Academic literature on the topic 'Theoretical reasons'
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Journal articles on the topic "Theoretical reasons"
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M. Azimova, Dilafruz. "Theoretical Foundations of Public Debt: Form and Reasons." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, Special Issue 1 (February 28, 2020): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24sp1/pr201203.
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Rogowski, Robert. "Theoretical Reasons for Economic Sociology." SocioEconomic Challenges 1, no. 4 (2017): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.1(4).45-49.2017.
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Bhaya Nair, Rukmini. "States of reason and reasons of state." Language and Dialogue 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 266–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.1.2.06nai.
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Over the past half-century, Noam Chomsky has established a powerful intellectual presence in two apparently unrelated domains of discourse — the field of theoretical linguistics and the arena of anti-establishment politics. This paper examines Chomsky’s use of metaphor across these domains, arguing that in Chomsky’s work metaphor enables an undercover, perhaps even classically ‘anarchic’ dialogue between disciplines. Organizationally as well as psychologically, the two major inquiries into human nature undertaken by him are, the paper suggests, structured and unified in relation to each other via the seemingly innocuous agency of metaphor. The paper also traces Chomsky’s innovative production of metaphors to engage in dialogue with both the past and the future. To reconstruct Chomsky through his metaphors is to attempt to read him not as a doctrinaire Cartesian but as someone who has responded with extreme ‘context-sensitivity’ to changing circumstances in both his fields. Finally, the paper contends that a study of Chomsky’s metaphorical practice could, inter alia, offer unprecedented insights into the creative and essentially unified thought processes of a major 20th century thinker.
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ÖGCEM, Ergin. "Theoretical and Practical Reasons for Distancing from Faith (I)." Afro Eurasian Studies 8, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33722/afes.1093276.
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Thomas, Alan. "Internal Reasons and Contractualist Impartiality." Utilitas 14, no. 2 (July 2002): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800003496.
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Williams's claim that practical reasons are internal reasons is analysed and interpreted as a neutral analysis, not distinctively Humean, of constraints on the concept of a practical reason. It is argued that within these constraints it remains possible to defend the impartiality of moral reasons. A reflective account of such reasons can be given in ‘pragmatic’ rather than ‘semantic’ terms. Paralleling a revisionary strategy towards Kant's theoretical philosophy, a higher order disposition to accept only reasons that can be put to others without the prospect of reasonable rejection is argued to be the internalization of a relativized a priori principle.
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Malle, Bertram F. "How People Explain Behavior: A New Theoretical Framework." Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 1 (February 1999): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0301_2.
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This article presents a theoretical framework of how people explain behavior. The framework, based on the folk concept of intentionality, distinguishes two major modes of explanation—reason explanation and cause explanation—as well as two minor modes and identifies conditions under which they occur. Three studies provide empirical support for these distinctions. As part of the framework, a detailed model of people's reason explanations is developed, which emphasizes the unique conceptual and linguistic features of reasons. This model points to limitations of traditional attribution concepts, which are examined theoretically and empirically. Finally, the theoretical framework incorporates attribution concepts, which apply to some but not all modes of explanation. Several paths for future research are outlined—on novel topics such as the roles of rationality and subjectivity in explanations and on classic topics such as the actor-observer asymmetry and the self-serving bias.
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Чебан, О. Я. "Reasons of signing Geneva nuclear deal with Iran: theoretical aspect." Odesa National University Herald. Sociology and Politics 19, no. 2(21) (March 23, 2015): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2304-1439.2014.2(21).39711.
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Zoryana, Haladzhun. "THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS OF MEDIA REGULATION." Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University: journalism 1, no. 3 (April 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2022.01.001.
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The geopolitical catastrophes of the twentieth century have called into question the postulate of the concept that everyone is rational and seeks to find the truth, guided only by reason. Throughout the history of the development of information dissemination channels, we have constantly observed attempts by the state or other strong organizations to regulate, limit their activities – from preventive (censorship) to repressive, and often a mixture of them. The problem is the fundamental uncertainty of what exactly needs to be regulated – the circulation of information or the activities of the media. The constant search for a balance between freedom and responsibility of the media, setting boundaries and restrictions on the media and journalists, expressed through the adoption / amendment / repeal of laws and other regulations indicate the need to identify the main reasons for such regulation. Based on the understanding that any regulation is an interference in current activities, we can assume that the standardization of activities in the field of media is carried out for a specific purpose (public interest, for example), to meet market needs (support fair competition) or for technical reasons technical standards), etc. It is carried out at various levels – from relevant international norms and standards, national provisions in regulations of various levels to administrative procedures and technical specifications. In addition, it can be external – normatively defined for a certain type of activity and internal – in the form of self-regulation, such as internal control or public pressure from the outside.
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Zoryana, Haladzhun. "THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS OF MEDIA REGULATION." Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University: journalism 1, no. 3 (April 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2022.01.001.
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The geopolitical catastrophes of the twentieth century have called into question the postulate of the concept that everyone is rational and seeks to find the truth, guided only by reason. Throughout the history of the development of information dissemination channels, we have constantly observed attempts by the state or other strong organizations to regulate, limit their activities – from preventive (censorship) to repressive, and often a mixture of them. The problem is the fundamental uncertainty of what exactly needs to be regulated – the circulation of information or the activities of the media. The constant search for a balance between freedom and responsibility of the media, setting boundaries and restrictions on the media and journalists, expressed through the adoption / amendment / repeal of laws and other regulations indicate the need to identify the main reasons for such regulation. Based on the understanding that any regulation is an interference in current activities, we can assume that the standardization of activities in the field of media is carried out for a specific purpose (public interest, for example), to meet market needs (support fair competition) or for technical reasons technical standards), etc. It is carried out at various levels – from relevant international norms and standards, national provisions in regulations of various levels to administrative procedures and technical specifications. In addition, it can be external – normatively defined for a certain type of activity and internal – in the form of self-regulation, such as internal control or public pressure from the outside.
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Brunero, John. "RECENT WORK ON INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REASONS." American Philosophical Quarterly 54, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44982129.
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Abstract This paper examines some recent arguments for intemalism that (i) appeal to an analogy between practical and theoretical reasons, (ii) look toward our practices of reasoning with others, or (iii) tie reasons to good deliberation. The conclusion of this paper is a skeptical one: none of these new arguments gives us sufficient reason to think that internalism is true.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Theoretical reasons"
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Ho, Chi-hang, and 何志恆. "Corruption and its complainants: reasons for complaining to the ICAC - a theoretical model." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976979.
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Ho, Chi-hang. "Corruption and its complainants : reasons for complaining to the ICAC - a theoretical model /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13302735.
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Zia, Ullah Muhammad. "Honour Killings In Pakistan: Under Theoretical, Legal and Religious Perspectives." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22840.
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This research sets out to examine the main excuses, often mentioned in connection to the so-called “honour killings” in Pakistan. In this way, the aim is to discuss the idea of “honour killings” by looking at trends and patterns in this kind of homicides in Pakistan. This study also explores what legal and judicial obstacles stand in the way of putting an end to the abuse of killing women in the name of honour.The first part is mainly theoretical and analytical. In this part a set of concepts is theorized as the notion of patriarchy, public/private division and cultural globalization. These theories test the empirical data of “honour killing” in the last decade and try to find their role in the society of Pakistan. This study also analyzes the “honour killing” cases in a different way by telling stories. Second part contributes to the research regarding Islam the official religion of Pakistan. This section mainly concerns the status of women in Islam and their rights of life and free will to choose their spouses. This study also tries to remove the misconception in the minds of the West regarding Islamic teachings towards women.This study proceeds mainly under the qualitative method with the supplementary help of quantitative method. At the end, the thesis bears some finding under the abductive technique. The results show that the tested theories have a significant role in upholding the ancient practice of “honour killings” in Pakistan, and Qur’aanic and Prophetic Islam has no link with the abuse of “honour killing” in general. It is ancient tribal phenomena that have entered in some cultural norms of the society.
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Euro, Kalevi. "Locational changes of headquarters of multinational corporations : a theoretical study on the motives and reasons for relocationg Finnish divisional headquarters abroad /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration, 2001. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00051871.pdf.
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Barradas, de Freitas Raquel. "Explaining meaning : towards a minimalist account of legal interpretation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6660c431-e278-4a42-9e3d-ca43893fcf31.
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To interpret is to seek understanding. This formulation hides as much as it reveals and I propose to unpack it. I argue that interpreting is only a part of what legal theorists and practitioners do. In Part I, I attempt an ‘in vitro’ analysis and present the bare concept of interpretation: interpretation is an activity that needs an object; interpreting is reasoning about meaning when there is a possibility of mistake about that meaning. Part II focuses on two domains of interpretation: musical performance and adjudication. I rely on Joseph Raz’s account of interpretation as explanation or display and identify the former domain as a paradigm of display and the latter as a paradigm of explanation. Both are examples of interpretation for others and involve a claim to theoretical authority on the part of interpreters. But, unlike musicians- who interpret only works of music- judges interpret a great variety of objects. Musical interpretation is identified by its object, whereas legal interpretation is not. Legal interpretation is explanation of legal meaning. I then discuss the tenets of the minimalist view of legal interpretation: (i) legal rules are not interpretable and legal texts are not primary objects of legal interpretation; (ii) there is a difference between interpretative authority (a form of theoretical authority) and legal authority (a form of practical authority) and interpretative conclusions can be theoretically authoritative without being exclusionary reasons for action; (iii) Interpreting and adjudicating are different activities. Interpretation explains, adjudication resolves. Legal interpreters do not produce legal rules: they are required to be guided by them.
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Langlois, David Joseph. "The Normativity of Structural Rationality." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13067678.
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Many of us take for granted that rationality requires that we have our attitudes combined only in certain ways. For example, we are required not to hold inconsistent beliefs or intentions and we are required to intend any means we see as crucial to our ends. But attempts to justify claims like these face two problems. First, it is unclear what unifies the rational domain and determines what is (and is not) rationally required of us. This is the content problem. Second, as philosophers have been unable to find any general reason for us to have our attitudes combined only in certain ways, it is unclear why, or in what sense, we are required to comply with these putative requirements in the first place. This is the normativity problem.
My dissertation offers an account of rationality which solves these problems. I argue that the entire domain of rational requirements can be derived from a single ultimate requirement demanding that we not have sets of intentions and beliefs which cause their own failure. This General Requirement of Structural Rationality explains the unity of the rational domain and directly solves the content problem. But it also solves the normativity problem. I argue that whenever we violate the General Requirement we are engaged in a form of criticizable self-undermining. I propose that this is enough to ground the claim that we ought to comply with the General Requirement's demands. This conclusion can be secured as long as we accept the thesis of normative pluralism, according to which there is more than one fundamentally distinct form of normative 'ought.'Philosophy
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Moreira, Josicleide de Amorim Pereira. "Aprendizagem e cultura organizacional na saúde da família: análise e reflexões em uma unidade docente-assistencial." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5900.
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Previous issue date: 2013-05-22Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Taking into account the changes in this globalized world, whose consequences echo in the accounting setting, in which their effects are manifested in reflections, theories and social, tax or normative practices, it is realized that the accountant needs a theoretical and practical formation that fosters a professional profile which makes feasible better organizational results and social development. Hence, accounting formation should encompass the necessary competences so that the course s graduate student can be placed in the labor market so as to respond to its demands as well as to the settings of the global economic policies, consciously and critically, ensuring thus the citizenship exercise by envisaging better life conditions and information democratization. Due to this fact, this research aimed at analyzing the existent relationship between the theoretical knowledge and the practice knowledge in the Accounting formation from the pedagogical-political fundamentals of Higher Education in the state of Paraíba. Consequently, Jürgem Habermas´ contributions to the Theory of Communicative Action were used with the intention to understand the relation established between the theoretical discourse and the practical one, having as starting point the definitions of instrumental reason and communicative reason . For the development of this research of empirical classification and quanti-qualitative approach, the exploratory typology was adopted having bibliographical and documental research as procedures. As to data collection, a questionnaire with closed questions was answered by students/trainees from the following public institutions: UFPB Campus I, UFPB Campus IV, UFCG Campus Sousa, UEPB Campus I and UEPB Campus VI. The results obtained from the content analysis of the Pedagogical Projects of the Courses (PPCs) denote the fulfillment of the National Curricular Guidelines (DCNs) by the researched Higher Education Institutions. The analysis of syllabuses of the Laboratory of Practices demonstrates that the activities inherent to the exercise of accounting profession were not fully covered. Time dedicated to the total course load is reduced thus highlighting that there is concern with reflection and understanding originated from the objectives of the accounting technique, and with the means on attaining the specific goals, providing instrumental rationality. Questionnaire results reveal that the courses have a highly theoretical design. Practices are not carried out in full time and their focus is on the modus operandi . The training students feel fairly qualified for their entry in the labor market and they are not fully prepared to perform all the activities that are fulfilled by means of technological systems. The duality, that the obtained data make reference to the hypothesis, corroborates the dichotomy itself of the accounting formation that is related to the imperatives of instrumental rationality as well as to the communicative one. It can be concluded, however not acceptable, that in the accounting formation, the practice is dissociated from the theory and vice versa.
A Estratégia Saúde da Família enfrenta hoje o grande desafio de superar um modelo de atenção biologicista, e consolidar-se como espaço de cuidado integral, de inovação, e de aprendizagem contínua. Reconhecer as diferentes subculturas nas organizações e potencializar a aprendizagem individual e coletiva é essencial em espaços como este. Nesta pesquisa estudamos a Aprendizagem e a Cultura Organizacional em uma unidade docente-assistencial, campo de prática para alguns cursos de graduação e para a residência em medicina de família e comunidade da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Fizemos um estudo de caso com uma abordagem qualitativa apoiado na hermenêutica-dialética. Realizamos 15 entrevistas com profissionais (incluindo residentes), apoiadores e preceptores da residência. A equipe se mostrou com traços positivos de coletividade, tolerância ao outro, compreensão, e como aspectos negativos uma relação tensa com a gestão e, poucos e difíceis espaços de conversa. A residência foi um ponto discutido como fator de mudança de práticas, qualificação do cuidado, e de construção de propostas para a unidade de saúde. Ao mesmo tempo, as mudanças ocorridas neste período geram ansiedades e conflitos trabalhados pela equipe. As unidade estudada apresentou algumas identificações com princípios da Atenção Básica, principalmente com o trabalho em equipe, e o cuidado ao paciente. Diversos aspectos foram levantados sobre a valorização e desvalorização do trabalho, principalmente o reconhecimento do trabalho no primeiro, e condições difíceis de trabalho no segundo. O acolhimento e o papel do apoiador, foram temas repetidamente discutido nas entrevistas.
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Atala, Muge. "An Inquiry Into The Disputable Position Of Imagination In Kant." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613991/index.pdf.
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My thesis aims to delve into Immanuel Kant&rsquos formulation of the faculty of imagination in his Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of the Power of Judgment. In relation to the First Critique, it specifically concerns the relation of the &ldquo
mysterious&rdquo
function of imagination to the object and its representation as one of the fundamental steps of the emergence or production of theoretical knowledge. As regards the Third Critique, it scrutinizes the relation of imagination to reflective, as opposed to determinative, judgment and seeks to specify its role in aesthetic appreciation and artistic creativity. The thesis first provides us with a background to Kant&rsquo
s philosophy, delineating the specific issues at hand and briefly introducing important Kantian fundaments, along with imagination, by making use of secondary literature. It then views imagination as has been theorized throughout the history of philosophy up until the age of Enlightenment and examines Kant&rsquo
s two Critiques with a focus on imagination. Thirdly, it evaluates the aspects of Kantian imagination through the works of scholars whose differing interpretations are compared and disputed. Taking mainly the discussions of the previous chapter into account, the conclusion chapter constitutes my own interpretation of the disputes and possible solutions related to the imagination within the broader frame of Kantian philosophy.
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Hulshof, Monique. "A coisa em si entre teoria e prática: uma exigência crítica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-24042013-101746/.
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A presente tese tem como intuito inicial investigar as asserções aparentemente conflituosas que Kant faz sobre as coisas em si mesmas, ora em sentido estritamente negativo, como a representação problemática de algo completamente indeterminado, ora em sentido positivo como fundamento ou causa dos fenômenos. Partindo de interpretações que compreendem esse conflito entre asserções sobre as coisas em si mesmas como tendo sua origem nos dois problemas que a filosofia crítica procura solucionar a possibilidade do conhecimento especulativo e a fundamentação da moral , procura-se reconstruir, num primeiro momento, o vínculo entre a crítica da razão e os diferentes modos de representação das coisas em si mesmas. Argumentamos que a diferenciação da faculdade racional em duas atividades ou espontaneidades, entendimento e razão, que são expostas pela crítica como produtoras de conceitos e legislações distintas, exige duas maneiras de formular, criticamente, o conceito de númeno. A primeira formulação é feita pelo entendimento mediante a abstração das condições sensíveis de aplicação das categorias, dada sua originariedade em relação à sensibilidade. Este conceito tem de permanecer, contudo, em um sentido estritamente negativo e problemático, visto as categorias consistirem apenas em funções de síntese de representações sensíveis e estarem limitadas, por isso, a um uso empírico. A segunda formulação é feita, em contrapartida, pelas idéias da razão, que pressupõem um prolongamento da síntese pensada nas categorias até o incondicionado. Ainda que envolva uma aparência transcendental essas idéias se fazem necessárias, principalmente, em vista do uso prático da razão. Num segundo momento, porém, voltando nossa atenção ao esforço de Kant em articular sistematicamente esses diferentes modos de representação das coisas em si mesmas no interior da filosofia crítica, procuramos mostrar como a elaboração do conceito de autonomia na passagem para o uso prático, possibilita uma maneira de operar com a aparência transcendental presente nas ideias, sem violar a limitação das categorias ao uso empírico. Nesse sentido, explicitamos como a crítica da razão em seu uso prático desvela um novo caminho para a faculdade de julgar, em que lhe é permitido aplicar legitimamente a categoria de causalidade com referência aos númenos.The initial aim of this thesis is to investigate the apparently conflicting claims that Kant makes about the things in themselves, sometimes in a strictly negative sense, as a problematic representation of something completely undetermined, sometimes in a positive sense as the ground or the cause of the appearances. Starting with interpretations that understand this conflict between the claims about things in themselves as having its origin in two problems that the critical philosophy aims to solve the possibility of speculative knowledge and the moral foundation our first task is to reconstruct the link between the critique of reason and the different ways of representing things in themselves. We argue that the differentiation of the rational faculty in two activities or spontaneities understanding and reason which are presented by the critical view as producers of distinct concepts and laws, requires two ways to critically formulate the concept of noumenon. The first formulation is made by the understanding by abstraction of sensible conditions of application of the categories, given its originality in relation to sensibility. This concept must remain, however, in a strictly negative and problematic sense, since the categories consist only in synthetic functions of sensible representations and thus are limited to the empirical use. The second formulation, on the other hand, is made by the ideas of reason, which require an extension of the synthesis thought in the categories up to the unconditioned. Those ideas are needed especially in view of the practical use of reason, despite the fact they involve a \"transcendental appearance\". Turning our attention to Kant\'s effort to systematically articulate these different modes of representation of things in themselves within the critical philosophy, the second task of the thesis is to show how the concept of autonomy elaborated in the transition to practical use, provides a way to work with the transcendental appearance present in the ideas, without violating the limitation of the categories to empirical use. In this sense, we elucidate how the critique of reason in its practical use reveals a new path for the faculty of judgment, in which it is legitimately allowed to apply the category of causality with reference to noumena.
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Ніжевський, Ілля Вікторович. "Удосконалення методів модернізації і контролю параметрів заземлювального пристрою міських підстанцій." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/32565.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2017.
Дисертація присвячена актуальній науково-практичної проблеми пошуку і розробки нових способів для вимірювання опору ЗП, розробки нових конструкцій ЗП, що дозволяють спростити реконструкцію ПС, а також створення і вдосконалення математичних моделей і програм для розрахунку електричних характеристик ЗП довільних конструкцій. Аналіз результатів обстеження існуючих ЗП ПС, виявив серйозні порушення, які призводять до відхилення параметрів від норми і до необхідності модернізації ЗП ПС. Показано, що модернізація ЗП призводить до відновлення його нормованих параметрів. Розроблено математичні моделі ЗП простих дворівневих конструкцій з горизонтальних або кільцевих електродів. В результаті дослідження електричного поля виявлено, що потенціал на поверхні землі над центром квадратного заземлювача може бути вище, ніж над електродом. Удосконалено математичну модель складного дворівневого ЗП ПС, розроблений метод розрахунку його електричних характеристик. Проведено дослідження впливу глибини закладення сітки верхнього рівня ЗП ПС, товщини шару зволоження, просихання або промерзання ґрунту і конструкції ЗП на його електричні характеристики. Виконано теоретичне обґрунтування методу та розроблено спосіб вимірювання опору ЗП ПС в умовах щільної забудови території. Метод застосуємо при будь-якому характері неоднорідності ґрунту, будь-яких розмірах і конфігурації ЗП і довільному розміщенні вимірювальних електродів без відшукання точки нульового потенціалу. Експериментально досліджені електричні характеристики дворівневого ЗП ПС методом фізичного моделювання в електролітичній ванні. Отримані результати показали хороший збіг з результатами розрахунків.Dissertation for the degree of Ph.D., specialty 05.14.02 – power stations, networks and systems. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the actual and practical problem of search and development of new methods for measurement of resistance of the grounding devices; developments of new designs of the grounding devices allowing to simplify reconstruction of substations; creation and enhancement of mathematical models and programs for calculation of electric characteristics of the grounding devices of any designs. The analysis of the results of the inspection of existing grounding devices of substations revealed serious violations that lead to deviation of parameters from the norm and to the need for modernization of grounding devices of substations. It is shown that the modernization of grounding devices leads to the restoration of its normalized parameters. Mathematical models of grounding devices of simple two-level structures of horizontal or ring electrodes are developed. As a result of the investigation of the electric field, it is revealed that the potential on the surface of the ground above the center of the square grounding electrode can be higher than above the electrode. The mathematical model of complex two-level grounding devices of substations is enhanced. The method of its electrical characteristics calculating is developed. The influence of the depth of the grid of the upper level of the grounding devices of the substations, the thickness of the humidification layer, the drying or freezing of the soil and the design of the grounding devices on its electrical characteristics was studied. Based on the theoretical substantiation of the method, a technique for measuring the resistance of grounding devices of substations in conditions of dense building of the territory is developed. The method is applicable for any kind of ground heterogeneity, any size and configuration of grounding devices and arbitrary placement of measuring electrodes without finding a zero potential point. Electric characteristics two-level the grounding devices of substations are experimentally researched by method of physical modeling in an electrolytic bathtub. The received results showed good coincidence to results of calculations.
Books on the topic "Theoretical reasons"
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Fraser, Carolyn. Seventeen reasons: An essay of contingent acts, or, short theoretical stories. [Covelo, Calif.]: Idlewild Press, 1999.
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Crespo, Ricardo F. Theoretical and Practical Reason in Economics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5564-2.
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Crespo, Ricardo F. Theoretical and practical reason in economics: Capacities and capabilities. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, 2013.
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Caruana, Sandro, Karl Chircop, Phyllisienne Gauci, and Mario Pace. Politiche e pratiche per l’educazione linguistica, il multilinguismo e la comunicazione interculturale. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-501-8.
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Valuing diversity is one of the main goals of language education. This is both related to the education of learners of different nationalities and to the reasons for which languages are learned today, often determined by the need for social integration and to find employment. Language competences gain value through multilingualism, together with opportunities for intercultural communication. At the same time, language policies should be evaluated and renewed constantly. These issues are discussed in this volume, through contributions which take different languages into consideration and which are based on varied theoretical and conceptual frameworks, while pertaining to the fields of Applied Linguistics and Language Education.
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The concept of scientific law in the philosophy of science and epistemology: A study of theoretical reason. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999.
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Hanzel, Igor. The concept of scientific law in the philosphy of science and epistemology: A study of theoretical reason. Boston: Kluwer, 1999.
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Hanzel, Igor. The Concept of Scientific Law in the Philosophy of Science and Epistemology: A Study of Theoretical Reason. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999.
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Chernikovskaya, Marina, and Igor Chyemyezov. Change Management. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18430.
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The nature, the reasons, regularities, conditions and mechanisms of carrying out changes in the organizations are considered. Theoretical bases of professional and effective management of organizational changes are reflected: the objective regularities of changes in the organizations which are shown during their development; main objects and objects of changes in the organizations; value of the organizational context influencing the choice of technologies of management of changes and nature of development of changes; options and sequence of implementation of the operated changes in the organization; variety of possible technologies of management of changes;
approaches to the choice of strategy of implementation of changes and strategy; the main obstacles in implementation of changes; effective remedies and technology of overcoming of resistance to changes; stages of carrying out reengineering of business processes; introduction of quality systems in the Russian companies.
The textbook is intended for use when training bachelors in the Management direction 38.03.02, and also for all interested by problems of management of changes in the organizations.
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Kapustin, A., V. Avhadeev, A. Golovina, A. Kashirkina, E. Kienko, A. Morozov, E. Morozova, et al. Formation of a modern international legal concept for the exploration and use of outer space. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1241334.
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The exploration and use of outer space, which began in the mid-twentieth century, led to the formation of international space law, designed to regulate the relations of States in this relatively new sphere of human activity. The undulating nature of the development of this branch of international law, for objective reasons, has led to the complication of international legal regulation of space activities. The dynamics of scientific and technological progress and the development of technologies in the space sphere exacerbates competition between space powers and international organizations, creates new challenges for international cooperation in space exploration and requires innovative legal solutions. The doctrine of international law is faced with the task of generalizing new problems and processes and developing conceptual models for the further development of international space law. The dynamics of the conceptual perception of international space law is traced, new theoretical approaches to the concept of the international legal status of outer space and individual regimes and concepts of its use in modern conditions are proposed. Taking into account the trends in the institutionalization of international space activities and the impact of economic integration processes on international cooperation in space, primarily in the Euro-Asian region, the role of international organizations in the international legal regulation of space activities and the harmonization of national legislation is analyzed. In addition, certain aspects of future space exploration are considered as a legal forecast. For researchers, teachers, postgraduates and students, civil servants and practicing lawyers, as well as for anyone interested in the problems of modern international law.
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Littlejohn, Clayton. Reasons and Theoretical Rationality. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.24.
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This chapter explores the relationship between reasons and epistemic rationality. In recent debates about rationality and evidence, internalist evidentialism is quite popular. Using this theory as our stalking horse, we examine debates about the ontology of evidence and reasons, a puzzle about rationality and evidential support relations, work on the relationship between reasons and rationality, and some underexplored issues concerning the relationship between knowledge, evidence, and normative reasons. We shall see that there are good grounds for thinking that the normative reasons that matter in epistemology are not always pieces of evidence, that there is no simple story about the relationship between believing rationally and responding correctly to the evidence or the reasons, that there are problems with formal accounts of evidential support, and that attractive views about the ontology of reasons suggest that it can be rational to believe without having a belief based on reasons.
Book chapters on the topic "Theoretical reasons"
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Nolting, Wolfgang. "Inductive Reasons for the Wave Mechanics." In Theoretical Physics 6, 1–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54386-4_1.
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D’Ariano, Giacomo Mauro, and Federico Faggin. "Hard Problem and Free Will: An Information-Theoretical Approach." In Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence, 145–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85480-5_5.
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AbstractWe explore definite theoretical assertions about consciousness, starting from a non-reductive psycho-informational solution of David Chalmers's hard problem, based on the hypothesis that a fundamental property of “information" is its experience by the supporting “system". The kind of information involved in consciousness needs to be quantum for multiple reasons, including its intrinsic privacy and its power of building up thoughts by entangling qualia states. As a result we reach a quantum-information-based panpsychism, with classical physics supervening on quantum physics, quantum physics supervening on quantum information, and quantum information supervening on consciousness.
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von Müller, Albrecht. "Reasons Theoretical Underpinnings, and Core Features of a Novel Paradigm of Acting in Economics." In Relational Economics and Organization Governance, 299–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86526-9_15.
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Hamlaoui, Sihem. "Teachers’ Resistance to Educational Change and Innovations in the Middle East and North Africa: A Case Study of Tunisian Universities." In Re-Configurations, 171–84. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31160-5_11.
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Abstract The effective implementation of change remains a crucial concern for educational leaders in the twenty-first Century. One of the major challenges to the effective implementation of reforms is the resistance to change among teachers or staff members, as this habit slows the process of implementation of any educational reform. Resistance to technology has been found to be a prominent reason for most system failures. This highlights the importance of understanding technology resistance causes, and possible remedies. Studies have explored the black box of resistance and suggested a theoretical explanation. This chapter seeks to expose the hidden reasons for Tunisian faculty members’ resistance to digitalization and suggests a theoretical implementation strategy for reaching the intended reform goals.
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Ulbrich, Hannah, Marco Wedel, and Hans-Liudger Dienel. "Introduction to Internal Crowdsourcing: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Applications." In Contributions to Management Science, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52881-2_1.
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AbstractThe research landscape in the area of forecasting and assessing working conditions has become increasingly difficult to understand. There are plenty of identified reasons, drivers and catchwords to describe a systemic transformation. Individual- and subject-specific approaches to describe and understand the changes to work are being developed in almost every scientific discipline, as well as by (economic) associations and actors in the sociopolitical spheres. Despite all complexity and contradictions, ‘digitalization’ seems to be one focal point when it comes to identifying independent variables to explain the ‘future of work’. The corresponding discussions, analyses, recommendations and scenarios can be found under the well-known headings ‘Work 4.0’, ‘Industry 4.0’, ‘Education 4.0’, ‘Society 4.0’, etc. In addition to systemic descriptions, oftentimes dominated by economics and business management approaches, there are changing individual, subject-inherent perceptual understandings indicating a change in social values with regard to work and its function. Ultimately, for the majority of the population and the (welfare) state, work remains the necessary prerequisite for financially securing their livelihoods.
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Levine, Suzanne N. "Theoretical and Methodological Reasons for Variability in the Responses of Aquatic Ecosystem Processes to Chemical Stresses." In Ecotoxicology: Problems and Approaches, 145–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3520-0_6.
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Lombardi, Mauro. "La ricerca di uno schema concettuale e di una metodologia appropriati per affrontare le sfide generate dalla dinamica tecno-economica." In Studi e saggi, 89–111. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-310-9.07.
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In this chapter, first three traditional frames centered on innovation processes and innovative strategies are analyzed: Linear Model, National Innovation Systems, Evolutonary Approach to the analysis of economic processes. The reasons that lead us to seek a new conceptual frame, which we define adaptive strategic thinking on the basis of a theoretical and empirical literature, are explained.
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Magnani, Lorenzo. "Theoretical Abduction." In Abduction, Reason and Science, 15–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8562-0_2.
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Cassese, Sabino. "Recollections of a Judge." In Remedies against Immunity?, 353–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_20.
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AbstractAs a former justice of the Italian Constitutional Court serving at the time of Sentenza 238/2014, this chapter illustrates my major concerns towards this Judgement. I outline several reasons for a possible ‘dissent’ (procedural, factual, constitutional, theoretical and strategic). With ex post remarks, the chapter elaborates some additional thoughts on the unnecessary opposition between national and international law and on certain Italian ambiguities towards its past.
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Moreno, Carmelo. "The Sovereign State and the Right to Secede. Historical Examples and Theoretical Reasons Concerning the Benefits of Political Regulation." In Claims for Secession and Federalism, 311–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59707-2_17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Theoretical reasons"
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Manasov, Zamirbek. "Multilateralism versus Regionalism in Eurasia: Theoretical Reasons of Choosing Sides for Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00319.
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This paper asks whether Kyrgyzstan should take part in the newly established Customs Union among Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia or in the World Trade Organization (WTO). From the start of the foundation of the new Customs Union there have been deep discussions among the proponents and opponents of organization. This issue attracted extra attention and interest because the new Customs Union includes non-members of the World Trade Organization such as Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. In Addition, the new Customs Union, unlike previous regional trade agreements, has formed a supranational body –the Custom Union Commission - which will decide on Common External Tariffs. Kyrgyzstan is already a member country of WTO and is going to join the new Customs Union. How will this membership work for Kyrgyzstan in short and long-term period? Will the new Customs Union be substitutive or complementary to the WTO in the development of international trade of Kyrgyzstan? Which side would be more beneficial for Kyrgyzstan: membership to a regional Customs Union or to a multilateral WTO? This paper hopes to answer these main questions. This paper will have five sections. Section one will provide a brief introduction. Section two will analyze the development of regionalism and multilateralism in the region. In section three, theoretical compatibility of regionalism and multilateralism will be discussed. Section four will determine what can be proposed for the current situation of Kyrgyzstan according to selected theoretical literature. Concluding remarks will be given in last section.
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Du, Heqing. "The Experimental Study and Theoretical Analysis About the Ice-Wave Interaction." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37317.
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Experiments were performed to examine ice-wave interaction that the waves attenuate under continuation ice sheet and at ice floes. The analysis of ice-wave interaction and numerical calculation of the wave attenuation in floe zone are still important problems. It was understood that the reasons of the attenuation are creep, viscous, reflection and collision, and the viscosity has been calculated by using hydrodynamics method in the water boundary layer. Proportion of the every reason and the quantitative analysis has been done.
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Yakymchuk, M., and I. N. Korchagin. "The most expensive “dry” exploratory well in the history of the oil industry: reasons of failure based on data of direct-prospecting methods application." In Geoinformatics: Theoretical and Applied Aspects 2020. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2020geo023.
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Mutaeva, I. Sh, I. G. Gerasimova, A. S. Seliverstov, and A. H. Gizatullina. "THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SPORTS TRAINING IN CYCLIC SPORTS." In Х Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция. Nizhnevartovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/fks-2020/37.
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The article presents the results of the theoretical analysis of the main aspects of sports training in cyclic sports. To effectively solve the problem of training in cyclical sports, it is necessary to study the laws of the reaction of the body of athletes, including the processes of fatigue and recovery in response to the physical exertion of various directions. It is very important to individualize the training process, taking into account the functional state and reserve adaptive capabilities of the body. The authors identify such reasons that influence the development of cyclical sports as socio-economic and political transformations that are constantly taking place in Russia; demographic changes caused by the decline in the population of Russia due to the collapse of the Soviet Union; structural and organizational reasons that suggest the existence of an outdated system for training highly qualified athletes, the lack of modern centers and bases for Olympic training, an effective management system for Olympic training in General, and a targeted policy for training coaches and sports and medical personnel. The technological reasons that arose as a result of a sharp reduction in targeted research in all branches of sports science and an archaic mechanism for the development and implementation of effective innovative technologies are revealed. There is a significant lag in the medical and biological provision of training for Olympic athletes, etc. The analysis showed that the lag in the structural, organizational, and technological blocks of Olympic training is caused by a decrease in the effectiveness of scientific research.
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Цыкора, Анна, and Anna Tsykora. "THEORETICAL BASES OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES." In Modern problems of an economic safety, accounting and the right in the Russian Federation. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/conference_article3012.
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The article considers the issue that unitary enterprises can be formed exclusively in the form of state and municipal ones, which are based on the right of economic management and operational management. Designated, the volume of the authorized capital of the state and municipal enterprises. A list of certain types of companies that can only be in federal ownership is also reviewed. The reasons for the creation of each type of enterprises are identified and a comparison is made of the peculiarities of disposing of each type of property by enterprises
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Wang, Jue. "Reasons and Theoretical Explanations for the Rapid Development of Internet Finance in China The Secret Worry and Countermeasures." In Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation (SSMI 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ssmi-18.2019.69.
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Kashuro, Irina, and Alexander Porsh. "THE PROBLEM OF MIGRATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST." In Globalistics-2020: Global issues and the future of humankind. Interregional Social Organization for Assistance of Studying and Promotion the Scientific Heritage of N.D. Kondratieff / ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-33-3-2020-242-247.
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Sonneville, Valentin, and Olivier Brüls. "A Few Good Reasons to Consider a Beam Finite Element Formulation on the Lie Group SE(3)." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13099.
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Based on an original interpolation method we develop a beam finite element formulation on the Lie group SE(3) which relies on a mathematically rigorous framework and provides compact notations. We work out the beam kinematics in the SE(3) context, the beam deformation measure and obtain the expression of the internal forces using the virtual work principle. The proposed formulation exhibits important features from both the theoretical and numerical points of view. The approach leads to a natural coupling of position and rotation variables and thus differs from classical Timoshenko/Cosserat formulations. We highlight several important properties such as a constant deformation measure over the element, an invariant tangent stiffness matrix under of rigid motions or the absence of shear locking.
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Markov, Serjoza. "HOUSEHOLD/INDIVIDUALS IN THE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY OF ELECTRICITY FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES – PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.267.
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First and foremost, the main inspiration for the specific problematics in this paper is solar energy as clean and profitable energy for businesses in the Republic of North Macedonia. The question that arises as the basis is finding the reason why the progress in the sector of renewable energy sources in this country is still slow and insufficient. The results and conclusions of the research shall be achieved via comprehensive analysis, and by finding the answer to the posed question through the: theoretical analysis, the inductive and deductive methods, as well as description shall be used, whereas the techniques utilized shall be questionnaires, interviews, observations. By summarizing in one place all the theoretical and empirical aspects, we are finding the answer to the main question asked: One of the possible reasons for this actual situation is the fact that so far there is no possibility in this country for individuals to be involved in the process of production and transmission of electricity in the energy system. The goal is achieved in this paper through providing specific guidelines and suggestions regarding the improvement of the legal framework in the Republic of North Macedonia, emphasizing on benefits if the households are allowed to deliver their produced solar energy and considering the possible ways to remove the determined obstacles for implementing this idea.
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Malakhova, O. N., and O. A. Oskolkova. "THE EXPERIENCE OF THEORETICAL COMPREHENDING AND PRACTICAL USING OF DISTANCE TECHNOLOGIES IN IMPLEMENTING OF EDUCATION STANDARDS AT THE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY." In Культура, наука, образование: проблемы и перспективы. Нижневартовский государственный университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/ksp-2021/54.
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There are some challenges in Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy that their participants have been facing since the new educational standards started implementing, for example, choice in using a proper approach in educating. Nowadays educators are in permanent quarantine, administrative and structural changes; it demands prompt reflection, active professional actions, as well as the searching mental and physical resources in working successfully. Exchange of various experiences in teaching is important too. The studying of using distance technologies at the Academy allows claiming that the distance format of educating students has some advantages in comparison with the traditional classroom teaching approach. However, it is effective in solving only some educational tasks. Students need "face to face" interaction. There is a clear understanding of most lecturers that digital environments do not upbringing youth. For these as well as some other reasons, the optimal strategy of educational activities at the Academy is reasonable blended learning.
Reports on the topic "Theoretical reasons"
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Bielinskyi, Andrii, Vladimir Soloviev, Serhiy Semerikov, and Viktoria Solovieva. Detecting Stock Crashes Using Levy Distribution. [б. в.], August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3210.
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In this paper we study the possibility of construction indicators-precursors relying on one of the most power-law tailed distributions – Levy’s stable distribution. Here, we apply Levy’s parameters for 29 stock indices for the period from 1 March 2000 to 28 March 2019 daily values and show their effectiveness as indicators of crisis states on the example of Dow Jones Industrial Average index for the period from 2 January 1920 to 2019. In spite of popularity of the Gaussian distribution in financial modeling, we demonstrated that Levy’s stable distribution is more suitable due to its theoretical reasons and analysis results. And finally, we conclude that stability α and skewness β parameters of Levy’s stable distribution which demonstrate characteristic behavior for crash and critical states, can serve as an indicator-precursors of unstable states.
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Bielinskyi, A., S. Semerikov, V. Solovieva, and V. Soloviev. Levy distribution parameters as precursors of crisis phenomena. Видавничий будинок Мелітопольської міської друкарні, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3597.
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In spite of popularity of the Gaussian distribution in financial modeling, we demonstrated that Levy’s stable distribution is more suitable due to its theoretical reasons and analysis results. We study the possibility of construction indicators- precursors relying on one of the most power-law tailed distributions - Levy’s stable distribution. Here, we apply moving window based procedure for calculation of Levy’s parameters - a - stability and /?- skewness for daily values of Dow Jones Industrial Average (from 1 March 2000 to 28 March 2019), the gold price (from 1 April 1968 to 8 May 2019) and Brent crude oil price (from 2 January 1986 to 6 May 2019) which show their effectiveness as indicators of crisis states. For the construction of the indicators, were selected time series of and, accordingly, for oil. Dow Jones’ time series has the period from 2 January 1920 to 2019. We conclude that a and /3 parameters of Levy’s stable distribution of the observed assets, which demonstrate characteristic behavior for crash and critical states, can serve as an indicator-precursors of the unstable states.
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BALYSH, A. N., and O. B. CHIRICOVA. SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROCKET WEAPONS IN THE USSR IN THE 20-40S OF THE XX CENTURY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-2-91-102.
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The aim of the article. Establishment and development of the USSR rocket weapons for the period of the New Economic Policy and industrialization is one of the most interesting and poorly researched problem of the USSR military industry. The USSR first researches in the field of rocket weapons and ammunition creation, their features and results are poorly investigated by national historical science and just they are observed in the paper. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also use special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. The paper is written by using the declassified documents for Official Use Only, by military technical documents, stored in the Russian National Library, little known memories of direct participants and some published researches. By considering these documents and materials it become clear that in the USSR before the Great Patriotic War a complex of problems on rocket weapon implementation were conditioned by objective and subjective reasons. The consequence of this was the adoption of some unfounded species of reactive weapons before the Great Patriotic War, who received an overestimated assessment and not justified all expectations and hopes assigned to them during the fighting. As a result, only by the end of the war these systems began to be used for their true purpose. Practical application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: facts shown in the article and conclusions drawn on them can be used for further research of USSR rocket weapon establishment and development in 20-40th years of XX century and also for Soviet history in general.
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Raulet, Gérard. What Happens is Unimaginable! About the „Yellow Vests“. Association Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53099/ntkd4303.
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The French ‘yellow vests’ movement is anything but an episodic protest movement. It questions both the liberal and the republican conception of political representation. The reason for this radicalism is that it shakes the foundations of a neo-capitalist order, for which shortterm financial sales have become more important than the long-term maintenance of the system itself. From the financial crisis of 2008, neoliberalism only seems to have learned that,despite everything, the model on which it is based holds up. This creates a profound crisis of legitimacy that reveals a break in political culture that no policy of consensus or even recognition can remedy. This essay examines the theoretical approaches that can take this phenomenon into account.
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Lutz, Carsten. TheComplexity of Reasoning with Concrete Domains (Revised Version). Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.88.
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Description logics are knowledge representation and reasoning formalisms which represent conceptual knowledge on an abstract logical level. Concrete domains are a theoretically well-founded approach to the integration of description logic reasoning with reasoning about concrete objects such as numbers, time intervals or spatial regions. In this paper, the complexity of combined reasoning with description logcis and on concrete domains is investigated. We extend ALC(D), which is the basic description logic for reasoning with concrete domains, by the operators 'feature agreement' and 'feature disagreement'. For the extended logic,called ALCF(D), an algorithm for deciding the ABox consistency problem is devised. The strategy employed by this algorithm is vital for the efficient implementation of reasoners for description logics incorporating concrete domains. Based on the algorithm, it is proved that the standard reasoning problems for both logics ALC(D) and ALCF(D) are PSpace-complete - provided that the satisfiability test of the concrete domain used is in PSpace.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor