Journal articles: 'Theory, falsification'

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Lebow, Richard Ned. "Theory, Motives and Falsification." International Relations 23, no. 1 (March 2009): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117808100624.

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Carpenter, W. T., R. W. Buchanan, B. Kirkpatrick, F. Wood, and C. Tamminga. "Schizophrenia neuroanatomy and theory falsification." Schizophrenia Research 4, no. 3 (May 1991): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(91)90097-b.

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D’Ariano, Giacomo Mauro. "Quantum Epistemology and Falsification." Entropy 24, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24040434.

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The operational axiomatization of quantum theory in previous works can be regarded as a set of six epistemological rules for falsifying propositions of the theory. In particular, the Purification postulate—the only one that is not shared with classical theory—allows falsification of random-sequences generators, a task classically unfeasible.

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Taylor, Emory. "Falsification of Einstein’s relativity." Physics Essays 34, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.4.578.

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In 1915, Einstein published general relativity. In 1916, he published a German language book about relativity, which contained his marble table thought experiment for explaining a continuum. Without realizing it, Einstein introduced a quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry and inadvertently falsified the marble table thought experiment continuum, which falsified relativity. The foundations of physics do not now (and never did) include a fundamentally sound relativistic theory to account for macroscopic phenomena. It is well known the success of relativity and its singularity problem indicate general relativity is a first approximation of a more fundamental theory. Combine that indication with the falsification of relativity and it is apparent, without speculation, that relativity is now and always was a first approximation of a more fundamental theory. A possible way forward to the more fundamental theory is developing a discontinuum physics based on the quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry or an algebraic version of it. Such discontinuum physics is not presented, because it is beyond the scope of this paper.

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Riski, Maydi Aula. "Falsifikasi Karl R. Popper dan Urgensinya dala Dunia Akademik." Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia 4, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v4i3.36536.

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A problem that is often debated by both the western and eastern world is the problem of determining the truth of a scientific field or theory. In western science, a thought emerged from a philosopher, namely the theory of falsification put forward by Karl Raymond Popper. In his theory Popper argues that the truth of a science is not determined through justification (verification), but through refuting the propositions that science itself builds (falsification). The study of Popper's falsification has been very widely published and discussed in various writings, especially in Islamic studies and science (science). In this article, the author tries to briefly describe the urgency of Karl R. Popper's thought in the academic field. The method used in writing this article is library research (literature review), using relevant documents, journals, and research. Through this research, it is known that the application of Karl Raimund Popeer's theory of falsification is very important in the academic field. This is evidenced by the concept of falsification which is used to determine the scientific knowledge. In addition, the concept of falsification was used long before Popper introduced the theory. One of them is used by the Muslim philosopher Imam Al-Gazali in defending and proving his arguments and thoughts. In the development of scientific methods, the principle of falsification plays an important role in strengthening scientific theory because it serves as evidence to disqualify other irrelevant theories.

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von Appen, Jörg, and Richard Dronskowski. "Falsification of Pd2N from electronic structure theory." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 632, no. 12-13 (September 2006): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.200670057.

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Pires, Flavio Oliveira. "Lessons from a broad view of science: a response to Dr Robergs’ article." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4, no. 1 (March 2018): e000353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000353.

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Dr Robergs suggested that the central governor model (CGM) is not a well-worded theory, as it deviated from the tenant of falsification criteria. According to his view of science, exercise researches with the intent to prove rather than disprove the theory contribute little to new knowledge and condemn the theory to the label of pseudoscience. However, exercise scientists should be aware of limitations of the falsification criteria. First, the number of potential falsifiers for a given hypothesis is always infinite so that there is no mean to ensure asymmetric comparison between theories. Thus, assuming a competition between CGM and dichotomised central versus peripheral fatigue theories, scientists guided by the falsification principle should know, a priori, all possible falsifiers between these two theories in order to choose the finest one, thereby leading to an oversimplification of the theories. Second, the failure to formulate refutable hypothesis may be a simple consequence of the lack of instruments to make crucial measurements. The use of refutation principles to test the CGM theory requires capable technology for online feedback and feedforward measures integrated in the central nervous system, in a real-time exercise. Consequently, falsification principle is currently impracticable to test CGM theory. The falsification principle must be applied with equilibrium, as we should do with positive induction process, otherwise Popperian philosophy will be incompatible with the actual practice in science. Rather than driving the scientific debate on a biased single view of science, researchers in the field of exercise sciences may benefit more from different views of science.

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AMIR-MOEZZI, Mohammad Ali, and Etam KOHLBERG. "Révélation et falsification." Journal Asiatique 293, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 663–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ja.293.2.2011781.

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Khan, Abdul Salam, Iqbal Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Sadiq, and Imran Ahmed Khan. "Falsification of Theorizing in Operations Management Research." Business and Management Horizons 6, no. 1 (May 27, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v6i1.12986.

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The practices of operations management research have been inclined towards practicality and pragmatism. Induction is core background of research in operations management. However, there are certain biases and critiques on the generalizability of data using the approach of Induction, of which falsification is more prominent. This study takes upon three major theories used in Operations Management (OM) research such as Resource Based View (RBV), Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) and discusses the falsification critiques such as tautology on the theories and theorization of Operations Management (OM) and how the body of research in operations management responds to the criticism. Our study suggests that there needs to be a domain limitation of the theorizing process wherein the theory is posit to hold and thus exposing the theory at hand to the critique of falsification. The theory needs not to capture every facet of the phenomena under examination. This study also highlight the importance of developing field specific theories and the improvement brought into the process of theorization and towards the end we describe courses of action for improving the balance between theory and practice approach in the field.

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Dooley, Brendan D., and Sean E. Goodison. "Falsification by Atrophy: The Kuhnian Process of Rejecting Theory in US Criminology." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz026.

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Abstract Thomas Kuhn posits that the structure of science promotes revolutionary discovery. The decision of a scientific community to discard the status quo in favour of a revolutionary paradigm is influenced by sociological forces. Karl Popper disagreed, arguing that falsification is required. An examination of a random sample of 501 articles published in 14 peer-reviewed American outlets in criminology and criminal justice from 1993 to 2008 is coupled with oral histories from 17 leading criminologists in determining which approach best characterizes criminology. Twelve per cent of papers falsify theory. When not explicitly falsified, atrophy occurs when theory is overused (exhaustion), ignored (indolence) and subjected to a sustained critique (assault). The intention of the effort is to document and describe falsification and then invite further discourse.

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Olszewski, Wojciech, and Alvaro Sandroni. "Falsifiability." American Economic Review 101, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 788–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.2.788.

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We examine Popper's falsifiability within an economic model in which a tester hires a potential expert to produce a theory. Payments are contingent on the performance of the theory vis-à-vis data. We show that if experts are strategic, falsifiability has no power to distinguish scientific theories from worthless theories. The failure of falsification in screening informed and uninformed experts motivates questions on the broader concepts of refutation and verification. We demonstrate an asymmetry between the two concepts. Like falsification, verification contracts have no power to distinguish between informed and uninformed experts, but some refutation contracts are capable of screening experts. (JEL B41)

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Rossetto, Michelangelo. "Falsification of the ionic channel theory of hair cell transduction." Communicative & Integrative Biology 6, no. 6 (November 9, 2013): e26763. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.26763.

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Rabiaty, Rahmi. "EPISTEMOLOGI KARL RAYMOND POPPER DAN KONSTRIBUSINYA PADA STUDI-STUDI KEISLAMAN." Al-Falah: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman dan Kemasyarakatan 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47732/alfalahjikk.v19i1.105.

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Popper as one of the figures in Philosophy of Science has offered an idea of the falsification of science. This idea can certainly be used by Islamic studies as long as it can be relevant to the needs faced. Popper's ability to criticize the tendency of verification-mechanistic Positivism can provide added value to Islamic studies, especially given that Islam does not only appreciate the material areas that tend to be mechanistic but also spiritual areas that tend to be of qualitative value. Therefore, the basic question in this paper is how is the construction of Popper's theory of knowledge and its contribution to Islamic studies? The method used in this paper is descriptive-qualitative in that it seeks to describe Popper's knowledge of thought, especially those related to Falsification, and give it meaning for Islamic studies. The results of this paper indicate that Popper's theory of Falsification is 'wrong testing' for a theory because each theory is considered a hypothesis, a transient truth, so that if the theory survives from the 'false test' then the theory will be stronger. As for its relevance to Islamic studies, this enables Islam to accept various variations in the application of universal values promoted by Islam at the level of reality to be open to being tested wrongly so that reality can be found that is close to objective universal values. Keywords: Karl Raymond Popper's Epistemology, Islamic studies

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Said Elshama, Said. "Quality Management in Medical Education between Theory and Application: Paradigm Shift or Falsification of Reality." Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies 3, no. 3 (March 26, 2022): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8808/109.

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Quality management in medical education is not restricted to teaching and learning but also includes providing services to students. Many international, regional, and national organizations adopt global standards for quality improvement in medical schools. So, accreditation is considered an instrument to reach these global standards for continuous improvement in the performance of this medical institution. The accreditation process is usually representative, responsive, and appropriate to an institution accredited type depending on a peer review. It is carried out by accreditation organizations depending on specific criteria (national or regional or global standards). It is a certificate for proving the quality for a specific time and a guarantee for the graduate quality of medical schools that are acquiring a good reputation. However, the adoption of quality management in medical education is considered one of the contemporary challenges that are still faced many obstacles.

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15

Guala, Francesco. "The logic of normative falsification: rationality and experiments in decision theory." Journal of Economic Methodology 7, no. 1 (January 2000): 59–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135017800362248.

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Wright, J. J. "Developing testable theories of brain dynamics: The global mode theory and experimental falsification." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 3 (June 2000): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00393256.

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The development of theories of global cortical dynamics, using linear wave theory, owes much to the pioneering work of Nunez. His work leads to clear predictions on relations of brain size, axonal conduction velocity, and the frequencies of the cerebral rhythms. These predictions do not appear to be fulfilled, but their falsification constrains the range of parameters applicable in further formulations.

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Ferguson, Christopher J., and Moritz Heene. "A Vast Graveyard of Undead Theories." Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (November 2012): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691612459059.

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Publication bias remains a controversial issue in psychological science. The tendency of psychological science to avoid publishing null results produces a situation that limits the replicability assumption of science, as replication cannot be meaningful without the potential acknowledgment of failed replications. We argue that the field often constructs arguments to block the publication and interpretation of null results and that null results may be further extinguished through questionable researcher practices. Given that science is dependent on the process of falsification, we argue that these problems reduce psychological science’s capability to have a proper mechanism for theory falsification, thus resulting in the promulgation of numerous “undead” theories that are ideologically popular but have little basis in fact.

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Boldachev, Alexander. "Natural Selection or Problem Solving. Critical Re-evaluation of Karl Popper's Evolutionism." Studia Humana 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2014-0012.

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Abstract Among the philosophers and the educated audience the name of Sir Karl Popper is usually associated with the critical method, evolutionary epistemology, falsification as a criterion for the demarcation of scientific knowledge, the concept of the third world and with his dislike to dialectics and contradictions. This article is aimed to show in what way all these things are connected in the evolutionary researches of the philosopher and the new conceptions, which he contributed to studying the mechanisms of evolution. Also there is an attempt to comprehend the evolutionary views of Popper, test them for falsification, relate his epistemology with his claims, which he puts forward to the theory of objective knowledge evolution and show the obvious contradiction between them.

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Rossetto, Michelangelo. "A note on the falsification of the ionic theory of hair cell transduction." Communicative & Integrative Biology 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): e1122144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2015.1122144.

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McDowell, J. J., Olivia L. Calvin, Ryan Hackett, and Bryan Klapes. "Falsification of matching theory and confirmation of an evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics in a critical experiment." Behavioural Processes 140 (July 2017): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2017.03.025.

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Mitra, Suddhachit. "An Analysis of the Falsification Criterion of Karl Popper: A Critical Review." Tattva - Journal of Philosophy 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12726/tjp.23.1.

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Karl Popper identified ‘falsifiability’ as the criterion in demarcating science from non-science. The method of induction, which uses the (debated) principle of uniformity of nature, was rejected by Popper. He instead suggested that a scientific theory cannot be ‘verifiable’ but only ‘falsifiable’; one counter-example to the claims made by the theory would falsify it. The paper conducts a survey of the extant literature to understand the concept, the methodology as suggested by Popper to operationalize the concept, and possible limitations, both conceptual and methodological. The extant literature points out inherent ambiguities in the Popperian concept of falsifiabilty. One recurring theme is that Popper, the deductivist, uses the much critiqued inductivistic method among his methodological suite.

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Shevchuk, Viktor M., Ihor V. Parfylo, and Mykyta O. Sokolenko. "FALSIFICATION OF MEDICINES AND DISTRIBUTION OF FALSIFIED MEDICINES IN UKRAINE: CRIMINALISTIC MEANS OF DETECTION AND COUNTERACTION." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 11 (2021): 2946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202111215.

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The aim: To formulate criminalistic recommendations to increase the effectiveness of combating falsification and contribution of falsified medicines. To accomplish analyze of the current state and trends in combating this criminal offense, to create the basis of criminalistic characteristics and methods of their investigation, taking into account the results of the generalization of judicial investigative practice and foreign experience. Materials and methods: The examine and analysis of results and generalization of 128 criminal proceedings of such criminal offenses, court decisions for the period 2012- 2020; questionnaires of practical workers (205 people); results of generalization and analysis of published materials of investigative and judicial practice; foreign experience in combating falsification of medicines, etc. In the process of conducting this research, general scientific and special research methods were also used. Results: Based on the results of the generalization of investigative and judicial practice, a criminalistic description of falsification and contribution of falsified medicines in the form of descriptive and statistical information model has been developed, its elemental composition was determined and analysed. Reasonable that in theoretical terms criminalistic characteristics are the basis for building appropriate criminalistic methods, and in practical terms is considered as a kind of guideline that can be successfully used by investigators in the conduct of specific criminal proceedings, which allows choosing the most effective directions and means of investigation. Conclusions: One of the priority areas of research in criminalistics is the development of criminalistic characteristics and basics of investigation methods of falsification and contribution of falsified medicines, which must be carried out on the basis of the modern general theory of criminalistics, current legislation and practice, results of generalizationand analysis of investigator of judicial practice and foreign experience.

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BUDIANTO, Agus, Jonker SIHOMBING, Veronica Dini KRISSANTI, Silvia JAMIN, Rudy PRAMONO, and Agus PURWANTO. "Obligation to Prove Appearer Document Authenticity as Deelneming Claim Exception." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).08.

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Notary is a public official who provides legal services to the public. Notary's Authorities are regulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) of Law Number 2 of 2014 on Amendment to Law Number 30 of 2004 on Position of Notary. Based on data of Directorate of General Criminal Investigation Metro Jaya in 2014 and 2017, the number of Notaries who were placed as suspects and witnesses of criminal acts and falsification were increased. It was because of the absence of obligation to prove appearer document authenticity as contained in Supreme Court Decree Number 702 K/Sip/1973, September 5, 1973. The research was sociological normative by testing the truth of deelneming criminal exception with secondary data, supported by primary data in the form of interviews, using non-random purposive sampling. Theory of lesser evil made Notary is excluded from deelneming claim in Article 55 of Criminal Code on documents falsification, as long as the Public Notary applies 2015 Law and Ethics Code, and ignores Supreme Court Decree Number 702 K/Sip/1973, September 5, 1973. Further, he continues to conduct his duties within a standard operating procedure for himself and related agencies when proving the documents in the form of minutes. Therefore, this exception principle in falsification is given conditionally. It applies to Notary if he can prove that he has conducted an act to prove appearer documents).

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Taylor, Emory. "Inseparable realities result from the previous falsification of relativity and replacement of spacetime." Physics Essays 35, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.250.

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Inseparable realities result from the previous falsification of relativity and replacement of spacetime in two papers that (1) were previously published in this journal and (2) followed Einstein’s 1954 speculations it is possible physics is based on a discontinuum theory, and the continuum concept along with space and time must be discarded. Using Einstein’s equivalency strategy, a vacuum state with a zero net total energy and absolute-nothing are demonstrated to be equivalent. Einstein’s general relativity must be replaced, because it was falsified by the first paper previously published in this journal and, in addition, it is a generalization of a falsified theory (i.e., special relativity).

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Dreossi, Tommaso, Alexandre Donzé, and Sanjit A. Seshia. "Compositional Falsification of Cyber-Physical Systems with Machine Learning Components." Journal of Automated Reasoning 63, no. 4 (January 19, 2019): 1031–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10817-018-09509-5.

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Borkov, Viktor N. "Criminal law measures to combat provocation of crimes and falsification of criminals." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 10 (2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520017267-4.

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The article examines the criminal-legal aspects of the actual problem of protecting the inviolability of the individual from the unacceptable activity of state representatives in the exercise of law enforcement functions. Topical issues for theory and practice of the legal nature of the provocation of crime and the falsification of criminals remain debatable. There are no unified approaches to the qualification of provocative and inflammatory actions and cases of "throwing" objects to citizens, for the turnover of which criminal responsibility arises, there is no theoretical justification for the criminal legal status of persons provoked to commit a crime. The article shows that the qualification of common cases of provocation of crimes and falsification of criminals according to the norms providing for liability for abuse of official authority, falsification of evidence or the results of operational investigative activities should be recognized as not accurate. At the same time, responsibility for these actions committed by subjects who are not officials, and without the participation of the latter, has not been established at all. The author proposes a draft criminal law provision providing for liability for inducing to commit a crime or its staging in order to illegally create grounds for criminal prosecution. The paper questions the approach according to which a person provoked by law enforcement officers to commit a crime is not subject to criminal liability regardless of the specifics of the encroachment.

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Tabatabae, Bibi Mahdiye, and Hadi Samadi. "The Approach of Some Iranian Authors toward Verification or Falsification of the Theory of Evolution." Mirror of Wisdom 21, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jipt.2022.222969.1126.

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Gatens-Robinson, Eugenie. "Why Falsification Is the Wrong Paradigm for Evolutionary Epistemology: An Analysis of Hull's Selection Theory." Philosophy of Science 60, no. 4 (December 1993): 535–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/289758.

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Sedyadi, Reza, Baharudin Baharudin, and Anggalana Anggalana. "PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA TERHADAP PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA PEMALSUAN DOKUMEN BERUPA SURAT TANDA NOMOR KENDARAAN (STNK) (Studi Putusan Nomor 241/PID.B/2021 PN Gns)." IBLAM LAW REVIEW 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v2i1.50.

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Among various types of criminal acts in the community, falsification of letters becomes one of the criminal acts that are rife. For examples criminal cases of falsification of letters are contained in Number: 241/PID.B/2021 PN GNS. Defendant I Suradal and defendant II Efan Efendi committed the criminal act of falsifying documents in the form of STNK. In this study focus on the problem: (1) What are the factors supporting criminal offenders committing STNK counterfeiting crimes? (2) How is the accountability of the perpetrators of STNK counterfeiting? (3) How is the judge’s consideration of the perpetrators of STNK counterfeiting? In this study apply normative juridical approaches as well as empirical juridical. The process of data collection is carried out by field study steps as well as literature studies. The data obtained is then analyzed with qualitative techniques to reach conlcusions in the research conducted. In this study produced answers about what are the factors that cause the perpetrator to commit the crime of forgery, how the perpetrator is responsible and how the judge’s consideration of the perpetrator of the STNK forgery in Number: 241/PID.B/2021 PN GNS.

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Walker, Chris. "Karl Jaspers and Karl Popper: the shared legacy." History of Psychiatry 30, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x19826473.

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Jaspers and Popper have nothing in common beyond the legacy of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy. Popper dismisses Jaspers ‘existentialism’ as nihilistic and historicist; Jaspers never cites Popper. Jaspers describes Kant as ‘the philosopher for me’; Popper is an unorthodox Kantian whose critical rationalism put the finishing touch to Kant. For Kant, knowledge is not a simple copy of reality, but begins with reason’s questioning. Jaspers and Popper too insist that theory has priority over observation. For Jaspers, ‘there is already theory in every fact’; for Popper, ‘every statement has the character of a theory’. Science begins with metaphysical Ideas which become scientific when tested in experience. They differ in Popper’s rejection of induction in favour of falsification, while Jaspers tacitly accepts induction.

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MACNEIL, M. AARON. "Making empirical progress in observational ecology." Environmental Conservation 35, no. 3 (September 2008): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892908004888.

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Epistemology, the theory of how knowledge arises, is an issue that ecologists and environmental scientists may not often consider in their work. However, beliefs about epistemology play a direct role in how they conduct research and, consciously or not, the conclusions made through analysis reflect some form of epistemology. I argue that the Popperian epistemology by which most environmental scientists are trained is generally incompatible with research on observational data and that observation-based studies can be improved by modifying Popper's notion of falsification.

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Razaq, Abd Rahim, and Umiarso Umiarso. "Islamic Education Construction in the Perspective of Falsification of Karl R. Popper." Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v5i2.5846.

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Epistemology as a branch in philosophy has an important position in science including in Islamic education. This research critically examines the epistemological construction of Islamic education through a perspective of falsification which was coined by Karl R. Popper. This research used a qualitative approach to the type of literature study and analyzes data through a productive hermeneutical approach. The conclusion of this research shows that scientific epistemology needs to be designed to understand the theories, concepts, and propositions of the Islamic education system. Scientific epistemology contains the verificative-philosophical logic and intuition-revelation logic (Qur'an and al-Hadith. This epistemology has a rational-critical, empirical, intuitive, and prophetic (illahiyah) dimension and it is called Prophetic Criticism. The implication is that Islamic education will have an integrative view of the profane (physical) and transcendental (metaphysical) side. Islamic education is the logical-superlogical content of subjective-objective thinking, the world of theory-supratheory, and critical argumentation with a rational-intuitive foundation of self and outside self-views.

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Huda, M. Syamsul. "Karl Raimund Popper: Problem Neopositivistik dan Teori Kritis Falsifikasi." ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 2, no. 1 (January 22, 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2007.2.1.71-80.

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Karl Popper once criticizes the positivistic paradigm by means of what he calls the theory of falsification. To him, the positivistic paradigm constitutes a failure simply because it cannot distinguish between science and prude science, that is, between empirical method and non-empirical method. In the scientific knowledge, empirical science, mathematics and logic must be differentiated, something that the positivistic paradigm has failed to do. This paradigm furthermore, did not have a clear picture what logic-based science is, empirical knowledge and psychology of knowledge. It also fails to properly understand knowledge that springs from tradition, emotion, authority and so forth. All positivistic paradigms such as that of Karl Max’s Historicism, Freud’s theory of Psycho Analysis, Adler’s theory of Individual Analysis and Newton’s theory of Gravitation fall into this trap of failure.

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Naumova, A. "REHABILITATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: PROBLEMS OF THEORY, LEGISLATION AND PRACTICE." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 66 (2021): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.38.

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The problem of the right to rehabilitation and compensation to a person who was illegally and unreasonably prosecuted, illegally convicted is relevant to the science of criminal procedural law, law enforcement practice. At the same time, the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine does not provide rules that would contain the basic provisions of rehabilitation. As a result of the study, the concept of physical harm is formulated as a violation of the anatomical integrity or physiological function of organs or tissues, which manifests itself in bodily injury, disease, pathological condition, disability and is a consequence of illegal and unjustified criminal prosecution, illegal restraint, detention, unlawful conviction, torture, physical, mental violence, falsification of evidence. The definition of rehabilitation is defined as the procedure established by law for the recognition of a person’s innocence in committing a crime, restoration of his/her violated rights and freedoms. It is also defined compensation at the expense of the state in full physical, property, moral damage caused to a person by illegal and unjustified criminal prosecution, illegal conviction, and unjust trial on the application of coercive measures of a medical or educational nature. A comparative analysis of the legal regulation of rehabilitation in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the CIS countries shows that the national legislation of most states provides a mechanism for effective protection of the individual from illegal and unjustified criminal prosecution, illegal conviction. To improve the current criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine, we proposed to supplement the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine with the chapter “Rehabilitation”. In the provisions of this chapter, there is a need to set out the concept of rehabilitation, conditions and procedural grounds for recognizing the human right to rehabilitation; subjects of rehabilitation legal relations; grounds for partial rehabilitation in preliminary and judicial proceedings. In addition, the chapter should contain the procedural order of rehabilitation in a situation of forced self-incrimination, falsification of evidence; the procedure for restoring the violated rights and freedoms of the rehabilitated person. As well as the concept of physical harm and the procedure for its compensation; determination of property, moral damage caused to the rehabilitated; legal mechanism for compensation of property damage; elimination of the consequences of moral damage to the rehabilitated and its compensation.

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Brunner, Rainer. "La Question de la Falsification du Coran dans L'Exégèse Chiite Duodécimaine." Arabica 52, no. 1 (2005): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570058053076012.

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AbstractPendant plusieurs siècles la question de la falsification du Coran (tahrif al-Qur "an) par les adversaires «sunnites» a été un sujet de polémique central au sein du chiisme duodécimain. Le corpus ancien des traditions imamites contient notamment de nombreuses données explicites selon lesquelles les rédacteurs de la « vulgate ' u δ m à nienne » auraient délibérément supprimé les passages désignant nommément ' Al ì comme le successeur du Prophète, masquant ainsi le rôle primordial des Imams chiites. Cette croyance, occultée à partir de la seconde moitié du Xe siècle par la critique rationaliste du corpus de hadith, connut un renouveau remarquable après l'émergence de l'École A ¢ b à r ì aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Même la victoire des U ßù l ì s nefit pas complètement disparaître la conviction de l'existence du tahrif. À la fin du XIXe siècle, le savant iranien Ó usain an-N ù r ì écrivit une imposante monographie pour défendre cette conviction. Ce ne fut qu'au XXe siècle et à cause de l'effet désastreux qu'eut l'ouvrage de N ù r ì dans les polémiques entre sunnites et chiites, que ces derniers essayèrent de s'unifier autour de la thèse de l'authenticité de « la vulgate ». Ne croyant pas à la sincérité de cette attitude, les sunnites continuent leurs polémiques de plus en plus intensément, faisant de la question du tahrif un des problèmes le plus épineux de la divergence entre les deux principales confessions musulmanes.

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Kroupa, P. "The Dark Matter Crisis: Falsification of the Current Standard Model of Cosmology." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 29, no. 4 (2012): 395–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as12005.

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AbstractThe current standard model of cosmology (SMoC) requires The Dual Dwarf Galaxy Theorem to be true according to which two types of dwarf galaxies must exist: primordial dark-matter (DM) dominated (type A) dwarf galaxies, and tidal-dwarf and ram-pressure-dwarf (type B) galaxies void of DM. Type A dwarfs surround the host approximately spherically, while type B dwarfs are typically correlated in phasespace. Type B dwarfs must exist in any cosmological theory in which galaxies interact. Only one type of dwarf galaxy is observed to exist on the baryonic Tully-Fisher plot and in the radius-mass plane. The Milky Way satellite system forms a vast phase-space-correlated structure that includes globular clusters and stellar and gaseous streams. Other galaxies also have phase-space correlated satellite systems. Therefore, The Dual Dwarf Galaxy Theorem is falsified by observation and dynamically relevant cold or warm DM cannot exist. It is shown that the SMoC is incompatible with a large set of other extragalactic observations. Other theoretical solutions to cosmological observations exist. In particular, alone the empirical mass-discrepancy—acceleration correlation constitutes convincing evidence that galactic-scale dynamics must be Milgromian. Major problems with inflationary big bang cosmologies remain unresolved.

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Aziz, Ahmad Amir. "Pemikiran Imre Lakatos (1922-1974) tentang Metodologi Program Riset dan Signifikansinya dalam Kajian Keislaman." ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 1, no. 1 (January 22, 2014): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2006.1.1.42-55.

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Apart from Kuhn and Popper, Lakatos has become an important figure in the field of Philosophy of Science for his scientific theories, which he calls research programmes. For Lakatos, Popper’s theoretical falsification can be immensely dangerous when applied to the already established theories. On the other hand, in contrast to Kuhn who assumed that a paradigm is by its nature immeasurable, Lakatos maintains that the competing scientific discoveries may in fact be compared between one another. To him, the main issues with regard to the logic of discovery cannot be dealt with satisfactorily unless we do so within the framework of research programmes. The practical implementation of this would be that the hard core of this framework cannot be subjected to modification -let alone- rejection. This hard core must in other words be protected from what he terms falsification. Lakatos also maintains that what can be said as scientific is a series of theory, and not a single theory. This model of research programmes can in fact be used in Islamic Studies in order to develop new theoretical principles that may play a role of convincing protective-belt on the one hand, and to find new premises whose discoveries can be used universally on the other

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LeBel, Etienne P., Randy J. McCarthy, Brian D. Earp, Malte Elson, and Wolf Vanpaemel. "A Unified Framework to Quantify the Credibility of Scientific Findings." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1, no. 3 (August 10, 2018): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245918787489.

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Societies invest in scientific studies to better understand the world and attempt to harness such improved understanding to address pressing societal problems. Published research, however, can be useful for theory or application only if it is credible. In science, a credible finding is one that has repeatedly survived risky falsification attempts. However, state-of-the-art meta-analytic approaches cannot determine the credibility of an effect because they do not account for the extent to which each included study has survived such attempted falsification. To overcome this problem, we outline a unified framework for estimating the credibility of published research by examining four fundamental falsifiability-related dimensions: (a) transparency of the methods and data, (b) reproducibility of the results when the same data-processing and analytic decisions are reapplied, (c) robustness of the results to different data-processing and analytic decisions, and (d) replicability of the effect. This framework includes a standardized workflow in which the degree to which a finding has survived scrutiny is quantified along these four facets of credibility. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to published replications in the psychology literature. Finally, we outline a Web implementation of the framework and conclude by encouraging the community of researchers to contribute to the development and crowdsourcing of this platform.

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Li, Yinwen, Xiang Cai, Huaping Sun, and Xingxing He. "Detection of Corporate Environmental Information Disclosure Falsification Based on Support Vector Machine." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (August 16, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5270963.

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Environmental information disclosure (EID) is an important embodiment of corporate social responsibility. With the awakening of public awareness of environmental protection and the increasing pressure of environmental preservation, enterprises tend to strategically manipulate environmental information for the pursuit of profit, which will consequently lead to environmental information disclosure falsification (EIDF) and disruption of both the market regulatory order and the development of green economy. In this article, support vector machine (SVM) technique is applied to construct the detection model of corporate EIDF. Based on the theory of “public pressure,” the detection indicators will be improved from three aspects: public pressure, corporate governance, and financial indicators. The training set and test set are constructed by combining the manually collected cases of environmental administrative penalties from 2015 to 2019 with the indicator information of nonfinancial listed enterprises in China’s A-share market, and the SVM detection performance is compared with the logistic regression of the benchmark model. To solve the problem of category imbalance, we have introduced the Borderline-SMOTE oversampling technique. Based on the detection results of SVM and Borderline-SMOTE, we find that the Borderline-SMOTE-SVM model has the best detection performance, surpassing the SVM and logistic regression models. These conclusions have constructive policy implications for regulatory agencies, investors, the third-party service sector, enterprises, and government policy-making to achieve high-quality corporate EID.

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Tung, Khoe Yao. "The Truth Is Jesus Christ In The Gospel Of John On The Approach Of Popper’s Falsification." Journal Kerugma 4, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33856/kerugma.v4i1.203.

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Many attempts to defend the concept of a Christian understanding of the Truth (ἀλήθεια) especially in the Gospel of John. To defend the Christianity concept of truth, believe The Truth is Jesus Christ himself. Secular scholars attempt to ruin this concept with many theories and principles. They have been continuing to reject this epistemology based on the philosophy of science and questioning what is the Truth and what is the connection with Jesus Christ. To defend this concept, an approach of Karl Popper’s falsification theory is used to justify the truth is Jesus Christ Himself in the Gospel and letters of John.

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McDowell, J. J., and Jesse Dallery. "FALSIFICATION OF MATCHING THEORY: CHANGES IN THE ASYMPTOTE OF HERRNSTEIN'S HYPERBOLA AS A FUNCTION OF WATER DEPRIVATION." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 72, no. 2 (September 1999): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1999.72-251.

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Keuzenkamp, Hugo A., and Anton P. Barten. "Rejection without falsification on the history of testing the homogeneity condition in the theory of consumer demand." Journal of Econometrics 67, no. 1 (May 1995): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01629-e.

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Farrall, Stephen, and Richard Sparks. "Response to Dooley and Goodison: Falsification By Atrophy: The Kuhnian Process of Rejecting Theory in American Criminology." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 1 (October 6, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz060.

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Parhanudin, Muh Alwi. "Meta Concept Of Horizon Ilmu And Its Application On Islamic Political Thought Department Of UIN Mataram." Politea : Jurnal Politik Islam 4, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/politea.v4i2.4732.

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This article will analyze the concept of scientific integration-interconnection and internalization or the “Horizon Ilmu” in the Islamic State University of Mataram. This study formulates the implementation model on the curriculum of PPI Department. This article aims to combine Karl Popper's falsification theory, and the theory of paradigm revolution by Tomas Kuhn, with Ian Barbour's theory about the integration between religion and science. As an additional theory on this subject, author use amin abdullah's theory of integration-interconnection. This study uses interpretive approach, that Focuses on the ideas and the spirit and the implementation method that construct the political theory. This study describes conclusions. First, the PPI' s model of Horizon Ilmu, consist two fundamental discourses: the Islamic political thought represented by al-Madinah al-Fadhilah, and the western political science represented by democracy. Second, These two fundamentals then emulsified with the classical islamic scientific tradition. Third, PPI’s characteristic of Horizon Ilmu can be actualized through the reciprocal relation between these two fundamentals discourses in order to build the new academic traditions in the Islamic political thought department.

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Bajramzade, S., and P. Kazimi. "ETHNOGENESİS OF SMALL PEOPLES OR THE SEARCH FOR ETERNAL HİSTORY (PROBLEMS OF SOURCE STUDY)." EurasianUnionScientists 5, no. 10(79) (November 20, 2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.5.79.1063.

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The genesis of nations tends to grow and expand. Separated from an ethnic group, small groups are doomed to isolation, vulnerability and backwardness from integration and development. The character of "history" is similar to a human being, and when he goes beyond his natural development, he feels like a person with a "nonvalue complex". To determine the ethnogenesis of peoples, one can reconstruct the general picture of historical genesis by summarizing traditional historical knowledge, information provided by modern archaeological excavations, materials provided by linguistics, ethnogenetics, the theory of proto-languages and modern scientific knowledge. The general outlines of the great genesis and the landscape of ethnos are known in the historical reconstruction of the last 6-7 thousand years. Using this model, it is impossible to recreate the ethnogenesis of isolated peoples. From this point of view, attempts to synonymize such concepts as “Armenian”, “Armenia”, “Armeni”, “haik”, “Urartu” and so on are nothing more than manipulation of isolated small peoples in the “historical darkness”. The famous Russian researcher Alexander Anninsky, in his 1899 book “Ancient Armenian Historians as Historical Sources”, published in Odessa, analyzes several medieval Armenian books, exposes their systematic falsification and considers it wrong to use them as historical sources. One might think that this put an end to the deception of Armenian historians. However, this did not happen, and falsifications and references to exposed sources continue and continue to this day.

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Lu, Chenguang. "The P–T Probability Framework for Semantic Communication, Falsification, Confirmation, and Bayesian Reasoning." Philosophies 5, no. 4 (October 2, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies5040025.

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Many researchers want to unify probability and logic by defining logical probability or probabilistic logic reasonably. This paper tries to unify statistics and logic so that we can use both statistical probability and logical probability at the same time. For this purpose, this paper proposes the P–T probability framework, which is assembled with Shannon’s statistical probability framework for communication, Kolmogorov’s probability axioms for logical probability, and Zadeh’s membership functions used as truth functions. Two kinds of probabilities are connected by an extended Bayes’ theorem, with which we can convert a likelihood function and a truth function from one to another. Hence, we can train truth functions (in logic) by sampling distributions (in statistics). This probability framework was developed in the author’s long-term studies on semantic information, statistical learning, and color vision. This paper first proposes the P–T probability framework and explains different probabilities in it by its applications to semantic information theory. Then, this framework and the semantic information methods are applied to statistical learning, statistical mechanics, hypothesis evaluation (including falsification), confirmation, and Bayesian reasoning. Theoretical applications illustrate the reasonability and practicability of this framework. This framework is helpful for interpretable AI. To interpret neural networks, we need further study.

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Kuteesa, Disan. "Epistemological Base of African Traditional Herbal Medicine Among Primary School Teachers in Uganda." East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion 3, no. 2 (August 5, 2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.3.2.376.

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There is a noticeable usage of African Traditional herbal medicine in the treatment of physical and metaphysical diseases. This is largely due to the perceived high costs of orthodox medicine and the feeling that traditional herbs are more dependable. This research established the epistemological underpinnings of African traditional herbal medicine among primary school teachers in the Central Region of Uganda. The researcher used interviews, document analysis and focus group discussions to collect data from different schools. A total of eighteen (18) teachers were sampled, teachers claimed that African traditional herbal medicine is based on testimonial seeming, perceptual seeming, and memorial seeming. The study, therefore, found that the epistemological theory which can appropriately explain the basis of African Traditional herbal medicine in schools is the Bucket Theory of mind as advocated for by Karl Popper. The study recommends Poppers’ falsification theory in the operations of primary school teachers as a measure to do away with falsity content in the usage of traditional herbal medicine in schools

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Genin, Konstantin. "On Falsifiable Statistical Hypotheses." Philosophies 7, no. 2 (April 2, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7020040.

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Popper argued that a statistical falsification required a prior methodological decision to regard sufficiently improbable events as ruled out. That suggestion has generated a number of fruitful approaches, but also a number of apparent paradoxes and ultimately, no clear consensus. It is still commonly claimed that, since random samples are logically consistent with all the statistical hypotheses on the table, falsification simply does not apply in realistic statistical settings. We claim that the situation is considerably improved if we ask a conceptually prior question: when should a statistical hypothesis be regarded as falsifiable. To that end we propose several different notions of statistical falsifiability and prove that, whichever definition we prefer, the same hypotheses turn out to be falsifiable. That shows that statistical falsifiability enjoys a kind of conceptual robustness. These notions of statistical falsifiability are arrived at by proposing statistical analogues to intuitive properties enjoyed by exemplary falsifiable hypotheses familiar from classical philosophy of science. That demonstrates that, to a large extent, this philosophical tradition was on the right conceptual track. Finally, we demonstrate that, under weak assumptions, the statistically falsifiable hypotheses correspond precisely to the closed sets in a standard topology on probability measures. That means that standard techniques from statistics and measure theory can be used to determine exactly which hypotheses are statistically falsifiable. In other words: the proposed notion of statistical falsifiability both answers to our conceptual demands and submits to standard mathematical techniques.

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Gittler, Georg, and Oliver Vitouch. "Empirical Contribution to the Question of Sex-Dependent Inheritance of Spatial Ability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 2 (April 1994): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.2.407.

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The X-linked recessive gene hypothesis, a theory to predict the mode of genetic inheritance of spatial ability, was tested using a new Rasch-calibrated space test, the Three-dimensional Cube Test (Gittler, 1990). This allowed solving the homogeneity problem (insufficient unidimensionality of test material) by which earlier research in this field was affected. The empirical correlations from our sample of 134 families were compared with the theoretically predicted values. Present data do not corroborate the model; however, the problems of its general falsification are discussed. The fact that differences in performance in favour of males exist in the parental generation but not in the filial generation accentuates the importance of environmental factors.

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le Flem, Claude D. "Relatives et Nominalisation." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.13.1.03fle.

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RELATIVES AND NOMINALIZATION: WHERE GUILLAUME TURNS TRANSFORMATIONALIST It is a little-known fact that by 1940 G. Guillaume had already developed a genetic syntax in which most embedded clauses were generated transformationally. But while the mechanism he postulated — internal or external nominalization — claims to reflect mental reality, an examination of the data shows, at least as far as relative clauses are concerned, it does not meet even the minimum requirement of observational adequacy. Although the falsification of an inadequate hypothesis is a step forward for any theory, the fact that in this case it has taken nearly fifty years to make it denotes a disturbing lack of rigour in the methodology of Psychomechanics.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Theory, falsification'

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