Books on the topic 'Theory of rationalization'
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1
Explorations in social theory: From metatheorizing to rationalization. London: SAGE, 2001.
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2
Gane, Nicholas. Max Weber and postmodern theory: Rationalization versus re-enchantment. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
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Direct action and desegregation, 1960-1962: Toward a theory of the rationalization of protest. Brooklyn, N.Y: Carlson Pub., 1989.
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Reznik, Semen, and Igor' Chemezov. University managers: theory, practice and efficiency of personal work organization. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1168572.
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Theoretical and methodological approaches to the problems of self-organization of University managers, technologies of rationalization of their personal work are considered. Special attention is paid to the tools of self-control and evaluation of the effectiveness of the organization of personal activities of the University Manager. The monograph was prepared at the Department of Management of the Penza state University of architecture and construction. It is intended for scientists who study the problems of personal management in higher education, teachers, students and postgraduates, as well as for anyone interested in the problems of self-organization of business people.
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Nordenfelt, Lennart. Rationality and compulsion: Applying action theory to psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
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Ritzer, George. Explorations in Social Theory: From Metatheorizing to Rationalization. SAGE Publications, Limited, 2010.
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7
Ritzer, George, and G. Ritzer. Explorations in Social Theory: From Metatheorizing to Rationalization. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2001.
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8
Jasso, Makana. Explorations in Social Theory: From Metatheorizing to Rationalization. Scitus Academics LLC, 2018.
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9
Gane, N. Max Weber and Postmodern Theory: Rationalization Versus Re-Enchantment. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2002.
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Gane, Nicholas. Max Weber and Postmodern Theory: Rationalization Versus Re-enchantment. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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11
Gane, Nicholas. Max Weber and Postmodern Theory: Rationalization Versus Re-Enchantment. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
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12
Habermas, Jürgen. Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Volume 1. Polity Press, 2015.
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Habermas, Jürgen. Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Volume 1. Polity Press, 2015.
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Mellor, Philip A., and Chris Shilling. Social Theory. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.17.
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The category of the sacred was central to classical sociology, and remains key to understanding the contribution of social theory to the study of religion and society. Durkheim highlights the ‘socio-religious’ sacred, operating within otherworldly cosmologies and practices. Durkheim also enables us to conceptualize a ‘bio-economic’ modality in highly differentiated capitalist economies. The ‘transcendent sacred’ central to Weber’s account of the Protestant ethic highlights how forces experienced as extraordinary and otherworldly can coexist with a social sphere differentiated as secular. Weber highlighted the power of forces of rationalization and bureaucratization in modernity. Extending this today suggests a ‘bio-political’ modality of the sacred expressive of the extraordinary power that modern law and governance have over life. These modalities of the sacred can be used to provide new insights into phenomena such as resurgent forms of Islam and Christian Pentecostalism, fetishization of commodities, and bio-political governance of bodies.
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Theory of Communicative Action Vol. 1: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Volume 1. Polity Press, 1986.
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Habermas, Jürgen. The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 1: Reason and the Rationalization of Society (The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol1). Beacon Press, 1985.
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17
Hartmann, Douglas. Sport and Social Theory. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.11.
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This chapter provides an overview of how major social theories, both classical and contemporary, can help organize and enrich the historical study of sport. Classical frameworks discussed include the functionalism associated with Émile Durkheim, Max Weber’s rationalization, and the economic and capitalist critiques that originated with Karl Marx. More contemporary bodies of work include symbolic interactionism, dramaturgical and semiotic approaches, feminist and critical race theories, and the grand syntheses of Pierre Bourdieu. Throughout, it is argued that these theoretical resources reveal the socially constructed and historically contingent nature of modern sporting forms, establish the importance of situating sport in its broader social contexts, and highlight the role and significance of sport in contemporary life. The chapter concludes by suggesting that closer theoretical engagement not only improves the quality of sport history but can help bring the study of sport more to the center of all social research and cultural critique.
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Frank G, Madsen. Part I General Questions, 1 The Historical Evolution of the International Cooperation against Transnational Organised Crime: An Overview. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198733737.003.0001.
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This chapter surveys the development of international criminal police cooperation and notes that originally most crimes now prohibited internationally were sponsored or tacitly allowed by governments. I postulate, using World Society Theory, that developing cooperation is part of global crime governance. In law enforcement cooperation ‘rationalization’ (a core concept of this theory) takes the form of policing technology. Interpol is the only global criminal-police cooperative organisation and, in developing this structure, police professionalism played a more decisive role than political or legal guidance. The chapter looks at three rarely highlighted themes of transnational organised crime (TOC): the relationship between the financial markets and TOC, organ transplants, and environmental or ‘green’ crime, as well as two procedural issues, random data collection and cryptography. The chapter ends by warning about two TOC areasthat will become of increasing concern: illicit disposal of toxic and e-waste, and the health care sector.
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Singer, Abraham A. Business Ethics and Efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698348.003.0012.
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This and the next chapter articulate a theory of business ethics that fits with how the book has approached corporate governance and corporate law. It takes the “market failures approach” (MFA) to business ethics as a starting point, a view that takes efficiency to be the primary moral principle for business. The MFA holds that businesses have an ethical duty not to exploit “market failures,” the inefficiencies and misallocations systematically and predictably effected by markets. This view is strong because it provides a robust account of business’s ethical duties within the framework of contemporary economic theory; business ethics is neither a wet blanket draped over the C-suite nor a self-serving rationalization of business’s self-interested activities. Instead, business ethics is shown to fit within a larger scheme of social cooperation, taking seriously businesses’ place within that scheme, particularly within a competitive market characterized by deontic weakening.
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Papish, Laura. Kant on Evil, Self-Deception, and Moral Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692100.001.0001.
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Kant on Evil, Self-Deception, and Moral Reform explores the cognitive dimensions of evil and moral reform in Immanuel Kant’s mature ethical theory. Its questions include what self-deception is for Kant, why and how it is connected to evil, and how we achieve the self-knowledge that should take the place of self-deceit. Crucial related issues discussed in the book include the role of hedonism in Kant’s practical philosophy, the adequacy of Kant’s theory of character, Kant’s accounts of moral weakness and moral strength, the alleged universality of evil in human nature, how social institutions and interpersonal relationships facilitate self-knowledge, and the role of the ethical community in moral reform. Working with both Kant’s core texts on ethics and materials less often cited within scholarship on Kant’s practical philosophy (such as Kant’s logic lectures), this book addresses a significant gap in the existing literature, which generally favors—but does not adequately discuss or defend—Kant’s repeat allusions to the idea that evil requires self-deceit. Through its exploration of how self-deceptive rationalization and self-cognition relate, respectively, to evil and its overcoming, this book investigates, defends, and provides a new lens for understanding Kant’s treatment of evil while engaging the most influential—and often scathing—of Kant’s critics.
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Hoof, Florian. Angels of Efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886363.001.0001.
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Corporate consulting, a one-time seemingly marvelous mixture of bare-knuckle rationalization, esoterica, and visionary futurism, is invariably deployed when business structures threaten to lose their equilibrium. What it actually means to be consulted, the part played by media in consulting, and how the branch of corporate consulting became a system of knowledge with such a socially important role is the object of this book. For the first time, it explores the ways in which the latest media technology, avant-garde aesthetics, economic pressures, and holistic philosophy together constituted the form of consulting dominant today, and which consequences arise from this. Thus it follows the work of early corporate consultants like Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and H. L. Gantt, while analyzing and describing their visual consulting models. The book develops a new, innovative, interdisciplinary approach, situated between media and business history, media archeology, and social theory, and thereby charts the genesis of modern consulting knowledge. It reveals that corporate consulting must be conceptualized in close relation to the visual culture that prevailed during this time, one which drew from nineteenth-century visualization methods and, more particularly, the new medium of film. Consulting is a cultural technique that is markedly characterized by media processes, in which the boundaries of economic logic and legitimacy emerge, and which, at the same time, considerably shapes and stabilizes this modus operandi up to the present day.
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Golan, Amos. Efficiency, Sufficiency, and Optimality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0007.
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In this chapter I provide additional rationalization for using the info-metrics framework. This time the justifications are in terms of the statistical, mathematical, and information-theoretic properties of the formalism. Specifically, in this chapter I discuss optimality, statistical and computational efficiency, sufficiency, the concentration theorem, the conditional limit theorem, and the concept of information compression. These properties, together with the other properties and measures developed in earlier chapters, provide logical, mathematical, and statistical justifications for employing the info-metrics framework.
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Alvesson, Mats, Yiannis Gabriel, and Roland Paulsen. Researchers Making Sense of Meaningless Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787099.003.0004.
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Academics use a variety of rationalizations to make sense of their work and to justify practices that they themselves recognize as having little value to the wider world. These can be ordered along two spectra: the instrumentalism-narcissism-spectrum, referring to whether individual researchers aim at satisfying the needs of their own egos or to meet some external criteria and requirements of their profession; and the religiosity-cynicism-spectrum, referring to whether researchers believe that they are contributing to science as a great and noble enterprise, or whether they dismiss such ambitions as illusory. The resulting rationales include ritualism, incrementalism, instrumentalism, cynicism, esotericism, egocentrism, hedonism, careerism,, and radical despair. These rationales offer researchers ready-made excuses for writing articles or monographs that they themselves recognize—or should recognize—as having limited meaning and value. They are also used to absolve them of any responsibility for the current state of affairs.
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Hafez, Mohammed M. Apologia for Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656485.003.0007.
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Suicide attacks have become a conventional tactic in the arsenal of militant Islamists. Yet suicide is strictly prohibited in the Islamic heritage. Radical Salafists have succeeded in framing suicide attacks as religiously permissible, indeed venerable, by elevating human intentionality above textual forms of authority, and by euphemistically labeling such acts as martyrdom. They have also inferred a normative paradigm from Islam’s formative generations, pointing to examples of excessive risk-taking by the Prophet’s companions. In making these rationalizations, Salafist jihadists have cast aside their strict constructionist ethos and unveiled figurative meanings (ta’wil) in original verses and traditions to permit acts of self-immolation. In other words, in seeking to affirm their religious authenticity, they have violated their Salafist methodology. This methodological slippage has permitted other interpretive innovations, such as the permissibility of killing civilians and coreligionists in the course of justified warfare.
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Chai, Leon. Life and Death in Paris. Edited by Paul Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696383.013.36.
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This chapter charts the debates in the Romantic period on medicine and its related life sciences. Medicine seemed the most promising candidate to generate advances; or, at least, the rationalization of the vital by medical science could be taken further than by other sciences. The more empirical study of uniquely vital process in Paris would yield more results than the formally more direct but methodologically immature confrontation of the vital by Paris’s main rival, Montpellier. Paris maintained controversy within its own approach, and medicine had to reconcile competing hierarchies of form and function. Nonetheless, it was the generative capacity of these initiatives that made what we call nineteenth-century science possible. And that, you might say, was their Romantic legacy.
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Bosse, Joanna. The Classification of Style. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039010.003.0003.
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This chapter introduces the reader to to the tenets of ballroom dance by focusing on the various classificatory systems used in social dances. It begins with a discussion of the “ballroom umbrella” and the wealth of symbolic resources it encompasses, first by considering dancesport and social dancing, followed by an analysis of International and American styles of ballroom performance. It then examines four themes that emerge from classificatory systems: an emphasis on a high degree of specialization in performance; the demonstration of control over the body and its movement; the rationalization of movement and the ideas articulated by it, especially as mediated by language and other symbols; and an association with Western Europe. The chapter suggests that dance classifications also function as social classifications that serve to stratify individuals and groups according to their perception of the social order. More specifically, they articulate the betwixt-and-between-ness that characterizes the American middle class.
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Messac, Luke. No More to Spend. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190066192.001.0001.
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This book is a political history of medicine in colonial and postcolonial Malawi and, in a larger sense, an exploration of the social construction of scarcity. In much of the historical and public health literature on Africa, dismal public-sector health-care spending is considered a necessary consequence of a low GDP. But is it true that poor patients in poor countries are doomed to go without the fruits of modern medicine? The history of Malawi demonstrates how official neglect of health care required political, rhetorical, and even martial campaigns by colonial and postcolonial governments. Rising demand for medical care among African publics compelled governments either to increase spending or offer rationalizations for their inaction. Because many of these claims of scarcity persist in global health discourse, the ways in which they were deployed, defended, and (at certain moments) defeated have important implications for health outcomes today.
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Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. Transitional Figures: Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, James Madison. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.003.0007.
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Foucault’s sense of the modern epoch finds Kant everywhere in the background. If, for Kant, nature appears to accommodate our needs, human reason nevertheless has a purpose beyond ourselves; nature’s purpose dictates our use of reason. Kant had us use reason to progress from savagery to animal husbandry and the cultivation of the land, mutual exchange, culture, and civil society. Better known are Smith’s four stages of human history: the Ages of Hunters, Shepherds, Agriculture, and Commerce. Set back by nomadic barbarians, Europe belatedly developed a novel society of independent nations, ever vigilant (and often enough at war), committed to improving their productive capabilities and reaping the benefits of commerce. Rationalization and positivism marked the final stage, which in turn required a positive legal order grounded in unimpeachable sources of law. These James Madison definitively articulated when he was U.S. secretary of state.
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May, Joshua. Cautious Optimism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.003.0010.
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This chapter briefly draws out some main lessons from the previous chapters and contains a discussion of some their implications for moral enhancement. We are capable of moral knowledge and virtue, in part because we do have a regard for reason that ultimately complicates the reason/emotion dichotomy. We do often fall short, but when we do, the problem is not with moral psychology in particular but the ways in which reason can be corrupted generally. One broad implication of cautious optimism is that the best method for increasing virtue won’t target our empathy or passions to the exclusion of our (often unconscious) reasoning. However, sound arguments aren’t enough, for human beings are fallible creatures with cognitive biases and limited attention spans. An intelligent populace is necessary, but so is moral technology, such as environments that nudge people to engage in good reasoning, not rationalization, particularly during moral learning and development.
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Wood, Andrew Grant. Mexicans in the United States. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037665.003.0002.
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This chapter relays in broad terms the long history of European American settlement and subsequent Latin American migration—particularly undertaken by Mexicans—to the U.S. Heartland. It gives particular attention to the capitalist-led development during the second half of the nineteenth century as the United States sought to build itself into not only a formidable industrial power but also a world power. It traces the vital role that immigrant workers—and specifically Mexican laborers—have played in this process despite their often being treated as second-class citizens. An appreciation of this history provides one with a clear sense of the neocolonial aspirations of U.S. enterprise—both governmental and commercial—as well as the many contradictory and timeworn Anglo rationalizations that exploit Mexican workers in the United States today.
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Goodstein, Elizabeth S. Displacements on a Pathless Terrain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.003.0010.
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Kafka’s Der Proceß exposes the irrationality generated in and through the (bureaucratic) rationalization of the law. But the text operates as a modernist spectacle, inscribing the reader into the process it describes, by which the self-creation of the social converges with the negation of the subject. It thus presents the seductive possibility of absolutizing K.’s experience—as existentialist paradigm, as apophatic revelation, and as allegory for modernity. But such modes of reading elide the distinctions between judge and victim, witness and bystander, and thereby reify and reinforce the very operations of the law that Kafka dissects. In the author’s own terms, they “belong to the court.” Walter Benjamin’s unfinished encounter with Kafka suggests a strategy of reading that better resists the insidious temptation of submission to the modernist spectacle, which construes a process at once absolute and arbitrary as the modern (subject’s) fate.
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Garrett, Merrill F. Exploring the Limits of Modularity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0003.
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Psycholinguistic studies of language processing have revolved historically around “modular” and “interactive” accounts of language use. Experimental reports diverge in claims for the penetration of non-linguistic background information on processing for sentence comprehension. Syntactic processing effects can persist despite available contextual constraints that are sufficient to resolve temporary ambiguity or garden path errors. Nevertheless, there are multiple reports of interactive effects between basic sentence processing and both semantic and non-linguistic contextual information. The chapter suggests a rationalization of such conflicting findings in standard psycholinguistic and experimental pragmatic research, relying on interactions between language comprehension systems and language production systems. Production processes are designed to incorporate discourse and environmental constraints on linguistic formulation. These may be used to filter the products of comprehension mechanisms. A key feature of the argument for complementary roles of the two systems is a degree of modular processing for syntax to be found in both systems.
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Holmes, Sean P. The Great Text in Our Economy Today. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037481.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the origins of the organizational impulse that animated the American acting community in the early twentieth century. It begins by examining the transformation of the theatrical economy that was brought about by the rise of the theater trusts at the end of the nineteenth century. It goes on to consider production practices in the metropolitan theater industry, highlighting the growing emphasis on rationalization and standardization and exploring how this dual imperative impacted upon the creative process. It also looks at the experience of work in the early twentieth-century theater, documenting conditions on the theatrical shop floor and highlighting the role of race, ethnicity, and gender in determining the degree of opportunity available to individual performers. The chapter argues that while actors undoubtedly had grievances against their employers, the theater trusts had actually done a great deal to improve their lot by stabilizing a notoriously volatile employment market. The formation of the Actors' Equity Association in 1913 had less to do with conditions of employment than with a perception on the part of an influential section of the acting community that it had relinquished its accustomed autonomy to a group of employers whom they held responsible for declining standards in the theater.
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Melo, Felipe Athayde Lins de. A burocracia penitenciarista: Estudo sobre a configuração da gestão prisional no Brasil. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-207-0.
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This book deals with the emergence of prison management in Brazil, understanding it as an effect of forces between different orders of the penitentiary apparatus, in which the Justice and Security bundles are highlighted, based on disputes and accommodations between actors, institutions and perspectives that, within each order or in their external interactions, configure the dynamics of the Brazilian Penitentiary Administration, within which a penitentiary bureaucracy is produced, specialized in mediating the conflicts and the approximations between the orders. In recent times, these mediations also suffer the influence of a third line of force, represented by the criminal groups originating inside prisons. Traveling thousands of kilometers through prisons, suburbs, government palaces and courtroom hallways, the study describes the constant updating of the brazilian penitentiary apparatus, which operates with the goal of ensuring it's reproduction by different strategies of accomodation of Law resulting from the preponderance of Security in the correlation of forces, which manifests in the composition, the functioning, the characterization and the processes of professional formation of the penitentiarist bureaucracy, comprehended as a diffuse and fragmented body that, far from characterizing a rationalization of the prison system, manifests itself, above all, as a government mentality.
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Steffek, Jens. International Organization as Technocratic Utopia. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845573.001.0001.
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As climate change and a pandemic pose enormous challenges to humankind, the concept of expert governance gains new traction. This book revisits the idea that scientists, bureaucrats, and lawyers, rather than politicians or diplomats, should manage international relations. It shows that this technocratic approach has been a persistent theme in writings about international relations, both academic and policy-oriented, since the 19th century. The technocratic tradition of international thought unfolded in four phases which were closely related to domestic processes of modernization and rationalization. The pioneering phase lasted from the Congress of Vienna to the First World War. In these years, philosophers, law scholars, and early social scientists began to combine internationalism and ideals of expert governance. Between the two world wars, a utopian period followed that was marked by visions of technocratic international organizations that would have overcome the principle of territoriality. In the third phase, from the 1940s to the 1960s, technocracy became the dominant paradigm of international institution-building. That paradigm began to disintegrate from the 1970s onwards, but important elements remain until the present day. The specific promise of technocratic internationalism is its ability to transform violent and unpredictable international politics into orderly and competent public administration. Such ideas also had political clout. This book shows how they left their mark on the League of Nations, the functional branches of the United Nations system, and the European integration project.
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Drury, Joseph. Novel Machines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792383.001.0001.
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Novel Machines argues that many of the most important formal innovations in eighteenth-century fiction were critical responses to the new prominence of machines in Britain’s Industrial Enlightenment. Although narratives and machines had been seen as sharing a basic affinity since Aristotle, their relationship acquired a new urgency in the eighteenth century as authors sought to organize their narratives according to the new ideas about nature, art, and the human subject that emerged out of the Scientific Revolution. Novel Machines tracks the consequences of this effort to transform the novel into an Enlightenment machine. On the one hand, the rationalization of the novel’s narrative machinery helped establish its legitimacy, such that by the end of the century it could be celebrated as a modern ‘invention’ that provided valuable philosophical knowledge about human nature. On the other hand, conceptualizing the novel as a machine opened up a new line of attack for the period’s moralists, whose polemics against the novel were often framed in the same terms used to reflect on the uses and effects of machines in other contexts. Eighteenth-century novelists responded by adapting the novel’s narrative machinery, devising in the process some of the period’s most characteristic and influential formal innovations. Novel Machines focuses on four of these innovations: the extended representation of the deliberating mind in Eliza Haywood’s amatory fiction; Henry Fielding’s performative, self-conscious narrator; Laurence Sterne’s slow, digressive, non-linear narration; and the atmospheric descriptions of acousmatic sound in Ann Radcliffe’s gothic romances.
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Linarelli, John, Margot E. Salomon, and Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah. International Trade. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753957.003.0004.
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Despite significant attention in recent times, the law of international trade has been remarkably resilient in steering clear of compliance with the demands of justice. The history of the law governing international trade is rooted in forms of coercion and violence designed to promote the interests of powerful states and their multinational enterprises. The first norm of international trade law for the modern state, the principle of freedom to trade, was a rationalization to commit atrocities, including genocide, to promote the interests of European powers and their commercial interests. This problematic history of the law of international trade led governments to promote the wrong values in international trade relations between states. The chapter then examines the international trade order put in place when treaties and positive law became more important and industrial forms of capitalism became ascendant, based on notions of promised-based commitment, providing states with a rationale to ignore notions of justice, disparities in bargaining power, global inequality, and other values. With such norms in effect still today, power is permissibly exercised via a transactional model between states. In this model, trade treaties are all about bargaining. A national or mercantilist conception of market took absolute priority, a conception in which markets are divided up according to power imposed in bargaining. The chapter explains how the contemporary trade treaty suffers from various pathologies because of these historical rationalities imposed on it from these prior eras. The result is a failure of contemporary trade agreements to comply with principles of justice and relatively little concern expressed about this failure.
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Ogden, Daniel, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Heracles. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.001.0001.
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The first half of the volume is devoted to the exposition of the ancient evidence, literary and iconographic, for the traditions of Heracles’ life and deeds. After a chapter each on the hero’s childhood and his madness, the canonical cause of his Twelve Labors, each of the Labors themselves receives detailed treatment in a dedicated chapter. The “Parerga” or “Side-Labors” are then treated in a similar level of detail in seven further chapters. In the second half, the Heracles tradition is analyzed from a range of thematic perspectives. After consideration of the contrasting projections of the figure across the major literary genres, epic, tragedy, comedy, philosophy, and in the iconographic register, a number of his myth-cycle’s diverse fils rouges are pursued: Heracles’ fashioning as a folkloric quest-hero; his relationships with the two great goddesses, the Hera that persecutes him and the Athena that protects him; and the rationalization and allegorization of his cycle’s constituent myths. The ways are investigated in which Greek communities and indeed Alexander the Great exploited the figure both in the fashioning of their own identities and for political advantage. The cult of Heracles is considered in its Greek manifestation, in its syncretism with that of the Phoenician Melqart, and in its presence at Rome, the last study leading into discussion of the use made of Heracles by the Roman emperors themselves and then by early Christian writers. A final chapter offers an authoritative perspective on the limitless subject of Heracles’ reception in the western tradition.
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Krasnopolskaia, Iuliia. Design and Parametric Modeling of Pretensioned and Stiffened Membranes Project Work. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.407.
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This research aimed to develop conceptually the pretensioned and stiffened membrane structures, using an experimental approach and computer simulation. The physical method of form finding included the pretensioned fabric with the glued grid made of the wooden sticks. Relaxation of the stressed membrane contributed to forming the specific anticlastic hyparic surface by energy release. The influence of the rigid elements pattern, intensity and direction of pretensioning on the final shape was investigated. The tensegrity structures were also built applying the same form finding way. These experiments led to the modelling of resulting samples with parametric design tools, namely Rhino and Grasshopper. Optimization of the final shape was carried out by changing parameters such as stiffenings configuration and membrane strength. This digital approach demonstrated successful simulation and rationalization of considered structures. Moreover, the final models can be used for further structural analysis and BIM. Considered membrane structures have very efficient load-bearing behavior. They are characterized by small weight, high light transmission and the ability to create large usable spaces free from columns. The most dangerous loads for membrane structures are wind and ponding. In practice, PTFE coated glass-fibre fabric and PVC coated polyester fabric are most suitable for pretensioned and stiffened membrane structures. The role of stiff elements can be played by steel profiles or metal tubes. The average time for the construction of a membrane structure is 6-15 months. Resulted pretensioned and stiffened membrane structures can be used as pavilions, roofs and awnings. They are distinguished by spectacular architectural view and very effective structural system. In addition, membrane tensile structures are characterized by high eco-efficiency and sustainability compared to other types of construction.