Academic literature on the topic 'Theory of dependency'

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Journal articles on the topic "Theory of dependency"

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Velasco, Andres. "Dependency Theory." Foreign Policy, no. 133 (November 2002): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3183555.

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Amsden, Alice H. "Comment: Good-bye dependency theory, hello dependency theory." Studies in Comparative International Development 38, no. 1 (March 2003): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02686320.

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Lim, Tai Wei. "Multilateralism and Dependency Theory." African and Asian Studies 13, no. 1-2 (May 9, 2014): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341286.

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Abstract This paper situates center-periphery issues at two levels. At the broadest level (world system), it looks at the spectrum of selected dependency theories and the position of George Klay Kieh Jr’s ideas in this spectrum. In this discussion, I will pay especial attention to small states, powers and economies and explain the justifications in the section below. At the intermediate level (compradorial category) of the world system, I examined some area-specific writings on this subject, in particular those related to Asia and Africa but also classical studies of compradorial economies in South America. In reviewing these theories, I identified three major issues for study. First, are dependency theories and the idea of an intermediate compradorial economy in the world system still relevant or important to the study of developing economies? Second, are regional economic bodies in the intermediate space of the world system challenging the dichotomous binary of only center and periphery? Third, if resource supply and primary processing are the comparative advantages of smaller or peripheral states, can regional cooperation help to upgrade the value-added-ness of their economic activities?
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Ok, Chang Joon. "Dependency of Theory and the Theory of Dependency : Korean Social Scientists and the Dependency Theory in mid-1970∼ 1980’s." Critical Studies on Modern Korean History 41 (April 30, 2019): 13–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36432/csmkh.41.201904.1.

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Neovius, Mats, Luigia Petre, and Kaisa Sere. "A Theory of Service Dependency." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 209 (June 4, 2016): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.209.9.

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Rhyne, Edwin Hoffman. "Dependency Theory: Requiescat in Pace?" Sociological Inquiry 60, no. 4 (October 1990): 370–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.1990.tb00155.x.

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Zambrano Márquez, Diego Miguel. "Decentering International Relations: The Continued Wisdom of Latin American Dependency." International Studies Perspectives 21, no. 4 (July 16, 2020): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekaa007.

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Abstract Although many international relations (IR) theory and international political economy textbooks consistently reference dependency theory, it is commonly considered a passé, outdated, or defunct theoretical approach. This paper challenges conventional wisdom, stressing the continued relevance of dependency as an analytical approach. Overall, it argues that Dependency theory represents a successful effort at decentering IR. To do so, it first discusses decentering as an effort to challenge and engage core concepts in IR to transform the “universal” understandings of global politics. In this sense, Dependency theory decentered IR by introducing an understanding of the world in which Western and non-Western spaces are mutually constitutive, highlighting the role of non-core contexts in creating and maintaining the status quo of the universal. Second, the paper analyzes the influence of Dependency theory in modern discourses of political economy like the resource curse, globalization, Post-Colonialism, and Post-Developmentalism. These parallelisms show Dependency's effectiveness at decentering IR and transforming the way the discipline studies non-core spaces.
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Romanowich, Paul, Edmund Fantino, and Stephanie Stolarz-Fantino. "Avoiding drug dependency." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 2 (April 2006): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06409043.

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Bhandary, Asha. "Dependency in Justice: Can Rawlsian Liberalism Accommodate Kittay's Dependency Critique?" Hypatia 25, no. 1 (2010): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01088.x.

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This essay assesses the compatibility of Eva Kittay's dependency critique with Rawlsian political liberalism. I argue for the inclusion of a modified version of Kittay's revisions within Rawlsian theory in order to yield a theory that supports much of dependency work. Beyond these selected changes, however, I argue that Kittay's other proposed changes should not be included because they are incompatible with Rawls, and furthermore, their incorporation does not yield a theory that includes utter dependents.
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Namkoong, Young. "Dependency Theory: Concepts, Classifications, and Criticisms." International Area Review 2, no. 1 (March 1999): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386599900200106.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Theory of dependency"

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Kreps, Christian John Manfred. "Extraction, movement and dependency theory." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300589.

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Weiss, Oliver. "Dependency theory and Eastern bloc trade : reformulating a forgotten paradigm." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55251/.

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This thesis is concerned with the intentions and effects of subsidised trade within the Eastern bloc. It argues that the core Soviet objective in Eastern Europe from the Thaw onwards was not exploitation for economic gain; subsidisation in return for political concessions; or an ideologically-driven desire for socialist integration, but instead to secure the dependence of the smaller socialist economies on the USSR. It is argued that advances can be made on existing literature by employing a concept of dependence which is capable of linking-up the primarily political concerns that motivated socialist international economic policy with the economic consequences for development that resulted. In order to accomplish this, a revised version of dependency theory (DT) formed through a critique of classical dependency work is used. DT is proposed as a starting-point for two reasons: firstly it was concerned to look at the interrelation between international processes and national development, a notable absence from the literature on Eastern bloc trade, and secondly the subsidised nature of this trade seems to beg the application of a theory which stresses the significance of international political and economic asymmetries. The type of dependency analysis proposed here differs from classical DT in several ways, most centrally in that an ideal-typical approach is used which allows for open-ended investigation of reciprocal influence between centre/periphery, as well as the recognition of significant differences between Soviet-type and developed market economies by refraining from making positive statements about either the nature of centre/periphery in themselves or their interactions. The impetus for this reformulation comes from the result of the literature review that some concept of dependence could help to fully articulate the consequences for development of Eastern bloc trade relations in the context of East-West antagonism.
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Bohnenberger-Rich, Simone. "China and Kazakhstan : economic hierarchy, dependency and political power?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3126/.

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The thesis uses a neoclassical realist framework to investigate the link between economic influence and political power in China’s foreign policy, taking Kazakhstan as a case study. Over the last decades, China developed formidable relative economic capabilities that it increasingly projects externally. An in-depth look at Chinese trade, finance and investment elucidates the drivers of China’s economic influence in Kazakhstan. The analysis shows that Beijing created strong economic dependencies, which in turn introduced a steep hierarchy in the bilateral relationship that leaves Astana in a subordinate and Beijing in a dominant position. This dependency is driven by the legitimacy and revenue needs of the Kazakhstani elite, on the one hand, and China’s relative economic capabilities, guided by Beijing’s “Go Global” and “Go West” initiatives, on the other. The thesis discusses the complex array of economic institutions that project Chinese economic power into Kazakhstan and their relationship with Beijing to determine whether Kazakhstan’s economic dependence is the outcome of a deliberate policy directed by Beijing. After establishing the extent of the hierarchy and dependency of the relationship, the thesis addresses China’s ability to translate the dependency into meeting its foreign policy interests. Beijing does indeed successfully leverage this dependency to meet its political objectives, most notably in gaining access to Kazakhstani resources. Furthermore, an in-depth cases study of the Sino-Kazakhstani transboundary water dispute illustrates that Beijing can maximise its foreign policy objective of maintaining absolute sovereignty over its rivers on the back Kazakhstan’s economic dependence. However, this outcome is driven largely by Kazakhstan itself, particularly by its elite. This turns China into a hydro-hegemon, undermining its foreign policy principles of “win-win” and “mutually beneficial” cooperation.
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Van, Roggen Trish. "A test of dependency theory: A case study of the Ivory Coast." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5409.

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You, Chuanman. "A comparative study from the path dependency theory : understanding China's takeover regulations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/77657/.

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Iyogun, Amanele Fidelia. "Opportunities for third world industrialization : dependency theory and the newly industrializing countries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42006.

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This study is an exploration of dependency theory and the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs). The issues which are addressed are threefold: 1. An exploration of dependency theory, especially the variant of it that is advocated by Frank, Amin and Wallerstein. These authors have constantly maintained that growth is not possible in the Third World as long as the region is integrated into the world capitalist economy. The NICs, particularly Taiwan and South Korea are testimonies that that assumption is not entirely valid because they are incorporated and have also witnessed impressive economic growth. 2. An examination of the debate over the character of the NICs. An analysis of Taiwan and South Korea shows that they have experienced considerable economic growth. However, there is limited transformation in the standard of life of the citizens. 3. The factors that are responsible for the economic growth of Taiwan and South Korea are hypothesized. These factors are both external and internal to these countries. They are (a) a strongly polarized international ideological atmosphere which made these countries client states of the United States of America, (b) an inflow of massive aid from the U.S to these states and (c) the presence of a strong state apparatus in these countries. The state institutions combined internal creativity with the opportunities provided by the international scene to initiate and implement good strategies for their industrial transformation. The lessons other Third World countries can learn from Taiwan and South Korea is that East and West rivalry can create opportunities for strategic countries in the region of conflict. But the internal dynamics of the countries have to be responsible for seizing the chance and for utilizing it well.
Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
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Gagné, Marie-Anik Tyna. "A nation within a nation: The Dependency Theory and the James Bay Cree." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6511.

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This thesis analyses the conditions of the James Bay Cree using the Dependency Theory. The first chapter consists of a discussion surrounding the theory. This is followed by a look at how the Cree became a periphery through the years. The third chapter highlights the effects of dependency on the mental and physical health of First Nations Citizens across the country. The James Bay Hydroelectric Project is then given as an example of how the centre exploits the peripheries. Finally the possible solutions to the problem of dependency are discussed in the conclusion.
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Vera, Mariela Anahi. "A social exchange and power dependency theory perspective of Mexican immigrant family communication patterns." Scholarly Commons, 2008. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/690.

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This study aimed to identify the family communication patterns that were typical of Mexican immigrant'schildhood and parenthood, along with the influence that resources and the distribution of power and dependency have within the family structure. In doing so, this study demonstrated how a change in the family communication pattern occurs after migration to the United States. Moreover, this study uncovered some of the reasons behind the change in communication. Fifteen conversational interviews were conducted in the homes of Mexican immigrants to address the following three research questions: (1) How do parents of Mexican immigrant families describe the family communication patterns that typified their communication with their parents, in terms of (a) socio-orientation versus concept orientation, (b) resources, and (c) power dependency? (2) How do parents of Mexican immigrant families describe the family communication patterns that typify their communication with their children, in terms of(a) socio-orientation versus concept orientation, (b) resources, and (c) power dependency? And (3) what suggestions do the parents of Mexican immigrant families have for improving family communication with their children? The answers provided by the participants elicited thirteen key themes that provided interesting insights about this wide and critical population. The thirteen themes indicated that Mexican immigrant parents of pre adolescent children have constructed a hybrid communication pattern, which combines traditional characteristics with open and expressive characteristics. Mexican immigrant parents of young adult and adult children have developed an open and expressive communication pattern. This study also found that resources, acquired by U.S. born children, did not affect the distribution of relational power and dependency within their families nor did they create a shift in their family's communication power. A resource that did influence both relational power and the family's communication pattern was peer dependency.
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Almond, Nicholas Mark. "Use-it-or-lose-it : investigating the cognitive reserve hypothesis and use-dependency theory." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2021/.

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In popular psychology the use-it-or-lose-it theory has become accepted; that is, an increase in cognitive activity, particularly in later life, can reduce cognitive decline associated with both pathological and healthy aging. In the field of cognitive neuropsychology, the use-it-or-lose-it theory can represent either the cognitive reserve hypothesis or use-dependency theory. The cognitive reserve hypothesis states that an individual must be relatively cognitively active throughout life (particularly in early life) in order to build up a cognitive reserve to counter cognitive decline in old age. The use-dependency theory asserts that a high level of cognitive activity in later life is sufficient to attenuate or even reverse the cognitive aging process. Questionnaire studies in this thesis have indicated that different cognitive activities have a greater effect on subjective measures of cognitive functioning. Specifically, the results showed that undertaking cryptic crosswords frequently appear to have a greater impact on cognitive awareness in older adults (compared to younger adults) than other cognitive activities. Furthermore, there was evidence that attempting cryptic crosswords encouraged older adults to form a realistic understanding of their current level of cognitive functioning, which suggested that such crosswords may be used as an intervention activity to promote cognitive functioning. This was investigated by using a within-subjects intervention to examine the effect of regularly attempting cryptic crosswords on subjective and objective measures of cognitive functioning. The within-subjects approach eliminated potential mediating factors that may have influenced the impact of cognitive activity of cognitive interventions in previous studies (e.g. Jopp & Hertzog, 2007). The results confirmed that cryptic crossword participation enhanced cognitive awareness in older adults, particularly in those who could be regarded as being at-risk of sudden cognitive decline. However, there was no evidence that the intervention activity promoted objective measures of cognitive functions, which are known to decline with age (e.g. episodic memory, metacognition). A within-subjects design was also used to manipulate stimulus characteristics to produce analogies of the cognitive reserve hypothesis and use-dependency theory. This technique bypassed the use of self-report measures of both cognitive activity and cognitive functioning, which may be intrinsically linked (e.g. Hertzog, 2009). These studies provided a modicum of support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis but no support for the use-dependency theory. A novel model of the cognitive reserve hypothesis and use-dependency theory is presented which implicated the metacognition system as a key component that mediates the effect of cognitive activity on cognitive functioning in later life. The overarching findings suggest that an increase in cognitive activity in later life can enhance cognitive awareness but, due to an age-related deficit in the metacognitive pathway, older adults are unable to modify their behaviour to compensate for age-related cognitive decline in memory functioning. Thus, it can be concluded that cognitive activity in later life can produce changes in subjective but not objective measures of cognitive functioning. Future research needs to use similar within-subjects techniques to develop accessible cost-effective cognitive interventions, which specifically target the metacognition system. Even though a copious amount of research has provided support for both theories, the link between cognitive activity and cognitive decline remains tenuous with no clear causal relationship (e.g. Salthouse, 2006). This thesis has taken in consideration whether the use of a between-subjects design, the measures of cognitive activity and the assessment of cognitive functioning used in previous research may have produced a disproportionate postulation of the effect that cognitive activity can have on cognitive functioning and decline in healthy adults.
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Sharpe, Leslie J. "Economic development in the Kimberley region of Western Australia: a history and dependency theory perspective." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Business, 2004. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00003564/.

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[Abstract]:The focus of the research undertaken for this dissertation is the economic development of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The period studied is, approximately, the one hundred years from 1900–2000. The region has many of the characteristics of an underdeveloped area and of a low income economy.This research used dependency theory as a framework for examining the causes of underdevelopment in the Kimberley. The development that occurred in the region during the relevant period has been catalogued by the creation of a database. This has enabled the collected information to be examined and manipulated in many ways. The database has allowed the detail of development in the Kimberley to be studied with respect to time, place and type of activity. This made it possible to examine the five hypotheses proposed by A. G. Frank which he considered likely to lead to fruitful research. The detailed study of these hypotheses would not have been possible in the way described without the database.It was found that dependency theory does help to explain and understand the development experience of the Kimberley region of Western Australia during the twentieth century. This was the clear and positive result of this study.The extension to Frank’s core dependency theory, the five hypotheses, were not found to be applicable to the Kimberley region nor supported by the data. The hypotheses, therefore, do not add to our understanding of the nature of Kimberley development during the period examined. This does not invalidate or devalue the usefulness of dependency theory in this study.
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Books on the topic "Theory of dependency"

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Dependency syntax: Theory and practice. Albany: State University Press of New York, 1988.

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editor, Hajičová Eva, ed. Dependency linguistics: Recent advances in linguistic theory using dependency structures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014.

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Lichauco, Alejandro. Nationalist economics: History, theory, and practice. Quezon City, Phils. [i.e. Philippines]: Institute for Rural Industrialization, 1988.

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Ackerman, Terry A. A general model for item dependency. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program, 1987.

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Scott, Catherine V. Gender and development: Rethinking modernization and dependency theory. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1996.

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Scott, Catherine V. Gender and development: Rethinking modernization and dependency theory. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1995.

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Rapley, John. Dependency theory re-examined: Economic development in Cote d'Ivoire. Kingston, Ont: Queen's University, Dept. of Political Studies, 1987.

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Mbaabu, Ireri. Language policy in East Africa: A dependency theory perspective. Nairobi, Kenya: Educational Research and Publications, 1996.

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Spray, Judith A. The effect of item response dependency on trait or ability dimensionality. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program, 1988.

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Mansilla, H. C. F. Autonomía e imitación en el desarrollo: Fragmentos de una teoría crítica de la modernización. La Paz: Centro Boliviano de Estudios Multidisciplinarios, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Theory of dependency"

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Chaperon, Samantha. "Dependency theory." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 237–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01384-8_419.

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Wenger, Galen R. "Rate-Dependency Theory." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_231-4.

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Floresco, Stan, Robert Kessler, Ronald L. Cowan, Robert Kessler, Ronald L. Cowan, Mark Slifstein, Andrea Cipriani, et al. "Rate-Dependency Theory." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1120–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_231.

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Chaperon, Samantha. "Dependency theory, tourism." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_419-1.

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Wenger, Galen R. "Rate-Dependency Theory." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1430–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_231.

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Maxwell, Hugh. "Dependency Theory since Grimm." In Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 565. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.38.60max.

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Kay, Cristóbal. "Modernization and dependency theory." In The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Development, 15–28. London ; New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315162935-2.

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van der Hulst, Harry. "Dependency-Based Phonologies." In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 533–70. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444343069.ch16.

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Thalheim, Bernhard. "Some Fundamentals of Dependency Theory." In Teubner-Texte zur Mathematik, 35–71. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-12018-6_3.

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Tausch, Arno. "Neo-Dependency Approaches." In Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development, 27–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12282-0_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Theory of dependency"

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Douglas, P., and S. Barker. "Dependency theory e-learning tool." In International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, 2004. Proceedings. ITCC 2004. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itcc.2004.1286442.

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Samuelsson, Christer. "A statistical theory of dependency syntax." In the 18th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/992730.992745.

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Lombardo, Vincenzo, and Leonardo Lesmo. "Formal aspects and parsing issues of dependency theory." In the 36th annual meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/980691.980699.

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Lombardo, Vincenzo, and Leonardo Lesmo. "Formal aspects and parsing issues of dependency theory." In the 17th international conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/980432.980699.

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Golia, Priyanka, Subhajit Roy, and Kuldeep S. Meel. "Program Synthesis as Dependency Quantified Formula Modulo Theory." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/261.

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Given a specification φ(X, Y ) over inputs X and output Y and defined over a background theory T, the problem of program synthesis is to design a program f such that Y = f (X), satisfies the specification φ. Over the past decade, syntax-guided synthesis (SyGuS) has emerged as a dominant approach to program synthesis where in addition to the specification φ, the end-user also specifies a grammar L to aid the underlying synthesis engine. This paper investigates the feasibility of synthesis techniques without grammar, a sub-class defined as T constrained synthesis. We show that T-constrained synthesis can be reduced to DQF(T),i.e., to the problem of finding a witness of a dependency quantified formula modulo theory. When the underlying theory is the theory of bitvectors, the corresponding DQF problem can be further reduced to Dependency Quantified Boolean Formulas (DQBF). We rely on the progress in DQBF solving to design DQBF-based synthesizers that outperform the domain-specific program synthesis techniques; thereby positioning DQBF as a core representation language for program synthesis. Our empirical analysis shows that T-constrained synthesis can achieve significantly better performance than syntax-guided approaches. Furthermore, the general-purpose DQBF solvers perform on par with domain-specific synthesis techniques.
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Li, Shumin, and Yin Chen. "Reliably Evaluation Method Considering FM Dependency via Uncertainty Theory." In 2020 11th International Conference on Prognostics and System Health Management (PHM-2020 Jinan). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/phm-jinan48558.2020.00023.

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DEBORAH, CHIOMA. "Dependency theory an appropriate tool for internet web Studies." In Second International Conference on Advances in Information Processing and Communication Technology - IPCT 2015. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-044-6-18.

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Dashuber, Veronika, Michael Philippsen, and Johannes Weigend. "A Layered Software City for Dependency Visualization." In 12th International Conference on Information Visualization Theory and Applications. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010180200150026.

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Andreasson, Kim. "Identifying Digital Divides Through Cyber Dependency." In ICEGOV '17: 10th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3047273.3047293.

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Etesami, Jalal, and Negar Kiyavash. "Interventional dependency graphs: An approach for discovering influence structure." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2016.7541481.

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Reports on the topic "Theory of dependency"

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Leadbetter, M. R. Extreme Value Theory and Dependence. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada159138.

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Foreman, Terry L. A Frequency Dependent Ray Theory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada201380.

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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Ely, J. F. Composition dependence of fluid thermophysical properties: Theory and modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6716056.

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Spitkovsky, A. Time-dependence in relativistic collisionless shocks: theory of the variable. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826744.

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Ely, J. F. Composition dependence of fluid thermophysical properties: Theory and modeling. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10138675.

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Oberkampf, William Louis, W. Troy Tucker, Jianzhong Zhang, Lev Ginzburg, Daniel J. Berleant, Scott Ferson, Janos Hajagos, and Roger B. Nelsen. Dependence in probabilistic modeling, Dempster-Shafer theory, and probability bounds analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919189.

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Bardakci, Korkut, and Korkut Bardakci. Field Theory On the World Sheet: Mean Field Expansion And Cutoff Dependence. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/934717.

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Kroft, Kory, Fabian Lange, and Matthew Notowidigdo. Duration Dependence and Labor Market Conditions: Theory and Evidence from a Field Experiment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18387.

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Younes, W., and D. Gogny. Fragment Yields Calculated in a Time-Dependent Microscopic Theory of Fission. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053671.

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