Journal articles: 'Theory and Principle'

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Hausken, Kjell. "Principal–Agent Theory, Game Theory, and the Precautionary Principle." Decision Analysis 16, no. 2 (June 2019): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/deca.2018.0380.

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Zhang, Qi-hao, and Dian-kui Liu. "Some Problems in the Theory of Nonconservative Elasticity." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (March 1986): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1986-0005.

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This study develops the general quasi-variational principles for nonconservative problems in the theory of elasticity such as the quasi-potential energy principle, the quasi-complementary energy principle, the generalized quasi-variational principle and quasi-Hamilton principle. The application of these quasi-variational principles to finite element analysis is also discussed and illustrated with some examples. The total variational principle for nonconservative systems of two variables is also studied.

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Brown, James R. "Einstein’s Principle Theory." ProtoSociology 12 (1998): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/protosociology1998129.

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Caldwell, Cam, Ranjan Karri, and Pamela Vollmar. "Principal Theory and Principle Theory: Ethical Governance from the Follower’s Perspective." Journal of Business Ethics 66, no. 2-3 (June 2006): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-5586-y.

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Donchin, Anne. "Reworking Autonomy: Toward a Feminist Perspective." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no. 1 (1995): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005636.

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The principled approach to theory building that has been a conspicuous mark of bioethical theory for the past generation has in recent years fallen under considerable critical scrutiny. Although some critics have confined themselves to reordering the dominant principles, others have rejected a principled approach entirely and turned to alternative paradigms. Prominent among critics are antiprin-ciplists, who want to jettison the principle-based approach altogether and adopt a casuistic (case-specific) model, and communitarians, who favor an eclectic model combining features of both the casuistic model and a modified principled approach. Particularly conspicuous in virtually all such critiques is their challenge to the preeminence of the principle of autonomy. Critical barbs have been aimed not only at theories favoring a hierarchical ordering of moral principles that give first place to autonomy, but also at those that include autonomy among a set of ostensibly coequal principles. Though these critics have performed a valued function by displacing bioethical principles from their Olympian perch beyond actual decision-making contexts, some version of the principle of autonomy may, nonetheless, be well worth defending but for very different reasons than those put forward by its supporters.

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Nikitin, A. P. "MACH PRINCIPLE AND PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY." Metafizika, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2020-2-148-159.

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The article considers the “many-faced” Mach principle and the principle of relativity, which are organically related due to the unity of nature, and provides a brief historical overview of the primary sources of these principles. Ernst Mach formulated his principle by criticizing Newtonian mechanics in his book [1] in 1896. A. Einstein, first using the term “Mach principle” in 1918, wrote that the general theory of relativity is based on three main points, one of which was the Mach principle [2. P. 613]. Currently, Mach principle is used as one of the three main provisions of the relational theory of Yu.S. Vladimirov [3]. The article also describes A. Einstein’s thought experiment from the article “Is there a gravitational effect similar to electrodynamic induction?” [2. P. 223] and about numerous experiments based on various physical principles, with the aim of checking Mach principle.

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Heshi, Kamal Nosrati, and Hassanali Bakhtiyar Nasrabadi. "Role of Logic and Mentality as the Basics of Wittgenstein’s Picture Theory of Language and Extracting Educational Principles and Methods according to this Theory." International Education Studies 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n7p10.

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<p class="apa">The present paper attempts to recognize principles and methods of education based on Wittgenstein’s picture theory of language. This qualitative research utilized inferential analytical approach to review the related literature and extracted a set of principles and methods from his theory on picture language. Findings revealed that Wittgenstein believed in language as a picture of the real and assumed that the real is reflected in language. He believed that language and mentality are the same and language demonstrates a full picture of mentality. Besides, the world and the language possess a logical structure and this logic rules the world and the language. Later on, his picture theory of language, logic and mentality were used to extract and introduce principles for education as listed here: the reasonability principle, mind involvement principle, matching principle, reasoning principle, creativity principle and formation of mind, comprehensibility principle, liberal thinking principle, and the principle of considering individual differences. Thus, applying the method of concept comprehension, problem oriented method, heuristic method, brainstorming method and finally interactive methods like Socratic question and answer and group discussion method.</p>

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Schutter, Helder De. "Personality and territoriality in theory and in Belgium." Language Problems and Language Planning 45, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 218–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00078.sch.

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Abstract Language policy debates regularly refer to the principles of personality and territoriality. Yet the precise meaning of these principles remains unclear. In this contribution, I conceptualize these principles as poles of a continuum between official bilingualism (instantiating the personality principle) and official unilingualism (exemplifying the territoriality principle), with a mixed regime in between (which grants a certain territorial primacy to a language, but allows exceptions based on linguistic affiliation). The question of the determination of particular points on the continuum cannot be separated from the metaterritorial question of the boundaries of the units within which those principles apply. Application of this ‘continuum model’ to Belgium draws attention to three language-political regimes. The first invokes a strict personality principle (Brussels). The second follows the strict territoriality principle (almost all municipalities in Flanders and Wallonia). The third is a mixed regime (a total of 27 ‘municipalities with facilities’ where one language enjoys primacy but speakers of another language enjoy certain linguistic ‘facilities’). The article also analyses the manner in which these regimes were historically established in Belgium in combination with a delineation of the language border and the division of the country into four language areas.

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MANN, RONI. "Non-ideal theory of constitutional adjudication." Global Constitutionalism 7, no. 1 (March 2018): 14–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381717000247.

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Abstract:When a constitutional court faces opposition from other branches of government or significant segments of the public, should it always hold fast to what it considers constitutionally right, even where this would potentially harm its status and perceived legitimacy? Or are constitutional compromises sometimes justified? Such ‘institutionally hard’ cases – those characterised by a sharp tension between constitutional principle and institutional prudence – pose a true dilemma for constitutionalism. This article advances a realistic, yet principled, liberal-constitutional approach to this dilemma, put forth in the vein of Rawlsian non-ideal theory. It addresses a troubling gap between, on the one hand, theidealisingdiscourse of constitutional theory – which overlooks or downplays the actual social and political pressures that courts must confront – and, on the other, a growing political science literature which, in the name of ‘realism’, views judges solely as strategic actors, leaving no role for principled reasoning. What has stepped into the gap in normative theory is a vague notion of ‘judicial statesmanship’, which praises or criticises judges post hoc, on an intuitive basis, without any tangible prescriptive bite. Developing evaluative and prescriptive guidelines for institutionally-hard cases, a non-ideal theory of constitutional adjudication should construct principles thatbothreinforce the commitment to ideal constitutional principle,andproperly situate constitutional courts within the real – contingent and often very non-ideal – social and political contexts in which they operate.

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Cohen-Almagor, Raphael. "Harm Principle, Offence Principle, and the Skokie Affair." Political Studies 41, no. 3 (September 1993): 453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1993.tb01649.x.

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The primary aims are to formulate principles conducive to safeguarding fundamental civil rights and to employ the theory to analyse the Skokie affair. The focus is on the ethical question of the constraints on speech. I advance two arguments relating to the ‘Harm Principle’ and the ‘Offence Principle’. Under the ‘Harm Principle’, restrictions on liberty may be prescribed when there are sheer threats of immediate violence against some individuals or groups. Under the ‘Offence Principle’, expressions which intend to inflict psychological offence are morally on a par with physical harm and thus there are grounds for abridging them. Moving from theory to practice, in the light of the formulated principles, the ruling of the Illinois Supreme Court which permitted the Nazis to hold a demonstration in Skokie is argued to be flawed.

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Malindžák, Dušan. "The Basic Principle of Logistic Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 708 (December 2014): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.708.47.

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The article deals with a matter of principle logistics as a scientific discipline, its location in scientific area and its relation to other fields of science. Defines logistics as part of cybernetics and characterizes the basic criteria for the existence of research disciplines and they are: feed forward system, system approach, principles and tools of logistic, objects of logistics – flows and chains, control variables and optimization criteria.

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Balatsky, Evgeny, and Maksim Yurevich. "Consistency Principle: Theory and Empirical Evidence." Foresight and STI Governance 16, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2022.3.35.48.

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he article verifies one of the principles of the general theory of social development, which is called the principle of consistency. According to this principle, the economic growth rate positively depends not only upon the level of technological development, institutions, and culture, but also upon the degree of consistency between these factors. This hypothesis was tested by constructing econometric models on a sample of 154 countries. The output variable is the rate of GDP growth, and the explanatory factors are technology, institutions, and culture. To quantify the latter, the corresponding proxy variables were used: labor productivity, the Doing Business index, and the Corruption Perceptions Index. The constructed models are fixed-effect models, and the coefficients of the explanatory variables are determined by adjusting the variance-covariance matrices. Empirical evidence has confirmed the validity of the principle of consistency for the group of “rich” countries with upper middle income, and have not been confirmed for the group of “poor” countries with lower middle income. The obtained result was interpreted in terms of the concept of a narrow corridor called Acemoglu–Robinson, the concept of structural competition and the theory of self-organization. It is shown that the consistency principle acts as a necessary condition for the appearance of the Red Queen effect in the Acemoglu–Robinson concept.

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Bhatti, Zeeshan, Abdul Waheed Mahesar, Ghullam Asghar Bhutto, and Fida Hussain Chandio. "Enhancing Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Leaning through 3D Animation." Sukkur IBA Journal of Computing and Mathematical Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjcms.v1i2.43.

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Cognitive theory of Multimedia learning has been a widely used principle in education. However, with current technological advancements and usage, the teaching and learning trend of children’s have also changed with more dependability towards technology. This research work explores and implement the use of 3D Animation as tool for multimedia learning based on cognitive theory. This new dimension in cognitive learning, will foster the latest multimedia tools and application driven through 3D Animation, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality. The three principles, that facilitate cognitive theory of multimedia learning using animation, addressed in this research are temporal contiguity principle (screening matching narration with animation simultaneously rather than successively), personalization principle (screening text or dialogs in casual form rather than formal style) and finally the multimedia principle (screen animation and audio narration together instead of just narration). The result of this new model would yield a new technique of educating the young children through 3D animation and virtual reality. The adaptation of cognitive theory through 3D animation as a source of multimedia learning with various key principles produces a reliable paradigm for educational enhancement.

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Dwibedi, Lalan. "Leadership: Theory, Principle and Style." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (June 4, 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v6i0.20102.

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This art icle explains recent theoret ical development s n the study of organizat ional leadership. It begins with a concise overview of the meaning and concept of leadership in terms of research, theory, and pract ice. This article suggests that success is certain if the application of the leadership styles, principles and methods is properly and fully applied in management because quality of leadership tradition offers great opportunity to further educational leadership and management policies and pract ices by accept ing and utilizing the basic principles and styles of leadership.Academic Voices Vol.6 2016: 11-20

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15

Senn, W., K. Wyler, H. P. Clamann, J. Kleinle, H. R. Lüscher, and L. Müller. "Size principle and information theory." Biological Cybernetics 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004220050317.

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Yuan, Xiao, Suguru Endo, Qi Zhao, Ying Li, and Simon C. Benjamin. "Theory of variational quantum simulation." Quantum 3 (October 7, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-10-07-191.

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The variational method is a versatile tool for classical simulation of a variety of quantum systems. Great efforts have recently been devoted to its extension to quantum computing for efficiently solving static many-body problems and simulating real and imaginary time dynamics. In this work, we first review the conventional variational principles, including the Rayleigh-Ritz method for solving static problems, and the Dirac and Frenkel variational principle, the McLachlan's variational principle, and the time-dependent variational principle, for simulating real time dynamics. We focus on the simulation of dynamics and discuss the connections of the three variational principles. Previous works mainly focus on the unitary evolution of pure states. In this work, we introduce variational quantum simulation of mixed states under general stochastic evolution. We show how the results can be reduced to the pure state case with a correction term that takes accounts of global phase alignment. For variational simulation of imaginary time evolution, we also extend it to the mixed state scenario and discuss variational Gibbs state preparation. We further elaborate on the design of ansatz that is compatible with post-selection measurement and the implementation of the generalised variational algorithms with quantum circuits. Our work completes the theory of variational quantum simulation of general real and imaginary time evolution and it is applicable to near-term quantum hardware.

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Bazarov, Sardor. "THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE JUDICIARY: THEORY AND PRACTICE." Jurisprudence 2, no. 3 (July 19, 2022): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.2.3./hhkt6836.

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In this article, the author analyzes the main functions of artificial intelligence in courts: such as organizing data, consulting, and forecasting. In addition, this article discusses the principles of applying artificial intelligence in judicial practice from a scientific point of view: such as ethical principles, the principle of respect for human rights, the principle of equality, the principle of data security, the principle of transparency, the principle of user control over artificial intelligence. Along with the above, the author thoroughly studied the effective use of artificial intelligence in the judicial system. In conclusion, the author puts proposals forward for further improvement of the use of artificial intelligence in courts that uniformity of court practice and transparency of court documents will be ensured. For citizens, artificial intelligence will become a quality tool for finding and evaluating the outcome of court proceedings using the latest advances in IT. This allows the plaintiff to predict the likelihood of the success of the application being sued and to make a decision on that basis without going to court.

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Piantavigna, Paolo. "Tax Abuse in European Union Law: A Theory." EC Tax Review 20, Issue 3 (June 1, 2011): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2011015.

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Tax abuse is a legal principle developed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) that prevents a person from relying on a right in law where such reliance would constitute an abuse of that right. The case law demonstrates two circumstances when the principle has been applied or its potential applicability has been recognized: a person seeks to rely on a European legal right to circumvent or displace national law, and a person seeks to take advantage of a right in European law, but in a manner running contrary to its spirit. The ECJ is recognizing the full and proper construction of the European right upon which a person wishes to rely but prevents its use in any event. This principle of abuse sits alongside other developed principles of law that maintain fundamental rights already accepted in the legal systems of the Member States and in internationally recognized treaties. These general principles are not closed and include equality, proportionality, neutrality, and legal certainty. The main thrust of the application of fraus legis has been in relation to tax avoidance, but one might consider that this abuse of law or fraus legis principle has a potentially vast application in Community Law, both in tax harmonized and in tax non-harmonized areas.

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Nepochtenko, O., P. Bechko, S. Ptashnyk, and J. Nagornaya. "Fairness of taxation in modern economic theory." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no. 97 (December 28, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2020-97-2-7-21.

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The article deals with the basic principles of the taxation system ˗ the principle of the efficiency of taxation. Tax simplification (the principle of efficiency) is a principle according to which any tax system strives to develop, since it helps to reduce tax evasion and, accordingly, increases the administrative efficiency of taxation. The financial policy of the state, in modern conditions, is mainly based on a clear system of financial levers and incentives, among which the main ones are taxes, fees, other obligatory payments of business entities, households, individuals, and other categories of payers to the budget and trust funds. The formation and functioning of an effective tax system, throughout the entire period of its existence, remains at the heart of the research of scientists and practitioners. For the functioning of the modern tax system, the issues of fairness of taxation in modern economic theory remain relevant, it is an important component of building an optimal tax system. They require a more detailed study of the issue of the very process of development of taxation and a theoretical substantiation of the mechanism of formation of the tax system. Summing up the above, it can be noted that the principle of efficiency today, as a rule, is not used either in theory or in practice. We can observe some of the ideas of this principle in the principles of economy, fairness, economic feasibility, and the like. But it should also be noted that the essence expressed in these principles does not quite correspond to the primary ideas of the principle of tax efficiency, expresses the priority of the taxpayer's rights. Efficiency of administration assumes that the procedure of tax collection should be as simple as possible for payers of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments. Taxes should be designed in such a way that while giving income to the state, they do not negatively affect the economy and society. Taxation should be convenient for the taxpayer; taxes should be collected in the cheapest way. It should also be noted the issue of the effectiveness of tax law, largely determined by the flexibility of the tax policy of the state. This is expressed in the change of already established legal norms, if they do not correspond to the socio-economic conditions of their application.

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Blass, Andreas. "An induction principle and pigeonhole principles for K-finite sets." Journal of Symbolic Logic 60, no. 4 (December 1995): 1186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275881.

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AbstractWe establish a course-of-values induction principle for K-finite sets in intuitionistic type theory. Using this principle, we prove a pigeonhole principle conjectured by Bénabou and Loiseau. We also comment on some variants of this pigeonhole principle.

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Kaluszka, Marek, and Michał Krzeszowiec. "AN ITERATIVITY CONDITION FOR THE MEAN-VALUE PRINCIPLE UNDER CUMULATIVE PROSPECT THEORY." ASTIN Bulletin 43, no. 1 (January 2013): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2013.1.

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AbstractIn this paper, we present the full characterization of the iterativity condition for the mean-value principle under the cumulative prospect theory. It turns out that the premium principle is iterative for exactly six pairs of probability distortion functions. Some of the corresponding premium principles are the classical mean-value principle, essential infimum or essential supremum of the random loss. Moreover, from the proof of the main theorem of this paper, it follows that the iterativity of the mean-value principle is equivalent to the iterativity of the generalized Choquet integral.

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Junker, Philipp, and Daniel Balzani. "An extended Hamilton principle as unifying theory for coupled problems and dissipative microstructure evolution." Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 33, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 1931–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00161-021-01017-z.

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AbstractAn established strategy for material modeling is provided by energy-based principles such that evolution equations in terms of ordinary differential equations can be derived. However, there exist a variety of material models that also need to take into account non-local effects to capture microstructure evolution. In this case, the evolution of microstructure is described by a partial differential equation. In this contribution, we present how Hamilton’s principle provides a physically sound strategy for the derivation of transient field equations for all state variables. Therefore, we begin with a demonstration how Hamilton’s principle generalizes the principle of stationary action for rigid bodies. Furthermore, we show that the basic idea behind Hamilton’s principle is not restricted to isothermal mechanical processes. In contrast, we propose an extended Hamilton principle which is applicable to coupled problems and dissipative microstructure evolution. As example, we demonstrate how the field equations for all state variables for thermo-mechanically coupled problems, i.e., displacements, temperature, and internal variables, result from the stationarity of the extended Hamilton functional. The relation to other principles, as the principle of virtual work and Onsager’s principle, is given. Finally, exemplary material models demonstrate how to use the extended Hamilton principle for thermo-mechanically coupled elastic, gradient-enhanced, rate-dependent, and rate-independent materials.

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Donaldson, Margaret. "The Voluntary Principle in the Colonial Situation: Theory and Practice." Studies in Church History 23 (1986): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400010718.

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When the London Missionary Society (LMS) came into being in 1795 two principles formed the twin pillars of its existence: the Fundamental Principle, which declared that the Society existed to preach the gospel to the heathen and not to promote any particular form of church polity: and the voluntary principle, which declared that financial responsibility for a church devolved upon its members, and not upon the government or, in the long term, upon the missionary society. This paper examines the problems of applying the voluntary principle in a colonial situation. The investigation focuses on the work of the Revd Richard Birt, LMS missionary in South Africa from 1838 to 1892. Birt was a supporter of the voluntary principle by conviction, by background and by commitment to the LMS. In practice, however, his life’s work was to show the difficulty of maintaining the voluntary principle in a pioneering missionary situation.

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Rahmawati, Alni, Moeljadi Moeljadi, Djumahir Djumahir, and Sumiati Sumiati. "How Do Agency Theory, Stewardship Theory and Intellectual Capital as a Solution for Agency Conflict?" Journal of Management Research 10, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v10i2.12843.

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The article aims to integrate agency theory, stewardship theory and intellectual capital in minimizing agencies conflict. The theories were approached by identifying organizational principles according to perspective of shareholders, then comparison of applications of agency theory, stewardship theory and intellectual capital contributing to the principal relationship with the agent in minimizing agencies conflict in order to contribute to enhancement of corporate value was discussed and empirical studies on perspectives of agency, stewardship and intellectual capital perspective specialized in human capital and structural capital were examined. The deep study of the theories concluded, it is necessary to integrate agency theory and stewardship theory and intellectual capital in effort of minimizing agencies conflict and enhancing corporate value. Further, it can be suggested that perspective of agency theory explains the importance of multi-principles framework, with perspectives of stewardship theory and intellectual capital showing a situation in which agent has the same interest as principle or to be motivated to make action for the sake of the best interest of the principal in minimizing agencies conflict and enhancing value of the company. Empirical literature can add more thoughts on agency issues integrated with stewardship theory and intellectual capital that can contribute to the study of the issues.

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de Rancourt, N. "Ramsey theory without pigeonhole principle and the adversarial Ramsey principle." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 373, no. 7 (April 28, 2020): 5025–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/tran/8063.

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Brown, Jessica. "PRACTICAL REASONING, DECISION THEORY AND ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM." Episteme 9, no. 1 (March 2012): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2011.4.

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AbstractIn this paper, I focus on the most important form of argument for anti-intellectualism, one that exploits alleged connections between knowledge and practical reasoning. I first focus on a form of this argument which exploits a universal principle, Sufficiency, connecting knowledge and practical reasoning. In the face of putative counterexamples to Sufficiency, a number of authors have attempted to reformulate the argument with a weaker principle. However, I argue that the weaker principles suggested are also problematic. I conclude that, so far, there is no good argument for anti-intellectualism that rests on connections between knowledge and practical reasoning.

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SARKAR, HUSAIN. "Annas: Virtuous Person, Relativism, and the Circularity Objection." Dialogue 54, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 285–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001221731500027x.

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This paper is informed by two principles: the Partiality Principle and the Impartiality Principle. Relying upon a relatively-unknown argument in Kant, the latter principle is stated and defended. The former principle is shown to be connected to Annas’ claim, in her theory of virtue ethics, that no mature, responsible adult wants to be told what to do, as well as to her developmental account of teaching and learning of virtue. I argue that Annas’ theory of virtue ethics is susceptible, as Kant’s theory is not, either to the Circularity Objection or (inclusive) to the Relativism Objection.

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Peterson, Jonathan. "Social justice and the distribution of republican freedom." European Journal of Political Theory 19, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885116684759.

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A republican theory of social justice specifies how republican freedom should be distributed. The goal of this paper is to assess the plausibility of two recently proposed principles of republican social justice: an aggregative maximizing principle defended by Philip Pettit in Republicanism and a sufficiency principle of republican social justice offered by Pettit in On the People’s Terms. The maximizing principle must be rejected because it permits under-protecting vulnerable members of society in favor of increasing the freedom of the powerful. The sufficiency principle avoids the most basic objection to the maximizing principle, but it is at best an incomplete theory of social justice. Social justice requires principle(s) for determining the justice of distributions above the sufficiency threshold and republican theory does not determine which principle(s) should govern distributions above this threshold. Republicans must therefore decide whether they will incorporate an independent commitment to equality within their theory of social justice.

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Gómez-Echeverri, Luis Fernando, Leonardo Alberto Ríos-Osorio, and María Luisa Eschenhagen-Durán. "A Rational Model for Agroecology as a Science." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (August 27, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2940251.

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Agroecology was born as a competing theory to sciences derived from the Green Revolution like conventional agronomy or modernized animal husbandry. In recent years, several theoretical models or approaches have been developed in order to explain this science. However, any of them can explain its change or difference with its rival theories in a rational manner that allows assessment of its success. As a result, the aim of this study was to propose a rational model of scientific change based on main and auxiliary hypotheses. We found that seven basic principles have been formulated throughout theoretical books and papers as well as several auxiliary hypotheses that can be derived from them. These principles are as follows: (1) characteristic systemic principle of agroecology, (2) principle of biomimicry, (3) principle of biodiversity, (4) principle of specificity of agroecosystems, (5) principle of governance, (6) principle of socioecological resilience, and (7) principle of vulnerability. Also, three principles for food systems approach were retrieved. This model shows agroecology more like an organic theory that moves in different scales than a set of rival theories competing for success. However, a proper articulation and discussion of these basic principles is yet to be done.

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Khonin, V. "METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. SECOND PART." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2, no. 127 (2016): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2016.127.2.104-114.

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The article is devoted to the modern interpretation of the methodology of theoretical simulation of international relations - the system of the methodological principles. Thus, applying the principle of interference, the researcher receives additional methodological possibilities for the determination of rules necessary to form typological groups of international relations, and to determine the criteria for ranking of international interactions in terms of their social and historical significance. The principle of sustainability in the historical context of international relations regards international relations as a special natural and continuous process within human society. The principle of coherence requires to bear in mind the level of human awarenees in the modeling of international relations – the awareness of individuals – participants of international community, and accordingly, of the whole social community to which they belong. Each of the proposed principles focuses on individual, but synergistically linked and relevant to the researcher notional subject– the being of international relations.

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Rueger, Alexander. "Pleasure and Purpose in Kant’s Theory of Taste." Kant-Studien 109, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kant-2018-0003.

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Abstract: In the Critique of Judgment Kant repeatedly points out that it is only the pleasure of taste that reveals to us the need to introduce a third faculty of the mind with its own a priori principle. In order to elucidate this claim I discuss two general principles about pleasure that Kant presents, the transcendental definition of pleasure from § 10 and the principle from the Introduction that connects pleasure with the achievement of an aim. Precursors of these principles had been employed by Kant and others in empirical psychology. But how can such principles of empirical psychology be transferred to transcendental philosophy? I suggest that Kant accomplishes this by deriving the connection of pleasure with achievement of an aim from the transcendental definition and the assumption that faculties have interests. I finally reconstruct § 11 as a ‘regressive argument’ from the peculiarities of the pleasure of taste to the need to acknowledge a new faculty.

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Dorokhova, N. "DIDACTIC PRINCIPLES IN THE COORDINATES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATION QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM OF FUTURE MASTERS OF STOMATOLOGY." East European Scientific Journal 4, no. 12(76) (January 28, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.4.76.218.

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In the article the author considers didactic principles in the coordinates of development of monitoring the quality of education of future masters of dentistry as a set of basic requirements to be followed in developing control and regulatory and evaluation measures that will best contribute to the formation and diagnosis of professional competence institutions of higher education, as well as solving the main tasks of the learning process. The following didactic principles are characterized: the principle of scientificity, the principle of accessibility, the principle of systematicity and consistency, the principle of clarity, the principle of control and correction of knowledge, the principle of knowledge strength, the principle of connection of theory and practice, the principle of learning optimization. The implementation mechanisms of these didactic principles are revealed.

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Roffé, Ariel Jonathan, and Santiago Ginnobili. "El estatus metateórico de ZFEL." Humanities Journal of Valparaiso, no. 14 (December 29, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/rhv2019iss14pp57-73.

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In a recent book, McShea and Brandon argue that the observed diversity and complexity of life are explainable by a principle they call the “zero-force evolutionary law” or “ZFEL”. Although this principle would be implicit in many explanations given by biologists, it would have never been made explicit. Assuming that this idea is interesting, and that the authors are right, we will discuss the metatheoretical way in which they present said principle, as being a part of probability theory. This allows the authors to claim that probability theory provides the reductive basis for all evolutionary biology (given that they consider other principles, such as the principle of natural selection, as part of probability theory as well). We will defend, in accordance with them, that ZFEL is not a solely biological principle, but not because it is a part of probability theory, but rather because it is a specific version of the principle of common cause.

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ALIEV, R. A., W. PEDRYCZ, and O. H. HUSEYNOV. "DECISION THEORY WITH IMPRECISE PROBABILITIES." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 11, no. 02 (March 2012): 271–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622012400032.

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There is an extensive literature on decision making under uncertainty. Unfortunately, up to date there are no valid decision principles. Experimental evidence has repeatedly shown that widely used principle of maximization of expected utility has serious shortcomings. Utility function and nonadditive measures used in nonexpected utility models are mainly considered as real-valued functions whereas in reality decision-relevant information is imprecise and therefore is described in natural language. This applies, in particular, to imprecise probabilities expressed by terms such as likely, unlikely, probable, etc. The principal objective of the paper is the development of computationally effective methods of decision making with imprecise probabilities. We present representation theorems for a nonexpected fuzzy utility function under imprecise probabilities. We develop an effective decision theory when the environment of fuzzy events, fuzzy states, fuzzy relations and fuzzy constraints are characterized by imprecise probabilities. The suggested methodology is applied for a real-life decision-making problem.

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Geerlings, Paul. "From Density Functional Theory to Conceptual Density Functional Theory and Biosystems." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15091112.

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The position of conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) in the history of density functional theory (DFT) is sketched followed by a chronological report on the introduction of the various DFT descriptors such as the electronegativity, hardness, softness, Fukui function, local version of softness and hardness, dual descriptor, linear response function, and softness kernel. Through a perturbational approach they can all be characterized as response functions, reflecting the intrinsic reactivity of an atom or molecule upon perturbation by a different system, including recent extensions by external fields. Derived descriptors such as the electrophilicity or generalized philicity, derived from the nature of the energy vs. N behavior, complete this picture. These descriptors can be used as such or in the context of principles such as Sanderson’s electronegativity equalization principle, Pearson’s hard and soft acids and bases principle, the maximum hardness, and more recently, the minimum electrophilicity principle. CDFT has known an ever-growing use in various subdisciplines of chemistry: from organic to inorganic chemistry, from polymer to materials chemistry, and from catalysis to nanotechnology. The increasing size of the systems under study has been coped with thanks to methodological evolutions but also through the impressive evolution in software and hardware. In this flow, biosystems entered the application portfolio in the past twenty years with studies varying (among others) from enzymatic catalysis to biological activity and/or the toxicity of organic molecules and to computational peptidology. On the basis of this evolution, one can expect that “the best is yet to come”.

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WALSH, SEAN. "THE STRENGTH OF ABSTRACTION WITH PREDICATIVE COMPREHENSION." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 22, no. 1 (March 2016): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bsl.2015.39.

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AbstractFrege’s theorem says that second-order Peano arithmetic is interpretable in Hume’s Principle and full impredicative comprehension. Hume’s Principle is one example of anabstraction principle, while another paradigmatic example is Basic Law V from Frege’sGrundgesetze. In this paper we study the strength of abstraction principles in the presence of predicative restrictions on the comprehension schema, and in particular we study a predicative Fregean theory which contains all the abstraction principles whose underlying equivalence relations can be proven to be equivalence relations in a weak background second-order logic. We show that this predicative Fregean theory interprets second-order Peano arithmetic (cf. Theorem 3.2).

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Sannino, A., and Y. Engeström. "Cultural-historical activity theory: founding insights and new challenges." Cultural-Historical Psychology 14, no. 3 (2018): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2018140304.

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The article presents central ideas and future challenges of cultural-historical activity theory, focusing specifically on the work of the so-called Helsinki school of activity theory. We first introduce the revolutionary roots of the theory in the works of Marx and Vygotsky, and the evolution of the unit of analysis through different generations of activity theory. We then discuss the foundational role of historicity and dialectics in activity theory. We identify two central epistemological-methodological principles that guide activity-theoretical studies, namely the principle of double stimulation and the principle of ascending from the abstract to the concrete. These principles lead us to emphasize formative interventions as a powerful way to conduct societally impactful activity-theoretical research. We conclude by pointing out some major challenges facing activity theory in the 21st century.

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Said, M. Yasir, and Yati Nurhayati. "A REVIEW ON RAWLS THEORY OF JUSTICE." International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources 1, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51749/injurlens.v1i1.7.

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Justice is an abstract idea and understanding the core concept of various types of justice will help scholars, lawyers and law enforcement to develop and use the theory for legislative drafting, judicial review, case review, in court defense, and legal research and writing. In this paper we discussed the essence of Rawls Justice, the implication and compared it to other theories of justice. Therefore this paper will focused on examining and reviewing John Rawls idea of Justice and how to implement it in society. The method used in this study is doctrinal legal research. The result of this study while we discussed that the three Rawls principles cannot be realized together because one principle collides with another. Rawls prioritizes that the principle of the equal liberty which is lexically maximized precedes the second and third principles. However we believe Justice as Fairness in action should not mean that there is equality but rather emphasizes the concept of balance for the law in providing justice.

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Song Bai, Wu Jing, and Guo Zeng-Yuan. "Hamilton’s principle based on thermomass theory." Acta Physica Sinica 59, no. 10 (2010): 7129. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.59.7129.

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Ozawa, Masanao. "Transfer principle in quantum set theory." Journal of Symbolic Logic 72, no. 2 (June 2007): 625–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1185803627.

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AbstractIn 1981, Takeuti introduced quantum set theory as the quantum counterpart of Boolean valued models of set theory by constructing a model of set theory based on quantum logic represented by the lattice of closed subspaces in a Hilbert space and showed that appropriate quantum counterparts of ZFC axioms hold in the model. Here, Takeuti's formulation is extended to construct a model of set theory based on the logic represented by the lattice of projections in an arbitrary von Neumann algebra. A transfer principle is established that enables us to transfer theorems of ZFC to their quantum counterparts holding in the model. The set of real numbers in the model is shown to be in one-to-one correspondence with the set of self-adjoint operators affiliated with the von Neumann algebra generated by the logic. Despite the difficulty pointed out by Takeuti that equality axioms do not generally hold in quantum set theory, it is shown that equality axioms hold for any real numbers in the model. It is also shown that any observational proposition in quantum mechanics can be represented by a corresponding statement for real numbers in the model with the truth value consistent with the standard formulation of quantum mechanics, and that the equality relation between two real numbers in the model is equivalent with the notion of perfect correlation between corresponding observables (self-adjoint operators) in quantum mechanics. The paper is concluded with some remarks on the relevance to quantum set theory of the choice of the implication connective in quantum logic.

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Perry, Stephen R., and Jules L. Coleman. "Method and Principle in Legal Theory." Yale Law Journal 111, no. 7 (May 2002): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/797536.

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Brincat, Shannon. "The Harm Principle and Recognition Theory." Critical Horizons 14, no. 2 (January 2013): 225–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1440991713z.0000000001.

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Inge-Vechtomov, S. G. "Variability, template principle, and evolutionary theory." Paleontological Journal 44, no. 12 (December 2010): 1482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030110120038.

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Székely, Gábor J., and Maria L. Rizzo. "The Uncertainty Principle of Game Theory." American Mathematical Monthly 114, no. 8 (October 2007): 688–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029890.2007.11920460.

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Venkatesh, K. S., and V. P. Sinha. "A locality principle for system theory." Signal Processing 80, no. 1 (January 2000): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1684(99)00114-0.

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Bub, Jeffrey. "Quantum Mechanics as a Principle Theory." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 31, no. 1 (March 2000): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-2198(99)00032-5.

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Booysen, A. J. "Aperture theory and the equivalence principle." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 45, no. 3 (June 2003): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2003.1232161.

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Abhyankar, Shreeram S., and Pradipkumar H. Keskar. "Descent principle in modular Galois theory." Proceedings Mathematical Sciences 111, no. 2 (May 2001): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02829586.

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Belavkin, V. P. "Nondemolition principle of quantum measurement theory." Foundations of Physics 24, no. 5 (May 1994): 685–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02054669.

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Purser, R. James, and M. J. P. Cullen. "A Duality Principle in Semigeostrophic Theory." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 44, no. 23 (December 1987): 3449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<3449:adpist>2.0.co;2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Theory and Principle'

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