Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Théorie axiomatique'
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Baccelli, Jean. "Essais d'analyse de la théorie axiomatique de la décision." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEE002.
Full textThis thesis consists of three essays on axiomatic decision theory. Theybelong primarily to the epistemological analysis of decision theory.The first essay, “The limits of ordinalism”, focuses on ordinalism, a doctrinethat was instrumental in the constitution of contemporary microeconomictheory. First, I provide an abstract definition of this doctrine.I characterize it by the following claim: if the underlying data are choicedata, then no non-ordinal property of utility can be empirically meaningful.Second, I evaluate the above claim. I confront this claim with variousdecision-theoretic developments which seem to question its validity. I showthat, despite appearances, this claim is not challenged by the theoreticaldevelopments in question.The second essay, “Axiomatic analysis and risk attitudes”, examines thestatus of risk attitude concepts in decision theory. At first sight, axiomaticanalysis does not rely on these concepts. This indicates a certain neutrality ofdecision models regarding risk attitudes. Further analysis, however, leads oneto recognize the importance of what I call the conditional variation and thestrengthening of risk attitudes. This establishes the axiomatic significance ofrisk attitude concepts.The third essay, “Do bets reveal beliefs?”, examines the preference-basedapproach to the identification of beliefs. It focuses on the main problem towhich this approach is exposed, namely state-dependent utility. First, theproblem is illustrated in full detail. Four types of state-dependent utility issuesare distinguished. Second, a strategy for identifying beliefs under statedependentutility is presented and discussed. For the problem to be solvedfollowing this strategy, however, preferences need to extend beyond choices. Iargue that this is a necessary feature of any complete solution to the problemof state-dependent utility. I also claim that this is the main conceptuallesson to draw from this problem. I explain why this lesson is of interest toeconomists and philosophers alike
Verdet, Cyril. "Axiomatisation de la physique à partir de l'idée de potentiel au cours du XIXème siècle : étude d'une lignée de Lagrange à Duhem." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070070.
Full textThe notion of potential, before being a physical concept, is primarily a term used by physicists during the 19th century to describe mathematical objects in relation to physical quantities. The first occurrence of the concept of potential is the potential function created by Lagrange. The amount that is expressed has later an expression close to it, used in the physics of energy that grows in the middle of the century: the potential energy, so named by Rankine. The last occurrence of the concept of potential is developed by Duhem as the culmination of thermodynamics as an universal science : the thermodynamic potential. For each of these three stages in this notion, this research begins to realize the historical process at first, then an analysis of the concept in question and its place in the physics of time, and finally the changing perspectives opened, most of the time implicitly, in the metaphysical content of the physics. Indeed, this work is to give a notion of what the potential is really the mark of the essentially mathematical nature of modem physics, and by virtue of this essence, dice when that mathematical knowledge and technics are developed, the metaphysical content of the physical sciences is upset. By naturally take precedence logical order on the ontological order, the development of the concept of potential returns assumptions, unintelligible for mathematical language, to the ends of the axiomatic structure suggested by the mathematical requirements. The illusions of causality, conservation and finality, thoughts respectively through the impenetrable, the indivisible and affinity, take refuge in the idea of potential
Er-Rhaimini, Karim. "Constructions par forcing d'espaces LCS et de structures PCF." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077196.
Full textThis thesis is about PCF theory and arithmetic cardinal. In chapter one, we give a simple but complete proof of Shelah's Theorem trough a simplified version of PCF theory. This theorem is in itself a justification for the study of PCF structures. In chapter two, we present the rho-fimction wich was introduced by Todorcevic. This chapter is a preparation to the forcing construction in chapter three. We mainly reproduce Todorcevic's work but in a simplified version, only keeping what is strictly necessary to our purpose. Thus, the proofs are simpler and make the reading easier. In chapter three, which is the main chapter of the thesis, we first expose the theory of LCS spaces and we show a new way to force LCS spaces of height any ordinal less than omega_3. At last, we explain the link between LCS spaces ans PCF structures and the previous forcing construction allows, by a slight modification, to force PCF structures of height any ordinal less than omega_3. This result improves the previous known result which permitted to force PCF structures of height omega_2
Smaoui, Hatem. "Contributions à la théorie du choix social : études axiomatiques et analyse probabiliste des classements par points." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN0644.
Full textBecdelièvre, Laure. "Rémunérer le "mal d'être deux" : axiomatique de la métaphore chez Friedrich Nietzsche et Stéphane Mallarmé." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040098.
Full textStrange contemporaries in a world of crisis, Nietzsche and Mallarmé had never met and had never read each other's works though it seems they may have had many occasions. Nevertheless, the French poet and the German philosopher-poet do meet in an unique way on the theme of the metaphor, a touchstone of a fundamental reflection on the language and the control lever of an axiomatic thought for which Nietzsche and Mallarmé are, maybe, the most symbolic heralds, each in their own way. For the metaphoric phenomenon binds the essential aspects of the relationship of the human being to the world, which is fundamentally a fictional and a meta-phoric relationship. A deviating thought instrument, the metaphoric writing reaches the heart of a polemical reflection on the representation and the construction of various idols : God, Truth, Soul, Will – but also Helen, Wagner, Glory, Gold, Constellation, and even: Poetry. So many idols whose crepuscular hour has sounded, so many aspects of the "Proper" whose time has come for the metaphor to off-load, to fly away on its own. Not only does the metaphor fly, for Nietzsche and Mallarmé, but it also dances, stammers, shivers and faints. Its song rises at the same time as the trail of its existence, which is not there any more – supposing that it ever took place. It escapes, like reality, this cruel, this "unknown god" who is there, always latent, but out of reach of the language. It cements all the regrets linked to the "misfortune of being two" (L'Après-midi d'un Faune), in this cursed separation originated by language. But isn't the metaphor its own remuneration?
Dross, Claire. "Procédures de décision génériques pour des théories axiomatiques du premier ordre." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002190.
Full textCesari, Giulia. "Modèles de théorie des jeux pour la formation de réseaux." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED046/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the theoretical analysis and the application of a new family of cooperative games, where the worth of each coalition can be computed from the contributions of single players via an additive operator describing how the individual abilities interact within groups. Specifically, we introduce a large class of games, namely the Generalized Additive Games, which encompasses several classes of cooperative games from the literature, and in particular of graph games, where a network describes the restriction of the interaction possibilities among players. Some properties and solutions of such class of games are studied, with the objective of providing useful tools for the analysis of known classes of games, as well as for the construction of new classes of games with interesting properties from a theoretic point of view. Moreover, we introduce a class of solution concepts for communication situations, where the formation of a network is described by means of an additive pattern, and in the last part of the thesis we present two approaches using our model to real-world problems described by graph games, in the fields of Argumentation Theory and Biomedicine
Khani, Hossein. "Ordinal Power Indices." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLD025.
Full textThe design of procedures aimed at ranking individuals according to how they behave in various groups is of great importance in many practical situations. The problem occurs in a variety of scenarios coming from social choice theory,cooperative game theory or multi-attribute decision theory, and examples include: comparing researchers in a scientificdepartment by taking into account their impact across different teams; finding the most influential political parties in aparliament based on past alliances within alternative majority coalitions; rating attributes according to their influence ina multi-attribute decision context, where independence of attributes is not verified because of mutual interactions. However, in many real world applications, a precise evaluation on the coalitions’ “power” may be hard for many reasons (e.g., uncertain data, complexity of the analysis, missing information or difficulties in the update, etc.). In this case, it may be interesting to consider only ordinal information concerning binary comparisons between coalitions. The main objectiveof this thesis is to study the problem of finding an ordinal ranking over the set N of individuals (called social ranking),given an ordinal ranking over its power set (called power relation). In order to do that, during the thesis we use notionsin classical voting theory and cooperative game theory. Mainly, we have defined solution concepts named ceteris paribusmajority rule, and ordinal Banzhad index, which are respectively inspired from classical voting theory and cooperativegame theory. Since the majority of our work in the thesis is to study solutions from property-driven approach, we axiomatically study the solutions by reformulating axioms in classical voting theory. Finally, exploring weighted extensionsof the ceteris paribus majority rule to rank more than two individuals result in an axiomatic study of families of weightedsolutions
Rioux, Romain. "Théorie des modèles d'expansions de corps valués : phénomènes de séparation." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1157/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the model theoretic study of algebraically closed valued fields equipped with a additional unary predicate for either a multiplicative subgroup or a subfield.We give a result of relative quantifier elimination for structures of the kind (M , G), where M is an algebraically closed valued field and G is a multiplicative subgroup on wich the valuation is injective
Tarnaud, Albane. "A "DEA-Financial" approach to assess portfolio performance." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12003.
Full textThis doctoral thesis studies the transposition of a methodology inherited from production theory, and commonly referred to as “DEA” (Data Envelopment Analysis) only, to the study of performance of financial assets. It underlines the accuracy of using DEA as an estimator to assess the performance of financial assets, provides a detailed presentation of the methodology associated to DEA and a review of the literature that applies this methodology to the performance measurement of portfolios of financial assets.The traditional methodology requires the definition of regularity conditions that characterize the technology shared by all entities. It then implies a rigorous definition of inputs and outputs that characterize the production technology. The current literature implicitly assumes a production process that generates returns on investment in portfolios of financial assets by the level of risk taken. This thesis proposes a different treatment based on the idea of joint productions inherited from production theory and according to which inputs can generate undesirable outputs that cannot be freely disposed of. The approach proposed in this thesis then considers the various types of risk associated to the investment as undesirable outputs. This thesis proposes a definition a financial production process and studies the theoretical implications of such a definition on the traditional set of axioms. It also recommends taking into account a possible preference for risk where only risk aversion is generally assumed and reminds the importance to include in the theoretical frameworks some measures of risk associated to preferences for some risks, such as prudence or temperance
Couche, Sonia. "Un siècle d'analogie créatrice : nombres algébriques et fonctions algébriques entre 1850 et 1950." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_264.pdf.
Full textThuillier, Frank. "Sur certains aspects géométriques des théories conformes bidimensionnelles." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11329.
Full textFerrières, Sylvain. "Four essays on the axiomatic method : cooperative game theory and scientometrics." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA0002/document.
Full textThe dissertation provides four contributions on the axiomatic method. The first three chapters deal with cooperative games with transferable utility. In the first two chapters, a systematic study of the nullification operation is done. The removal axioms are translated into their nullified counterparts. Some existing characterizations are revisited, and completely new results are presented. The third chapter introduces and characterizes a proportional Shapley value in which the Harsanyi dividends are shared in proportion to the stand-alone worths of the concerned players. The fourth chapter proposes a multi-dimensional variant of the Hirsch index. An axiomatic characterization and an application to sports rankings are provided
LESIEUR, Franck. "Groupoïdes quantiques mesurés : axiomatique, étude, dualité, exemples." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005505.
Full textBoniface, Jacqueline. "Hilbert et la notion d'existence en mathématiques." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010694.
Full textFournier, Jean-Baptiste. "Du flux de vécus au monde objectif : le concept de constitution chez Edmund Husserl et Rudolf Carnap." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010532/document.
Full textIn this PhD thesis, I attempt to reevaluate the opposition between analytical and phenomenological philosophy through the study of Husserl’s and Carnap’s systems of constitution. Carnap’s idea of constitution as a “rational” and arbitrary “reconstruction” of the world seems to be radically antithetical to Husserl’s descriptive account of the “self-constitution” of the things themselves. Yet, Carnap’s use of the language of constitution, as well as his attempt to translate it into the language of logistics, lead us to question the links between his own enterprise and Husserl’s transcendental idealist constitution. What I am trying to demonstrate in this work is that the opposition between Husserl and Carnap cannot be interpreted either in terms of “phenomenology” and “analytical philosophy” or in terms of transcendental idealism, logicism and phenomenalism. In order to understand the opposition between Husserl and Carnap (and therefore, between continental and analytical philosophy), it is necessary to ask how and why, in their very first works and articles, they both conceived philosophy as a system of constitution. This leads us to give an account of Husserl’s and Carnap’s logico-mathematical models of the formal dimension of experience, and to define constitution as the elaboration of a continuous model for the discontinuity of the world – this discontinuity being given by the phenomenological and pre-constitutive description of the world. Would this imply then that topology is a suitable model for the construction of the world ?
Marchant, Thierry. "Agrégation de relations valuées par la méthode de Borda, en vue d'un rangement: considérations axiomatiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212380.
Full textDepuis 20 à 30 ans, l'aide multicritère à la décision est apparue. L'expansion de cette nouvelle discipline s'est marquée dans la littérature essentiellement par un foisonnement de nouvelles méthodes multicritères d'aide à la décision et par des applications de celles-ci à des problèmes "réels". Pour la plupart de ces méthodes, il n'y pas ou peu de fondements théoriques. Seul le bon sens a guidé les créateurs de ces méthodes.
Depuis une dizaine d'années, le besoin de bases théoriques solides se fait de plus en plus sentir. C'est dans cette perspective que nous avons réalisé le présent travail. Ceci étant dit, nous n'allons pas vraiment nous occuper de méthodes multicritères à la décision dans ce travail, mais seulement de fragments de méthodes. En effet, les méthodes multicritères d'aide à la décision peuvent généralement être décomposées en trois parties (outre la définition de l'ensemble des alternatives et le choix des critères):
- Modélisation des préférences: pendant cette étape, les préférences du décideur sont modélisées le long de chaque critère.
- Agrégation des préférences: un modèle global de préférences est construit au départ des modèles obtenus critère par critère à la fin de la phase précédente.
- Exploitation des résultats de l'agrégation: du modèle global de préférences issu de la phase 2, on déduit un choix, un rangement, une partition, selon les besoins.
Jusqu'à présent, à cause de la difficulté du problème, peu de méthodes ont été axiomatisées de bout en bout; la plupart des travaux ne s'intéressent qu'à une ou deux des trois étapes que nous venons de décrire.
Nous nous sommes intéressés à une méthode bien connue: la méthode de Borda. Elle accepte comme données de départ des relations binaires. Elle intervient donc après la phase de modélisation des préférences. Le résultat de cette méthode est un rangement. Elle effectue donc les opérations correspondant aux étapes 2 et 3. Dans la suite de ce travail nous appellerons méthode de rangement toute méthode effectuant les étapes 2 et 3 pour aboutir à un rangement. Etant donné que les méthodes de rangement, celle de Borda en particulier, sont utilisées également en choix social, nous puiserons abondamment dans le vocabulaire, les outils et les résultats du choix social. Les résultats présentés seront valides en choix social, mais nous nous sommes efforcés de les rendre aussi pertinents que possible en aide multicritère à la décision.
Dans le chapitre II, après quelques définitions et notations, nous présentons quelques méthodes de rangement classiques, y compris la méthode de Borda, et quelques résultats majeurs de la littérature. Nous généralisons une caractérisation des méthodes de scorage due à Myerson (1995).
Nous nous tournons ensuite vers les relations valuées. La raison en est la suivante: elles sont utilisées depuis longtemps dans plusieurs méthodes multicritères et, depuis peu, elles le sont aussi en choix social (p.ex. Banerjec 1994) car elles permettent de modéliser plus finement les préférences des décideurs confrontés à des informations incertaines, imprécises, contradictoires, lacunaires, Nous commençons donc le chapitre III par des notations et définitions relatives aux relations valuées.
Ensuite, nous présentons quelques méthodes de rangement opérant au départ de relations valuées. C'est-à-dire des méthodes de rangement qui agissent non pas sur des relations nettes, mais sur des relations valuées et qui fournissent comme précédemment un rangement des alternatives. N'ayant trouvé dans la littérature aucune méthode de ce type, toutes celles que nous présentons sont neuves ou des généralisations de méthodes existantes; comme par exemple, les méthodes de scorage généralisées, que nous caractérisons en généralisant encore une fois le résultat de Myerson.
Nous présentons enfin ce que nous appelons la méthode de Borda généralisée, qui est une des généralisations possibles de la méthode de Borda au cas valué. Nous basant sur un article de Farkas et Nitzan (1979), nous montrons que contrairement à ce qui se passait dans le cas particulier envisagé par Farkas et Nitzan (agrégation d'ordres totaux), la méthode de Borda généralisée (et sa particularisation au cas net) n'est pas toujours équivalente à la méthode proximité à l'unanimité. Cette dernière méthode classe chaque alternative en fonction de l'importance des changements qu'il faudrait faire subir à un ensemble de relations pour que l’alternative considérée gagne à l'unanimité. Nous identifions quelques cas où l'équivalence est vraie.
Ensuite, nous reprenons un résultat de Debord (1987). Il s'agit d'une caractérisation de la méthode de Borda en tant que méthode de choix appliquée à des préordres totaux. Nous la généralisons de deux façons au cas de la méthode de Borda en tant que méthode de rangement appliquée à des relations valuées. Lorsqu'on applique la méthode de Borda, on est amené à calculer une fonction à valeurs réelles sur l'ensemble des alternatives.
La valeur prise par cette fonction pour une alternative s'appelle le score de Borda de cette alternative. Ensuite, on range les alternatives par ordre décroissant de leur score de Borda. La tentation est grande - et beaucoup y succombent (peut-être avec raison) d'utiliser le score de Borda non seulement pour calculer le rangement mais aussi pour estimer si l'écart entre deux alternatives est important ou non (voir par exemple Brans 1994). Cette approche n'a, à notre connaissance, jamais été étudiée d'un point de vue théorique. Nous présentons deux caractérisations de la méthode de Borda utilisée à cette fin.
Dans la dernière partie du chapitre III, nous abandonnons la démarche qui visait à caractériser une méthode par un ensemble de propriétés le plus petit possible. Nous comparons 12 méthodes sur base d'une vingtaine de propriétés. Les résultats de cette partie sont résumés dans quelques tableaux.
Ce travail aborde donc la méthode de Borda et sa généralisation au cas valué sous différents angles. Il livre une série de résultats qui, espérons-le, devraient permettre de mieux comprendre la méthode de Borda et peut-être de l'utiliser à meilleur escient. Toutefois, quoique notre objectif ait été de présenter des résultats pertinents en aide multicritère à la décision (et nous avons fait des progrès dans ce sens), il reste du chemin à faire. Nous sommes probablement encore trop proche du choix social. Ceci constitue donc une voie de recherche intéressante, de même que l'étude d'autres méthodes de rangement et l'étude de méthodes complètes d'aide multicritère à la décision: modélisation du problème (identification du ou des décideur(s), des alternatives et des critères), modélisation des préférences, agrégation des préférences et exploitation des résultats de l'agrégation.
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Othmani, Imed. "Optimisation multicritère : fondements et concepts." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004900.
Full textStratonovitch, Jean. "Eléments de réponse au sixième problème de Hilbert (axiomatiser la physique) dans le domaine de la cinématique : prolongement vers une dynamique. Illusions d'optique dans un univers de Bruno. Statut théorique de la lumière dans la cinématique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13100.
Full textBrocato, Maurizio. "Un modèle thermo-mécanique de polycristal pour l'étude des bandes de cisaillement." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENPC9405.
Full textLe, Thi Thanh Thanh. "Modélisation en UML/OCL des langages de programmation et de leurs propriétés et processus IDM." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1373/.
Full textOur work focuses on the software component generation phase that takes place at the last phase of a model driven development process. Our work is related to either the modelware or the grammarware because the model driven process can be considered as a successive of model transformations whereas the code generation is a specific transformation from the model to a language grammar. In the first part, we resume some relative works in the domain of the models and of the models transformation; we also present the language modeling in UML which is generally restricted by the syntax modeling. In the second part, we show how we model in UML/OCL the behavioral and axiomatic properties of imperative programming languages. The modeling of the behavioral properties helps to execute the code models if we dispose a right execution environment. In the other hand, the modeling of the axiomatic properties helps to demonstrate the correctness of the code model. In fact, the assertions obtained from the modeling of the axiomatic properties of the language will be transferred to a B atelier in order to have further validation. In the third part, we show how we inject into the UML metamodel the considered domain behavioral and axiomatic properties. We focus on the activity diagram metamodel of the UML which defines the behavior part of a UML model. The coherence between the models and the codes can be then verified in comparing the behavioral and axiomatic properties of the models issued from the requirements and that of the codes. Our work is financed by the ANR research projects