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1
Fraser, Carolyn. Seventeen reasons: An essay of contingent acts, or, short theoretical stories. [Covelo, Calif.]: Idlewild Press, 1999.
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2
Crespo, Ricardo F. Theoretical and Practical Reason in Economics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5564-2.
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Crespo, Ricardo F. Theoretical and practical reason in economics: Capacities and capabilities. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, 2013.
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4
Caruana, Sandro, Karl Chircop, Phyllisienne Gauci, and Mario Pace. Politiche e pratiche per l’educazione linguistica, il multilinguismo e la comunicazione interculturale. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-501-8.
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Valuing diversity is one of the main goals of language education. This is both related to the education of learners of different nationalities and to the reasons for which languages are learned today, often determined by the need for social integration and to find employment. Language competences gain value through multilingualism, together with opportunities for intercultural communication. At the same time, language policies should be evaluated and renewed constantly. These issues are discussed in this volume, through contributions which take different languages into consideration and which are based on varied theoretical and conceptual frameworks, while pertaining to the fields of Applied Linguistics and Language Education.
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The concept of scientific law in the philosophy of science and epistemology: A study of theoretical reason. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999.
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Hanzel, Igor. The concept of scientific law in the philosphy of science and epistemology: A study of theoretical reason. Boston: Kluwer, 1999.
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Hanzel, Igor. The Concept of Scientific Law in the Philosophy of Science and Epistemology: A Study of Theoretical Reason. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999.
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Chernikovskaya, Marina, and Igor Chyemyezov. Change Management. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18430.
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The nature, the reasons, regularities, conditions and mechanisms of carrying out changes in the organizations are considered. Theoretical bases of professional and effective management of organizational changes are reflected: the objective regularities of changes in the organizations which are shown during their development; main objects and objects of changes in the organizations; value of the organizational context influencing the choice of technologies of management of changes and nature of development of changes; options and sequence of implementation of the operated changes in the organization; variety of possible technologies of management of changes;
approaches to the choice of strategy of implementation of changes and strategy; the main obstacles in implementation of changes; effective remedies and technology of overcoming of resistance to changes; stages of carrying out reengineering of business processes; introduction of quality systems in the Russian companies.
The textbook is intended for use when training bachelors in the Management direction 38.03.02, and also for all interested by problems of management of changes in the organizations.
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Kapustin, A., V. Avhadeev, A. Golovina, A. Kashirkina, E. Kienko, A. Morozov, E. Morozova, et al. Formation of a modern international legal concept for the exploration and use of outer space. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1241334.
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The exploration and use of outer space, which began in the mid-twentieth century, led to the formation of international space law, designed to regulate the relations of States in this relatively new sphere of human activity. The undulating nature of the development of this branch of international law, for objective reasons, has led to the complication of international legal regulation of space activities. The dynamics of scientific and technological progress and the development of technologies in the space sphere exacerbates competition between space powers and international organizations, creates new challenges for international cooperation in space exploration and requires innovative legal solutions. The doctrine of international law is faced with the task of generalizing new problems and processes and developing conceptual models for the further development of international space law. The dynamics of the conceptual perception of international space law is traced, new theoretical approaches to the concept of the international legal status of outer space and individual regimes and concepts of its use in modern conditions are proposed. Taking into account the trends in the institutionalization of international space activities and the impact of economic integration processes on international cooperation in space, primarily in the Euro-Asian region, the role of international organizations in the international legal regulation of space activities and the harmonization of national legislation is analyzed. In addition, certain aspects of future space exploration are considered as a legal forecast. For researchers, teachers, postgraduates and students, civil servants and practicing lawyers, as well as for anyone interested in the problems of modern international law.
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Littlejohn, Clayton. Reasons and Theoretical Rationality. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.24.
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This chapter explores the relationship between reasons and epistemic rationality. In recent debates about rationality and evidence, internalist evidentialism is quite popular. Using this theory as our stalking horse, we examine debates about the ontology of evidence and reasons, a puzzle about rationality and evidential support relations, work on the relationship between reasons and rationality, and some underexplored issues concerning the relationship between knowledge, evidence, and normative reasons. We shall see that there are good grounds for thinking that the normative reasons that matter in epistemology are not always pieces of evidence, that there is no simple story about the relationship between believing rationally and responding correctly to the evidence or the reasons, that there are problems with formal accounts of evidential support, and that attractive views about the ontology of reasons suggest that it can be rational to believe without having a belief based on reasons.
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Star, Daniel. Reasoning with Reasons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758709.003.0013.
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Many think it is a truism that, whatever else they are, normative reasons are the kind of things that we reason with. Agents use reasons as guides to determine what to do, as well as to determine what to believe, or not believe. Jonathan Way and others have argued for a stronger claim that reasons just are premises in practical or theoretical reasoning. This chapter argues that, while it is true that reasons are the kind of things that function as premises in practical or theoretical reasoning, this is compatible with understanding reasons to be evidence that we ought to do or believe certain acts or propositions. Furthermore, once this option is on the table, it is attractive to suppose that it provides a deeper analysis of what it is to be a reason than the reasons-as-premises-in-reasoning view does.
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Martin, Keith M. Theoretical versus Practical Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788003.003.0003.
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In this chapter, we consider the relationship between theoretical and practical security of a cryptosystem. The concept of perfect secrecy is introduced, and the one-time pad is exhibited as a cryptosystem having this property. We explain why the one-time pad offers the best possible theoretical security that any cryptosystem can have. We then identify reasons why the one-time pad may well be insecure when adopted in practice. The compromises real cryptosystems adopt for reasons of practicality are investigated with the intention of working towards a notion of practical security of a cryptosystem.
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Schafer, Karl. Constitutivism about Reasons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797074.003.0004.
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Contemporary forms of Kantian constitutivism generally begin with a conception of agency on which the constitutive aim of agency is some form of autonomy or self-unification. This chapter argues for a re-orientation of the Kantian constitutivist project towards views that begin with a conception of rationality on which both theoretical and practical rationality aim at forms of understanding. In a slogan, then, understanding-first as opposed to autonomy-first constitutivism. Such a view gives the constitutivist new resources for explaining many classes of reasons, while also offering a new way of understanding the unity of theoretical and practical reason. The chapter concludes by arguing that the resulting view is best understood, not so much as an alternative to autonomy-first constitutivism, but as a complement to it.
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Müller, Andreas. Constructing Practical Reasons. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754329.001.0001.
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Some things are reasons for us to perform certain actions. That it will spare you great pain in the future, for example, is a reason for you to go to the dentist now, and that you are already late for work is a reason for you not to read the next article in the morning paper. Why are such considerations reasons for or against certain actions? Constructivism offers an intriguing answer to this question. Its basic idea is often encapsulated in the slogan that reasons are not discovered but made by us. This book elaborates the constructivist idea into a fully fledged account of practical reasons, makes its theoretical commitments explicit, and defends it against some well-known objections. It begins with an examination of the distinctive role that reason judgements play in the process of practical reasoning. This provides the resources for an anti-representationalist conception of the nature of those judgements, according to which they are true, if they are true, not because they accurately represent certain normative facts, but because of their role in sound reasoning. On the resulting view, a consideration owes its status as a reason to the truth of the corresponding reason judgement and thus, ultimately, to the soundness of a certain episode of reasoning. Consequently, our practical reasons exhibit a kind of mind-dependence, but this does not force us to deny their objectivity.
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Malmgren, Helge. The theoretical basis of the biopsychosocial model. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198530343.003.0002.
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This chapter addresses the philosophy behind the biopsychosocial model. It summarizes five aetiological problems that the biopsychosocial model must address (nature versus nurture; single-factor versus multifactor causality; somatic versus mental causes; reasons versus causes; conscious versus non-conscious influences) with a particular focus on the mind-body problem, and uses an analogy between computer hardware and software to describe the relationship between the mind and body.
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Reisner, Andrew. Two Theses about the Distinctness of Practical and Theoretical Normativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758709.003.0012.
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In a tradition linked to Aristotle and Kant, it has become common for contemporary philosophers to treat practical and theoretical normativity as constituting two genuinely distinct domains. Despite this, it remains unclear what it is, or would be, for practical and theoretical normativity to in fact be distinct domains. This chapter considers the question of what it is for normative domains to be distinct and proposes that there are two different ways that the distinctness thesis might be understood. One is by reference to final oughts: roughly, a normative domain is distinct because it has its own final ought. The other is by considering the relationship between reasons, what they are reasons for, and the sources of those reasons. The chapter explains important differences between the accounts and discusses some considerations that arise in light of those differences for more general normative theorizing.
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Zagzebski, Linda. Faith and Reason. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.27.
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This article examines the potential conflict between faith and reason, with emphasis on the relation between beliefs arising from revelation and beliefs arising from reason. It analyses the reasonableness or unreasonableness of faith, focusing on the conditions that make believing what one is told reasonable, or unreasonable, and the sense of reasonable intended when applied to faith. In order to have a method for determining the reasonableness of a belief, it considers two kinds of epistemic reasons: theoretical and deliberative. The chapter argues that trust in ourselves when we are epistemically conscientious is more basic than either theoretical or deliberative reasons, and more basic than any norms of reasoning. It concludes by considering the place of faith in the epistemically conscientious person and suggesting that faith has a component of belief on the word of God which does not conflict with reason directly, but which can be reasonable or unreasonable.
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Littlejohn, Clayton. Evidence and Its Limits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758709.003.0007.
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On a standard way of thinking about the relationships between evidence, reasons, and epistemic justification, a subject’s evidence consists of her potential reasons for her beliefs, these reasons constitute the normative reasons that bear on whether to believe, and justification is taken to result from relations between a subject’s potential reasons for her beliefs and those beliefs. This chapter argues that this view makes a number of mistakes about the rational roles of reasons and evidence and explores some parallels between practical and theoretical reasons. Just as justified action is unobjectionable action, justified belief is unobjectionable belief. Just as you cannot object to someone deciding to do something simply on the grounds that their reasons for acting didn’t give them strong reason to act, you cannot object to someone believing something simply on the grounds that they didn’t believe for reasons that gave their beliefs strong evidential support.
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Dancy, Jonathan. Loose Ends. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0011.
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This short chapter ties up some loose ends. It considers briefly the question how much of the picture presented in this book is available to those who take a Humean approach to practical reason. It considers very briefly the relation of the views presented earlier to those of Anscombe, Peirce, and Dewey. It considers whether, on the account here given, we should accept anything worth calling the Primacy of Practical Reason—a general view about the relation between practical reason and theoretical reason, which is not the same as the Primacy of the Practical, which is a view about the relation between certain sorts of reasons. And it asks how much should change if we allow, as I do not, that propositions can be reasons.
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Nisenbaum, Karin. The Legacy of Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680640.003.0002.
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Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, a key figure in the reception of Kant’s critical philosophy, has long been regarded as a critic of the Enlightenment, who argued that philosophical reflection leads to a form of nihilism and advocated the idea that all human knowledge “derives from revelation and faith.” This chapter sheds new light on the reasons why Jacobi uses religious language to criticize the philosophical tradition. Going against a long tradition of interpreters who believe that Jacobi is an irrationalist, Nisenbaum argues that Jacobi’s concern is to restore human reason by unveiling reason’s practical foundation. In doing so, it highlights largely overlooked parallels between Jacobi’s so-called philosophy of faith and Kant’s prioritizing of the practical. Noting these parallels helps clarify both Jacobi’s philosophical contribution and the manner in which the post-Kantian German Idealists understood Kant’s conception of the relationship and conflict between theoretical and practical reason.
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Barnhill, Anne, and Matteo Bonotti. Healthy Eating Policy and Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190937881.001.0001.
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This book develops a ‘public reason approach’ to healthy eating efforts. Public reason is the view that political rules are legitimate only if they are justified on the basis of reasons that are public, i.e. reasons that all citizens can accept at some level of idealization despite their different values and worldviews. The book applies the idea of public reason to healthy eating efforts and develops a framework that can be used in the assessment of such efforts in the real world. By doing so, the book adopts a ‘farm to fork’ approach to the ethics of healthy eating efforts: it engages with rather abstract theories and debates in political philosophy, considers the implications of different theoretical positions for healthy eating efforts, and then develops a concrete tool for assessing healthy eating efforts that will be of interest to both scholars and policymakers. The book also serves another purpose: it brings not just public reason but political philosophy more generally to bear on healthy eating efforts and the debates about it. This will be of interest to two audiences. The first audience consists of those who are familiar with healthy eating efforts but may have little experience with political philosophy—it might include public health researchers and practitioners, public health ethicists, and other researchers who take an interest in healthy eating efforts. The second audience comprises political philosophers, who will be already familiar with the concepts and theoretical debates the book considers but may find their concrete application to healthy eating efforts to be of interest.
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Dancy, Jonathan. Moral Reasoning and the Primacy of the Practical. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0006.
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This chapter considers how to locate moral reasoning in terms of the structures that have emerged so far. It does not attempt to write a complete theory of moral thought. Its main purpose is rather to reassure us that moral reasoning—which might seem to be somehow both practical and theoretical at once—can be perfectly well handled using the tools developed in previous chapters. It also considers the question how we are to explain practical reasoning—and practical reasons more generally—by contrast with the explanation of theoretical reasons and reasoning offered in Chapter 4. This leads us to the first appearance of the Primacy of the Practical. The second appearance concerns reasons to intend.
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Schafer, Karl. Hume on Practical Reason. Edited by Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.21.
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Hume’s views about practical reason are often characterized in terms of his “double Humeanism”— i.e. the conjunction of the Humean Theory of Motivation (HTM) and the Humean Theory of Reasons (HTR). But Hume actually endorsed neither the HTM nor the HTR. Instead, the purpose of his discussion of these issues was to attack certain claims about the role of the faculty of reason in the practical domain. As such, Hume’s discussion is part of a far more radical philosophical project than anything in contemporary “Humeanism”: a wholesale assault on the idea that the faculty of reason has any special normative authority in either the theoretical or practical sphere. In this way, it is only by resisting the attribution of the HTM and HTR to Hume that we can see just how deep Hume’s antirationalism extends.
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Kiesewetter, Benjamin. Explaining Instrumental Irrationality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754282.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 provides an account of instrumental irrationality in terms of requirements to respond to reasons. This anti-structuralist approach faces the challenge to explain what is irrational about means/end-incoherence in case the agent’s end is neither required nor forbidden by the agent’s reasons (10.1). It is argued that this ‘underdetermination problem’ cannot be solved by assuming that adopting an end in an underdetermined case tips the balance in favour of taking the means (10.2–10.3). Neither can instrumental irrationality be explained as an instance of akrasia or theoretical inconsistency (10.4). The remainder of the chapter develops and defends the following general idea: means/end-incoherence is irrational because it increases the risk of engaging in pointless activity and thereby wasting valuable resources, which gives one a positive reason to make a decision for taking the means or giving up the end (10.5–10.9).
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Dancy, Jonathan. Practical Shape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.001.0001.
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This book offers a theory of practical reasoning which is Aristotelian in spirit, since it maintains that one can reason to action in very much the same ways as those in which one can reason to belief. But the book gives its own, non-Aristotelian account of what those ways are; the practical syllogism hardly appears at all. Instead, there are accounts of reasons as considerations favouring a certain response, and of other ways in which considerations can be relevant to that response. Practical reasoning involves the attempt to see how the different relevant considerations come together to favour responding in a certain way (understood here as the attempt to determine the practical shape of the situation) and in acting in that way, in the light of those considerations. The only difference between this and theoretical reasoning is that in the latter, the relevant response is a belief rather than an action. The ‘therefore’ that is involved on both sides is a ‘for these reasons’ sort of therefore. The book also shows how the account offered can make good sense of moral reasoning and of the special forms of practical reasoning that are instrumental.
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Rowland, Richard. The Normative and the Evaluative. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833611.001.0001.
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Many have been attracted to the idea that for something to be good is just for there to be reasons to favour it. This view has come to be known as the buck-passing account of value. According to the buck-passing account, for pleasure to be good is just for there to be reasons for us to desire and pursue it. And for liberty and equality to be values is just for there to be reasons for us to promote and preserve them. There has been extensive discussion of some of the problems that the buck-passing account faces such as the wrong kind of reason problem. But there has been little discussion of why we should accept the buck-passing account or what the theoretical pay-offs and other implications of accepting it are. This book provides the first comprehensive motivation and defence of the buck-passing account of value. It argues that the buck-passing account explains several important features of the relationship between reasons and value, as well as the relationship between the different varieties of value, in a way that its competitors do not. It argues that alternatives to the buck-passing account are inconsistent with important views in normative ethics, are uninformative, and are at odds with the way in which we should see practical and epistemic normativity as related. And it extends the buck-passing account to provide an account of moral properties as well as all other normative and deontic properties, such as fittingness and ought, in terms of reasons.
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Voices That Reason: Theoretical Parables (Imagined South Africa). Brill Academic Publishers, 2005.
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Crespo, Ricardo F. Theoretical and Practical Reason in Economics: Capacities and Capabilities. Springer, 2012.
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Swanton, Christine. Virtue Ethics, Thick Concepts, and Paradoxes of Beneficence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648879.003.0003.
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Reasons of beneficence are at the core of ethics and also of many of its paradoxes. What is needed for their resolution is an appreciation of the distinctive nature of what has been called the logos of ethics; an openness to a practical reality of notably reasons. That openness constitutes the mode of being of that reality and thereby its ontology. I propose a virtue ethical understanding of the logos of ethics. Here the thick virtue and vice concepts are central. This conception of the ethical provides a stark contrast to the narrowness and thinness of the “moral” as traditionally conceived. After outlining the basic theoretical position—the chapter deploys the view to resolve paradoxes of beneficence. These are the paradox of supererogation, the “It Makes No Difference” Paradox (e.g., that of pooled beneficence), and that of the underdetermination by reasons for action (e.g., of what charity to support).
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Gert, Joshua. Underdetermination by Reasons. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.20.
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The norms of rationality determine whether an act is irrational, rationally required, or rationally optional. It has seemed theoretically difficult to make significant room for the last category, because rational status is typically taken to be a function of reasons, and reasons are typically taken to have univocal strength values. But there is also a strong intuition that normal choice situations present us with many equally rational options. If this intuition is correct, two questions arise. The first is how it could be true, assuming that rational status is indeed a function of reasons. The second is whether and how we can act in a non-arbitrary way when we are faced with a choice between a number of equally rational options. This chapter examines four strategies for addressing these questions: incommensurability of reasons, parity, the ubiquity of ties, and a distinction between the justifying and requiring roles of practical reasons.
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Iliopoulos, John. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805175.003.0007.
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The construction of the Standard Theory has been a remarkable achievement of modern theoretical physics. We argue that its very success shows also its limitations. It suggests the existence of novel and still unexplored physics at higher energy scales. Although we cannot predict the details of this new physics, we have good reasons to believe that LHC may be in a position to discover it.
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Gorodeisky, Keren. Rationally Agential Pleasure? A Kantian Proposal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225100.003.0009.
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This chapter argues that, on Kant’s account, aesthetic pleasure is an exercise of rational agency insofar as, when proper, (1) it involves consciousness of its ground (the reasons for having it) and thus of itself as properly responsive to its object, and (2) actually feeling this pleasure involves its endorsement as an attitude to have. I claim that seeing this clearly requires that we divest ourselves of the following dilemma: either pleasures are the noncognitive, passive ways through which we are affected by objects or they are cognitive states by virtue of the theoretical beliefs or practical desires they involve. On my reading of Kant, this dilemma is false. Aesthetic pleasure is neither passive, nor theoretically or practically cognitive, and yet, it is an exercise of rational agency by virtue of belonging to a domain of rationality that is largely overlooked in the history of philosophy: aesthetic rationality.
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Pu, Xiaoyu. Rebranding China. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606838.001.0001.
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China plays a variety of status games, sometimes emphasizing its status as an emerging great power and other times highlighting its status as a fragile developing country. The reasons for this are unclear. Drawing on original Chinese sources, social psychological theories, and international relations theories, this book provides a theoretically informed analysis of China’s global rebranding and repositioning in the twenty-first century. Contrary to offensive realism and power transition theory, the book argues that China is not always a status maximizer eager to replace the United States as the new global leader. Differing from most constructivist and psychological studies that focus on the status seeking of rising powers, this study develops a theory of status signaling that combines both rationalist and constructivist insights. The book argues that Chinese leaders face competing pressure from domestic and international audiences to project different images. The book suggests that China’s continual struggle for international status is primarily driven by domestic political calculations. Meanwhile, at the international level, China is concerned about over-recognition of its status for instrumental reasons. The theoretical argument is illustrated through detailed analysis of Chinese foreign policy. Examining major cases such as China’s military transformation, China’s regional diplomacy, and China’s global diplomacy during the 1997 Asian and 2008 global financial crises, this book makes important contributions to international relations theory and Asian studies.
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Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. A QALY is a QALY is a QALY—or is it not? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0010.
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This chapter looks at a theoretical framework for diversions from the assumption that all units of health gain have equal social value, and examins different ways in which welfarists and non-welfarists may call for cost per weighted QALY analyses, for efficiency-based reasons, and equity-motivated reasons. A distinction is drawn between the value of health to individuals (which is a matter of preference) and the value of health of different people to society (which is a matter of normative judgement). Another distinction is drawn between weighting QALYs across different people because of who they are and weighting QALYs across different people because of the level of their baseline health. The chapter also presents a brief look at the challenges associated with empirical research in the topic, their findings, and the practicalities of cost per weighted QALYs.
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Holtom, Brooks C., and Tomoki Sekiguchi. Exploring the Relationship Between Job Embeddedness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.28.
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As we developed the concept of job embeddedness, we were determined to create a construct that explained as comprehensively as possible the reasons why people stay in organizations. Later, scholars theorized and found that on-the-job embeddedness also increased the probability of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and better job performance. More recently, Kiazad and colleagues (2015) have argued that conservation of resources theory offers a parsimonious explanation for the growing nomological network around job embeddedness. Building on this work, we explore promising directions that may contribute to the theoretical enrichment of the job embeddedness–OCB relationship including the different motives of OCBs as mediators, the relationship between job embeddedness and different types of OCBs, a closer look at the causality between job embeddedness and OCBs, theoretical integration with the social network perspective, and factors interacting with job embeddedness in influencing OCBs.
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Agathangelou, Anna M., and Heather M. Turcotte. “Feminist” Theoretical Inquiries and “IR”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.374.
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Feminist international relations (IR) theories have long provided interventions and insights into the embedded asymmetrical gender relations of global politics, particularly in areas such as security, state-nationalism, rights–citizenship, and global political economies. Yet despite the histories of struggle to increase attention to gender analysis, and women in particular, within world politics, IR knowledge and practice continues to segregate gendered and feminist analyses as if they are outside its own formation. IR as a field, discipline, and site of contestation of power has been one of the last fields to open up to gender and feminist analyses. One reason for this is the link between social science and international institutions like the United Nations, and its dominant role in the formation of foreign policy. Raising the inferior status of feminism within IR, that is, making possible the mainstreaming of gender and feminism, will require multiple centers of power and multiple marginalities. However, these institutional struggles for recognition through exclusion may themselves perpetuate similar exploitative relationships of drawing boundaries around legitimate academic and other institutional orders. In engaging, listening and writing these struggles, it is important to recognize that feminisms, feminist IR, and IR are intimately linked through disciplinary struggles and larger geopolitical struggles of world affairs and thus necessitate knowledge terrains attentive to intersectional and oppositional gendered struggles (i.e., race, sexuality, nation, class, religion, and gender itself).
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Dancy, Jonathan. Taking Stock. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0007.
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This chapter considers some general issues about the nature of the account that is emerging. It asks whether moral reasoning should have been treated as it was in Chapter 5. It also askes whether an explanation of practical reasons by appeal to value could be mirrored by a similar explanation of theoretical reasoning if one thinks of truth as a value. One might also think of the probability of a belief as a respect in which it is of value. The chapter ends by introducing the idea of a focalist account, and maintains that the account offered of practical reasoning is focalist.
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Borzaga, Carlo, and Ermanno C. Tortia. Co-operation as Co-ordination Mechanism. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.5.
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The interpretations hitherto produced on co-operatives firms have been, in general terms, unsatisfactory. The reasons are to be found in the limitations of the dominant theoretical paradigms in interpreting the individual, collective, and social reality of co-operation. Recent theoretical developments allow a new start in dealing with the most relevant economic dimensions of co-operation, by: (i) recognizing co-operation as a peculiar and basic co-ordination mechanism of the economic activity, different from market exchange and authority; (ii) considering collective and mutually beneficial entrepreneurial action, and not only individual action, as legitimate and fruitful; (iii) understanding economic motivations not only as self-interested and opportunistic ones, but also as intrinsically driven, as reciprocal, and as social. Starting from the analysis of the main market imperfections we develop a theory of co-operatives as enterprises that do not, as a norm, maximize net economic returns as their main objective, but instead pursue mutually beneficial and social aims.
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Barham, Jeremy. Mahler and the Game of History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199316090.003.0017.
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For obvious reasons, the understanding and writing of music history have favoured a linear model founded in causality and chronology. Like many disciplines, however, historiographical studies have been subjected to critiques of various theoretical and imaginative types, particularly, but not exclusively, in recent times. These critiques are outlined here, and three historiographical models critically applied to the understanding of Mahler’s music: historicism, historical materialism (after Walter Benjamin), and a more radical rhizomatic model (after Deleuze). Posited, put into operation and questioned, these models cast multi-perspectival and multi-temporal light on how Mahler’s music continues to participate in contexts of contemporary mass-media and public consciousness.
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Chan, Emily Ying Yang. Health promotion planning approaches, human behavioural change models, and health promotion theories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807179.003.0003.
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Based on the conceptual building blocks introduced in the previous chapter, this chapter further sketches theoretical approaches and models that can be employed to guide rural health and disaster preparedness education programmes, namely the MAP-IT approach, precede–proceed model, P-Process, Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Cognitive Theory, and complex interventions. These theories and models are intended to conceptualize human thought and behaviour and systematically explain the reasons behind actions such that they can be utilized to set the objectives and content of health intervention projects. Health literacy will also be discussed, with relevant examples for illustrative purposes.
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Sylvan, Kurt, and Ernest Sosa. The Place of Reasons in Epistemology. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.25.
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This chapter defends a middle ground between two extremes in the literature on the place of reasons in epistemology. Against members of the “reasons first” movement, we argue that reasons are not the sole grounds of epistemic normativity. We suggest that the virtue-theoretic property of competence is rather the key building block. To support this approach, we note that reasons must be possessed to ground central epistemic properties, and argue that possession is grounded in competence. But while we here diverge with reasons-firsters, we also distance ourselves from those who deem reasons unimportant. Indeed, we hold that having sufficient epistemic reasons is necessary and sufficient for propositional justification, and that proper basing on them yields doxastic justification. But since possession and proper basing are grounded in competence, reasons are not the end of the road: competence enables them to do their work, putting them—and us—in the middle.
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Buroker, Jill Vance. Kant on Judging and the Will. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0011.
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Kant’s Critical philosophy depends on the distinction between theoretical and practical reason, which he borrowed from Aristotle. But unlike Aristotle Kant claims that theoretical reason is subordinate to practical reason. This raises the possibility that theoretical judging could be a voluntary activity. This chapter investigates Kant’s view of the relation between theoretical judgments and the will. Based on Andrew Chignell’s recent work, it is argued that Kant recognizes the legitimate direct use of the will only in judgments he labels Belief (Glaube). With respect to Knowledge, his position is identical to Descartes’s position on clear and distinct perception. An analysis of Kant’s voluntarism regarding the activities of theoretical reason provides a model for subordinating theoretical reason to practical reason.
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Nisenbaum, Karin. The Unconditioned in Human Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680640.003.0005.
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This chapter explains the Fichtean view that the act of self-positing is the ground of all constraint or necessitation, both in the theoretical and practical domains. The chapter also shows that Fichte developed the notion of the self-positing subject in order to meet reason’s demand for unconditioned explanation, without falling prey to the nihilistic consequences of philosophical reflection that Jacobi had diagnosed. To this end, the chapter explains Jacobi’s nihilism complaint in a manner that is conversant with current debates in metaphysics. In doing so, it shows that Jacobi and Fichte can still help us understand the place of freedom and the role of commitment within philosophical reflection. To bring the relationship between freedom and reason into focus, the chapter clarifies the idea that criticism and dogmatism represent two distinct, theoretically indemonstrable philosophical systems, and it offers two different interpretations of the idea that the German Idealist system is a “philosophy of practical postulates.”
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Quackenbush, Stephen L. Empirical Analyses of Deterrence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.313.
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Deterrence is an important subject, and its study has spanned more than seven decades. Much research on deterrence has focused on a theoretical understanding of the subject. Particularly important is the distinction between classical deterrence theory and perfect deterrence theory. Other studies have employed empirical analyses. The empirical literature on deterrence developed at different times and took different approaches. The early empirical deterrence literature was highly limited for varying reasons. Much of the early case study literature did not seek to test deterrence theory. Early quantitative studies did seek to do so, but they were hampered by rudimentary methods, poor research design, and/or a disconnect between quantitative studies and formal theories of deterrence. Modern empirical research on deterrence has made great strides toward bridging the formal-quantitative divide in the study of deterrence and conducting theoretically driven case studies. Further, researchers have explored the effect of specific variables on deterrence, such as alliances, reputations and credibility, and nuclear weapons. Future empirical studies of deterrence should build on these modern developments. In addition, they should build on perfect deterrence theory, given its logical consistency and empirical support.
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Catherine, Harwood, and Stahn Carsten. Part II The Right to Know, B Commissions of Inquiry, Principle 13 Publicizing the Commission’s Reports. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0017.
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Principle 13 deals with the publication of the commission’s reports. The principle of publicity is a key component of the United Nations’ Updated Impunity Principles. Through full publication and wide dissemination of a report, the right to the truth is realized. An authoritative account of violations might also promote accountability and reconciliation. A final report should be widely accessible, taking into consideration cultural and technological contexts. However, commissions may receive information confidentially and exclude some information from reports for security reasons and to avoid interference with witnesses and commissioners. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 13 before discussing its theoretical framework and how commissions have adopted confidentiality measures to protect witnesses and victims.
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von Daniels, Detlef. Sources and the Normativity of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0032.
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This chapter finds that questioning the normativity of the sources of international law inevitably leads into the domain of legal philosophy. For showing that legal philosophy itself is a contested field of approaches, a hermeneutic perspective on the question of normativity is developed that stresses historical and contextual forms of understanding. Incidentally, Kelsen’s theory serves as a switchboard to relate a variety of historical debates to the contemporary discourse in the tradition of analytical jurisprudence. In practical terms, the relevance of this approach is discussed regarding three contested topics: the status of general principles, soft law, and practical reasoning. The historical and theoretical awareness thus achieved provides reasons to oppose contemporary attempts to moralize the legal point of view.
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Moran, Richard. Illocution and Interlocution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873325.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the idea of a “second-personal stance” as developed by Darwall and others, and notes some differences with the notion of “addressing” developed here, particularly with respect to the difference between theoretical and practical reasons. Austin’s distinction between the “illocutionary” and the “perlocutionary” is discussed in connection with Joseph Raz’s idea of the exercise of a normative power. The particular sense of “act” that applies to the perlocutionary status of utterances is illuminated by Jennifer Hornsby’s development of the idea of “reciprocity” as the distinguishing mark of the illocutionary (and hence of acts like telling). The chapter ends with further comparison and contrast between acts of telling and promising.
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Shaviro, Daniel N. Economics of Tax Law. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.020.
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This chapter considers the question of how tax law can be designed with an eye to maximizing economic efficiency. From the standpoint of efficiency, no lump-sum tax is better than any other—by definition all succeed equally in avoiding the creation of deadweight loss. This leads directly to two main questions. First, why are lump-sum taxes, or instruments that come as close to them as possible, so absent, not just in actual practice but even in theoretical debate about tax policy? The answer turns on the importance of distributional issues. Second, how do considerations of efficiency operate once we have accepted, for distributional reasons, the need for tax instruments that have the unfortunate side effect of discouraging productive activity?
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Gardner, Calum. Poetry & Barthes. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941367.001.0001.
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This book is the first study of how the work of Roland Barthes, one of the most influential literary theorists of the twentieth century, came to be understood by poets working in English. Beginning with the work of the Scottish poet Veronica Forrest-Thomson in the 1970s, it traces Barthes through North American ‘Language writing’, the journals and little magazines of the period, 1980s writers responses to Barthes’ work on love, and finally writers who, for a variety of reasons, rejected Barthes’ theoretical interventions. In doing so, it offers a picture of how poets’ understanding of their own projects develops during this period as well as a unique perspective on Barthes and his reception, positive and negative, in English-language poetry communities.
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Loretto, Wendy, Chris Phillipson, and Sarah Vickerstaff. Skills and Training for the Older Population. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.29.
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Despite rises in employment rates across many countries, older workers (those aged 50+) are less likely than younger employees to receive workplace training and skills development. Using the UK as its starting focus, this chapter analyses the theoretical and empirical reasons for these gaps. The analysis covers in-work training and development, as well as considering the position of those older people who are unemployed but looking for work. The discussion also embraces the roles of training and education for older workers who may want to delay retirement or retire flexibly, and examines the relationships between training, development and active ageing. Concluding discussions highlight national and international policy initiatives to encourage investment in educating and training for this new work generation.