Journal articles on the topic 'Theory and criticism not elsewhere classified'

AbstractThis study argues that Callimachus’ treatment of his ‘animal-voiced’ contemporaries at the conclusion of the fable inIamb2 reflects zoological and physiognomic practices so as to represent the poetic narrator as a taxonomist of men. Elsewhere the classification of men as if they were flora or fauna appears, like fable itself, in distinctly moral and ethical contexts, as, for example, in Theophrastus’Characters. Callimachus’ formulation of his narrator as a taxonomist who classifies ‘species’ of men based upon their literary ‘voices’ thus plays with modes of invective new toiamboswhile uniting moral criticism with literary polemic.

Recent criticism of American legal education has focused on its being theory-driven rather than practice driven, which either produces or reinforces a divide or gap between theory and practice. Yet two features of American legal education expressly draw upon experiential learning, one directly by sending students into experiential learning situations (legal clinics) and the other indirectly by bringing instructors who are engaged full-time in active practice into the classroom (i.e. adjunct faculty). If skills development is a feature of American legal education, to what degree can, or should, this be transplanted to other systems of legal education? Are American experiential techniques of legal education meaningful elsewhere?

One of the basic assumptions about André Bazin's theory of cinema has been that his idea of realism stands in direct opposition to modernism. In this article, I further develop a revised account of Bazin's realism that I have offered elsewhere, which rethinks the basic assumptions of ontology and realism in his work. This brings Bazin into a surprising affinity with tenets of high (reflexive) modernism. From this position, a re-examination of his engagement with the films of Orson Welles not only shows Bazin to be wrestling with those issues in his criticism but also provides a way to rethink a number of positions in film theory that have historically been associated with a stringently reflexive modernism.

Based on data from Romance historical phonology, Picard (1990) attempts to demonstrate that the preference theory for syllable structure developed in Vennemann (1988a), Murray (1988), and elsewhere is inadequate. In this response, I argue that Picard's criticisms are vitiated by a number of flaws including a) the fact that he misconstrues basic concepts of preference theory in a number of cases and accordingly develops false extensions which have little relevance to the original theory and b) that his criticism of consonantal strength does not take into consideration different theoretical frameworks. Although some substantive points remain including the status of sibilant plus plosive clusters, the internal structuring of syllables, and Proto-Romance syllabication, I argue that preference theory provides a suitable basis for the fruitful development of research along these lines.

This research was aimed to find out the types of politeness strategy that is used by 10th grade students to express criticism towards public issues through an anecdote text as well as the implication on the teaching and learning process of anecdote text in SMK TI Bali Global Jimbaran. There were fifteen anecdote texts analyzed in this research and they were collected through a writing test conducted in a 10th grade class in SMK TI Bali Global Jimbaran. The data were classified and analyzed based on the politeness strategy theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) and ethnography of communication theory proposed by Hymes (1973). The result of the analysis shows that from the fifteen anecdote texts collected, there were only two types of politeness strategy found to be used in expressing criticism, they are bald on record strategy and off record strategy. There are ten anecdote texts composed by the students found using bald on record strategy, while the other five anecdotes using off record strategy in expressing criticism towards public issues. In other words, more students still used the more risky way of expressing criticisms, therefore it is important for the teacher to choose or design a better model of learning which can improve the students’ pragmatic competence.

When cinema studies was institutionalized in the Anglo-American academy starting in the late 1960s, film scholars for the most part turned away from preexisting traditions of film theorizing in favor of new theories then becoming fashionable in the humanities, principally semiotics and psychoanalysis. Earlier, so-called “classical” film theories—by which I mean, very broadly, film theories produced before the advent of psychoanalytic-semiotic film theorizing in the late ′60s—were either ignored or rejected as naive and outmoded. Due to the influence of the Left on the first generation of film academics, some were even dismissed as “idealist” or in other ways politically compromised. There were, of course, some exceptions. The work of pre-WWII left-wing thinkers and filmmakers such as Benjamin, Kracauer, the Russian Formalists, Bakhtin, Vertov, and Eisenstein continued to be translated and debated, and, due principally to the efforts of Dudley Andrew, André Bazin's film theory remained central to the discipline, if only, for many, as something to be overcome rather than built upon. Translations of texts by Jean Epstein appeared in October and elsewhere in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and Richard Abel's two-volume anthology, French Film Theory and Criticism 1907–1939 (1988), generated interest in French film theory before Bazin. But on the whole, classical film theory was rejected as a foundation for contemporary film theorizing, even by film theorists like Noël Carroll with no allegiance to semiotics and psychoanalysis.

In Eastern Europe it is unusual to write a new theory – the exceptions are indeed exceptional. Considering the alternative versions of modernities, Romanticisms or Reformations, it seems that we can at last set aside the compulsory model of the West-East transfer of knowledge, in order to reveal particular aspects of the Central-East European cultures or different ways the local contexts transform adapted key concepts and theorems. Instead of their simple assimilation into the Western canonic patterns, there are two more directions which complement this tendency: on the one hand, we can investigate the local import of historical criticism dismantling the hegemony of theory, and on the other hand we can study the local embeddedness of circulating theoretical trends from before the new historical turn. However, this is again, as usually, the application of a recent – albeit elsewhere more advanced – Western methodology, this time that of comparative literary and cultural studies. Facing this situation, I will try to dislocate the theory of the contextualist approach through questioning its conception of time as canonized in fundamental terms like histor(icit)y.

“The Brides of Deconstruction and Criticism,” an informal group of feminist literary critics active at Yale University during the 1970s, were inspired by second-wave feminist curriculum, activities, and thought, as well as by the politics of the women's and gay liberation movements, in their effort to intervene into patterns of female effacement and marginalization. By the early 1980s, while helping direct deconstructive reading away from the self-subversiveness of French and English prose and poetry, the Brides made groundbreaking contributions to—and in several cases founded—fields of scholarly inquiry. During the late 1980s, these feminist deconstructionists, having overcome resistance from within Yale's English Department and elsewhere, used their works as social and political acts to help pave the way for the successes of cultural studies in the North American academy. Far from a supplément to what Barbara Johnson boldly called the “Male School,” the Brides of Deconstruction and Criticism arguably were the Yale school. Examining the distinct but interrelated projects of Yale's feminist deconstructive moment and how local and contingent events as well as the national climate, rather than the importation of so-called French theory, informed this moment gives us a clearer rendering of the story of deconstruction.

Reverend Father Professor Amechi Nicholas Akwanya is one of the towering scholars of literature in Nigeria and elsewhere in the world. For decades, and still counting, Fr. Prof. Akwanya has worked arduously, professing literature by way of teaching, researching, and writing in the Department of English and Literary Studies of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. To his credit, therefore, this genius of a literature scholar has singularly authored over 70 articles, six critically engaging books, a novel, and three volumes of poetry. His PhD thesis, Structuring and Meaning in the Nigerian Novel, which he completed in 1989, is a staggering 734-page document. Professor Akwanya has also taught many literature courses, namely: European Continental Literature, Studies in Drama, Modern Literary Theory, African Poetry, History of Theatre: Aeschylus to Shakespeare, European Theatre since Ibsen, English Literature Survey: the Beginnings, Semantics, History of the English Language, History of Criticism, Modern Discourse Analysis, Greek and Roman Literatures, Linguistics and the Teaching of Literature, Major Strands in Literary Criticism, Issues in Comparative Literature, Discourse Theory, English Poetry, English Drama, Modern British Literature, Comparative Studies in Poetry, Comparative Studies in Drama, Studies in African Drama, and Philosophy of Literature. A Fellow of Nigerian Academy of Letters, Akwanya’s open access works have been read over 109,478 times around the world. In this wide-ranging interview, he speaks to Andrew Bula, a young lecturer from Baze University, Abuja, shedding light on a variety of issues around which his life revolves.

AbstractThe article deals with some problems concerning the textual transmission of the book of Tobit. A few of its Greek manuscripts cannot surely be classified in the categories of GI, GII and GIII. The newly edited Qumran fragments should not be interpreted as witnesses of a single Urtext but point to a variety of different semitic Tobit 'texts'. The impossibility to reconstruct an Urtext of Tobit also raises methodological questions about the relations of textual, form, source, and redactional criticism. The authors plead for a synoptic approach which does justice to the value of this textual diversity.

A New Academic fashion in the disciplines of history, anthropology, and cultural criticism is to “foreground” authors in works of scholarship. But it is not in imitation of what is currently fashionable that I have chosen to make my address autobiographical. I am a historian who enjoys writing narrative history and who elsewhere has argued that the narrative remains as valuable and as legitimate in modern scholarship as theory. So here I wish to tell a story that may hold some lessons for those scholars who seek freedom from the constraints imposed both by the norms of Middle Eastern societies and by the rules of the western academy. In our post-modern, post-structural, post-colonial world, all the certitudes have been shaken, and the narrative might well be the only kind of story that we can relate to with any kind of authority.

AbstractIn the Islamic theory of knowledge, reports about past events are accepted as the most important source of religious knowledge. They are classified as mutawātir and āhād according to their epistemic value. Mutawātir reports are used by theologians and jurists to establish the truth of prophecy and the validity of all transmitted knowledge. This category of reports was not compiled in specific collections by the hadīth scholars, since they were widely known and commonly accepted as sound. Outside the mutawātir category, however, hadīth scholars did collect the āhād hadīths that serve as the basis of religious practice. Beginning in the 9th/15th century, some hadīth experts tried to apply the usūlī understanding of tawātur to hadīths that were considered to be āhād. These new attempts led to some vagueness and ambiguities in the scholarly understanding of the concept. In this essay, I argue that the classification of reports as either mutawātir or āhād began as an epistemological exercise in the fields of theology (kalām) and legal methodology (usūl al-fiqh); and I outline the process by which the concept of mutawātir was applied to the hadīth corpus and the problems to which this gave rise.

Religion is again a lively topic not only in practical-political life but also in social and political thought. The latter development is by far more surprising and intriguing than the practical-political relevance. For some time, political theory had ostensibly settled accounts with, or resolved the status of, religious belief: basically churches and religious movements were classified as one type of interest groups (or “input variables”) within a comprehensive liberal-democratic model — a model secular in character but not intolerant, within limits, of religious convictions. On the part of organized (especially Protestant) churches, the settlement was widely accepted as a means for securing both internal church autonomy and some influence in the political arena; the “social gospel” movement in particular saw faith chiefly as a leverage for advancing welfare and progress within secular society. To be sure, the optimism of the liberal settlement was severely challenged, and partly disrupted, by catastrophic events in our century as well as by radical theological criticism — a criticism highlighted in Richard Niebuhr's well-known phrase: “A God without wrath brought men without sin into a kingdom without judgment through the ministrations of a Christ without a cross.” Yet, when carried to an extreme, theological criticism had the paradoxical effect of reinforcing the secular-liberal paradigm. Once religion was radically segregated from politics or the “city of God” from the “earthly city,” the latter was left entirely to its own devices; purged of all religious and millenarian considerations social and political theory could return to business as usual.

China English, standard English with Chinese characteristics, exists largely in English translation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terms with unique Chinese philosophy and culture. This study conducts a translation criticism on English Translation of TCM terms selected from Classified Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine from the perspective of China English under the guidance of Coordination Theory of Translation, that is, translators are required to coordinate all aspects and relationships in translation to the greatest extent. The key issues to be resolved in this study are as follows: 1) What are the word-formation methods of China English in the translation of TCM terms? 2) How should English translations of TCM terms in Classified Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine be evaluated? 3) What strategies, methods, and techniques should be adopted in English translation of TCM terms? Through the translation criticism of typical cases, conclusions are made as follows: firstly, domestication and foreignization strategies should be used together in a coordinated way on translation of TCM terms; secondly, as for terms whose corresponding expressions cannot be found in Western medicine, the translator should coordinate the use of various translation methods and techniques, such as literal translation plus free translation, transliteration with annotation, and literal translation with annotation. The findings of this study are expected to promote the normalization and standardization of English translation of TCM terms as well as provide some implications for future studies on TCM translation.

The Unidad Popular is a period where there was a deep reflection on culture and its interdependence with the political-social changes. After a first moment, during the period of the electoral campaign and a year after starting the implementation of a national project on the road to socialism, the discussions on the role of culture in this process intensified and whose resonances went through positive balances to strong criticism, especially the danger of recognizing culture only as a means of disseminating something that is done elsewhere, of an instrumentalization of its practices. This paper aims to analyze this discussion in two political-cultural journals that opened their pages to their understanding. In effect, both La quinta rueda and Cuadernos de la Realidad Nacional (also known as Cuadernos del CEREN) constitute critical frameworks from which we can better observe the diverse and heterogeneous discourses that not only manifest the heterogeneity of voices that circulated, but also the theoretical and reflexive intensity of this era.

This article sets its investigative goal on determining the medical knowledge of medieval physicians from 1347-8 to 1351 concerning the causes of plague. As the plague killed a third of Europe’s population, the contemporary witness at the time perceived God as the sender of this plague to punish the human society. However, physicians separated the religious and cultural explanation for the cause of this plague and instead seek the answer to this question elsewhere. Developing on traditional medical knowledges, physicians classified the possible range of the plague’s causes into two areas: universal cause and individual/particular causes. In addition, they also sought to explain the causes by employing the traditional miasma-humoral theory. Unlike the previous ones, however, the plague during 1347-8 to 1351 killed the patients indiscriminately and also incredibly viciously. This phenomenon could not be explained by merely using the traditional medical knowledge and this idiosyncrasy led the physicians employ the poison theory to explain the causes of plague more pragmatically.

Recent criticism has overlooked the importance of Japan to Herman Melville's vision of race and empire in the Pacific, when in fact Melville is deeply committed to exposing the rhetorical strategies by which the United States justified its aggressive intervention in the region in the 1850s. Historical studies of Commodore Matthew C. Perry's forced ““opening”” of Japan to trade with the West tend to ignore the ways in which Perry's campaign itself served as a supplement to violence rather than a circumvention of it. Perry's gunboat diplomacy was informed by two strands of American exceptionalist discourse elsewhere popularized by William H. Seward: the democratization of the globe through commerce and the providential duty to bring Christianity to the barbarians. Seward insisted that the Americanization of the Pacific would unify East and West in contradistinction to the defaced Atlantic world. In Moby-Dick (1851) Ahab inverts these arguments; he rhetorically conflates the white whale and Japan as the twinned nemeses of American commercial interests in the Pacific. By convincing the crew to forgo the Pequod's contracted whaling mission in favor of a romanticized geopolitical revenge plot, Ahab confronts the spectral trace of Western capitalism's origin——the white whale as commodity's cipher. The manufacture and marketability of terror in the Pacific, Melville concludes, incites the Pequod's demise off the coast of Japan, and further evidences the failure of American ambition to prescribe its own limits.

Environmental literary works appear as a form of literary sensitivity to society and the environment which has specific environmental tendencies. Studies using the theory of ecological literature began in around 2008 and above with a very limited number. Therefore, the development of studies of literary works with this theory is very necessary. The creation of public opinion about the importance of protecting the environment to reduce the impact of global warming is very necessary. Later, through several novels, authors have done it. However, not all messages in the novel are clearly conveyed so that they still need ecological literary criticism to understand them. Based on this, the problem raised in this study is "What is the ecological literary criticism of Indonesia's latest novels?". Data collection and data analysis is done by descriptive and content analysis methods. Data are classified and analyzed with ecological literary concepts according to Garrard including (1) pollution; (2) wilderness; (3) disaster; (4) housing / residence; (5) animals; and (6) earth. The research findings and discussion show that Indonesia's latest novels are friendly with their environment, want to describe as much detail as possible about the universe, worship nature, and are always interested in natural changes. Ecological literary concepts are contained in Indonesia's latest novels to describe the natural situation as well as to criticize human treatment of nature. Indonesia's latest novels teach that an attitude of compassion for nature gives rise to desire and behavior to protect and preserve nature as well as possible.

AbstractIdentifying the stylistic signatures characteristic of different genres is of central importance to literary theory and criticism. In this article we report a large-scale computational analysis of Latin prose and verse using a combination of quantitative stylistics and supervised machine learning. We train a set of classifiers to differentiate prose and poetry with high accuracy (>97%) based on a set of twenty-six text-based, primarily syntactic features and rank the relative importance of these features to identify a low-dimensional set still sufficient to achieve excellent classifier performance. This analysis demonstrates that Latin prose and verse can be classified effectively using just three top features. From examination of the highly ranked features, we observe that measures of the hypotactic style favored in Latin prose (i.e. subordinating constructions in complex sentences, such as relative clauses) are especially useful for classification.

This essay recasts the central locale of The Mill on the Floss in order to show how the geography and society of George Eliot's novel function together as a conjoined ecological system. I show that the port at St. Ogg's is set on an estuary, and from this observation, I claim that the entanglement of multiple estuarial waters provides a formal model for the overall ecology of the novel. Referring to this system as “ecological form,” the essay shows how the characters’ misunderstanding of the estuarial nature of the St. Ogg's hydrography is the primary source of the communal divisions with which the novel is so famously riven. In so doing, this essay makes two methodological interventions, one local, and one slightly more global. In the first, I show how unsticking the progression of our criticism from that of a novel's plot—especially one with such a catastrophically strong telos as Mill’s—can allow us to view form and, particularly, geography as newly vital to literary history. This leads to the second intervention, in which I suggest that reading practices in an age of environmental collapse should look beyond disaster itself and toward affected communities’ systemic ties to those extraneous systems—economic, legal, imperial—that aid and abet disasters elsewhere and even ignore the potential for catastrophic reoccurrence in the near future. In other words, reading for water readily yields a wide-ranging map of global capitalism perhaps unexpectedly centered on a small town in Lincolnshire.

This article explains a simulation of the Co-Author Model (CAM) applied in strategic alliance setting where firms use and optimize their network resources. To understand its process casualty better, I explain the model's mechanisms in terms of its interactive dynamics and resulting equilibrium structure. Classified as a Boolean network with two inputs, CAM's dynamics cause a biased equilibrium structure that could then be explained by the Simmelian tie and the completion of structure through structural balance. These explanations not only could answer the criticism that a simulation model is merely a toy model without much realism but could also explain and give insights to both substantive theory and methodology development in strategic alliance research. The results include the effect of a third party, the embeddedness of firms in their alliances, and the real-world implications of the "frozen web": a phenomenon drawn parallel to the financial crisis beginning in 2007.

Most classical-era Qur’anic studies scholars, among then Abu `Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam (d. 224 AH), Makki ibn Abi Talib (d. 437 AH), Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Jawzi (d. 597 AH), Badr al-Din al- Zarkashi (d. 794 AH), and Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH) were enthusiastic supporters of the theory of abrogation. They claimed that the Qur’an contains three types of abrogation1: suspension of certain verses’ practical dimension only, expurgation of both the verses and their rulings, and exclusion of the verses even though their rulings are still valid. To substantiate their approach, they advanced hadiths comprising statements supposedly made by both the Companions (Sahabah) and the Followers (Tabi`un). A rational and critical scrutiny of these hadiths will reveal whether they can form the basis of such arguments. I will check the nature of these hadiths’ chains of narrators and weigh the views attributed to early Muslim scholars against reason. As regards the first category, several of my articles on these arguments have been published elsewhere.2 This article, which examines the remaining two categories, consists of two dimensions: applying the hadith criticism principle to these hadiths and checking their information in a rational manner.

Most classical-era Qur’anic studies scholars, among then Abu `Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam (d. 224 AH), Makki ibn Abi Talib (d. 437 AH), Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Jawzi (d. 597 AH), Badr al-Din al- Zarkashi (d. 794 AH), and Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH) were enthusiastic supporters of the theory of abrogation. They claimed that the Qur’an contains three types of abrogation1: suspension of certain verses’ practical dimension only, expurgation of both the verses and their rulings, and exclusion of the verses even though their rulings are still valid. To substantiate their approach, they advanced hadiths comprising statements supposedly made by both the Companions (Sahabah) and the Followers (Tabi`un). A rational and critical scrutiny of these hadiths will reveal whether they can form the basis of such arguments. I will check the nature of these hadiths’ chains of narrators and weigh the views attributed to early Muslim scholars against reason. As regards the first category, several of my articles on these arguments have been published elsewhere.2 This article, which examines the remaining two categories, consists of two dimensions: applying the hadith criticism principle to these hadiths and checking their information in a rational manner.

This study aims to describe and explain the creative process of authors and social criticism found in Babad Ngalor-Ngidul novel. This research use desciptive qualitative approach. Data sources in the form of Babad Ngalor-Ngidul novels by Elizabeth D. Inandiak and author interviews and data collection were carried out by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed based on the author's creative process theory and literary sociology in the form of speech, sentence, or discourse contained in the data source. Data is filtered and classified according to research objectives, which are related to the creative process of authors and social criticism. The results of the study stated that there is a connection between the creative process of the author and social criticism in the Babad Ngalor-Ngidul novel. The author's creative process is based on the eruption and earthquake events in Yogyakarta, and is influenced by the interaction of the author with the community of Kinahrejo and Bebekan. The criticisms contained in the Babad Ngalor-Ngidul novel are social, cultural and political criticisms of the dynamics of post-disaster community change. The creative process of the author and the delivery of the message of criticism are intertwined in the moderate position of literature as a form of sanctification (catharsis), and healing.Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan proses kreatif pengarang dan kritik sosial yang terdapat pada novel Babad Ngalor-Ngidul. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data berasal dari novel Babad Ngalor-Ngidul karya Elizabeth D. Inandiak dan hasil wawancara pengarang serta pengambilan data dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Data dianalisis berdasarkan teori proses kreatif pengarang dan sosiologi sastra yang berupa tuturan, kalimat, atau wacana yang terdapat dalam sumber data. Data disaring dan diklasifikasikan sesuai tujuan penelitian, yakni terkait dengan proses kreatif pengarang dan kritik sosial. Hasil penelitian mengemukakan bahwa terdapat kaitan antara proses kreatif pengarang dan kritik sosial yang ada dalam novel Babad Ngalor-Ngidul. Proses kreatif pengarang dilandasi atas peristiwa erupsi dan gempa di Yogyakarta serta dipengaruhi interaksi pengarang dengan masyarakat Kinahrejo dan Bebekan. Adapun kritik yang terdapat dalam novel Babad Ngalor-Ngidul adalah kritik sosial, budaya, dan politik atas dinamika perubahan masyarakat pascabencana. Proses kreatif pengarang dan penyampaian pesan kritik berkelindan dalam posisi moderat karya sastra sebagai bentuk penyucian (katarsis) serta penyembuhan.

This research aims to reveal the journey of Katniss Everdeen by using monomyth cycle in Suzanne Collins’ novel Catching Fire (2009). This research used the literary criticism that employs the monomyth cycle of Joseph Campbell. The monomyth theory was used to explore Katniss’ heroic journey within the novel Catching Fire. All data were classified into the following stages of monomyth cycle: departure, initiation, and return. Each stage represented the development of Katniss’s traits during her journey. From the analysis, it was discovered that Katniss began her journey by adapting herself in Victor’s Village after winning the 74th Hunger Games. She began her journey after President Snow provided her a challenge to convince him to reduce the uprising acts in each District. She refused to return home since she must rescue Peeta. Therefore, this paper concludes that this novel can be a continuity step of Katniss’ Journey for transforming herself to be a heroine at the end of her Journey.

In this introductory editorial, I explore whether music education has moved to a stance of moralism rather than one of ethical teaching and action. In this essay, I define morality as the principles that enable one to discern if something is right or wrong, good or bad; ethics guide an individual or group’s behavior or activity based on those principles. 1 Therefore, any ethical action emerges from principles grounded in a moral belief. The questions posed in this editorial arise from a recent opinion article that called for “a less moralistic humanities.” What does this call mean, and how might it look in music education, a discipline classified within both the humanities and the social sciences? Following the discussion, I introduce the six articles in this issue of Action, Criticism, and Theory for Music Education. Each essay relates in some way to the question of “a less moralistic humanities,” for which the editorial introduction serves as a prompt for consideration.

The paper is in three parts. First, we use simple adversary arguments to redevelop and explore some of the no-free-lunch (NFL) theorems and perhaps extend them a little. Second, we clarify the relationship of NFL theorems to algorithm theory and complexity classes such as NP. We claim that NFL is weaker in the sense that the constraints implied by the conjectures of traditional algorithm theory on what an evolutionary algorithm may be expected to accomplish are far more severe than those implied by NFL. Third, we take a brief look at how natural evolution relates to computation and optimization. We suggest that the evolution of complex systems exhibiting high degrees of orderliness is not equivalent in difficulty to optimizing hard (in the complexity sense) problems, and that the optimism in genetic algorithms (GAs) as universal optimizers is not justified by natural evolution. This is an informal tutorial paper—most of the information presented is not formally proven, and is either “common knowledge” or formally proven elsewhere. Some of the claims are intuitions based on experience with algorithms, and in a more formal setting should be classified as conjectures.

[H]e was enamoured of that arduous invention which is the very eye of research, provisionally framing its object and correcting it to more and more exactness of relation … to pierce the obscurity of those minute processes.—George Eliot,MiddlemarchIt would be hard to discover a theoretical or aesthetic approach to George Eliot'sMiddlemarchthat is not already anticipated in some way by the novel's sagacious narrator. Possibly that persona, the quintessential Victorian polymath, does not foresee digital humanities as we know it. But critics have been struck as much by Eliot's prototyping of information systems, semiotics, and network analysis as by her humanist ethics. Casaubon does not invent the database of myths any more than Lydgate discovers DNA, or than Marian Evans Lewes rivals Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage. As I illustrate a kind of digital research that adjusts to the minute particulars of narrative, I hope to keep sight of historical distances between the 1830s, the 1870s, and the era of feminist Victorian studies that I sketch here. Lydgate's penetrative “invention,” in the epigraph, is associated elsewhere in the novel with his actual “flesh-and-blood” vitality: “He cared not only for ‘cases,’ but for John and Elizabeth, especially Elizabeth” (Middlemarch, chap. 15). He is as dedicated to evidence as the narrator, in many scientific analogies, counsels readers to be, and yet he approaches his own life story and the characters of women with a kind of prejudgment that filters out most data. Eliot's readers, seeing Lydgate's errors, are flattered into believing we miss no signals and see all analogies. Can contemporary readers appreciate both numerical cases and individual stories of women? In this article I try to outline a feminist criticism that encompasses both typological classifications and flesh-and-blood individuality, both digital research and interpretative advocacy.

Benign calcifications in the breast have been observed following breast biopsy, trauma, abscess, augmentation with prosthetic devices, reduction mammoplasty and mastopexy, and augmentation with autogenous fat grafts. These calcifications are generally thought to follow fat necrosis. However, fat necrosis in the breast is more likely to result in calcifications than similar necrosis elsewhere in the body. The author offers a theory that trauma, whether accidental or surgical, can cause not only fat necrosis, but also glandular damage or necrosis that releases an unknown mammary factor (tentatively called Factor MX) that promotes calcium concentration and reacts with the fatty acids to form calcifications. The literature on breast calcifications following surgery is reviewed, and four case reports are presented. The author makes the point that the use of fat injection techniques for breast augmentation has not been proved to be any more likely to result in eventual breast calcifications than are numerous other surgical procedures. Therefore, criticism of this technique based on the potential for unnecessary biopsies at a later date is unwarranted. Benign calcifications have been observed following breast biopsy, trauma, abscess, augmentation using prosthetic devices, reduction mammoplasty, mastopexy, and augmentation with autogenous fat graft. These calcifications are usually thought to follow fat necrosis. We present a summary of the literature and four case reports of benign breast calcifications, three involving patients who developed calcifications following augmentation with silicone prosthetic devices and the fourth, a patient who developed a calcification 4 years after an augmentation using autogenous fat.

This research aims to find out the forms of the patriarchal crisis and the factors that lead to the emergence of the patriarchal problem represented in the novel "Nisyan" by Ahlam Mosteghanemi from the perspective of the feminist theory of Julia Kristeva. The research was qualitative and descriptive. The data sources used for this research are the primary data source in the form of the novel "Nisyan" by Ahlam Mosteghanemi. The secondary source is the supporting books and journals related to the research topic. The method of data collection is reading, translation and writing. The data analysis method uses simulated criticism, that is, by examining the data and then interpreting the narrative representations and facts in the community based on the perspective of Julia Kristeva and concluding. The results of this research are 1. They were classifying the forms of the patriarchal crisis on the body of a mother and an imaginary father. The forms of patriarchal problems categorized in the mother's body are stereotypes, marginalization, sexual harassment, and violence. The forms classified in an imaginary father are Cinderella complex, Oedipus complex, multiple burdens, and the stigma of divorce. 2. The factors that lead to the emergence of the patriarchal crisis are classified in the maternal's body and the imaginary father. Depending on the maternal's body, the patriarchal crisis arises from factors of abjection failure, virginity, reproductive impairment, and body image. Then from the imaginary father, the patriarchal crisis arises from the factors of fixation, lovesick, tomboy, and baby blues

AbstractFechner's conception of psychophysics included both “outer psychophysics” the relation between stimulus intensity and the response reflecting sensation strength, and “inner psychophysics” the relation between neurelectric responses and sensation strength. In his own time outer psychophysics focussed on the form of the psychophysical law, with Fechner espousing a logarithmic law, Delboeuf a variant of the logarithmic law incorporating a resting level of neural activity, and Plateau a power law. One of the issues on which the dispute was focussed concerned the appearance of contrasts if the overall illumination was increased or decreased; another issue was the question of whether a sensation of a “just noticeable difference” established for one value of a sensory dimension appeared the same for a value elsewhere on the dimension. The development of “inner psychophysics” led through the works of Delboeuf, Solomons, Jastrow, and Thurstone to modern signal detection theory. A third line of research, devoted to the question of what was meant by the “measurement” of sensation strength, stemmed from the criticism of Fechner's work by von Kries (1882) and others. Although a valid body of science could be built up without the intervening variable called “sensation strength,” such a science might be a cumbersome representation of reality. When an optical contrast is set up, and its overall illumination is increased or decreased, subjective contrasts involving medium levels of lightness vary little as illumination varies (as a power law based on sensation ratios or a logarithmic law based on sensation differences predict), but subjective contrasts involving extreme levels of lightness might be subject to the effects of other variables.

I still remember the thrill of reading for the first time, as an undergraduate, Frederick Ahl's seminal articles ‘The Art of Safe Criticism’ and the ‘Horse and the Rider’, and the ensuing sense that the doors of perception were opening to reveal for me the (alarming) secrets of Latin poetry. The collectionWordplay and Powerplay in Latin Poetryis a tribute to Ahl, and all twenty-two articles take his scholarship as their inspiration. Fittingly, this book is often playful and great fun to read, and contains some beautiful writing from its contributors, but also reflects the darker side of Latin literature's entanglement with violence and oppression. For the latter, see especially Joy Connolly's sobering discussion of ‘A Theory of Violence’ in Lucan, which draws on Achille Mbembe's theory of the reiterative violence of everyday life that sustains postcolonial rule in Africa (273–97), which resonates bleakly beyond Classical scholarship to the present day. Elsewhere there is much emphasis (ha!) on the practice and effects of veiled speech, ambiguity, and hidden meanings. Pleasingly, Michael Fontaine identifies what he calls ‘Freudian Bullseyes’ in Virgil: a ‘correct word that hits the mark’ (141) that also reveals – simply and directly – the unspoken guilty preoccupations of the speaker: Dido's lust for Aeneas, Aeneas’ grief-stricken sense of responsibility for Pallas’ death. A citation from F. Scott Fitzgerald'sTender is the Nightprovides the chilling final line of Emily Gowers’ delicious article about what ripples out beyond the coincidence of sound of Dido/bubo. The volume explores subversive responses to power (for example, the articles of Erica Bexley and David Konstan), as well as the risk of powerful retaliation (Rhiannon Ash considers the political consequences of poetry as represented by Tacitus). There are also broader methodological reflections on interpretation, from musings on the reader's pleasure at decoding the hidden messages of wordplay such as puns, anagrams, and acrostics (as Fitch puts it, ‘the pleasure of wit, combined with the pleasure of active involvement’ [327]) to exploration of the anxiety of a reader who worries that they may be over-interpreting a text. Contributions variously address the ‘paranoia’ of literary criticism and the drive to try to ground meaning in the text and prove authorial intention: while John Fitch asks if the wordplay ‘really is there’ in the etymological names used by Seneca in his plays (314), Alex Dressler's article (37–68) helps frame the various modes of interpretation that we find in subsequent articles, by putting interpretation itself under scrutiny. His intriguing analysis introduces the helpful motif of espionage (interweaving Syme's possible post-war role in intelligence with Augustan conspiracy and conspiracy theories) and concludes that – like double agents – ‘secret meanings’ need a handler (53) and we readers need to take responsibility for our own partisan readings.

It is proposed that proteins/enzymes be classified into two classes according to their essentiality for immediate survival/reproduction and their function in long-term health: that is, survival proteins versus longevity proteins. As proposed by the triage theory, a modest deficiency of one of the nutrients/cofactors triggers a built-in rationing mechanism that favors the proteins needed for immediate survival and reproduction (survival proteins) while sacrificing those needed to protect against future damage (longevity proteins). Impairment of the function of longevity proteins results in an insidious acceleration of the risk of diseases associated with aging. I also propose that nutrients required for the function of longevity proteins constitute a class of vitamins that are here named “longevity vitamins.” I suggest that many such nutrients play a dual role for both survival and longevity. The evidence for classifying taurine as a conditional vitamin, and the following 10 compounds as putative longevity vitamins, is reviewed: the fungal antioxidant ergothioneine; the bacterial metabolites pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and queuine; and the plant antioxidant carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and the marine carotenoid astaxanthin. Because nutrient deficiencies are highly prevalent in the United States (and elsewhere), appropriate supplementation and/or an improved diet could reduce much of the consequent risk of chronic disease and premature aging.

AbstractProfessor J.K. Elliott (Leeds/UK) writes: J.M. Ross contributed many articles to the religious and academic press for over fifty years including three in this journal: "Some Unnoticed Points in the Text of the New Testament" (25 [1983] 59- 72), "Another Look at Mark 8:36" (29 [1987] 97-99) and "The Extra Words in Acts 18:21" (34 [1992] 247-9). These and his other text-critical notes are regularly to be seen referred to in commentaries and elsewhere in the literature. Mr. Ross died aged 88 in 1997. I have inherited his unpublished textual papers, from which a selection of eighteen further "Points" is edited here as a sequel to his 1983 article. This article appears with the approval of his family. John MacDonald Ross was a rara avis in the text-critical field, being a selfconfessed amateur. Having graduated in Greats (classics) at Oxford, he worked as a civil servant in the British Home Office (the interior ministry) and before his retirement was decorated as Commander of the British Empire for his services to the Crown. His hobby of text-critical studies was recognised by his election to the exclusive academic society Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas, at the annual meetings of which he attended the textual criticism seminars. His published textual notes are modelled on the taut reporting style in B.M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (London/New York, 1971; Stuttgart, 21994). In editing these notes I have maintained this style: further treatment of all the issues would of course require fuller cross-references to other authorities and a greater discussion of alternative solutions, but Ross has the happy knack of spotlighting the essentials in many a complex text-critical crux and wrestles to achieve a resolution that betrays an essentially commonsense approach. We may not always agree with all his arguments but he often succeeds in making us revisit and appraise many an 'unnoticed' point.

No atual cenário educacional verifica-se a criação de cursos de formação de professores, voltados à portadores de diploma de educação superior na modalidade bacharel que pretendam se dedicar a docência. Neste cenário objetiva-se com o presente estudo analisar a influência da formação nestes cursos na prática docente de três de seus discentes. A pesquisa pode ser classificada como qualitativa, básica, descritiva e biográfica. As entrevistas foram analisadas de acordo com os procedimentos de Delory-Momberger (2012, p. 533). Entre os diversos resultados, destaca-se a presença de uma crítica à prática de seus mestres, uma autoformação da prática e visão docente por meio da associação entre teoria e a execução da própria prática profissional e docente, bem como uma influência do curso no modo de constituir-se professor. Compreende-se, partindo da análise dos dados que o curso obteve um impacto positivo na prática vivenciada, reflexiva e crítica de ser professor.Palavras-chave: Educação profissional; Formação de professores; Prática docente. ABSTRACT: In the current educational scenario there is the creation of teacher training courses, aimed at those with a bachelor degree in higher education who wish to dedicate themselves to teaching. In this scenario the objective of this study is to analyze the influence of training in these courses on the teaching practice of three of its students. The research can be classified as qualitative, basic, descriptive and biographical. The interviews were analyzed according to Delory-Momberger's procedures (2012, p. 533). Among the various results, there is the presence of a criticism of the practice of their masters, a self-formation of the teaching practice and vision through the association between theory and the execution of the professional and teaching practice itself, as well as an influence of the course in the way to constitute as a teacher. It is understood from the data analysis that the course had a positive impact on the lived, reflective and critical practice of being a teacher.Keywords: Professional education; Teacher training; Teaching practice.

<p><em>Abstrak</em> - <strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan citra perempuan dan nilai heroisme yang direfleksikan di dalam cerpen Mademoiselle Fifi karya Guy de Maupassant, seorang penulis realis Perancis dari abad XIX.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan kritik sastra feminis dan sosiologi sastra. Data berupa kata, frasa, dan kalimat yang berkaitan dengan citra perempuan dan nilai heroisme dalam objek yang dikaji, dikumpulkan dengan teknik studi pustaka. Data kemudian diklasifikasi, diinterpretasi, dan dianalisis dengan landasan teoretis yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perempuan dicitrakan sebagai sosok yang pemberani, cerdas, dan agresif. Namun, di level sosial dan pendidikan, perempuan masih dianggap berada di bawah kuasa laki-laki. Nilai heroisme lewat tokoh Rachel dapat dilihat saat ia berani melawan Mademoiselle Fifi, saat ia setia membela kehormatan tentara Prancis, dan saat ia berani mengambil risiko untuk membunuh Mademoiselle Fifi.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract</em><strong> - This study aims to describe the image of women and heroism which are reflected in <em>Mademoiselle Fifi</em> short story written by Guy de Maupassant, a French writer in 19th century. The methodology used in this study is qualitative descriptive with feminist criticism theory and literary sociology approaches. The data of this study are the words, phrases, and sentences related to the image of women and heroism in the research object, examined through the literature review technic. The data will later be classified, interpreted, and analyzed using relevant theories. The result of the study shows that women are depicted as brave, clever, and aggressive. However, in the social and educational level, women are still thought of under men’s control. Heroism values in Rachel can be seen at the moment when she is brave to fight against <em>Mademoiselle Fifi</em>, when she defends the honor of French soldiers and when she is brave enough to take a risk in murdering <em>Mademoiselle Fifi</em>.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em> - The image of women, Heroism, Guy de Maupassant, Mademoiselle Fifi.</em></p><p align="center"> </p><p> </p>

Background. Many long-term adolescent and adult learners experience persistent academic underachievement in English in spite of many years of schooling. Students pertaining A2 level can be classified as Limited English- Proficient Learners who have not acquired English proficiency as required by the university, state and European guidelines. Research aim was to analyse the perceptions of underachieving students of reasons of their failure to gain English language proficiency of the required level aiming at increasing the knowledge on the problem and providing possible solutions for improvement. Methods. Participants’ perceptions of their underachievement reasons were elicited through individual unstructured in-depth interviews. Data analysis occurred concurrently with data collection using grounded theory as a method for analysing the data. Member checks with several research participants, reflexive journaling and peer debriefing were also utilized to ensure trustworthiness of the study . Results. The examination of interview transcripts revealed two big themes concerning the students’ underachievement in the English language: internal and external causes for being limited English-proficient learner. External causes were conditions for learning English at school and at the university: poor learning in primary grades, underestimated value of knowing and learning English at school, inadequate conditions for informal learning, and poor organization of English lessons. University factors mentioned were too few contact hours for English classes, inconvenient time-table, and lack of time due to other activities. Internal factors were fear to look unacceptable (resulting in the inactivity in the classes), lack of self-confidence, too much self-criticism, laziness, procrastination, finding faults with others, inadequate perception of the course, poor attitudes towards the course, lack of internal motivation, rating the module of English as a second-rate course, not knowing how to learn the language, and, what is most important, absence of self-study skills. Conclusions. Internal factors conditioning underachievement in the English language proved to be much more important than the external ones. Poor self-esteem, lack of motivation and poor attitudes towards the course suggest the need of the individualization of teaching/learning and psychological counselling. Lack of self-study skills can predict poor academic achievements in other university courses, which could result in drop-outs. This suggests the need of coaching students in learning skills. The collected data show that the teacher also plays a crucial role in language learning, however, the wider societal, cultural and psychological context should be articulated in further possible research as well. Study programmes at tertiary level should be designed to encourage both internal and external motivation of students to study foreign languages as an indispensable factor for developing a full-rate personality.

The paper deals with the effects of prescriptivism on the Lithuanian language. The research includes one domain of language use – radio and television, and one aspect of language – lexicon, in the period between 1960 and 2010. The investigation is corpus-based and focuses on the use of words that are classified as “incorrect” by the Lithuanian norm-setters. The study is important both as a discussion of the impact of prescriptivism on language change in general, as well as of the indirect influence of media on language, since media can affect the symbolic evaluation of specific language forms.The paper consists of five chapters. The first chapter “Review of the research” discusses the theoretical assumptions and concepts needed for further analysis: it gives an overview of studies on the effects of prescriptivism conducted in Lithuania and elsewhere, presents the concepts of second-level indexicality and style, and outlines the key characteristics of media change in Lithuania that are relevant to the study. Studies on the success of prescriptivism do not give a definite answer as to whether prescriptivism works. Institutionalisation and a high degree of stigmatisation of the corrected language forms can be listed among the factors that increase its success; prescriptivism is likely to be less successful when the “forbidden” language forms are too convenient to be given up, or when prescriptivist rules are too complicated for lay language users and the rules contradict each other. In the case of media, the effect of prescriptivism is said to be weakened by media commercialisation.When applied to the analysis of non-standard words, first-order indexicality refers to situations when the non-standard forms are used as value-free instances of ordinary speech, in already established meanings; in these cases, the speakers are not aware that they are using “incorrect” forms. Second-order indexicality refers to cases when non-standard words are used for additional function, e.g., to express a speaker’s particular identity or to construct a certain (informal, friendly) speech style. The concept of style, referring to the social differences between individual speakers, is used to analyse the use of words in concrete situations. The paper gives an overview of three sociolinguistic concepts of style that are relevant in this study: style as a degree of formality (e.g., when the speaker accommodates to the formal context of the media and uses less non-standard words); as audience and referee design (e.g., use of non-standard words in programmes for young audiences); and as a speaker design (e.g., play with language by the programme host in order to construct a fun persona).In the study of non-standard lexis, it is important to account for certain features of Lithuanian media development, such as the Soviet period, which was characterised by the use of newspeak, and the commercialisation of the media in the contemporary period. Accordingly, the paper analyses the uses of incorrect words as a part of newspeak and their use for the entertainment-related purposes such as language plays in present times. The paper also addresses the transitory period of radio and TV development, which has features from both the previous and the later periods, as well as some unique characteristics of language use.The second chapter “Radio and TV speech in the prescriptive discourse” presents an analysis of the metalinguistic discourse on media speech produced by Lithuanian prescriptivists from the pre-war period up to now. The analysis shows how this discourse preserved the same dominant idea about media’s role in language standardisation. On the one hand, during this whole time, radio and television were approached as responsible for teaching listeners and viewers the “correct language”; on the other hand, simultaneously, the language of radio and television was perceived as failing to conform to the prescriptive norms set by the norm-setters. The huge societal shifts that happened during this time did not make a major influence on this discourse. It remained very stable during different periods of time. The social, cultural and political changes in society and the media were taken into account only by adjusting the argumentation – by presenting patriotic, moral, ideological or legal motives that were meant to justify the language prescriptions.The third chapter “Research methods and data” presents the Corpus of Radio and TV speech, the concept of non-standard words, and the sources of prescriptivist corrections used in the analysis. The corpus of radio and TV speech includes data from 1960 to 2011 and is constructed in a balanced way to represent the periods of Lithuanian radio and TV development (Soviet, transitory, contemporary), as well as programme genres (talk programmes, information programmes, journals/features/documentaries). The speakers are coded into six types: news reader/voice-over, talk show host, expert, celebrity, hero and vox populi. For the analysis, the non-standard words that are classified as “incorrect” in the normative tradition of the Lithuanian language were coded. These include old (mainly, Slavic) and new (mainly, English) loans, the so-called hybrid words (that have a borrowed part), semantic loans, translations, as well as some lexicalised uses of words and some lexicalised syntactic constructions. Two types of words are analysed – individual lexical words and functional words. The latter include various fillers and discourse markers, as well as pronoun constructions with tai (e.g. kažkas tai ‘some(body)’). Non-standard words were identified from older and present style guides, including the database of language corrections created by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language.The fourth chapter “Change in the number of non-standard words: a quantitative analysis” investigates development of the use of non-standard words on radio and TV, as well as the frequency of usage of the non-standard lexical forms. According to the corpus data, the average frequency of non-standard words by one speaker is 17 per thousand words, which makes up about 2–3 “incorrect” words per minute. Non-standard discourse markers and fillers (9.8/1000 words) are used most frequently, whereas individual lexical words (5.6/1000 words) are much less frequent, and pronoun constructions with tai (1.6/1000 words) are rarer still. Closer analysis revealed that the only statistically significant change between the analysed periods (Soviet, transitory and contemporary) was a decrease of the frequency of non-standard lexical words in the contemporary period compared to the previous ones. The frequency of discourse markers/fillers and pronoun constructions with tai did not change. Regarding the speaker types, the uses of non-standard words decreased in those groups that are within easier reach of prescriptivism – news readers/voice-overs and talk show hosts. Also, to a lesser extent, in the group of experts. Those groups of speakers that are less likely to be subjected to language correction practices (ordinary people) did not seem to change their behaviour: the number of non-standard words in their speech did not decrease, on the contrary, a slight increase has been noticed. These findings confirm the effects of institutionalised prescriptivism. Regarding genres, non-standard words are least frequent in information programmes, which are mostly based on the reading of written texts. Lists of the most frequent non-standard words during the three periods overlap to a great extent, which means that despite prescriptivist practices, the most frequent non-standard words do not disappear from the air.The fifth chapter “Change in the functions of non-standard words: a qualitative analysis” investigates specific communicative situations of the usage of non-standard words and takes into account the media-related and societal contexts, as well as the stylistic and social functions of the corrected lexis. A common trait of the use of non-standard words during all periods, interpreted as the first level of indexicality, is the use of common, everyday vocabulary, most likely without being aware of the “incorrect” status of the chosen forms. Also, non-standard words are used as a part of professional language, in this case the speaker might be aware that he or she is using an ‘incorrect’ word, but chooses to use it nevertheless for convenience or because of its indexical value for professional identity. During all the periods, non-standard words are also used as indices of informal and authentic communication between close acquaintances; this function is performed by all types of the studied non-standard words, particularly old borrowings and frequent fillers.The study identified a few style- and social meaning-related uses of non-standard lexis that explain the choice of the corrected forms instead of the required equivalents. In the Soviet period, some non-standard words were used as a part of Soviet newspeak; old borrowings were used in references to the ideological enemies of Soviet rule, mainly the ones from pre-war Lithuania. In certain cases, these words were employed due to their stylistic value in an intimate and authentic discourse. The late Soviet period saw the first use of non-standard words as markers of informal communication. The use of non-standard words in the transitory period shows some of the functions from the Soviet period, e.g., they are used as an element of newspeak, albeit without the Soviet ideological value, or as expressions of informality. A particular feature of this period is the use of non-standard words as an index of live and authentic speech, which was not allowed during Soviet times, as a means of authentic communication, and the criticism and violation of Soviet taboos. The contemporary period is marked by a huge variety of functions of non-standard words. It brings in a number of new style-related functions of non-standard words: construction of youth-oriented identity and youth-oriented referee design, reference to past times (e.g., by using non-standard words reflecting the Soviet reality), or quoting. Perhaps the most distinctive features of this period are the use of non-standard words in the speech of professional journalists, as well as their use for the purposes of humour and entertainment (for the construction of certain personas), e.g., in language plays and stylisations. These uses can be explained by commercial media requirements, increasing trends of the informalisation of public speech and conversationalisation.The study concluded that the effect of prescriptivism on the use of non-standard words in radio and TV in Lithuania is limited. Firstly, the frequency of non-standard words decreased mainly in those groups of speakers that are subject to the formal, institutionalised power of language gatekeepers (media professionals). Secondly, the data shows a decrease only of those non-standard words that are easier to control by the speakers themselves – lexical words. The frequency of various function words that are more difficult to be aware of when speaking did not decrease. Thirdly, the largest decrease in non-standard lexical forms occurred in those speech situations where a prepared written text is used; this means that prescriptivist requirements have a greater effect when the speakers and the language are controlled, and less effect in spontaneous communication situations. The above-mentioned difference between professional and non-professional speakers demonstrates that speakers are able to control the lexical forms they choose.Analysis of the most frequently used non-standard words during different periods also demonstrates the limits of prescriptivism. The lists of the most frequently used non-standard words during different periods overlap to a great extent, which means that despite prescriptivist efforts, they were not eliminated from being used on air.Finally, the limited success of prescriptivism is demonstrated by the discussed social values of non-standard words, when they are used for various social and stylistic functions not possessed by a ‘correct’ equivalent. The qualitative analysis revealed the particular strength of old borrowings, which are used to create a sincere, friendly speech style, as well as a ludic speaker identity. On the one hand, it can be interpreted as a sign of the ineffectiveness of prescriptivism – if the words are needed, it is likely that they will be further used despite their ‘illegal’ status. On the other hand, when the speakers purposefully (e.g., on account of a particular association, stylistic value) choose a particular language form and are at the same time aware about its “incorrectness”, it is an effect of prescriptivism, only with the opposite outcome.The study is based on the analysis of spoken language on radio and TV, therefore it cannot be used to draw conclusions about the Lithuanian language in general. It is likely that the effect of prescriptivism on written language (because of its more formal style and particularly because of language editing practices) would be stronger. Nevertheless, broadcast media speech constitutes a considerable and important part of language use, thus we can conclude that the impact of prescriptivism on the Lithuanian language does not have far-reaching effects.

The archaeologist Erik WesterbyUp-front researcher on a spare-time basisThe centenary of the archaeologist and lawyer Erik Westerby, born in 1901, is the occation of this ac count of his career. It is a tale of a talented person’s magnificent achievements in his vainly fight for a seat on the scientific Parnassos.Erik Westerby had out standing intellectual talents within more of the areas important for car ying out a rchaeological research at a high level. Initially, however, a youthful and ill-concealed belief in his own talents gave him problems getting on with the conservative research environment of his contemporaries. In addition he had to struggle with a complicated mind of his own.From his youth, Westerby’s dedication to archaeology was directed to the exploration of the oldest times. He was the first to present a settlement from the late Ice Age: the Bromme site, and until today he has remained one of the famous names within the early Stone Age research in Denmark.His mind was set on archaeology, and yet he chose a more sec ure way of earning a living and became a lawyer. Parallel to the law studies, he worked so vigorously with archaeology that it is difficult to understand how he managed to graduate with good marks in an extraordinarily short time. In 1929, he settled as an independent lawyer in Copenhagen, in an office close to the High Court and the National Museum.The Stone Age settlement of Bloksbjerg in northern Copenhagen was the object of Westerby’s first large-scale field work (fig. 1). Nineteen years old, he published the preliminary results of the excavation.The following year he extended his knowledge of the Palaeolithic Period of France during a one-month study visit in Dordogne, an area rich of archaeologi cal finds.These studies were carried out with great thoroughness and included carefully documented test excavations at some of the classical sites.When he was 26, Westerby published a thesis on the early Stone Age in Denmark, taking his own settlement investigations as his point of departure. In this book, the term “the Mesolithic Age” was introduced in Danish terminology. Here, he also argued for the individual culture eras being named after important find localities. The early part of the Mesolithic Age in Denmark (which prior to this was often called “the Bone Age”) was hence to be called the Maglemose Era and the late part the Ertebø1le Era.The local academic dignit aries met this termino logy with severe criticism. Nevertheless, it was gradually accepted far beyond the Danish borders.From a modern point of view, the book was a very com etent archaeological presentation. It was submitted to the University of Copenhagen as a dissertation. However, the established scholars showed their disapproval by simply rejecting it.To add insult to injury, the promising youth was even humiliated in public by members of the National Museum’s staff. Among other things they pounced on the claim that a widely occurring, yet hitherto unnoticed type of flint tool, the burin, was to be found in the settlement inventories of the early Stone Age in Denmark. Today, we all know that Westerby was right, but in the 1920s, this claim was received differently by the few professional archaeologists in Denmark. Westerby was considered unsuited as a professional archaeologist, and so his profession was to stay the law.His next large project was the testing of the theory that coastal settlement had existed before the Ertebø1le Era Through reconnaissance expeditions to reclaimed fiords, he established co mpr ehensive traces of coastal settlement from a time berween the Ertebølle Culture and the Maglemose Culture. This era is now called the Kongemose Era, but it could just as well have been called the “Gislinge Era” due to his rich settlement find of this era in the Lamme fiord in North-West Zealand. However,Westerby decided to play down the sigruficance of his new find and refrain from such a pretentious terminology.In 1933, the results of Erik Westerby’s investigations of the reclai med fior ds were published. The energetic, Stone Age knowledgeable Therkel Mathiassen, who was employed by the National Museum that year, was interested in the Gislinge site, but he did not get an opportunity of excavating it until seven years later. And this was not to be the last place where Westerby’s and Mathiassen’s paths crossed.Erik Westerby’s next large project was to find signs of late Ice Age settlements in Den­mark – until then, this era was on ly represented by stray items. To do this, he carried out comprehensive field reconnaissance, which among other things led to his arrest by both the Danish police and the German occupying power due to his unu sual activities in the landscape.In 1938, he realised that the Amose bog in Western Zealand was a true treasure chest when it came to Mesolithic settlements. This realisation led to a short article in the reputable scholarly magazine , Acta Archaeologica. The article presents the results of a small trial excavation on the Øgårde locality. Having expressed reservations due to the limited and provisional character of the investigation, he concluded that there were pottery sherds in a closed context from the Maglemose Era, and that this was therefore the hitherto oldest pottery find in the world (fig. 2).Westerby called on the National Museum to undertake the responsibility of further investigation into the Åmose settlements, and Therkel Mathiassen immediately took it up on himself to take care of it. When a few years later he published the results of his very comprehensive investigations of for instance Øgårde, the sensational (and wrong) conclusion, that the Maglemose culture knew how to make pottery, was maintained.From Westerby’s diary we know that at the age of thirty, he regretted having been induced to deal with law. Archaeology fascinated him much more, and here he had exceptional talents. In private, he was a lonely person, and his legal work suffered from his great commitment to archaeology.The striking gesture of handing over further work concerning the Åmose settlements to the National Museum may therefore be understood as an attempt to get out of aneconomically, socially, and professional dead end. He probably hoped that the museum would encourage him to carry on the investigations and that he would be given the necessary means to do so – perhaps in the form of permanent employment.If indeed such hopes were behind Westerby’s gesture, then they were completely ignored. Therkel Mathiassen left him no further possibilities of carrying on the work in Åmosen. He even walked on Westerby’s pride by publicly mentioning him in line with local artefact collectors, who helped the museum with its work in the bog.However, Westerby continued his systematic field reconnaissance elsewhere on Zealand. In the spring of 1944, on the edge of a bog near Bromme, northwest of Sorø, he found flint tools of a kind that made him conclude he had come across settlement traces from a late Ice Age settlement (fig. 4, 6, and 7). The National Museum quickly offered to help with the investigation. However, the sensatio al find had disturbed Westerby’s state of mind, and he declined the proposal for fear of Mathiassen (fig. 5) taking over the management of the investigations.Physical and mental over-exertion caused Westerby to seek medical treatment in the autumn of 1944 . As he had no recovered by the spring of 1945, he informed the National Museum of the situation and turned over further investigation to the museum. His approach to the museum was an unspoken request that he was given the possibility of leading the investigation against proper payment. However, the signal was ignored, and Mathiassen immediately began the planning of a large-scale investigation. Westerby inspected the investigatio , and a written controversy followed, in which he expressed his reservations about Mathiassen’s methods, interpretations, and professional ethics, before having a mental relapse.Westerby’s miserable mental and economical situation now caused his sister, Hjørdis Westerby, to contact the National Museum , and without her brother’s knowledge, she expressed his wish of a museum employment, which for years he had been too proud to express. A marked change in the museum’s course followed. Therkel Mathiassen wrote and offered Erik Westerby a favourable arrangement. Westerby answered,“The letter will be opened, read, and if necessary answered when my health and my doctor permits it”. Whether Westerby ever opened the letter is unknown.The following spring Mathiassen wrote another couple of letters in his new, generous manner. The latter of these was found unopened among the papers left behind by Westerby. The good initiative had come too late.In the spring of 1946, Erik Westerby, helped by his sister Hjørdis, wrote a scholarly presentation of his investigations of the Bromme settlement.The manuscript included remarks that could be easily interpreted as a critical comment on the National Museum. As Westerby did not want to delete them, the result was that he never saw the presentation published in its entirety. Mathiassen published his results from the site in a large article in 1948. A later reinvestigation of the complete find material from the site has shown that Westerby’s critical remarks on Mathiassen’s methods and interpretations were justified.I t is worthy of note that not only did Westerby find the Bromrne settlement; he also recognized the finds on this site as being from the late Ice Age. Later it has become evident that Bromme was not the first late Palaeolithic settlement to be found or published withom the archaeologists realizing the correct age of the artefacts.In the last months of 1946, Erik Westerby left Copenhagen in order to become a member of the legal staff on the police station in Ringkøbing, West-Jutland. In his spare time, he continued to cultivate his interest in archaeology. He gave himself the extreme task of finding traces of human habitation in Denmark prior to the last Ice Age. A gravel pit near Seest in the western part of Kolding especially attracted his attention. Here, remains from for instance rhinoceros and forest elephant were found in the melt water gravel from the Ice Age. The gravel pit finds included some man- made flint items, which may be from the Ice Age layers.At that time,Westerby’s professional competence finally gained unreserved acclaim. The then recently appointed leader of the Prehistoric Museum in Århus, professor P.V. Glob, was behind this. Among other things, he arranged Westerby’s participation as a Danish represent ative in an international congress to mark the centenary of the find of the famous Neanderthal skull (fig. 8).In Ringkøbing, Westerby gradually became a known figure (fig. 9), and his extraordinary housing conditions added considerably to his reputation as an eccentric – a status he seemed to cultivate with pleasure (fig. 11-12).When he first arrived in the town, he was assigned one of the more modest rooms in the local hotel. Here he stayed for 33 years! Erik Westerby’s eccentric personality may lead to the convenient conclusion that he was unsuited for anemployment at the National Museum. It should therefore be stressed that he functioned as a highly respected police official in Ringkøbing (fig. l0) until according to the state rules he was forced to retire at the age of 70.The story of Erik Westerby’s professional career inevitably casts a shadow over those archaeologists at the National Museum who were actively opposing him. And it must be emphasized that the negative appraisal should not just apply to the rank-and- file scholars, but also the leading profession als, who failed to create the possibilities for Westerby’s obvious talents to be exploited to the full.Each scholarly environment should be conscious of the fact that success does not just depend on the available economic resources. The profession’s ability to provide a breeding ground for new ideas and gifted persons – even when this seems to be conflicting the individual convenience a nd prestige of established scholars – is no less important. If the management is weak and lacking in visions, then the environment tends to pursuit in dividu l goals. The result is often a bad atmosphere. It is a common idea that lack of funds causes lack of constructive athmosphere. However, it may just as well be the lack of constructive athmosphere, which causes lack of funds.Danish archaeology is indebted to Erik Westerby for handing over the key localities for investigating the Early Stone Age, and for his instructive examples in methods and systematism. We are also indebted to his sister, Hjørdis Westerby,for showing our profession a great gesture after the death of her brother: due to her economy and business sense, she was able to found the Erik Westerby Foundation in support of Danish archaeologists. The capital of the foundation comes from the estate left by her brother and from a large gift of money from her.Anders FischerKulturarvsstyrelsenTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

In his essay, Moraru contends that Mihai Iovănel’s 2021 History of Contemporary Romanian Literature: 1990-2020 is a breakthrough in Romanian literary historiography and criticism overall. According to Moraru, the History revisits radically the terms of the Romantic contract that, in Romania and elsewhere, has typically been underwriting modern criticism. A form of critical realism and an exemplar of postmillennial Romanian literary and cultural studies, Iovănel’s book is, in Moraru’s view, not only provocative but also effectively transformative. To gauge the scope and nature of the changes advocated and enacted in the History, this article examines how Iovănel has put together what he calls the “system” of contemporary Romanian literature. Thus, Moraru is less concerned with which writers are included in the book and which are left out, seeking, instead, answers to a series of questions concerning primarily Iovănel’s cultural-materialist and transnational studies-informed methodology. Along the same theoretical, historical, and political lines, Moraru discusses the project’s makeup as well as the strength of the case the History makes for the need to have another look at a range of pre- and post-1990 literary movements, directions, styles, and authors, principally at postmodernism and its competition and successors in the twenty-first century.

Objective to present a critical reflection upon the current and different interpretative models of the Social Determinants of Health and inequalities hindering access and the right to health. Method theoretical study using critical hermeneutics to acquire reconstructive understanding based on a dialectical relationship between the explanation and understanding of interpretative models of the social determinants of health and inequalities. Results interpretative models concerning the topic under study are classified. Three generations of interpretative models of the social determinants of health were identified and historically contextualized. The third and current generation presents a historical synthesis of the previous generations, including: neo-materialist theory, psychosocial theory, the theory of social capital, cultural-behavioral theory and the life course theory. Conclusion From dialectical reflection and social criticism emerge a discussion concerning the complementarity of the models of the social determinants of health and the need for a more comprehensive conception of the determinants to guide inter-sector actions to eradicate inequalities that hinder access to health.

- Roberta Giampietri reflects on the fact that the group from Parma is made up solely of persons who did not receive their training from Ruolo Terapeutico but who came to know about it in the course of their formative experience and in fact continue with their parallel training elsewhere. sharing, the criticisms, and especially what makes it difficult to feel complete belonging. In this way a group testimony was born where each one freely expressed the good and the bad of this strange place where therapists are not forced to be always healthy. They talk about the discovery that the curative function of therapy is based more on being persons alive and searching than on the theories of an identifying group. On the fact that both patient and therapist are persons with the right to have their wounds cared for. About how persons in supervision can spontaneously express their emotions. But also on the omission of Ruolo about all of the underground exchanges that happen between patient and therapist. About the fact that its theory becomes a lens for decodifying reality and indicating paths. [KEY WORDS: belonging, sharing, criticism]

Each ethnic group has a unique and culturally based way of instilling educational values. The inculcation of this value can be through literary works, both in the form of stories and poetry. Poetry in Manggarai ethnic literature, known as go'et. Goet is a way of inheriting the value of education in the Manggarai ethnic group in Flores. Through goet, this ethnic group educates future generations to become useful and critical human beings. This paper raises one of the go'et idep works written by cultural observer Yoseph Ngadut. This research is classified as a qualitative descriptive study with the literature technique as a way of obtaining data. Poststructural is used as an approach in analyzing data. From the results of data analysis, it was obtained four categories of go'et idep texts as a paradigm of planting educational values. These four categories are findings in research. (1) The metaphor of hard objects as a form of planting educational values ​​is closely related to behaviorism learning theory. (2) Soft equipment metaphorized with animals as cognitive learning in cultivating educational values. (3) The third category is the class of constructivism in instilling educational values. The emphasis lies on change towards progress. (4) The category of criticism, Goet Idep sees the urgency of criticism in instilling educational values, so that critical humanism will emerge.

To overcome the crisis in the sphere of argumentation studies, the project proposes a logical-cognitive concept of argumentation which is a compound formalized theory that includes formalisms for modeling argumentation of different types, a relevant conceptual framework and a methodology for the use of scientific research in the practice. Three types of argumentation are defined: theoretical (two types) and practical. Theoretical argumentation is a critical discussion of the agents’ knowledge and opinions about facts aimed to substantiate a certain view or to change it – i.e. persuasion. Practical argumentation is a critical discussion of opinions about actions which includes, in addition to the statements about knowledge and opinions, statements of a non-descriptive nature about the agents’ values and intentions to adhere to a certain line of behavior. The study of argumentation needs to focus on the large structures that reflect specifics of the criticism and defense of the positions of the parties. An atom unit of such study is the argument as a statement of reason, while its molecular elements are the argumentative structure of a dispute (frame), a multitude of arguments that express the parties’ positions, a multitude of the agents’ knowledge and opinions that act as the bases for the formation of positions, lines of behavior, etc. Within the framework of this trend, both indefeasible (deductive) and defeasible argumentations can be studied. The argumentation effectiveness can be assessed based on the procedural semantics and using analogues of such logical notions as consistency and completeness. Modern approaches to the argumentation, including those claiming the compound status, can be classified using two methods: based on the substantive and practical criteria. Importance of the research outcomes amounts to the theoretical and methodological role of the new conception of argumentation and the general “umbrella” term argumentation that allows systematizing the manifold research and educational approaches and concepts in this field and is associated with communicative nature of modern social life where efficiency and social success rely on argumentative and narrative competences.

Axel Honneth has suggested that the task of social philosophy can be defined as the diagnosisand therapy of social pathologies. He has developed that view in various writings (Honneth2007, 2009, 2014a, 2014b; cf. Zurn 2011; Freyenhagen 2015). In these different writings, he has in fact defended different conceptions of social pathology, as we try to show elsewhere(cf. Särkelä & Laitinen, ms). In so doing he has nonetheless brought the notion of social pathology to the centre of interest for researchers interested in Frankfurt School Critical Theory or the philosophy of social criticism more generally.In this short paper, we suggest some central questions for analysing and comparing conceptions of social pathology, which could be thought to be useful for social philosophy, especially for the tradition of Frankfurt School Critical Theory. Rival conceptions of socialpathology will give rival answers to these questions and the conceptions can be classifiedand compared with the help of these answers. Of course, any two conceptions can be compared in any of the details that either of them have, but our aim here is to map some of the central issues as stake in the philosophical discourse on social pathology. We discuss and compare in more detail four conceptions of social pathology with the help of these questions in Laitinen & Särkelä (2018) and in Honneth’s work in particular in Särkelä and Laitinen (2018). The questions we present in this paper are intended less as an a priori foranalysing conception of social pathology, than a potentially helpful a posteriori reflectionof the kind of questions one is confronted with when inquiring into the debate on social pathology. ’Pathology’ can mean both the science studying diseases and the object of inquiry, the disease itself. Unless otherwise indicated (as in subsection 7), we refer to the diseases themselves with ‘pathology’.

<p>This research aims to analyze the types of idioms and the meaning of idioms in Coldplay's song, entitled <em>Hymn For The Weekend, Amazing Day, A Head Full Of Dreams, </em><em>And </em><em>Birds </em>by using F R Palmers theory of idiom types and Geoffrey Leech's theory of idiom meanings. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The data of this research are Coldplay song lyrics. Data analysis was carried out by categorizing all lyrics into types of idioms and idiom meanings. These types are analyzed to find out what meanings are in the song lyrics. Research used document analysis to obtain data. In analyzing the data, the research used New Criticism. In validating the data, the research used triangulation theory.The research found that the researchers found 176 of the four song lyrics. The data are classified into idiom meanings which consist of Conceptual Meaning (1 data), Connotative Meaning (22 data), Stylistic Meaning (24 data), Affective Meaning (84 data), Reflective Meaning (15 data), Collocative Meaning (1 data) , Thematic Meaning (28 data). Then the researchers also clarifies into idiom types which consist of phrasal verb (11 data), preposition verb (10 data), partial idiom (8 data) of the data, Affective and Phrasal verb meanings are more dominant than other types. This describes the speaker expressing more personal feelings or emotions and using verbs with adverbs.</p>

<p>This thesis is aimed to analyse the types of intrinsic elements and the portrayal of anxiety in Linkin Park’s song lyrics entitled <em>Numb</em>,<em> In The End</em>,<em> Crawling</em>,<em> Faint</em>, and<em> Breaking The Habit</em>. This thesis applied theories from Culler (2000), Childs and Fowler (2006).</p><p>This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data in this research are lyrics in Linkin Park’s song. The data are performed by categorizing the lyrics to the types of intrinsic elements. The types observed to find out the portrayal of anxiety. The researcher uses document analysis to get the data. In analyse the data, the researcher uses New Criticism. In validate the data, the researcher used triangulation theory.</p><p>The research findings show that the researcher found 237 total data of Linkin Park song lyrics from those five songs. The data are classified into the types of intrinsic elements which consist of Ambiguity (14 data), Paradox (7 data), Irony (18 data), Tension (150 data) and Imagery (169 data). Of the data, Tension and Imagery types are more dominant than the other types. It portrayed the anxiety about fear, worry, stress, disappointed, sad, confused, and frustrated.</p>

Hantu (in Bahasa Indonesia), or ghosts, are portrayed as the incarnation of monstrous or evil souls wishing to harm humans (Amin et al., 2017). Most modern Indonesians still believe in ghosts, proven by an outgrowing number of ghost films. From the 1970s until the present, more than 320 ghost films have been made and can be differentiated according to each culture, custom, and religion in Indonesia. Indonesian people believe that ghost films in Indonesia are scarier than ghost films from abroad because of a symbolic bond between ghosts and traditional myths represented in the films. For example, one of the ghost films in Indonesia titled Pengabdi Setan or “Satan’s Slaves” that has been watched by 4.2 million moviegoers was using gender (e.g. the fertility of women), occupation (e.g. the profession of artists), and religion (e.g. the role of religious leaders) as the conservative narratives’ symbols. However, based on scientific consensus, the existence of ghosts is not a valid concept and is classified as pseudoscience (Regal, 2009). Yet the existence of ghosts cannot be falsified because of the human belief besides the world’s end and the belief in the spirits of the dead has existed ever since humans embraced animism before humans began writing texts (Bunge, 1999; Briefs et al., 2010; and Nees, 2015). After humans knew letters, studying Indonesian’s belief in ghosts through document theory is almost as important as studying humans’ development in writing. Previous studies on ghost films have been identified from the fields of cinematography, culture, and film criticism, yet they have not been examined through the lens of document theory. This paper aims to understand ghost films in Indonesia through concepts in document theory such as materiality, productivity, and fixity. The results discuss the material aspect of ghost films as documents with informative material regardless of the film’s genre, based on document theory (Otlet, 1934; Briet, 1951). Our findings also show productivity and fixity; for example, ghost films are creatio ex materia as information creation and use are the materials from which ghost films are created (Gorichanaz, 2017) and have the ability to tell the same story over different places and times (Levy, 1994; Narayan, 2015). For instance, ghost-type such as Pocong and Kuntilanak has indicated the concept of ghosts that passed down by previous Indonesian ancestors. This study, however, does not discuss recent efforts to perpetuate those memories through the film, but rather the film as a material is important to analyze through document theory. In terms of productivity, ghost films have the added value of releasing ghosts as materials, triggering the human imagination and our ability to provide evidence of changing epistemic perspectives over space and time. In terms of fixity, our study opens opportunities for further research, such as fluidity, floating fixity, authenticity, and other aspects with which to analyze ghost films as (digital) documents. As an additional result, drawing from Foucault’s panopticon concept (Foucault, 1970; Wood, 2003), we found that perpetuating the power from which people have unconsciously been mentally controlled is a kind of panopticism. Since documents function as panopticons, ghost films have provided power and will “discipline” people because these ghost stories can be haunting and frightening. Thus, the panopticon metaphor in ghost films emphasizes the internalization of external surveillance rationales so that people have accepted these rationales as part of the self-practices because they can never be sure the hidden others are watching them (Lupton, 2016).

Racism still needs attention because it still happens until now. Where’s the Money is attractive popular movie about black people so that this research focuses on exploring the kind of racism in Where’s the Money (2017) movie to get a closer look at some kinds of coming from the action and/or dialogue. The main objective of this research is to determine the forms of racism. The researchers employed Mark Harlsted’s theory of racism by literary criticism and an objective approach. This research is also framed in a qualitative descriptive method in collecting the data. The result shows that racial discrimination often occurs in the movie. There are three types of racial discrimination found in the movie: Pre-reflected Gut Racism, Cultural Racism, and Institutional Racism. The findings are ten data showing Pre-reflected Gut Racism, eight data exhibiting Cultural Racism, and three data displaying Institutional Racism. The three data that have been collected and listed are those that have been classified based on their form and types, and also analyzed according to the approach and theories. Based on the findings, it can be seen that Whites give opportunity to a Black to join his community only for their own advantages. That is, to make a good image in the society as open-minded individuals concerning the racial issues. Most people say that racism does no longer exist, but the reality makes different views. In the US, Black Lives Matter is one of the movements which becomes a great issue and very crucial, which is also related to racial topic. Keywords: Racial Discrimination; Racism; Movie; Pre-reflected Gut Racism; Cultural Racism; Institutional Racism

Women in religion and culture-historical study have a journey of oppression, adversity and, discrimination. Women have always been used as objects of pleasure and victims of lust for men. Many interpretations of religious texts discriminate against women. Many religious figures look down on women through their interpretation of the texts of Al-Qur'an and Sunnah. One of the interpretations is the opinion of the majority of community leaders about the prohibition of women as imams of congregational prayer. This research aims to determine the views of the community from Muhammadiyah, NU, HTI, and Malang Raya Mosque Management regarding the meaning of the hadith of women's delegation as imam (congregational prayer leader) from a social construction perspective. This research is included in the category of qualitative research using the sociological construction theory approach, and the science of hadith criticism. This researcher used a new model in the realm of hadith research, named living hadith. Data collection methods in this research were in-depth interviews and documentation. The selection of informants used a purposive sampling technique. The analytical technique used in this research was the Huberman and Miles interactive model, namely; data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The understanding of activists of religious organizations Muhammadiyah, NU, HTI, and Mosque Management regarding the hadith negation of women being imams of prayer can be classified into two models of understanding. There are textual and contextualist-hermeneutical. Public understanding of the hadith regarding the delegation of women to become imam comes from hadith, opinions of classical scholars, contemporary books, and also comes from the results of intuitive meanings that lead to conservative and progressive.