Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Theoretical reasons'

This research sets out to examine the main excuses, often mentioned in connection to the so-called “honour killings” in Pakistan. In this way, the aim is to discuss the idea of “honour killings” by looking at trends and patterns in this kind of homicides in Pakistan. This study also explores what legal and judicial obstacles stand in the way of putting an end to the abuse of killing women in the name of honour.The first part is mainly theoretical and analytical. In this part a set of concepts is theorized as the notion of patriarchy, public/private division and cultural globalization. These theories test the empirical data of “honour killing” in the last decade and try to find their role in the society of Pakistan. This study also analyzes the “honour killing” cases in a different way by telling stories. Second part contributes to the research regarding Islam the official religion of Pakistan. This section mainly concerns the status of women in Islam and their rights of life and free will to choose their spouses. This study also tries to remove the misconception in the minds of the West regarding Islamic teachings towards women.This study proceeds mainly under the qualitative method with the supplementary help of quantitative method. At the end, the thesis bears some finding under the abductive technique. The results show that the tested theories have a significant role in upholding the ancient practice of “honour killings” in Pakistan, and Qur’aanic and Prophetic Islam has no link with the abuse of “honour killing” in general. It is ancient tribal phenomena that have entered in some cultural norms of the society.

To interpret is to seek understanding. This formulation hides as much as it reveals and I propose to unpack it. I argue that interpreting is only a part of what legal theorists and practitioners do. In Part I, I attempt an ‘in vitro’ analysis and present the bare concept of interpretation: interpretation is an activity that needs an object; interpreting is reasoning about meaning when there is a possibility of mistake about that meaning. Part II focuses on two domains of interpretation: musical performance and adjudication. I rely on Joseph Raz’s account of interpretation as explanation or display and identify the former domain as a paradigm of display and the latter as a paradigm of explanation. Both are examples of interpretation for others and involve a claim to theoretical authority on the part of interpreters. But, unlike musicians- who interpret only works of music- judges interpret a great variety of objects. Musical interpretation is identified by its object, whereas legal interpretation is not. Legal interpretation is explanation of legal meaning. I then discuss the tenets of the minimalist view of legal interpretation: (i) legal rules are not interpretable and legal texts are not primary objects of legal interpretation; (ii) there is a difference between interpretative authority (a form of theoretical authority) and legal authority (a form of practical authority) and interpretative conclusions can be theoretically authoritative without being exclusionary reasons for action; (iii) Interpreting and adjudicating are different activities. Interpretation explains, adjudication resolves. Legal interpreters do not produce legal rules: they are required to be guided by them.

Many of us take for granted that rationality requires that we have our attitudes combined only in certain ways. For example, we are required not to hold inconsistent beliefs or intentions and we are required to intend any means we see as crucial to our ends. But attempts to justify claims like these face two problems. First, it is unclear what unifies the rational domain and determines what is (and is not) rationally required of us. This is the content problem. Second, as philosophers have been unable to find any general reason for us to have our attitudes combined only in certain ways, it is unclear why, or in what sense, we are required to comply with these putative requirements in the first place. This is the normativity problem. My dissertation offers an account of rationality which solves these problems. I argue that the entire domain of rational requirements can be derived from a single ultimate requirement demanding that we not have sets of intentions and beliefs which cause their own failure. This General Requirement of Structural Rationality explains the unity of the rational domain and directly solves the content problem. But it also solves the normativity problem. I argue that whenever we violate the General Requirement we are engaged in a form of criticizable self-undermining. I propose that this is enough to ground the claim that we ought to comply with the General Requirement's demands. This conclusion can be secured as long as we accept the thesis of normative pluralism, according to which there is more than one fundamentally distinct form of normative 'ought.'
Philosophy

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Taking into account the changes in this globalized world, whose consequences echo in the accounting setting, in which their effects are manifested in reflections, theories and social, tax or normative practices, it is realized that the accountant needs a theoretical and practical formation that fosters a professional profile which makes feasible better organizational results and social development. Hence, accounting formation should encompass the necessary competences so that the course s graduate student can be placed in the labor market so as to respond to its demands as well as to the settings of the global economic policies, consciously and critically, ensuring thus the citizenship exercise by envisaging better life conditions and information democratization. Due to this fact, this research aimed at analyzing the existent relationship between the theoretical knowledge and the practice knowledge in the Accounting formation from the pedagogical-political fundamentals of Higher Education in the state of Paraíba. Consequently, Jürgem Habermas´ contributions to the Theory of Communicative Action were used with the intention to understand the relation established between the theoretical discourse and the practical one, having as starting point the definitions of instrumental reason and communicative reason . For the development of this research of empirical classification and quanti-qualitative approach, the exploratory typology was adopted having bibliographical and documental research as procedures. As to data collection, a questionnaire with closed questions was answered by students/trainees from the following public institutions: UFPB Campus I, UFPB Campus IV, UFCG Campus Sousa, UEPB Campus I and UEPB Campus VI. The results obtained from the content analysis of the Pedagogical Projects of the Courses (PPCs) denote the fulfillment of the National Curricular Guidelines (DCNs) by the researched Higher Education Institutions. The analysis of syllabuses of the Laboratory of Practices demonstrates that the activities inherent to the exercise of accounting profession were not fully covered. Time dedicated to the total course load is reduced thus highlighting that there is concern with reflection and understanding originated from the objectives of the accounting technique, and with the means on attaining the specific goals, providing instrumental rationality. Questionnaire results reveal that the courses have a highly theoretical design. Practices are not carried out in full time and their focus is on the modus operandi . The training students feel fairly qualified for their entry in the labor market and they are not fully prepared to perform all the activities that are fulfilled by means of technological systems. The duality, that the obtained data make reference to the hypothesis, corroborates the dichotomy itself of the accounting formation that is related to the imperatives of instrumental rationality as well as to the communicative one. It can be concluded, however not acceptable, that in the accounting formation, the practice is dissociated from the theory and vice versa.
A Estratégia Saúde da Família enfrenta hoje o grande desafio de superar um modelo de atenção biologicista, e consolidar-se como espaço de cuidado integral, de inovação, e de aprendizagem contínua. Reconhecer as diferentes subculturas nas organizações e potencializar a aprendizagem individual e coletiva é essencial em espaços como este. Nesta pesquisa estudamos a Aprendizagem e a Cultura Organizacional em uma unidade docente-assistencial, campo de prática para alguns cursos de graduação e para a residência em medicina de família e comunidade da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Fizemos um estudo de caso com uma abordagem qualitativa apoiado na hermenêutica-dialética. Realizamos 15 entrevistas com profissionais (incluindo residentes), apoiadores e preceptores da residência. A equipe se mostrou com traços positivos de coletividade, tolerância ao outro, compreensão, e como aspectos negativos uma relação tensa com a gestão e, poucos e difíceis espaços de conversa. A residência foi um ponto discutido como fator de mudança de práticas, qualificação do cuidado, e de construção de propostas para a unidade de saúde. Ao mesmo tempo, as mudanças ocorridas neste período geram ansiedades e conflitos trabalhados pela equipe. As unidade estudada apresentou algumas identificações com princípios da Atenção Básica, principalmente com o trabalho em equipe, e o cuidado ao paciente. Diversos aspectos foram levantados sobre a valorização e desvalorização do trabalho, principalmente o reconhecimento do trabalho no primeiro, e condições difíceis de trabalho no segundo. O acolhimento e o papel do apoiador, foram temas repetidamente discutido nas entrevistas.

My thesis aims to delve into Immanuel Kant&rsquo
s formulation of the faculty of imagination in his Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of the Power of Judgment. In relation to the First Critique, it specifically concerns the relation of the &ldquo
mysterious&rdquo
function of imagination to the object and its representation as one of the fundamental steps of the emergence or production of theoretical knowledge. As regards the Third Critique, it scrutinizes the relation of imagination to reflective, as opposed to determinative, judgment and seeks to specify its role in aesthetic appreciation and artistic creativity. The thesis first provides us with a background to Kant&rsquo
s philosophy, delineating the specific issues at hand and briefly introducing important Kantian fundaments, along with imagination, by making use of secondary literature. It then views imagination as has been theorized throughout the history of philosophy up until the age of Enlightenment and examines Kant&rsquo
s two Critiques with a focus on imagination. Thirdly, it evaluates the aspects of Kantian imagination through the works of scholars whose differing interpretations are compared and disputed. Taking mainly the discussions of the previous chapter into account, the conclusion chapter constitutes my own interpretation of the disputes and possible solutions related to the imagination within the broader frame of Kantian philosophy.

A presente tese tem como intuito inicial investigar as asserções aparentemente conflituosas que Kant faz sobre as coisas em si mesmas, ora em sentido estritamente negativo, como a representação problemática de algo completamente indeterminado, ora em sentido positivo como fundamento ou causa dos fenômenos. Partindo de interpretações que compreendem esse conflito entre asserções sobre as coisas em si mesmas como tendo sua origem nos dois problemas que a filosofia crítica procura solucionar a possibilidade do conhecimento especulativo e a fundamentação da moral , procura-se reconstruir, num primeiro momento, o vínculo entre a crítica da razão e os diferentes modos de representação das coisas em si mesmas. Argumentamos que a diferenciação da faculdade racional em duas atividades ou espontaneidades, entendimento e razão, que são expostas pela crítica como produtoras de conceitos e legislações distintas, exige duas maneiras de formular, criticamente, o conceito de númeno. A primeira formulação é feita pelo entendimento mediante a abstração das condições sensíveis de aplicação das categorias, dada sua originariedade em relação à sensibilidade. Este conceito tem de permanecer, contudo, em um sentido estritamente negativo e problemático, visto as categorias consistirem apenas em funções de síntese de representações sensíveis e estarem limitadas, por isso, a um uso empírico. A segunda formulação é feita, em contrapartida, pelas idéias da razão, que pressupõem um prolongamento da síntese pensada nas categorias até o incondicionado. Ainda que envolva uma aparência transcendental essas idéias se fazem necessárias, principalmente, em vista do uso prático da razão. Num segundo momento, porém, voltando nossa atenção ao esforço de Kant em articular sistematicamente esses diferentes modos de representação das coisas em si mesmas no interior da filosofia crítica, procuramos mostrar como a elaboração do conceito de autonomia na passagem para o uso prático, possibilita uma maneira de operar com a aparência transcendental presente nas ideias, sem violar a limitação das categorias ao uso empírico. Nesse sentido, explicitamos como a crítica da razão em seu uso prático desvela um novo caminho para a faculdade de julgar, em que lhe é permitido aplicar legitimamente a categoria de causalidade com referência aos númenos.
The initial aim of this thesis is to investigate the apparently conflicting claims that Kant makes about the things in themselves, sometimes in a strictly negative sense, as a problematic representation of something completely undetermined, sometimes in a positive sense as the ground or the cause of the appearances. Starting with interpretations that understand this conflict between the claims about things in themselves as having its origin in two problems that the critical philosophy aims to solve the possibility of speculative knowledge and the moral foundation our first task is to reconstruct the link between the critique of reason and the different ways of representing things in themselves. We argue that the differentiation of the rational faculty in two activities or spontaneities understanding and reason which are presented by the critical view as producers of distinct concepts and laws, requires two ways to critically formulate the concept of noumenon. The first formulation is made by the understanding by abstraction of sensible conditions of application of the categories, given its originality in relation to sensibility. This concept must remain, however, in a strictly negative and problematic sense, since the categories consist only in synthetic functions of sensible representations and thus are limited to the empirical use. The second formulation, on the other hand, is made by the ideas of reason, which require an extension of the synthesis thought in the categories up to the unconditioned. Those ideas are needed especially in view of the practical use of reason, despite the fact they involve a \"transcendental appearance\". Turning our attention to Kant\'s effort to systematically articulate these different modes of representation of things in themselves within the critical philosophy, the second task of the thesis is to show how the concept of autonomy elaborated in the transition to practical use, provides a way to work with the transcendental appearance present in the ideas, without violating the limitation of the categories to empirical use. In this sense, we elucidate how the critique of reason in its practical use reveals a new path for the faculty of judgment, in which it is legitimately allowed to apply the category of causality with reference to noumena.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена актуальній науково-практичної проблеми пошуку і розробки нових способів для вимірювання опору ЗП, розробки нових конструкцій ЗП, що дозволяють спростити реконструкцію ПС, а також створення і вдосконалення математичних моделей і програм для розрахунку електричних характеристик ЗП довільних конструкцій. Аналіз результатів обстеження існуючих ЗП ПС, виявив серйозні порушення, які призводять до відхилення параметрів від норми і до необхідності модернізації ЗП ПС. Показано, що модернізація ЗП призводить до відновлення його нормованих параметрів. Розроблено математичні моделі ЗП простих дворівневих конструкцій з горизонтальних або кільцевих електродів. В результаті дослідження електричного поля виявлено, що потенціал на поверхні землі над центром квадратного заземлювача може бути вище, ніж над електродом. Удосконалено математичну модель складного дворівневого ЗП ПС, розроблений метод розрахунку його електричних характеристик. Проведено дослідження впливу глибини закладення сітки верхнього рівня ЗП ПС, товщини шару зволоження, просихання або промерзання ґрунту і конструкції ЗП на його електричні характеристики. Виконано теоретичне обґрунтування методу та розроблено спосіб вимірювання опору ЗП ПС в умовах щільної забудови території. Метод застосуємо при будь-якому характері неоднорідності ґрунту, будь-яких розмірах і конфігурації ЗП і довільному розміщенні вимірювальних електродів без відшукання точки нульового потенціалу. Експериментально досліджені електричні характеристики дворівневого ЗП ПС методом фізичного моделювання в електролітичній ванні. Отримані результати показали хороший збіг з результатами розрахунків.
Dissertation for the degree of Ph.D., specialty 05.14.02 – power stations, networks and systems. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the actual and practical problem of search and development of new methods for measurement of resistance of the grounding devices; developments of new designs of the grounding devices allowing to simplify reconstruction of substations; creation and enhancement of mathematical models and programs for calculation of electric characteristics of the grounding devices of any designs. The analysis of the results of the inspection of existing grounding devices of substations revealed serious violations that lead to deviation of parameters from the norm and to the need for modernization of grounding devices of substations. It is shown that the modernization of grounding devices leads to the restoration of its normalized parameters. Mathematical models of grounding devices of simple two-level structures of horizontal or ring electrodes are developed. As a result of the investigation of the electric field, it is revealed that the potential on the surface of the ground above the center of the square grounding electrode can be higher than above the electrode. The mathematical model of complex two-level grounding devices of substations is enhanced. The method of its electrical characteristics calculating is developed. The influence of the depth of the grid of the upper level of the grounding devices of the substations, the thickness of the humidification layer, the drying or freezing of the soil and the design of the grounding devices on its electrical characteristics was studied. Based on the theoretical substantiation of the method, a technique for measuring the resistance of grounding devices of substations in conditions of dense building of the territory is developed. The method is applicable for any kind of ground heterogeneity, any size and configuration of grounding devices and arbitrary placement of measuring electrodes without finding a zero potential point. Electric characteristics two-level the grounding devices of substations are experimentally researched by method of physical modeling in an electrolytic bathtub. The received results showed good coincidence to results of calculations.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена актуальній науково-практичної проблеми пошуку і розробки нових способів для вимірювання опору ЗП, розробки нових конструкцій ЗП, що дозволяють спростити реконструкцію ПС, а також створення і вдосконалення математичних моделей і програм для розрахунку електричних характеристик ЗП довільних конструкцій. Аналіз результатів обстеження існуючих ЗП ПС, виявив серйозні порушення, які призводять до відхилення параметрів від норми і до необхідності модернізації ЗП ПС. Показано, що модернізація ЗП призводить до відновлення його нормованих параметрів. Розроблено математичні моделі ЗП простих дворівневих конструкцій з горизонтальних або кільцевих електродів. В результаті дослідження електричного поля виявлено, що потенціал на поверхні землі над центром квадратного заземлювача може бути вище, ніж над електродом. Удосконалено математичну модель складного дворівневого ЗП ПС, розроблений метод розрахунку його електричних характеристик. Проведено дослідження впливу глибини закладення сітки верхнього рівня ЗП ПС, товщини шару зволоження, просихання або промерзання ґрунту і конструкції ЗП на його електричні характеристики. Виконано теоретичне обґрунтування методу та розроблено спосіб вимірювання опору ЗП ПС в умовах щільної забудови території. Метод застосуємо при будь-якому характері неоднорідності ґрунту, будь-яких розмірах і конфігурації ЗП і довільному розміщенні вимірювальних електродів без відшукання точки нульового потенціалу. Експериментально досліджені електричні характеристики дворівневого ЗП ПС методом фізичного моделювання в електролітичній ванні. Отримані результати показали хороший збіг з результатами розрахунків.
Dissertation for the degree of Ph.D., specialty 05.14.02 – power stations, networks and systems. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the actual and practical problem of search and development of new methods for measurement of resistance of the grounding devices; developments of new designs of the grounding devices allowing to simplify reconstruction of substations; creation and enhancement of mathematical models and programs for calculation of electric characteristics of the grounding devices of any designs. The analysis of the results of the inspection of existing grounding devices of substations revealed serious violations that lead to deviation of parameters from the norm and to the need for modernization of grounding devices of substations. It is shown that the modernization of grounding devices leads to the restoration of its normalized parameters. Mathematical models of grounding devices of simple two-level structures of horizontal or ring electrodes are developed. As a result of the investigation of the electric field, it is revealed that the potential on the surface of the ground above the center of the square grounding electrode can be higher than above the electrode. The mathematical model of complex two-level grounding devices of substations is enhanced. The method of its electrical characteristics calculating is developed. The influence of the depth of the grid of the upper level of the grounding devices of the substations, the thickness of the humidification layer, the drying or freezing of the soil and the design of the grounding devices on its electrical characteristics was studied. Based on the theoretical substantiation of the method, a technique for measuring the resistance of grounding devices of substations in conditions of dense building of the territory is developed. The method is applicable for any kind of ground heterogeneity, any size and configuration of grounding devices and arbitrary placement of measuring electrodes without finding a zero potential point. Electric characteristics two-level the grounding devices of substations are experimentally researched by method of physical modeling in an electrolytic bathtub. The received results showed good coincidence to results of calculations.

This chapter reviews the literature applying health behavior theories to indoor tanning. Few studies have tried to fit full versions of health behavior models to indoor tanning. Theoretical models from the family of theories referred to as the reasoned action approach (e.g., theory of planned behavior, behavioral alternative model, prototype willingness model, etc.) have been most commonly used to study indoor tanning. Results indicate that these models fit indoor tanning data moderately to extremely well. Two lesser known models, problem behavior theory and the terror management health model, have also demonstrated a reasonable fit. Two other common models, the health belief model and social cognitive theory, have never been fully tested with indoor tanning. However, key constructs from these models (e.g., perceived susceptibility and threat, modeling) have been used to understand indoor tanning. Empirical research conducted represents a solid start toward developing strong, comprehensive models of indoor tanning that can guide intervention efforts. This initial work needs to be expanded by conducting longitudinal studies and by including a broader age range in studies because the majority of existing work has focused on young adults. Incorporating findings related to tanning dependency, peer group affiliation, media influences and other constructs into these foundational models will also improve our understanding and ability to develop efficacious interventions to reduce engagement in this health risk behavior.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho apresenta uma reconstrução e uma defesa do pensamento crítico-transcendental kantiano no que concerne ao problema do sistema da razão. Sustenta-se a tese de que a consideração kantiana do problema do sistema se fundamenta na autossuficiência dos domínios teórico e prático da razão. Garante-se, para tal, que essa consideração parte da certeza da necessidade de um método próprio para a filosofia em relação à matemática e culmina na justificação crítica do mesmo método enquanto sintético a priori. Assegura-se, outrossim, que a posição kantiana mantém a sua singularidade ao conceber as determinações teórica e prática da razão ambas como ativas e determinantes em seus domínios próprios de atuação. A estrutura da tese é amparada por quatro momentos na argumentação do trabalho. Inicialmente, pondera-se a (in)dependência de justificação da filosofia em relação à matemática no pensamento de Leibniz, Wolff e na posição de Kant da década de 1750. Num segundo momento, considera-se a defesa kantiana, na década de 1760, do método da filosofia enquanto analítico, e a retomada dessa posição, na década de 1770. Num terceiro momento, apresenta-se a justificação crítica do método da filosofia enquanto sintético a priori no empreendimento da dedução das categorias. Num quarto e último momento, por fim, atende-se especificamente à consideração do problema do sistema nas décadas de 1780 e 1790. Apresenta-se, como resultado desses quatro momentos da investigação, a conclusão de que a abordagem do problema do sistema deixa-se ler, na própria formulação kantiana, como um “sistema da Crítica”. Fórmula essa que representa uma filosofia que, desde que estruturada enquanto Weltbegriff, nutre-se da positividade das determinações teórica e prática da razão e, para tal, é justamente resultante da observância de um plano concebido segundo o seu Schulbegriff.
This PhD research presents a reconstruction and a defense of Kant’s critical-transcendental philosophy concerning the problem of the system of reason. The thesis presented here sustains that Kant’s approach to the problem is grounded on the self-sufficiency of the theoretical and practical domains of reason. For this purpose, it is argued that Kant’s approach departs from the guarantee of the necessity of a specific method for philosophy in relation to mathematics and ends up with the critical justification of this method as synthetic a priori. It is also argued that the Kantian position maintains its singularity while conceiving the theoretical and practical determinations of reason as both active and determinative in their own domains. The structure of the thesis is grounded upon four steps of argumentation. Initially, the (in)dependent justification of philosophy in relation to mathematics in Leibniz, Wolff and the Kantian position in the 1750s is taken into account. Secondly, Kant’s account of the method of philosophy as analytic in the 1760s and its reconsideration in the 1770s is pointed out. After that, the critical justification of the method of philosophy as synthetic a priori in the enterprise of the deduction of the categories is set forth. Finally, a consideration of the problem of the system of philosophy in the 1780s and 1790s is carried out. As a result of these four moments of investigation, the conclusion reached is that Kant’s approach to the problem of the system of reason is better read, in his own words, as a “system of the Critic”. This being the formula of a philosophy that, as Weltbegriff, is nourished by both theoretical and practical determinations of reason, and, as such, counts on the consideration of a plan which is precisely conceived according to its Schulbegriff

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A História proporciona, em certa medida, um relato da sociedade na qual se está envolvido no presente. É naquela que está a possibilidade de respostas a certas inquietações, sem que tais respostas transbordem da sua condição de respostas para a de soluções. Mas olhar a História é, com efeito, olhar a tessitura e os vários “textos” que a formam. Os vários “eventos” devem ser considerados nesse contexto. No correr da História, no tempo e no espaço do Ocidente, ela sempre foi vista como uma sucessão de etapas, etapas vistas como mudanças que, por sua vez, decorriam de escolhas e supressões. O posterior, se não moralmente, ideologicamente superior ao anterior. Para essa narrativa ser possível, mister uma estrutura conceitual filosófica que representasse e justificasse os valores envolvidos nas escolhas: a Filosofia. A partir da filosofia grega, constitui-se um esteio justificador que permeou todas as demais instituições, especialmente o Estado e o Direito. Efetivamente as escolha são feitas; o que predomina, porém, jamais se demite da sua experiência anterior, pois não há rigorosamente nada de originário. O evento, seja o Estado, seja o Direito, sempre está vinculado ao contexto. Um contexto de ações, atitudes, de cultura, em um sentido amplo, envolvendo todos os comportamentos, modos de pensar e agir do homem; envolvendo o ethos; isso é o originário. Na dinamização da cultura é que se pode observar o valor das ações. O valor atribuído a elas é o critério usado para se proceder às escolhas e configura, portanto, o núcleo ético-mítico no espaço e no tempo da civilização ocidental. Se desde sempre se está em um mundo de escolhas, desde sempre se está num mundo prático. A Filosofia no entanto, transformada em metafísica, esconde essa questão originária da escolha, ao cindir a razão e subordinando a razão prática à razão teórica, na medida em que esta fornece os elementos estruturais necessários (transcendentes) para a formulação dos juízos. Cindir a razão é uma escolha, vinculada a um modo de agir, a uma atitude, a um ethos. Isso está repercutido na forma como a História é considerada (etapas sucessivas e superiores) e na fundamentação filosófica do Estado e do Direito. O exemplo da Modernidade é eloquente, pois, a pretexto de superar o Medievo, recupera materiais da Antiguidade clássica, sem dar-se conta, no entanto, que o Medievo sequer rompera com a Antiguidade. Assim, é possível olhar a História não na linearidade da sucessão de fases e períodos, mas como um desdobramento cultural em espaço definido. Esse ponto de vista permite identificar nas manifestações políticas (Estado) e jurídicas (Direito) a natureza das escolhas a partir da fundamentação filosófica. Estado e Direito, em que pese serem conquistas (no sentido positivo) da civilização ocidental, conservam a originariedade do ethos civilizatório. O desvelamento é possível a partir da filosofia hermenêutica ou da hermenêutica filosófica. Retirar o véu encobridor das relações, não apenas revela os tantos problemas sociais, deixa implícita uma contradição: mantém-se um discurso que substitui a realidade (o uno) pela aparência (a igualdade entre o uno e outro) e a verdade, com efeito, é entregue à retórica, ao argumento. A hermenêutica filosófica não é normativa, mas apenas por meio dela é que se pode dizer que desde sempre se está na razão prática, desde sempre se faz escolhas, na História e na Linguagem.
History provides, to a certain extent, a report of the society in which it is involved at the present. It is in that which is the possibility of responses to certain concerns, without which such answers exceeds its condition of answers to solutions. But looking at History is, in fact, look at the structure and the various "texts" that forms it. The various "events" should be considered in this context. In the course of History, time and space in the West, it has always been seen as a succession of steps, steps seen as changes which, in its turn, resulted from choices and omissions.The latter, if not morally, ideologically superior to the former. To be possible this narrative, it is necessary a philosophical conceptual framework that could represent and justify the values involved in the choices: Philosophy. From the Greek philosophy, is a mainstay justifier that permeated all the other institutions, especially the State and the Law. Effectively the choices are made; what predominates, however, never resigns from his previous experience, because there is absolutely nothing of originating. The event, being it the State, being it the Law, is always linked to the context. A context of actions, attitudes, culture, in a wide sense involving all behaviors, ways of thinking and acting of the human being, involving the ethos, that is original. In fostering the culture that it is possible to observe the value of the actions. The value assigned to them is the criteria used to make the choices and configures, therefore the ethical and mythical nucleus in both space and time of Western civilization. If since always one is in a world of choices, since always is in a practical world. Philosophy, however, turned into metaphysics, hides this original question of choice, splitting the reason and subordinating practical reason to theoretical reason, in so far as that it provides the necessary structural elements (transcendent) for the formulation of judgments. Split the reason is a choice, linked to a way of acting, to an attitude, to an ethos. This is reflected in the way history is considered (successive and superior stages) and the philosophical foundation of the State and Law. The example of Modernity is eloquent, thus the pretext of overcoming the Medieval period, recovers materials of classical antiquity, without realizing, however, that the Medieval period even broken with the antiquity. Thus, it is possible to look at History not in the linearity of the succession of phases and periods, but as a cultural unfolding in definite space. This point of view allows the identification of the political demonstrations (state) and legal (law) the nature of the choices from the philosophical foundation. State and Law, although being conquests (in the positive sense) of Western civilization, retain the originating of ethos civilization. The unveiling is possible from the hermeneutic philosophy or of philosophical hermeneutics. Remove the veil that covers the relationship, not only reveals the many social problems, but it is implicit a contradiction: it remains a discourse that replaces the reality (the sole one) by the appearance (equality between the one and another) and the truth, indeed, is given to rhetoric, to the argument.The philosophical hermeneutics is not normative, but only through it is possible to say that since one is always in practical reason, one always makes choices, in the History and Language.

This work is dedicated to the development of a unified account of both theoretical and practical rationality. I adopt a particular view of evaluative properties, according to which entities are evaluated as good or bad according to how well they fulfill the constitutive functions of their kinds. I argue that the function of belief is to accurately represent reality, while the function of action is to satisfy the agent’s desires. These functions fix the goodness- or success-conditions of belief and action. With these functions in place, I adopt a reliabilist conception of reasoning which evaluates reasoning processes by how well they allow us to achieve the constitutive aims of belief and action. Moreover, I argue that the process of determining which action will best satisfy our desires is a cognitive matter – non-cognitive states like desire do not actually provide the agent with reasons.

The diploma thesis deals with problems of depression in older people. Mainly the work is focused on identifying and analyzing the role of nurses in screening for depression in older people in primary care, acute care, long-term care and home care. This thesis was focused on theoretical direction and was used the method of design and demonstration. In this thesis was set one main goals with five research questions. The main goal was to identify and analyze the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly. RQ 1: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 2: What is the role of the nurse in the primary care in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 3: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in hospitalized patients in acute care? RQ 4: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in seniors in long-term and home care? RQ 5: What rating scales and methods are used in screening for depression in the elderly? The thesis introduce the concept of depression. The following are specified the causes of and the important factors that affect depression in the elderly. It also deals the differences in the clinical symptomatology of depression in old age. It explains possibilities and various barriers in the diagnosis of depression. Another chapter introduces complete geriatric examination, diagnostic classification systems, possible screening methods and scales for detection of depression in the elderly population. It also deals methods of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and its possible complications associated with older age. By reason of increased suicide rate caused by depressive disorder the issue of suicidal behavior in the elderly is introduced. The next chapter deals with the nursing process, which is used by nurses in practice. It consists of the evaluation of the patient's health condition, making nursing diagnosis, creating nursing plan and subsequent implementation and evaluation. The nursing process is also needy for providing quality care. The nursing process in the stage of nursing diagnosis, introduces possible nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from depression, which are based on the latest classification. Finally is described the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly in different health facilities and their contribution to the timely evaluation of depression in the elderly. This chapter introduces the role of nurses, nursing screening and collaboration with a physician. The role of nurses in screening for depression in different medical facilities is based on the first phase of the nursing process of assessment. On the basis of objective and subjective information, the nurse will assess the overall health and mental condition of the patient. Primarily, it was investigated what is the role of the nurse in screening for depression. On the basis of content analysis and synthesis it was necessary to used and processed domestic and foreign literature. A number of relevant sources are the results of various studies and Meta-analyzes, mostly from abroad, but also from the Czech Republic. The thesis can serve as a basis for nurses. The result of this thesis is to create e-learning material available for students in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice in the tutorial called Moodle.