems being used to realize zero energy buildings and communities, the importance of energy sharing and self-sufficiency of renewable energy also increased. In this study, the energy performance of an energy-sharing community was investigated to improve its energy efficiency and renewable energy self-sufficiency. For a case study, a smart village was selected via detailed simulation. In this study, the thermal energy for cooling, heating, and domestic hot water was produced by ground source heat pumps, which were integrated with thermal energy storage (TES) with solar energy systems. We observed that the ST system integrated with TES showed higher self-sufficiency with grid interaction than the PV and PVT systems. This was due to the heat pump system being connected to thermal energy storage, which was operated as an energy storage system. Consequently, we also found that the ST system had a lower operating energy, CO2 emissions, and operating costs compared with the PV and PVT systems.
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Kolasiński, Piotr, and Sindu Daniarta. "Sizing the thermal energy storage (TES) device for organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 345 (2021): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134500018.
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Thermal energy storage (TES) became one of the main research topics in modern power engineering. The design of TES devices and systems depend on their application. Different thermal energy storage materials (e.g., solids, liquids, or phase change materials) can be applied in TES devices. The selection of the thermal energy storage material depends mainly on the thermal power and operating temperature range of the TES device. These devices and systems are applied in different energy conversion systems, including solar power plants or combined heat and power (CHP) stations. The application of TES devices is also considered in the case of other industries, such as metallurgy. The possible application of TES devices is particularly promising in the case of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems. These systems are often utilizing floating heat sources such as solar energy, waste heat, etc. TES device can be therefore applied as the evaporator of the ORC system in order to stabilize these fluctuations. In this paper, the possible thermal energy storage materials used in TES devices applied in ORCs are discussed. Moreover, the modelling results are reported related to assessment parameters which can be applied to size the TES device for ORC system utilizing different low-boiling working fluids. The thermal properties of working fluids are taken from CoolProp. The function of heat capacity of different TES materials is also provided and the calculation is computed by employing MATLAB. The result shows that based on the simulation, the gradient of the natural characteristic of TES with working fluids (ζ(Tb)) tends to decrease. The presented result in this paper gives a new point of view which can be used by scientists and engineers during the design and implementation of TES evaporators dedicated to ORC power systems.
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Okello, Denis, Robinson Omony, Karidewa Nyeinga, and Jimmy Chaciga. "Performance Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage System Integrated with a Cooking Unit." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 9092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239092.
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This paper presents an experimental study on a single tank thermal energy storage (TES) system integrated with a cooking unit. The tank had a capacity of 45 L of oil. The cooking chamber was embedded in the storage tank, thereby eliminating the use of pumps and connecting pipes between the cooking unit and the storage unit. The system was designed to make good physical contact, circumferential and basally, with the cooking pot, to improve the rate of heat transfer. Experimental tests were performed with oil only and oil–rock pebbles as sensible heat storage materials. The charging unit was connected to the TES unit in such a way that it allowed circulation of oil between them during charging, using the thermosiphon principle. An electric heater rated at 800 W 240 V was inserted into the charging unit to charge the system. The thermal performance of the TES systems was evaluated in terms of the charging temperature, heat retention capacity, energy stored and cooking efficiency, and the overall heat lost coefficient. The results showed that the oil–rock system performed best, with a cooking efficiency of 64.9%, followed by the oil-only TES system, with 60.3%. Further tests on cooking indicated that the system was able to cook beans in 2.25 h and 2.0 h using the oil only and oil–rock pebbles thermal energy storage systems, respectively.
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Gorás, M., Z. Vranayová, and F. Vranay. "The trend of using solar energy of a green intelligent building and thermal energy storage to reduce the energy intensity of the building." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1209, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1209/1/012069.
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Abstract The trend is to reduce the energy intensity of buildings. Thermal energy storage (TES) is the biggest challenge for buildings. It is a technology that supplies thermal energy by heating or cooling a tank, which then serves for the system in the building. Comparison of hitherto known systems ATES, BTES, PTES and research TTES. The most important factors for the accumulation of thermal energy are capacity (the energy stored in the system - depends on the storage process, the medium, and the size of the system), power (how fast the energy stored in the system can be discharged and charged), efficiency (the ratio of the energy provided to the user to the energy needed to charge the storage system. It accounts for the energy loss during the storage period and the charging/discharging cycle), storage (how long the energy is stored and lasts hours to months), charging and discharging (how much time is needed to charge or discharge the system), and cost (refers to capacity (€/kWh) or power (€/kW) of the TES system and depends on the capital and operation costs of the storage equipment and its lifetime).
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Kussul, Ernst, Tetyana Baydyk, Airam Curtidor, and Graciela Velasco Herrera. "MODELING A SYSTEM WITH SOLAR CONCENTRATORS AND THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE." Problems of Information Society 14, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25045/jpis.v14.i2.02.
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Global climate change, which has upset the ecological balance, and the rate of population growth, causing an increase in the demand for electricity in the world, are accelerating the gradual transition of states to green energy. Energy generation and energy storage are two important elements in green energy systems. We select parabolic solar concentrators as instrument for energy generation and develop flat facet solar concentrators that approximate a parabolic shape surface. Not only the structure of solar concentrators is proposed, but also the structure of thermal energy storage is described and presented. Using our solar concentrators, small-scale thermal energy storage (TES), it is possible to make power plants for green buildings. Small solar power plants and the air dehumidification system based on solar concentrators have great practical potential, can provide all the energy needs of smart residential buildings in countries with a hot climate, regulate air humidity, improve agricultural productivity in mountainous areas, etc. We describe a small-scale TES and the heater based on a solar concentrator. Water can be used to transfer heat energy. Another variant of TES is based on grave. We describe not only the structure of the system with parabolic solar concentrator and TES but calculate their parameters.
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Daniarta, Sindu, Magdalena Nemś, Piotr Kolasiński, and Michał Pomorski. "Sizing the Thermal Energy Storage Device Utilizing Phase Change Material (PCM) for Low-Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle Systems Employing Selected Hydrocarbons." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030956.
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Thermal energy storage (TES) looks to be a promising technology for recovering waste heat or other intermittent heat sources, especially if it is coupled with the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system. This system may use a variety of heat storage materials, including solids, liquids, and phase change materials (PCM). This article discusses the use of PCM as a thermal energy storage material in TES systems coupled with ORC systems. Other TES configurations may be used in ORC; however, in this article, the TES is solely used in heat exchangers, i.e., evaporator and liquid heater. The goal of this research is to establish a dimensionless storage mass parameter for sizing TES-evaporator (TES-EVA) or TES-liquid heater (TES-LH) devices for ORCs. Furthermore, the model of this system was created in the MATLAB environment using the chosen hydrocarbons as ORC working fluids. The obtained modelling results provide a novel point of view that scientists and engineers may employ while developing the TES-EVA or TES-LH utilizing PCM for ORC.
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Aziz, Nursyazwani Abdul, Nasrul Amri Mohd Amin, Mohd Shukry Abd Majid, and Izzudin Zaman. "Thermal energy storage (TES) technology for active and passive cooling in buildings: A Review." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822503022.
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Thermal energy storage (TES) system is one of the outstanding technologies available contributes for achieving sustainable energy demand. The energy storage system has been proven capable of narrowing down the energy mismatch between energy supply and demand. The thermal energy storage (TES) - buildings integration is expected to minimize the energy demand shortage and also offers for better energy management in building sector. This paper presents a state of art of the active and passive TES technologies integrated in the building sector. The integration method, advantages and disadvantages of both techniques were discussed. The TES for low energy building is inevitably needed. This study prescribes that the integration of TES system for both active and passive cooling techniques are proven to be beneficial towards a better energy management in buildings.
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Rezaie, Behnaz, Bale V. Reddy, and Marc A. Rosen. "Exergy Assessment of a Solar-Assisted District Energy System." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01811010030.
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Background:District Energy (DE) is a technology capable of using renewable energy (e.g., solar thermal systems) and waste heat as energy sources efficiently. DE technology nonetheless has potential for improvement. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) can enhance DE performance significantly.Objective:An exergy analysis of a DE system which includes a solar thermal energy system and TES is performed, so as to improve understanding of its performance.Method:A case study based on the Friedrichshafen DE system in Germany is used to assess thermodynamically the role of solar energy and TES in a DE system. The system performance is separated into three modes: (1) fossil fuel is the only source of energy, (2) a discharging TES and fossil fuel provide heat for the DE system, and (3) solar energy and fossil fuels are the energy supplies. Exergy analyses are conducted for each performance mode and the overall DE system.Results:The results quantify the benefits of incorporating solar energy and TES on the performance of the Friedrichshafen DE system, and demonstrate that the overall exergy efficiency of the DE system increases from 23% to 27% with assistance of solar thermal collectors and TES, while the total energy efficiency increases from 83% to 87%.Conclusion:An increase of exergy efficiency is observed when TES is added to a DE system, due to a reduction in solar thermal energy loss by the TES, which allows more solar energy to be converted to useful energy to satisfy the DE system thermal energy demand.
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Yang, Qi Chao. "Study on LiBr-H2O Absorption Refrigeration System with Integral Storage." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.752.
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The absorption thermal energy storage (TES) system stores the energy in the form of potential energy of solution and is a promising technology for efficient energy transformation process. The performance of the absorption refrigeration system with integral storage for cooling applications using LiBr-H2O as working pair under the condition without crystallization was analyzed on the basis of the first law of thermodynamics. Simulation was employed to determine the coefficient of performance (COP) and energy storage density (ESD) of the absorption TES system under different conditions such as the absorption temperature and storage temperature. The results show that the COP of the system is 0.7453 and ESD is 169.853 MJ/m3 under typical operation conditions in summer. A low absorption temperature yields both a higher COP and ESD. The solution heat exchanger could improve the COP of the system while has no effect on ESD. Results also showed that system has a good advantage when compared to other storage methods since it is do no need thermal insulation. The absorption TES may be considered as one of the promising thermal energy storage methods.
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Amin, N. A. M., Mohd Azizi Said, Azizul Mohamad, Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid, Mohd Afendi, R. Daud, Frank Bruno, and Martin Belusko. "Mathematical Modeling on Thermal Energy Storage Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.553.
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Mathematical representations of the encapsulated phase change material (PCM) within thermal energy storage (TES) models are investigated. Applying the Effectiveness - Number of Transfer Unit (ɛ-NTU) method, the performances of these TES are presented in terms of the effectiveness considering the impact of different variable parameters. The mathematical formulations summarized can be used for future research work with the suggestion to maximize the heat transfer within the storage. Thus the optimisation on the configuration of the encapsulation can be done through a parametric analysis.
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Manusilp, Kebsiri, and David Banjerdpongchai. "Optimal Dispatch Strategy of Cogeneration with Thermal Energy Storage for Building Energy Management System." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 10, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2016102.64847.
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This paper presents optimal dispatch strategy of cogeneration with thermal energy storage (TES) for building energy management system (BEMS). In previous research related to cogeneration as a supply system, it is observed that there is some excessive heat from cogeneration operation released to the atmosphere. In order to improve energy efficiency, we therefore incorporate TES to utilize the excessive heat from cogeneration into two objective functions, i.e., total operating cost (TOC) and total carbon dioxide emission (TCOE). In particular, we aim to minimize TOC which is referred to economic optimal operation and to minimize TCOE which is referred to environmental optimal operation. Both optimal operations are subjected to energy dispatch strategy which TES constraint is taken into account. We demonstrate the dispatch strategy with a load profile of a large shopping mall as a test system and compare the results to that of previous dispatch of cogeneration without TES. The proposed strategy of cogeneration with TES can reduce TOC of the test system up to 4.15% and 1.85% for economic and environmental optimal operations, respectively. Furthermore, TCOE can be reduced up to 5.25% and 6.25% for economic and environmental optimal operations, respectively.
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NKELE, AGNES, Imosobomeh Ikhioya, Chinedu Chime, and FABIAN EZEMA. "Improving the Performance of Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 05, no. 03 (July 18, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2303024.
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In recent times, renewable energy resources have been greatly researched because of the increasing concern to minimize global warming and meet energy demands. Energy storage systems have become useful tools for sustainability and meeting energy needs. Solar energy has proven in recent times to be the primary and most prevalent option due to its environmental friendliness, availability, and minimal pollution. Effective utilization of available energy resources has led to developing new alternative energy devices like the solar thermal energy storage system (STESS) with a solar energy source. Solar thermal energy systems are efficient systems that utilize solar energy to produce thermal and electrical energy. This review aims to give a detailed overview of solar TESS, different TES application systems, and effective methods of increasing the system performance to provide energy during deficient times. The various classifications, basic components, the principle of operation, application areas of STESSs, prospects, and extensive reviews on these aspects have also been discussed in this review. The different factors to be considered geared towards meeting energy demands and increasing the efficiency of solar TES systems have been duly detailed. This review is a single manuscript with a detailed overview of STESS, the principle of operation and components of STESS, thermal energy storage materials, a description of different application systems, and a discussion of factors responsible for improving the system efficiency.
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Elkhatat, Ahmed, and Shaheen A. Al-Muhtaseb. "Combined “Renewable Energy–Thermal Energy Storage (RE–TES)” Systems: A Review." Energies 16, no. 11 (June 1, 2023): 4471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114471.
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Current industrial civilization relies on conventional energy sources and utilizes large and inefficient energy conversion systems. Increasing concerns regarding conventional fuel supplies and their environmental impacts (including greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change) have promoted the importance of renewable energy (RE) sources for generating electricity and heat. This comprehensive review investigates integrating renewable energy sources (RES) with thermal energy storage (TES) systems, focusing on recent advancements and innovative approaches. Various RES (including solar, wind, geothermal, and ocean energy sources) are integrated with TES technologies such as sensible and latent TES systems. This review highlights the advantages and challenges of integrating RES and TES systems, emphasizing the importance of hybridizing multiple renewable energy sources to compensate for their deficiencies. Valuable outputs from these integrated systems (such as hydrogen production, electric power and freshwater) are discussed. The overall significance of RES–TES hybrid systems in addressing global energy demand and resource challenges is emphasized, demonstrating their potential to substitute fossil-fuel sources. This review provides a thorough understanding of the current state of RES–TES integration and offers insights into future developments in optimizing the utilization of renewable energy sources.
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Whitcraft, Dan, Kenneth T. Sullivan, Anusree Saseendran, and Jake Smithwick. "Case Study of Load Shifting Using Thermal Energy Ice Storage in Public Facilities." Journal of Facility Management Education and Research 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22361/jfmer/81612.
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ABSTRACT Energy management is becoming increasingly important in the building sector due to the fact that it accounts for 50% of total energy consumption in industrial nations. The objective of this study was to compare a partial thermal energy storage system and a traditional air-cooled chiller system in a building retrofit in Alachua County, Florida in order to identify energy and cost savings and to quantify those savings. Initial costs, maintenance costs, energy consumption and utility rates were used to draw comparisons between the two systems. Findings include annual utility costs and annual operating costs for the two systems, and their simple payback period. The Thermal Energy System (TES) was found to be more beneficial in the long run, despite its higher cost of installation. Practical implications of implementing an advanced system such as TES are discussed to better prepare building professionals considering TES.
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Somasundaram, S., M. K. Drost, D. R. Brown, and Z. I. Antoniak. "Coadunation of Technologies: Cogeneration and Thermal Energy Storage." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816546.
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Thermal energy storage can help cogeneration meet the energy generation challenges of the 21st century by increasing the flexibility and performance of cogeneration facilities. Thermal energy storage (TES) allows a cogeneration facility to: (1) provide dispatchable electric power while providing a constant thermal load, and (2) increase peak capacity by providing economical cooling of the combustion turbine inlet air. The particular systems that are considered in this paper are high-temperature diurnal TES, and TES for cooling the combustion turbine inlet air. The paper provides a complete assessment of the design, engineering, and economic benefits of combining TES technology with new or existing cogeneration systems, while also addressing some of the issues involved.
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Murali, G., K. Mayilsamy, and B. Mubarak Ali. "A Review of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.37.
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Thermal Energy Storage (TES) has become extremely important in the recent years since it balances the energy demand and improves the efficiency of the solar systems. It is important that the thermal energy storage systems have the necessary characteristics to improve the performance of the storage. Usage of Phase Change Materials (PCM) for energy storage provides a great benefit but, their low thermal conductivity becomes a major drawback. This can be compensated with the use of phase change material in an appropriate design for successful functioning of the system. This review article summarizes the recent designs of thermal energy storage systems containing Phase Change Material that have been adopted for efficient energy storage.
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Anagnostis, Athanasios, Serafeim Moustakidis, Elpiniki Papageorgiou, and Dionysis Bochtis. "A Hybrid Bimodal LSTM Architecture for Cascading Thermal Energy Storage Modelling." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15061959.
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Modelling of thermal energy storage (TES) systems is a complex process that requires the development of sophisticated computational tools for numerical simulation and optimization. Until recently, most modelling approaches relied on analytical methods based on equations of the physical processes that govern TES systems’ operations, producing high-accuracy and interpretable results. The present study tackles the problem of modelling the temperature dynamics of a TES plant by exploring the advantages and limitations of an alternative data-driven approach. A hybrid bimodal LSTM (H2M-LSTM) architecture is proposed to model the temperature dynamics of different TES components, by utilizing multiple temperature readings in both forward and bidirectional fashion for fine-tuning the predictions. Initially, a selection of methods was employed to model the temperature dynamics of individual components of the TES system. Subsequently, a novel cascading modelling framework was realised to provide an integrated holistic modelling solution that takes into account the results of the individual modelling components. The cascading framework was built in a hierarchical structure that considers the interrelationships between the integrated energy components leading to seamless modelling of whole operation as a single system. The performance of the proposed H2M-LSTM was compared against a variety of well-known machine learning algorithms through an extensive experimental analysis. The efficacy of the proposed energy framework was demonstrated in comparison to the modelling performance of the individual components, by utilizing three prediction performance indicators. The findings of the present study offer: (i) insights on the low-error performance of tailor-made LSTM architectures fitting the TES modelling problem, (ii) deeper knowledge of the behaviour of integral energy frameworks operating in fine timescales and (iii) an alternative approach that enables the real-time or semi-real time deployment of TES modelling tools facilitating their use in real-world settings.
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Haunstetter, Jürgen, Michael Krüger, and Stefan Zunft. "Experimental Studies on Thermal Performance and Thermo-Structural Stability of Steelmaking Slag as Inventory Material for Thermal Energy Storage." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030931.
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Thermal energy storage (TES) systems are key components for concentrated solar power plants to improve their dispatchability and for shifting the energy production efficiently to high revenue periods. The commercial state of the art is the molten salt two tank storage technology. However, this TES confronts some issues like freezing and decomposition, which require continued technical attention. Furthermore, the molten salt itself is very expensive compared to other storage materials. A TES option that possesses a high cost reduction potential and the ability to increase the whole power plant efficiency is the regenerator-type energy storage. Here, a packed bed inventory of waste metallurgical slag from electric arc furnace (EAF) can achieve further cost reduction. Despite previous studies regarding the use of steelmaking slag as an inventory material for thermal energy storages, there are still basic questions to be answered. This work presents experimental thermal performance and thermo-structural stability studies of slag-based TES, obtained during the European project REslag. The EAF slag and different insulation options were tested for their thermomechanical strength in a uniaxial compression test rig. The thermal cyclic behavior was investigated in a pilot TES plant with temperatures up to 700 °C. The experimental results confirm the suitability of steelmaking slag as thermal energy storage inventory material. Furthermore, a comparison of experimental and simulation model results shows an agreement of over 90%.
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Iacob-Tudose, Eugenia Teodora, Ioan Mamaliga, and Alexandru Vasilica Iosub. "TES Nanoemulsions: A Review of Thermophysical Properties and Their Impact on System Design." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123415.
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Thermal energy storage materials (TES) are considered promising for a large number of applications, including solar energy storage, waste heat recovery, and enhanced building thermal performance. Among these, nanoemulsions have received a huge amount of attention. Despite the many reviews published on nanoemulsions, an insufficient number concentrate on the particularities and requirements of the energy field. Therefore, we aim to provide a review of the measurement, theoretical computation and impact of the physical properties of nanoemulsions, with an integrated perspective on the design of thermal energy storage equipment. Properties such as density, which is integral to the calculation of the volume required for storage; viscosity, which is a decisive factor in pressure loss and for transport equipment power requirements; and thermal conductivity, which determines the heating/cooling rate of the system or the specific heat directly influencing the storage capacity, are thoroughly discussed. A comparative, critical approach to all these interconnected properties in pertinent characteristic groups, in close association with the practical use of TES systems, is included. This work aims to highlight unresolved issues from previous investigations as well as to provide a summary of the numerical simulation and/or application of advanced algorithms for the modeling, optimization, and streamlining of TES systems.
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Chandra, Yogender Pal, and Tomas Matuska. "Energy modeling of thermal energy storage (TES) using intelligent stream processing system." Energy Reports 8 (November 2022): 1321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.012.
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Kuta, Marta, Dominika Matuszewska, and Tadeusz M. Wójcik. "Maximization of performance of a PCM – based thermal energy storage systems." EPJ Web of Conferences 213 (2019): 02049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921302049.
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Phase change materials (PCMs) are significant in terms of applicability for the thermal energy storage (TES). Thanks to the high thermal storage density and wide range of phase transition temperature they are promising storage mediums for a large number of applications. PCMs can be used to support efficient use of waste or excess heat. Selection of adequate material as well as design of optimal TES magazine are crucial. It is important to choose material which is characterized by suitable temperature range of phase transition, possibly high latent heat of transition, specific heat and thermal conductivity. Also important features are: ability to work properly after many operation cycles, minimum volume change and gas generation during the phase transition. It is also advantageous when PCM is non-toxic and non-corrosive, non-flammable, non-explosive, environment friendly and easy to recycle. Even the best designed PCMs would not be able to store heat efficiently if the whole magazine and its construction were not good enough. This is the reason why a lot of effort is taken to design effective TES system. The aim of this work is to analyse examples of different configurations of PCM – based thermal energy storage systems. Authors compare selected TES systems and discuss their characteristics.
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Nisar, Shahim. "Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage to a Combined Heat and Power Plant." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38182.
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Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes. This paper is focused on TES technologies that provide a way of valorizing solar heat and reducing the energy demand of buildings. The principles of several energy storage methods and calculation of storage capacities are described. Sensible heat storage technologies, including water tank, underground and packed-bed storage methods, are briefly reviewed. Additionally, latent-heat storage systems associated with phase-change materials for use in solar heating/cooling of buildings, solar water heating, heat-pump systems, and concentrating solar power plants as well as thermo-chemical storage are discussed. Finally, cool thermal energy storage is also briefly reviewed and outstanding information on the performance and costs of TES systems are included.
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Congedo, Paolo Maria, Cristina Baglivo, Simone Panico, Domenico Mazzeo, and Nicoletta Matera. "Optimization of Micro-CAES and TES Systems for Trigeneration." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 6232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176232.
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Energy storage makes energy continuously available, programmable, and at power levels different from the original intensity. This study investigates the feasibility of compressed-air energy storage (CAES) systems on a small scale. In addition to the CAES systems, there are two TES (thermal energy storage) systems for the recovery of calories and frigories. The micro-CAES + TES system is designed for a single-family residential building equipped with a photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 3 kW. The system is optimized as a potential alternative to battery storage for a typical domestic photovoltaic system. The multi-objective optimization analysis is carried out with the modeFRONTIER software. Once the best configuration of the micro-CAES + TES system is identified, it is compared with electrochemical storage systems, considering costs, durability, and performance. The efficiency of CAES (8.4%) is almost one-tenth of the efficiency of the most efficient batteries on the market (70–90%). Its discharge times are also extremely short. It is shown that the advantages offered by the application of mechanical accumulation on a small scale are mainly related to the exploitation of the thermal waste of the process and the estimated useful life compared to the batteries currently on the market. The studied system proves to be non-competitive compared to batteries because of its minimal efficiency and high cost.
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Zwierzchowski, Ryszard. "Improvement of operation of steam cushion system for sensible thermal energy storage." E3S Web of Conferences 116 (2019): 00107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600107.
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The paper contains a method for improvement of operation of steam cushion system including its energy savings analyses, for a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) tank. Energy savings analyses were performed using operational data from selected Combined Heat and Power plants, which supply heat to large cities in Poland and are furnished with the TES. The role of the steam cushion system in the TES tank is to prevent the stored water against absorbing oxygen from atmospheric air. In the TES tank, which is a non-pressure tank, oxygen from atmospheric air could penetrate to the network water through the surge chamber and safety valves. The steam pressure under the roof is generated from technological steam injected under the roof. Energy savings in the steam cushion system are generated by using an appropriate technical solution for the upper orifice and suction pipe for circulation water, i.e., to make it movable through the use of pontoons. An isolating buffer layer is created at the top of the tank with very small convective and turbulent heat transport, which causes limited heat transfer from steam bed to the stored water in the tank. This results in heat flux of approximately 10% of the heat flux that occurs in the typical technical solution of the upper orifice and suction pipe for circulation water in the TES tank. This technology offers great opportunities to improve the operating conditions of District Heating System, cutting energy production costs and emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere.
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Almousa, Norah Hamad, Maha R. Alotaibi, Mohammad Alsohybani, Dominik Radziszewski, Saeed M. AlNoman, Bandar M. Alotaibi, and Maha M. Khayyat. "Paraffin Wax [As a Phase Changing Material (PCM)] Based Composites Containing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Development." Crystals 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080951.
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Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies are considered as enabling and supporting technologies for more sustainable and reliable energy generation methods such as solar thermal and concentrated solar power. A thorough investigation of the TES system using paraffin wax (PW) as a phase changing material (PCM) should be considered. One of the possible approaches for improving the overall performance of the TES system is to enhance the thermal properties of the energy storage materials of PW. The current study investigated some of the properties of PW doped with nano-additives, namely, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNs), forming a nanocomposite PCM. The paraffin/MWCNT composite PCMs were tailor-made for enhanced and efficient TES applications. The thermal storage efficiency of the current TES bed system was approximately 71%, which is significant. Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) characterization showed the physical incorporation of MWCNTs with PW, which was achieved by strong interfaces without microcracks. In addition, the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) and TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) experimental results of this composite PCM showed good chemical compatibility and thermal stability. This was elucidated based on the observed similar thermal mass loss profiles as well as the identical chemical bond peaks for all of the tested samples (PW, CNT, and PW/CNT composites).
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Reddy, R. Meenakshi, N. Nallusamy, and K. Hemachandra Reddy. "The Effect of PCM Capsule Material on the Thermal Energy Storage System Performance." ISRN Renewable Energy 2014 (January 21, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/529280.
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Phase change material (PCM) based thermal energy storage (TES) systems are gaining increasing importance in recent years in order to reduce the gap between energy supply and demand in solar thermal applications. The present work investigates the effect of PCM capsule material on the performance of TES system during charging and discharging processes. The TES unit contains paraffin as PCM filled in spherical capsules and is integrated with flat plate solar collector. Water is used as sensible heat material as well as heat transfer fluid (HTF). The PCM capsules are of 68 mm diameter and are made using three different materials, namely, (i) high density polyethylene (HDPE), (ii) aluminum (Al), and (iii) mild steel (MS). The experimental investigation showed that the charging and recovery of stored energy are less affected by the spherical capsules material. The variables, like charging time and discharging quantity, are varied around 5% for the different capsule materials. Even though aluminum thermal conductivity is much higher than HDPE and mild steel, its influence on the performance of TES system is very low due to the very high internal heat resistance of PCM material stored in the spherical capsules.
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Gkoutzamanis, Vasilis, Anastasia Chatziangelidou, Theofilos Efstathiadis, Anestis Kalfas, Alberto Traverso, and Justin Chiu. "Thermal Energy Storage For Gas Turbine Power Augmentation." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 3 (July 19, 2019): 592–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/110254.
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This work is concerned with the investigation of thermal energy storage (TES) in relation to gas turbine inlet air cooling. The utilization of such techniques in simple gas turbine or combined cycle plants leads to improvement of flexibility and overall performance. Its scope is to review the various methods used to provide gas turbine power augmentation through inlet cooling and focus on the rising opportunities when these are combined with thermal energy storage. The results show that there is great potential in such systems due to their capability to provide intake conditioning of the gas turbine, decoupled from the ambient conditions. Moreover, latent heat TES have the strongest potential (compared to sensible heat TES) towards integrated inlet conditioning systems, making them a comparable solution to the more conventional cooling methods and uniquely suitable for energy production applications where stabilization of GT air inlet temperature is a requisite. Considering the system’s thermophysical, environmental and economic characteristics, employing TES leads to more than 10% power augmentation.
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Sultan, Sara, Jason Hirschey, Navin Kumar, Borui Cui, Xiaobing Liu, Tim J. LaClair, and Kyle R. Gluesenkamp. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Residential Heat Pump Integrated with Thermal Energy Storage." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 14, 2023): 4087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104087.
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Phase change material (PCM)-based thermal energy storage (TES) can provide energy and cost savings and peak demand reduction benefits for grid-interactive residential buildings. Researchers established that these benefits vary greatly depending on the PCM phase change temperature (PCT), total TES storage capacity, system configuration and location and climate of the building. In this study, preliminary techno-economic performance is reported for a novel heat pump (HP)-integrated TES system using an idealized approach. A simplified HP-TES was modeled for 1 year of space heating and cooling loads for a residential building in three different climates in the United States. The vapor compression system of the HP was modified to integrate with TES, and all heat transfer to and from the TES was mediated by the HP. A single PCM was used for heating and cooling, and the PCT and TES capacity were varied to observe their effects on the building’s energy consumption, peak load shifting and cost savings. The maximum reduction in electric consumption, utility cost and peak electric demand were achieved at a PCT of 30 °C for New York City and 20 °C for Houston and Birmingham. Peak energy consumption in Houston, New York City, and Birmingham was reduced by 47%, 53%, and 70%, respectively, by shifting peak load using a time-of-use utility schedule. TES with 170 MJ storage capacity allowed for maximum demand shift from on-peak to off-peak hours, with diminishing returns once the TES capacity equaled the daily building thermal loads experienced during the most extreme ambient conditions.
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Rucevskis, Sandris, Pavel Akishin, and Aleksandrs Korjakins. "Performance Evaluation of an Active PCM Thermal Energy Storage System for Space Cooling in Residential Buildings." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0056.
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Abstract This paper presents a numerical simulation-based study that evaluates the potential of an active phase change material (PCM) incorporated thermal energy storage (TES) system for space cooling in residential buildings. In the proposed concept, TES system is composed of stand-alone PCM storage units which are installed between the concrete ceiling slab and the ceiling finishing layer. Active control of the thermal energy storage is achieved by night cooling of a phase change material by means of cold water flowing within a capillary pipe system. Effectiveness of the system under the typical summer conditions of the Baltic States is analysed by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Ansys Fluent. Results showed that installation of the active TES system has a positive effect on thermal comfort, reducing the average indoor air temperature by 6.8 °C. The outcome of this investigation would be helpful in selecting the key characteristics of the system in order to achieve the optimum performance of an active TES system for space cooling of buildings in similar climates.
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Cui, Hai Ting. "Experimental Study on Melting Characteristics of Spherical Capsule Packed Bed Latent Heat Storage Material System." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1525.
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A laboratory equipped with the thermal energy storage unit utilizing the solar heat sources was designed and constructed. The spherical capsules which were filled with the phase change material (PCM) were installed inside the unit. The temperatures at inlet and outlet of the thermal energy storage (TES) unit and at the first through seventh layers of heat transfer fluid (HTF) were measured. Many groups of experimental schemes were designed to evaluate the storage unit’s performance. The effects of inlet fluid temperature and flow rate of HTF on the performance of the storage unit were analyzed. The experimental results showed that, with the inlet temperature and flow rate of HTF increasing, the time required to complete the charge process reduced constantly; the efficiency of thermal energy storage is consequently improved. The results provide the basis for designing, optimizing, and applying the TES unit.
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Rostami Zadeh, Khodadoost, Seyed Ali Agha Mirjalily, Seyed Amir Abbas Oloomi, and Gholamreza Salehi. "Design, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of a CCHP + TES for the use in a complex building." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 727–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624420911169.
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The present paper aims at the optimization and exergy and thermoeconomic analyses of a combined cooling, heat, and power generation system equipped with a thermal energy storage for the use in a residential complex with a gas-fueled internal combustion engine as the prime mover. The system is optimized using the direct search method by minimizing annual cost in two cases of using/not using a thermal energy storage. In case of the use of a thermal energy storage, an engine with a capacity of 2 MW and an operating time of 4000 h are found to be optimal, but when a thermal energy storage is included, an engine with a capacity of 2 MW and an operating time of 5268 hours and a thermal energy storage with a capacity of 18.93 m3 are found to be the optimal options. Both systems are evaluated assuming selling/not selling surplus power to the public power grid. The best case for the performance of the system is to use a thermal energy storage and to sell surplus electricity to the grid. In this case versus the case of excluding the thermal energy storage, primary energy consumption, CO2 emission, operating cost of the system, and power purchase from the public grid are decreased by 20.8, 19.5, 14.3 and 17%, respectively while return on capital is increased by 3.1% resulting in 10.7% higher annual cost of the system.
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Hasan, Abbas Ahmed, and Najim Abid Jassim. "Thermal Energy Shifting Using Thermal Energy Storage with Solar Assisted System for Space Cooling Application." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 23, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.23030216.
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Due to the instability and irregular of national electric power suppled to residence sector in Iraq for long term history, attracted researchers interest to strive for solutions, and associated challenge dry and very hot summer season in Iraq on air conditioning application, A test room full size prototype was constructed in Baghdad, its size 33.5m3, the room is built from very good thermal insulation Autoclave Aerated Concrete AAC with white panted Concrete roof, test room is exposed to solar radiation during entire day, thermal energy shifted by time using thermal energy storage TES containing PCM, PCM is soft paraffin its phase inversion temperature (29 to 27)°C, thermal energy was shifted from night timing by cooling down TES (Discharging PCM) to peak time 11:00 am to 02:00 pm, the testes were carried out over entire summer season April to October, the results showed thermal energy can shift to by any quantity and time based on mass of PCM and enthalpy, electrical energy saved at peak time 52.5% of total power spent over season 2.7KW/day, Only 27% of electric energy utilized to discharge PCM during night, about 43% of heat lose is sourced from exposed roof, melting and solidification of PCM temperature must be within indoor comfort range 23 to 28 ˚C to release or absorb the latent heat 41kJ/kg.
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Jin, Baohong, Zhichao Liu, and Yichuan Liao. "Exploring the Impact of Regional Integrated Energy Systems Performance by Energy Storage Devices Based on a Bi-Level Dynamic Optimization Model." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062629.
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In the context of energy transformation, the importance of energy storage devices in regional integrated energy systems (RIESs) is becoming increasingly prominent. To explore the impact of energy storage devices on the design and operation of RIESs, this paper first establishes a bi-level dynamic optimization model with the total system cost as the optimization objective. The optimization model is used to optimize the design of three RIESs with different energy storage devices, including System 1 without an energy storage device, System 2 with a thermal energy storage (TES) device, and System 3 with TES and electrical energy storage (EES) devices. According to the design and operation results, the impact of energy storage devices on the operational performance of RIESs is analyzed. The results show that under the design conditions, energy storage devices can significantly increase the capacity of the combined heating and power units and absorption chillers in System 2 and System 3 and reduce the capacity of the ground source heat pumps and gas boilers; the impact of the TES device on System 3 is more significant. Affected by systems’ configuration, the operating cost, carbon tax, and total cost of System 2 are reduced by 2.9%, 5.5%, and 1.5% compared with System 1, respectively. The EES device can more significantly reduce the operating cost of System 3, with a reduced rate of 5.7% compared with that in System 1. However, the higher equipment cost makes the total cost reduction rate of System 3 less than that of System 1, which is 1.75%. Similar to the design conditions, under the operation conditions, the TES device can effectively reduce the carbon tax, operating cost, and total cost of System 2, while System 3 with an EES device can significantly reduce its operating cost regardless of whether the energy price changes or not. To some extent, this study systematically elucidated the impact of TES and EES devices on the optimal design and operation performance of RIESs and provided a certain reference for the configuration of energy storage devices.
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Cabeza, Luisa F., David Vérez, Gabriel Zsembinszki, Emiliano Borri, and Cristina Prieto. "Key Challenges for High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage in Concrete—First Steps towards a Novel Storage Design." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 4544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134544.
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Thermal energy storage (TES) allows the existing mismatch between supply and demand in energy systems to be overcome. Considering temperatures above 150 °C, there are major potential benefits for applications, such as process heat and electricity production, where TES coupled with concentrating solar power (CSP) plants can increase the penetration of renewable energies. To this end, this paper performs a critical analysis of the literature on the current and most promising concrete energy storage technologies, identifying five challenges that must be overcome for the successful exploitation of this technology. With these five challenges in mind, this paper proposes an approach that uses a new modular design of concrete-based TES. A preliminary study of the feasibility of the proposed system was performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, showing promising results.
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Karunamurthy, K., M. Rachit Rajesh, B. Vijaypal, and Ayush Kumar. "Thermal Conductivity and Charging & Discharging Characteristics of a Thermal Energy Storage System Blended with Al2O3 Nanoparticles." Nano Hybrids and Composites 17 (August 2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.17.10.
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Phase change material (PCM) based thermal energy storage systems (TES) are mandatoryto utilize solar energy efficiently and effectively. Paraffin is widely used phase change material and the only disadvantage with paraffin is that its poor thermal conductivity. The objective of the study is to increase the thermal conductivity of the PCM based TES. The thermal conductivity of the paraffin PCM blended with Al2O3 nanoparticle with different proportions was determined both experimentally and analytically for solid and liquid states. The different volume concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticle blended with paraffin are 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.1. The charging and discharging characteristics of the thermal energy storage system was also determined for the above mentioned different volumetric concentrations of nanoparticles blended with paraffin using an experimental set up fabricated. It was found that, Al2O3 nanoparticle can be blended to maximum of 0.1% volume concentration with n-tricosane paraffin without any agglomeration. The significant improvement in thermal conductivity, charging & discharging characteristics of the thermal energy storage system was observed corresponding to this proportion of blending.
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Frazzica, Andrea, Valeria Palomba, and Angelo Freni. "Development and Experimental Characterization of an Innovative Tank-in-Tank Hybrid Sensible–Latent Thermal Energy Storage System." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041875.
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This study focuses on the development and testing under lab-controlled conditions of a hybrid sensible–latent thermal energy storage (TES) system for domestic hot water (DHW) provision in residential buildings. The TES system’s design is based, for the first time in the literature, on a commercial tank-in-tank architecture integrating a macro-encapsulated commercial phase change material (PCM) inside the external tank to guarantee the safe provision of DHW and increase overall energy storage density at a reasonable cost. The PCM is a salt hydrate with a nominal melting temperature of 58 °C. The overall tank-in-tank TES volume is about 540 dm3. Almost one tenth of this volume is occupied by the PCM macro-capsules. The developed TES system was comparatively tested against the same configuration operated as a sensible TES. The obtained results showed the ability of the PCM to increase the thermal inertia inside the external tank, thus guaranteeing the quite stable provision of heat to the integral DHW tank during the stand-by periods. This effect was confirmed by the PCM’s ability to achieve an energy storage capacity up to 16% higher than the reference sensible TES system.
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G. Shakassi, Ghufran, Nagam O. Kariem, and Mohammed J. AliAlatabe. "PARAFFIN AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE, HEATING APPLICATION." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, Special (September 20, 2021): 3–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.3.10.
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Liberally accessible sun based vitality utilization for residential and mechanical applications are ruined since of its discontinuous nature. The thermal energy storage (TES) framework utilizing both sensible and inactive warm has numerous advantages like expansive warm capacity in a unit volume and its isothermal behavior amid the charging and releasing forms. Since of these focal points, in later a long time, a part of investigate work has been going on to overcome issues like moo warm exchange the rates between warm exchange liquid and stage alter fabric (PCM) in both charging and releasing forms of the PCM-based TES framework. In the present experimental investigation results of a combined sensible and latent heat TES system integrated with a varying (solar) heat source is presented. Investigations are carried out in the TES system for different phase change materials (paraffin) by varying HTF flow rates and for various paraffin mass (2, 4, and 6) kg. Experiments are performed charging processes. The results show that the 2 kg paraffin mass shows better performance compared to other paraffin mass.
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Guo, Xiaofeng, Alain Pascal Goumba, and Cheng Wang. "Comparison of Direct and Indirect Active Thermal Energy Storage Strategies for Large-Scale Solar Heating Systems." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101948.
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Large-scale solar heating for the building sector requires an adequate Thermal Energy Storage (TES) strategy. TES plays the role of load shifting between the energy demand and the solar irradiance and thus makes the annual production optimal. In this study, we report a simplified algorithm uniquely based on energy flux, to evaluate the role of active TES on the annual performance of a large-scale solar heating for residential thermal energy supply. The program considers different types of TES, i.e., direct and indirect, as well as their specifications in terms of capacity, storage density, charging/discharging limits, etc. Our result confirms the auto-regulation ability of indirect (latent using Phase Change Material (PCM), or Borehole thermal storage (BTES) in soil) TES which makes the annual performance comparable to that of direct (sensible with hot water) TES. The charging and discharging restrictions of the latent TES, until now considered as a weak point, could retard the achievement of fully-charged situation and prolong the charging process. With its compact volume, the indirect TES turns to be promising for large-scale solar thermal application.
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Supardi, Inra, Zamri Noranai, and Mohammad Zainal M. Yusof. "Air Conditioner Unit with Thermal Energy Storage by Open Loop System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.237.
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Energy is very important in our daily activity especially in commercial and industries sector. These requirements have increased from time to time and as the result it is significantly end up with high energy demand and high energy cost. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) can be used as an alternative solution to reduce high energy demand and to reduce energy cost. The main reason of using TES system is to shift high energy demand from peak period to off peak period. Meanwhile, for building owner is to reduce energy cost by take opportunity low cost energy during off peak period. The purpose of this study is to develop a split unit air conditioner by substituting the circulation system with chilled water. The research was conducted by fabricating an air-conditioning blower unit integrated with cool thermal energy storage. Chilled water was used as medium to stored cool thermal energy. Water pump was used to circulate chill water from storage tank to evaporator and return back to storage tank. Series of experiments were conducted to test cooling performance of the developed product to produce cooling effect inside a chamber room. The experiments were conducted in a chamber room located at Block C6, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Finally, from experiment found 0.15 meter3 of chilled water had successfully maintained chamber design temperature more than 140 minutes.
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El Mhamdi, Oussama, Soumia Addakiri, ElAlami Semma, and Mustapha El Alami. "Study of A Thermal Energy Storage System Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method." E3S Web of Conferences 321 (2021): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132104003.
Full textAbstract:
Thermal energy storage (TES) systems are much preferred in many engineering applications, which have the ability to overcome the mismatch between energy supply and energy demand. TES can be used to store thermo-chemical, sensible, or latent heat or a combination of these. Among the three forms, latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has grown considerably in importance over recent years as a promising alternative to traditional systems. These systems use phase change materials (PCM), in simple or cascade configuration, and store the latent heat of melting (charging process) and release it during solidification (discharging process). Among different configurations of LHTES systems, tube and shell heat exchangers represent a promising and simple design in high temperature PCM. In this paper, we present a new numerical study involving a tube and shell heat exchanger to evaluate the heat storage phenomena. A case study and numerical results are provided using the Lattice Boltzmann Method.
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Pasqui, Mattia, Guglielmo Vaccaro, Pietro Lubello, Adriano Milazzo, and Carlo Carcasci. "Heat pumps and thermal energy storages centralised management in a Renewable Energy Community." International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 38 (July 6, 2023): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ijsepm.7625.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines a Renewable Energy Community (REC) made up of 10 dwellings that collectively self-consume energy produced by a photovoltaic field connected to a water purifier. Each dwelling heat demand is satisfied by means of Heat Pump (HP) coupled with Thermal Energy Storage (TES), which can be managed to perform load shifting and increase collective-self-consumption (CSC). Techno-economic analyses are performed accounting for HPs' COP variation with temperature and part load operations, as well as TES heat dispersion. A new centralised control strategy for HPs is proposed and a sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the impact of varying TES system capacity. The results show that the centralised strategy can increase the CSC by 12-30%, with TES sizes of 100-1000 litres respectively. But the electricity consumption of HPs increases by 2-5% due to higher storage system temperatures causing worse average COPs by 2.3-0.6% and higher thermal losses by 29-58%. As a result, REC's energy independence rise, as does the amount of CSC incentives, but electricity bills also increase. Comparing these trends shows that CSC incentives should be adjusted according to energy prices to ensure cost-effective outcomes for all stakeholders and encourage the adoption of similar centralised control strategies.