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Journal articles on the topic 'Theacrine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 October 2024

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1

Chen, Xiaomin, Shuxian Shao, Ruxing Yang, Mengya Gu, Pengjie Wang, Feng Zhao, and Naixing Ye. "Identification of Co-Expressed Genes Related to Theacrine Synthesis in Tea Flowers at Different Developmental Stages." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413394.

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Jiaocheng kucha is the first reported tea germplasm resource which contains theacrine founded in Fujian Province. Currently, the anabolic mechanism of theacrine within tea leaves is clear, but there are few studies focused on its flowers. In order to further explore the mechanism of theacrine synthesis and related genes in flowers, current study applied Jiaocheng kucha flowers (JC) as test materials and Fuding Dabaicha flowers (FD) as control materials to make transcriptome sequencing, and determination of purine alkaloid content in three different developmental periods (flower bud stage, whitening stage and full opening stage). The results showed that the flower in all stages of JC contained theacrine. The theacrine in the flower bud stage was significantly higher than in the other stages. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at three different developmental stages were screened from the transcriptome data, and were in a total of 5642, 8640 and 8465. These DEGs related to the synthesis of theacrine were primarily annotated to the pathways of purine alkaloids. Among them, the number of DEGs in xanthine synthesis pathway was the largest and upregulated in JC, while it was the smallest in caffeine synthesis pathway and downregulated in JC. Further weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) indicated that ADSL (CsTGY03G0002327), ADSL (CsTGY09G0001824) and UAZ (CsTGY06G0002694) may be a hub gene for the regulation of theacrine metabolism in JC. Our results will contribute to the identification of candidate genes related to the synthesis of theacrine in tea flowers, and explore the molecular mechanism of theacrine synthesis in JC at different developmental stages.

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2

Yang, Maoxian, Peng Shen, Longsheng Xu, Min Kong, Congcong Yu, and Yunchao Shi. "Theacrine alleviates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by repressing the activation of NLRP3/Caspase-1 inflammasome." PeerJ 10 (October 4, 2022): e14109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14109.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious complication of sepsis, which results in a rapid decline of kidney function. Currently, there are no curative therapies for AKI. Theacrine is a purine alkaloid and exerts significant role in regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and mood elevation. The study aims to evaluate the biological role and potential mechanism of theacrine in septic AKI. The murine and cellular models of septic AKI were established in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice and HK-2 cells, respectively. The effect of theacrine on alleviating septic AKI was assessed after pretreatment with theacrine in vivo and in vitro. We found that theacrine treatment significantly alleviated LPS-induced kidney injury, as evidenced by decreased levels of kidney injury markers (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), inflammatory factors (IL-1β and IL-18), and cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, theacrine markedly repressed the activation of NOD-like receptor (NLR) pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)inflammasome. As expected, MCC950 (a specific inhibitor of NLRP3) treatment also decreased LPS-induced production of IL-18 and IL-1β and cell apoptosis in HK-2 cells. More important, Nigericin sodiumsalt (a NLRP3 agonist) damaged the effect of theacrine on repressing kidney injury markers (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-18 and IL-1β), and cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that theacrine alleviates septic AKI, at least in part by repressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.

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3

Jhuo, Cian-Fen, Yu-Yu Hsu, Wen-Ying Chen, and Jason T. C. Tzen. "Attenuation of Tumor Development in Mammary Carcinoma Rats by Theacrine, an Antagonist of Adenosine 2A Receptor." Molecules 26, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 7455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247455.

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Caffeine has been reported to induce anti-tumor immunity for attenuating breast cancer by blocking the adenosine 2A receptor. Molecular modeling showed that theacrine, a purine alkaloid structurally similar to caffeine, might be an antagonist of the adenosine 2A receptor equivalent to or more effective than caffeine. Theacrine was further demonstrated to be an effective antagonist of the adenosine 2A receptor as its concurrent supplementation significantly reduced the elevation of AMPK phosphorylation level in MCF-7 human breast cells induced by CGS21680, an agonist of adenosine 2A receptors. In an animal model, the development of mammary carcinoma induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in Sprague–Dawley rats could be attenuated by daily supplement of theacrine of 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight. Both expression levels of cleaved-caspase-3/pro-caspase-3 and granzyme B in tumor tissues were significantly elevated when theacrine was supplemented, indicating the induction of programmed cell death in tumor cells might be involved in the attenuation of mammary carcinoma. Similar to the caffeine, significant elevation of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α was observed in the serum and tumor tissues of rats after the theacrine supplement of 50 mg/kg body weight. Taken together, theacrine is an effective antagonist of adenosine 2A receptors and possesses great potential to be used to attenuate breast cancer.

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4

Cerqueira, H. Santa Capita, H. Tourinho Filho, M. Corrêa, and C. E. Martinelli. "Theacrine does not enhance physical performance or training status over 8 weeks." Comparative Exercise Physiology 18, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep210034.

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Fatigue is a condition that may affect physical performance during training sessions. Consequently, this will impact training performance and will also affect the performance of the individual in the long term. Caffeine is extensively used to counteract fatigue; however, it contains several side effects. Theacrine might be used as an alternative to caffeine, providing the same benefits without the side effects. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of supplementation with theacrine on physical performance and training status of young amateur athletes. Twenty-two subjects were divided into two groups – Theacrine Group (T) and Placebo Group (P) – and evaluated before and after the intervention period. Evaluations included physical tests and hormonal values of insulin like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, used as markers of training status. Results demonstrated that theacrine was not capable of promoting benefits regarding the physical performance of the subjects. It also had no effects on serum secretion of IGF-I and its binding protein, IGFBP-3. Therefore, the findings of this study do not support the use of theacrine to increase physical performance.

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5

Song, Qitai, Yao Liu, and Ye Tian. "Theacrine alleviates inflammation and lung injury in septic mice by mediating SIRT3." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 22, no. 11 (January 10, 2024): 2259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v22i11.3.

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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of theacrine on sepsis progression and sepsis-induced lung injury and its mechanism of action. Methods: Lung injury model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis was made in the mice by injected with 3 mg/kg LPS dissolved in 50 μL PBS or only PBS (control group = 10). The remaining three groups (divided into ten mice per group) were administered theacrine (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg), by oral gavage 1 hour after LPS treatment. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to confirm the effect of theacrine on lung injury. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to determine inflammatory and oxidative stress factors. TUNEL as well as immunoblot assays were carried to confirm its effect on apoptosis and mechanism of action. Results: Theacrine significantly improved lung injury as well as lung relief score in LPS-induced sepsis mice (p < 0.01) and it significantly reversed the increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-induced sepsis mice (p < 0.01), In addition, theacrine administration significantly reduced the increased intensity of ROS and MDA levels, and significantly improved the levels of SOD in lung tissues (p < 0.01). Furthermore, it improved LPS-induced apoptosis of lung tissue cells and alleviated lung injury by significantly activating SIRT3 pathway (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Theacrine alleviates inflammation and lung injury in septic mice by mediating SIRT3, thereby making it a potential lead in the development of drugs against sepsis-related inflammation and lung injury.

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6

Mumford, Petey W., Shelby C. Osburn, Carlton D. Fox, Joshua S. Godwin, and Michael D. Roberts. "A Theacrine-Based Supplement Increases Cellular NAD+ Levels and Affects Biomarkers Related to Sirtuin Activity in C2C12 Muscle Cells In Vitro." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 3727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123727.

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There is evidence in rodents to suggest that theacrine-based supplements modulate tissue sirtuin activity as well as other biological processes associated with aging. Herein, we examined if a theacrine-based supplement (termed NAD3) altered sirtuin activity in vitro while also affecting markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. The murine C2C12 myoblast cell line was used for experimentation. Following 7 days of differentiation, myotubes were treated with 0.45 mg/mL of NAD3 (containing ~2 mM theacrine) for 3 and 24 h (n = 6 treatment wells per time point). Relative to control (CTL)-treated cells, NAD3 treatments increased (p < 0.05) Sirt1 mRNA levels at 3 h, as well as global sirtuin activity at 3 and 24 h. Follow-up experiments comparing 24 h NAD3 or CTL treatments indicated that NAD3 increased nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and SIRT1 protein levels (p < 0.05). Cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels were also elevated nearly two-fold after 24 h of NAD3 versus CTL treatments (p < 0.001). Markers of mitochondrial biogenesis were minimally affected. Although these data are limited to select biomarkers in vitro, these preliminary findings suggest that a theacrine-based supplement can modulate select biomarkers related to NAD+ biogenesis and sirtuin activity. However, these changes did not drive increases in mitochondrial biogenesis. While promising, these data are limited to a rodent cell line and human muscle biopsy studies are needed to validate and elucidate the significance of these findings.

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7

Roberts, Michael D., Shelby C. Osburn, Joshua S. Godwin, Bradley A. Ruple, Michael B. La Monica, Betsy Raub, Jennifer E. Sandrock, Tim N. Ziegenfuss, and Hector L. Lopez. "Enhance Trial: Effects of NAD3® on Hallmarks of Aging and Clinical Endpoints of Health in Middle Aged Adults: A Subset Analysis Focused on Blood Cell NAD+ Concentrations and Lipid Metabolism." Physiologia 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physiologia2010002.

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Limited pre-clinical and clinical data suggest theacrine or theacrine-based supplements modulate biological processes associated with lipid metabolism and aging. Herein, we sought to examine if 12 weeks of daily supplementation with a theacrine-based supplement (termed NAD3®; 312 mg of combined Wasabia japonica freeze-dried rhizome standardized for isothicyantes, theacrine, and copper (I)niacin chelate) altered serum lipids as well as select nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-associated metabolites in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Twenty-eight participants (12 males, 16 females) were randomly assigned to receive either NAD3 (n = 13; age: 52 ± 7 years old, body mass index: 29.0 ± 5.0 kg/m2) or a cellulose placebo (n = 15; age: 51 ± 5 years old, body mass index: 28.3 ± 3.9 kg/m2). Blood samples were obtained in mornings following overnight fasts prior to supplementation (Pre) and following the 12-week intervention (Post). PBMCs were freshly isolated and prepared for targeted NAD+ metabolomics, and serum as well as whole blood was assayed for blood lipids and other safety markers through a commercial laboratory. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) were observed for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and LDL: HDL ratio and post hoc analyses indicated these biomarkers significantly decreased with NAD3 supplementation (Pre-to-Post percent decreases were 11.1, 15.2, and −18.9%, respectively). A significant interaction was also observed for PBMC NAD+: NADH values, where levels trended downward from Pre to Post in the CTL group (p = 0.081) and values at Post were greater in NAD3 versus CTL (p = 0.023). No interactions were observed for systolic/diastolic blood pressure, body mass, or blood markers indicative of clinical safety. Although participant numbers were limited, these first-in-human data demonstrate a theacrine-based NAD3 supplement can favorably alter biomarkers of lipid metabolism and cellular NAD+ status. However, the latter data are limited to targeted NAD+ metabolites, and the effects of supplementation on other cellular metabolites or mechanisms related to the observed outcomes need to be further explored.

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8

Cerqueira, Henrique Santa Capita, Hugo Tourinho Filho, Marcos Corrêa Junior, and Carlos Eduardo Martinelli Junior. "Effects of Theacrine as a Pre-Workout Supplement." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 14037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114037.

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The search to increase physical performance is inherent to physical activity practitioners, and nutrition features are among the alternatives to seeking such an increase. The literature from the area has shown that different substances can promote beneficial effects over physical performance. One substance that has come into the spotlight is theacrine, an alkaloid similar to caffeine, which aims to increase physical performance. However, the studies on this supplement are scarce. Therefore, this study is a randomized, controlled trial that aimed to verify the effects of theacrine supplementation over physical performance in young male athletes, by applying a battery of physical tests. Twenty-two male amateur flag-football athletes were recruited. Subjects were divided into two groups and assessed at two moments, which were 72 h apart. The first assessment served as a basal measurement. In the second, the subjects ingested the supplement or a placebo 60 min before the following tests: sextuple jump, agility T test, 30 m sprint, 40 s run test (Matsudo test), and 12 min run test (Cooper test). There was no difference between the groups in any of the tests. Therefore, the findings of this study do not support the use of theacrine to increase physical performance.

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9

Kato, Misako, and Hiroshi Ashihara. "Biosynthesis and Catabolism of Purine Alkaloids in Camellia Plants." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 9 (September 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300907.

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A few Camellia plants accumulate caffeine, theobromine and theacrine. The present article reviews the distribution of purine alkaloids and biosynthetic pathways, including properties and genes of the caffeine synthase family of enzymes, and catabolism. Plant physiological studies and ecology-related studies are also summarized briefly.

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10

Shi, Yu, Shao-Rong Zhang, Kang Sun, Xing-Hua Wang, Jie-ling Jiang, li-Yong Luo, and Liang Zeng. "Characterization of bitter taste theacrine in Pu-erh tea." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 106 (March 2022): 104331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104331.

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11

Clewell, Amy, Gábor Hirka, Róbert Glávits, Philip A. Palmer, John R. Endres, Timothy S. Murbach, Tennille Marx, and Ilona Pasics Szakonyiné. "A 90-Day Oral Toxicological Evaluation of the Methylurate Purine Alkaloid Theacrine." Journal of Toxicology 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6206859.

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A 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicological evaluation was conducted according to GLP and OECD guidelines on the methylurate purine alkaloid theacrine, which is found naturally in certain plants. Four groups of Hsd.Brl.Han Wistar rats (ten/sex/group) were administered theacrine by gavage doses of 0 (vehicle only), 180, 300, and 375 mg/kg bw/day. Two females and one male in the 300 and 375 mg/kg bw/day groups, respectively, died during the study. Histological examination revealed centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis as the probable cause of death. In 375 mg/kg bw/day males, slight reductions in body weight development, food consumption, and feed efficiency, decreased weight of the testes and epididymides and decreased intensity of spermatogenesis in the testes, lack or decreased amount of mature spermatozoa in the epididymides, and decreased amount of prostatic secretions were detected at the end of the three months. At 300 mg/kg bw/day, slight decreases in the weights of the testes and epididymides, along with decreased intensity of spermatogenesis in the testes, and lack or decreased amount of mature spermatozoa in the epididymides were detected in male animals. The NOAEL was considered to be 180 mg/kg bw/day, as at this dose there were no toxicologically relevant treatment-related findings in male or female animals.

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12

Lin, Pei-Yi, Cian-Fen Jhuo, Nan-Hei Lin, Wen-Ying Chen, and Jason T. C. Tzen. "Assessing Antipsoriatic Effects of Bitter Pu’er Tea and Its Three Major Compounds, Strictinin, Theacrine and Epigallocatechin Gallate, in Imiquimod-Treated Mice." Compounds 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040024.

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Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes in association with the elevation of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-23 levels. In an animal model, psoriasis-like dermatitis was induced on the shaved dorsal skin of BALB/c mice by topical application of imiquimod (IMQ), a synthetic ligand of Toll-like receptor 7. Administration of bitter Pu’er tea significantly reduced psoriasis-like dermatitis in IMQ-treated mice, including a reduction in dorsal skin lesions, splenomegaly and the mRNA expression levels of IL-17A and IL-23. To examine putative antipsoriatic constituents, three major compounds in bitter Pu’er tea, strictinin, theacrine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were separately given as supplements to IMQ-treated mice. The results showed that all the three compounds attenuated the severity of psoriasis by reducing epidermal thickness. Only theacrine significantly attenuated splenomegaly. All the three compounds inhibited the expression of IL-23 mRNA in the skin as well as reduced the content of IL-17A+CD4+ T cells in the spleen, and strictinin was found to be relatively effective. It seemed that the antipsoriatic activity of bitter Pu’er tea was attributed to the additive effects of its multiple active compounds.

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13

Wang, Yuanyuan, Xiaorong Yang, Xinqiang Zheng, Jing Li, Chuangxing Ye, and Xiaohong Song. "Theacrine, a purine alkaloid with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities." Fitoterapia 81, no. 6 (September 2010): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.03.008.

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14

Wang, Guo-En, Yi-Fang Li, Yu-Jia Zhai, Lian Gong, Jing-Yu Tian, Mo Hong, Nan Yao, Yan-Ping Wu, Hiroshi Kurihara, and Rong-Rong He. "Theacrine protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating acylcarnitine metabolism." Metabolism 85 (August 2018): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.011.

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15

Tu, Erh-Chuang, Wei-Li Hsu, and Jason T. C. Tzen. "Strictinin, a Major Ingredient in Yunnan Kucha Tea Possessing Inhibitory Activity on the Infection of Mouse Hepatitis Virus to Mouse L Cells." Molecules 28, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031080.

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Theacrine and strictinin of Yunnan Kucha tea prepared from a mutant variety of wild Pu’er tea plants were two major ingredients responsible for the anti-influenza activity. As the COVID-19 outbreak is still lurking, developing safe and cost-effective therapeutics is an urgent need. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these tea compounds on the infection of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a β-coronavirus serving as a surrogate for SARS-CoV. Treatment with strictinin (100 μM), but not theacrine, completely eliminated MHV infection, as indicated by a pronounced reduction in plaque formation, nucleocapsid protein expression, and progeny production of MHV. Subsequently, a time-of-drug addition protocol, including pre-, co-, or post-treatment, was exploited to further evaluate the possible mechanism of antiviral activity mediated by strictinin, and remdesivir, a potential drug for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, was used as a positive control against MHV infection. The results showed that all three treatments of remdesivir (20 μM) completely blocked MHV infection. In contrast, no significant effect on MHV infection was observed when cells were pre-treated with strictinin (100 μM) prior to infection, while significant inhibition of MHV infection was observed when strictinin was introduced upon viral adsorption (co-treatment) and after viral entry (post-treatment). Of note, as compared with the co-treatment group, the inhibitory effect of strictinin was more striking in the post-treatment group. These results indicate that strictinin suppresses MHV infection by multiple mechanisms; it possibly interferes with viral entry and also critical step(s) of viral infection. Evidently, strictinin significantly inhibited MHV infection and might be a suitable ingredient for protection against coronavirus infection.

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16

Ashburn, Bradley O., Diana J. Le, and Corin K. Nishimura. "Computational Analysis of Theacrine, a Purported Nootropic and Energy-Enhancing Nutritional Supplement." Computational Chemistry 07, no. 01 (2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cc.2019.71002.

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17

He, Hui, Dejian Ma, Laura Brooks Crone, Matthew Butawan, Bernd Meibohm, Richard J. Bloomer, and Charles R. Yates. "Assessment of the Drug–Drug Interaction Potential Between Theacrine and Caffeine in Humans." Journal of Caffeine Research 7, no. 3 (September 2017): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2017.0006.

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18

Duan, Wen-Jun, Lei Liang, Ming-Hai Pan, Dan-Hua Lu, Ting-Mei Wang, Shan-Bing Li, Han-Bing Zhong, et al. "Theacrine, a purine alkaloid from kucha, protects against Parkinson's disease through SIRT3 activation." Phytomedicine 77 (October 2020): 153281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153281.

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19

Ko, Jeong‐Hyeon, Min Hee Yang, Seung Ho Baek, Dongwoo Nam, Sang Hoon Jung, and Kwang Seok Ahn. "Theacrine attenuates epithelial mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells." Phytotherapy Research 33, no. 7 (June 7, 2019): 1934–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6389.

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20

Li, Wei-Xi, Yi-Fang Li, Yu-Jia Zhai, Wei-Min Chen, Hiroshi Kurihara, and Rong-Rong He. "Theacrine, a Purine Alkaloid Obtained fromCamellia assamicavar.kucha, Attenuates Restraint Stress-Provoked Liver Damage in Mice." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, no. 26 (June 18, 2013): 6328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf400982c.

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21

Lin, Pei-Rong, Ping-Chung Kuo, Yue-Chiun Li, Cian-Fen Jhuo, Wei-Li Hsu, and Jason T. C. Tzen. "Theacrine and strictinin, two major ingredients for the anti-influenza activity of Yunnan Kucha tea." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 262 (November 2020): 113190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113190.

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22

Zheng, Xin-Qiang, Chuang-Xing Ye, Misako Kato, Alan Crozier, and Hiroshi Ashihara. "Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) synthesis in leaves of a Chinese tea, kucha (Camellia assamica var. kucha)." Phytochemistry 60, no. 2 (May 2002): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00086-9.

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23

Li, Zhuang, Jun He, Yue Zhang, Qing-Guo Wang, Yan Zhao, Hui-Hua Qu, Xue-Qian Wang, Hui Kong, Wei-Ku Zhang, and Jie-Kun Xu. "Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using specific monoclonal antibodies against theacrine and its application." Chinese Chemical Letters 27, no. 12 (December 2016): 1771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2016.06.052.

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24

Feduccia, Allison A., Yuanyuan Wang, Jeffrey A. Simms, Henry Y. Yi, Rui Li, Leonard Bjeldanes, Chuangxing Ye, and Selena E. Bartlett. "Locomotor activation by theacrine, a purine alkaloid structurally similar to caffeine: Involvement of adenosine and dopamine receptors." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 102, no. 2 (August 2012): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.04.014.

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25

Xu, JIE-KUN, HIROSHI Kurihara, LIANG Zhao, and XIN-SHENG Yao. "Theacrine, a special purine alkaloid with sedative and hypnotic properties from Cammelia assamica var. kucha in mice." Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 9, no. 7 (October 1, 2007): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020601103155.

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26

Qiao, Haoyi, Xiansheng Ye, Xiaoyu Bai, Jun He, Tingli Li, Jia Zhang, Weiku Zhang, and Jiekun Xu. "Theacrine: A purine alkaloid from Camellia assamica var. kucha with a hypnotic property via the adenosine system." Neuroscience Letters 659 (October 2017): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.063.

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27

Ouyang, Shu-Hua, Yu-Jia Zhai, Yan-Ping Wu, Guo Xie, Guo-En Wang, Zhong-Fu Mao, Hui-Hua Hu, et al. "Theacrine, a Potent Antidepressant Purine Alkaloid from a Special Chinese Tea, Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Stressed Mice." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69, no. 25 (June 1, 2021): 7016–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01514.

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28

Li, Hongjian, Kaixing Fang, Dandan Qin, Xiaohui Jiang, Qiushuang Wang, Chendong Pan, Bo Li, Qing Wang, and Hualing Wu. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Genes Responsible for High Theacrine Content in Kucha (Camellia kucha (Chang et Wang) Chang)." Tropical Plant Biology 14, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12042-020-09280-1.

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29

Zhang, Shao-Rong, Yu Shi, Jie-Lin Jiang, Li-Yong Luo, and Liang Zeng. "Discriminant Analysis of Pu-Erh Tea of Different Raw Materials Based on Phytochemicals Using Chemometrics." Foods 11, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11050680.

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Pu-erh tea processed from the sun-dried green tea leaves can be divided into ancient tea (AT) and terrace tea (TT) according to the source of raw material. However, their similar appearance makes AT present low market identification, resulting in a disruption in the tea market rules of fair trade. Therefore, this study analyzed the classification by principal component analysis/hierarchical clustering analysis and conducted the discriminant model through stepwise Fisher discriminant analysis and decision tree analysis based on the contents of water extract, phenolic components, alkaloid, and amino acids, aiming to investigate whether phytochemicals coupled with chemometric analyses distinguish AT and TT. Results showed that there were good separations between AT and TT, which was caused by 16 components with significant (p < 0.05) differences. The discriminant model of AT and TT was established based on six discriminant variables including water extract, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin, theacrine, and theanine. Among them, water extract comprised multiple soluble solids, representing the thickness of tea infusion. The model had good generalization capability with 100% of performance indexes according to scores of the training set and model set. In conclusion, phytochemicals coupled with chemometrics analyses are a good approach for the identification of different raw materials.

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30

Kuhman, Daniel, Keanan Joyner, and Richard Bloomer. "Cognitive Performance and Mood Following Ingestion of a Theacrine-Containing Dietary Supplement, Caffeine, or Placebo by Young Men and Women." Nutrients 7, no. 11 (November 19, 2015): 9618–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7115484.

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31

Wang, Yan-Hong, Goutam Mondal, Matthew Butawan, Richard J. Bloomer, and Charles R. Yates. "Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for characterizing caffeine, methylliberine, and theacrine pharmacokinetics in humans." Journal of Chromatography B 1155 (October 2020): 122278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122278.

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Gao, Ming, Jun Zheng, Chao Zheng, Zhiyuan Huang, and Qinwei Huang. "Theacrine alleviates chronic inflammation by enhancing TGF-β-mediated shifts via TGF-β/SMAD pathway in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant-induced rats." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 522, no. 3 (February 2020): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.126.

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VanDusseldorp, Trisha A., Matthew T. Stratton, Alyssa R. Bailly, Alyssa J. Holmes, Michaela G. Alesi, Yuri Feito, Gerald T. Mangine, et al. "Safety of Short-Term Supplementation with Methylliberine (Dynamine®) Alone and in Combination with TeaCrine® in Young Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030654.

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Methylliberine (Dynamine®; DYM) and theacrine (Teacrine®; TCR) are purine alkaloids purported to have similar neuro-energetic effects as caffeine. There are no published human safety data on DYM, and research on TCR is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of four weeks of DYM supplementation with and without TCR on cardiovascular function and blood biomarkers. One-hundred twenty-five men and women (mean age 23.0 yrs, height 169.7 cm, body mass 72.1 kg; n = 25/group) were randomly assigned to one of five groups: low-dose DYM (100 mg), high-dose DYM (150 mg), low-dose DYM with TCR (100 mg + 50 mg), high-dose DYM with TCR (150 mg + 25 mg), and placebo. Regardless of group and sex, significant main effects for time were noted for heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and QTc (p < 0.001), high-density lipoproteins (p = 0.002), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p = 0.018), basophils (p = 0.006), absolute eosinophils (p = 0.010), creatinine (p = 0.004), estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.037), chloride (p = 0.030), carbon dioxide (p = 0.023), bilirubin (p = 0.027), and alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.043), among others. While small changes were found in some cardiovascular and blood biomarkers, no clinically significant changes occurred. This suggests that DYM alone or in combination with TCR consumed at the dosages used in this study does not appear to negatively affect markers of health over four weeks of continuous use.

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Roberts, Michael D., Michael B. La Monica, Betsy Raub, Jennifer E. Sandrock, Tim N. Ziegenfuss, Ryan Smith, Varun B. Dwaraka, and Hector L. Lopez. "The Effects of a Multi-Ingredient Supplement Containing Wasabia Japonica Extract, Theacrine, and Copper (I) Niacin Chelate on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell DNA Methylation, Transcriptomics, and Sirtuin Activity." Physiologia 3, no. 2 (April 18, 2023): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3020016.

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Herein, we determined if a multi-ingredient supplement (NAD3; 312 mg of combined Wasabia japonica extract, theacrine, and copper (I)niacin chelate) versus a placebo (CTL) affected peripheral blood mononuclear (PMBC) transcriptomic, DNA methylation, and sirtuin activity profiles in middle-aged adults after 12 weeks of supplementation. Several mRNAs demonstrated interactions (n = 148 at ±1.5-fold change, p < 0.01), and more stringent filtering indicated that 25 mRNAs were upregulated and 29 were downregulated in the NAD3 versus CTL group. Bioinformatics on these 64 mRNAs suggested that DNA conformational alterations may have been promoted with NAD3 supplementation, and this was corroborated with more CpG sites being hypermethylated (p < 0.001) in the CTL versus the NAD3 group when examining pre- to post-intervention changes (369 versus 35). PBMC SIRT activity decreased in CTL participants (p < 0.001), but not in NAD3 participants (p = 0.289), and values at 12 weeks trended higher in NAD3 participants (p = 0.057). Interestingly, the pre- to post- changes in SIRT activity values significantly correlated with changes in PBMC NAD+: NADH values obtained from a previous investigation in these participants (r = 0.534, p = 0.015). In conclusion, the current mRNA and DNA methylation data indirectly suggest that NAD3 supplementation may affect PBMC DNA conformation, while other direct assays suggest that NAD3 supplementation maintains SIRT activity through the potential maintenance of NAD+: NADH levels. However, these results are preliminary due to limited n-sizes and the study being performed in middle-aged adults.

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Cintineo, Harry P., Marissa L. Bello, Alexa J. Chandler, Thomas D. Cardaci, Bridget A. McFadden, and Shawn M. Arent. "Effects of caffeine, methylliberine, and theacrine on vigilance, marksmanship, and hemodynamic responses in tactical personnel: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 19, no. 1 (August 18, 2022): 543–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2022.2113339.

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Li, Yi-Fang, Min Chen, Chen Wang, Xiao-Xiao Li, Shu-Hua Ouyang, Chi-Chi He, Zhong-Fu Mao, Bun Tsoi, Hiroshi Kurihara, and Rong-Rong He. "Theacrine, a purine alkaloid derived from Camellia assamica var. kucha , ameliorates impairments in learning and memory caused by restraint-induced central fatigue." Journal of Functional Foods 16 (June 2015): 472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.003.

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Ziegenfuss, Tim N., Scott M. Habowski, Jennifer E. Sandrock, A. William Kedia, Chad M. Kerksick, and Hector L. Lopez. "A Two-Part Approach to Examine the Effects of Theacrine (TeaCrine®) Supplementation on Oxygen Consumption, Hemodynamic Responses, and Subjective Measures of Cognitive and Psychometric Parameters." Journal of Dietary Supplements 14, no. 1 (May 10, 2016): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2016.1178678.

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Yuan, Ying, Deborah D. Crane, R. Mark Simpson, YaQi Zhu, Mark J. Hickey, David R. Sherman, and Clifton E. Barry. "The 16-kDa α-crystallin (Acr) protein ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis required for growth in macrophages." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 16 (August 4, 1998): 9578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9578.

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Although the 16-kDa α-crystallin homologue ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) is the dominant protein produced by stationary phase culturesin vitro, it is undetectable in logarithmically growing cultures. By growing bacilli at defined oxygen concentrations,acrtranscription was shown to be strongly induced by mildly hypoxic conditions. Acr expression also was found to be induced during the course ofin vitroinfection of macrophages. Theacrgene was replaced with a hygromycin resistance cassette by allelic exchange in MTB H37Rv. The resulting Δacr∷hptstrain was shown to be equivalent to wild-type H37Rv inin vitrogrowth rate and infectivity but was significantly impaired for growth in both mouse bone marrow derived macrophages and THP-1 cells. In addition to its proposed role in maintenance of long-term viability during latent, asymptomatic infections, these results establish a role for the Acr protein in replication during initial MTB infection.

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Dillon, Harris, and Machek Steven. "Theacrine as a Potential Caffeine Alternative for Enhanced Ergogenic and Cognitive Performance in Athletes: A Call to Action and Brief Review." Journal of Exercise and Nutrition 4, no. 3 (July 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.53520/jen2021.10397.

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Theacrine supplementation has begun recent investigation aimed to increase athletic performance. Although existing literature has examined theacrine’s potential to increase physical and cognitive performance via adenosine receptor inhibition alongside its promotion of overall health and slight cognitive enhancement. Therefore, theacrine ostensibly exists as a caffeine substitute for attenuating both physical and mental fatigue. This article aims to (a) demonstrate the structural/mechanistic similarities of caffeine & theacrine, (b) showcase their existing performance roles, and (c) establish the need for future investigations on theacrine as a potential ergogenic aid in physically active populations to both prophylactically prevent fatigue and augment performance.

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Mondal, Goutam, Yan-Hong Wang, Ryan Yates, Richard Bloomer, and Matthew Butawan. "Caffeine and Methylliberine: A Human Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study." Journal of Exercise and Nutrition 5, no. 3 (August 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.53520/jen2022.103124.

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Introduction: Methylliberine and theacrine are methylurates found in the leaves of various Coffea species and Camellia assamica var. kucha, respectively. We previously demonstrated that the methylxanthine caffeine increased theacrine’s oral bioavailability in humans. Methods: Consequently, we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacokinetic study in humans administered methylliberine, theacrine, and caffeine to determine methylliberine’s pharmacokinetic interaction potential with either caffeine or theacrine. Subjects received an oral dose of either methylliberine, caffeine, methylliberine plus caffeine, or methylliberine plus theacrine using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Blood samples were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. Results: Methylliberine exhibited linear pharmacokinetics that were unaffected by co-administration of either caffeine or theacrine. However, methylliberine co-administration resulted in decreased oral clearance (41.9 ± 19.5 vs. 17.1 ± 7.80 L/hr) and increased half-life (7.2 ± 5.6 versus 15 ± 5.8 hrs) of caffeine. Methylliberine had no impact on caffeine’s maximum concentration (440 ± 140 vs. 458 ± 93.5 ng/mL) or oral volume of distribution (351 ± 148 vs. 316 ± 76.4 L). Conclusions: We previously demonstrated theacrine bioavailability was enhanced by caffeine, however, caffeine pharmacokinetics were unaffected by theacrine. Herein, we found that methylliberine altered caffeine pharmacokinetics without a reciprocal interaction, which suggests caffeine may interact uniquely with different methylurates.

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Li, Jin, Wenliang Yan, Hongshan Yuan, and Fang Ren. "Theacrine enhances autophagy and inhibits inflammation via regulating SIRT3/FOXO3a/Parkin pathway." International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 27, no. 2 (February 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185x.15085.

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AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis, a common chronic inflammatory skin condition, impacts around 2%–3% of the global population. Theacrine is recognized for its potential anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the role of theacrine in psoriasis remains unclear.PurposesTo investigate the effects of theacrine on psoriasis and explore the underlying signaling pathways.MethodsFor imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced Psoriasis‐like mice, the psoriatic inflammation was monitored using Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). The skin damage was observed using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. The KI67 and CD4 in skin tissues were assessed using Immunohistochemistry analysis. Western blots were performed to evaluate the expression of Keratin 1 (KRT1), KRT6, LC3, P62, Beclin1, T‐bet, GATA3, RAR‐related orphan receptor (ROR)‐γt, Sirtuin‐3 (SIRT3), Forkhead Box O3a (FOXO3a) and Parkin. Additionally, LC3B expression was analyzed using an immunofluorescent assay, while flow cytometry was performed to analyze the percentage of Th17, Th1, and Th2 positive cells in skin‐draining lymph node.ResultsTheacrine improved skin condition by reducing hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, lowering PASI scores, and decreasing KI67‐positive cells. Theacrine also modulated keratin expression, elevating KRT1 while reducing KRT6 levels. Theacrine enhanced autophagy indicated by an increased LC3‐II/LC3‐I ratio and Beclin1, while reduced P62 levels. Additionally, Theacrine reduced CD4‐positive cells and suppressed Th17 and Th1 cell activation. Theacrine activated the FOXO3a/Parkin pathway by upregulating SIRT3 expression, and down‐regulation of SIRT3 counteracted theacrine's effects in psoriasis‐like mice.ConclusionTheacrine inhibits skin damage, promotes autophagy, and mediates inflammation in IMQ‐induced psoriasis mice via upregulating SIRT3 to activate FOXO3a/Parkin pathway, positioning theacrine as a candidate for psoriasis treatment.

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Zhong, Hong, Yi Wang, Fu-Rong Qu, Meng-Yuan Wei, Chen-Yu Zhang, Hao-Ran Liu, Liang Chen, Ming-Zhe Yao, and Ji-Qiang Jin. "A novel TcS allele conferring the high-theacrine and low-caffeine traits and having potential use in tea plant breeding." Horticulture Research, August 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac191.

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Abstract Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) is a natural product with remarkable pharmacological activities such as antidepressant, sedative and hypnotic activities, while caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) has certain side effects to special populations. Hence, breeding tea plants with high theacrine and low caffeine will increase tea health benefits and promote consumption. In this study, we construct a F1 population by crossing “Zhongcha 302” (theacrine-free) and a tea germplasm “Ruyuan Kucha” (RY, theacrine-rich) to identify the causal gene for accumulating theacrine. The results showed that the content of theacrine was highly negative correlate with caffeine (R2 > 0.9). Bulked segregant RNA sequencing analysis, molecular markers and gene expression analysis indicating that the theacrine synthase (TcS) gene was the candidate gene. The TcS was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and the theacrine can be detected in stably genetic transformed tobacco by feeding the substrate 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid. Moreover, in vitro enzyme activity experiment revealed that the 241th amino acid residue was the key residue. Besides, we amplified the promoter region in several tea accessions with varied theacrine levels, and found a 234-bp deletion and a 271-bp insertion in RY. Both GUS histochemical analysis and dual-luciferase assay showed that TcS promoter activity in RY was relatively high. Lastly, we developed a molecular marker which is co-segregate with high-theacrine individuals in RY’s offspring. These results demonstrate that the novel TcS allele in RY results in the high-theacrine and low-caffeine traits and the developed functional marker will facilitate the breeding of characteristic tea plants.

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He, Yong, Xinkai Zheng, Yunfeng Hu, Liehua Deng, Jin Xu, and Shi Wu. "Proteomics analysis to investigate the potential mechanism of theacrine against UV‐induced skin photodamage." Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, August 29, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12908.

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AbstractAimThis study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of theacrine treatment of UV‐induced skin photodamage.Materials and MethodsTandem Mass Tag (TMT) relative quantitative proteomics analysis was used to characterize the proteins and pathways associated with the ability of theacrine to combat photodamage in mouse skin by modeling UV irradiation of the backs of ICR mice.ResultsApoptosis‐related proteins and signaling pathways play a key role in the ability of theacrine to protect against skin photodamage, according to proteomic and bioinformatics analysis; molecular docking and Western blotting further revealed that theacrine was associated with apoptosis‐related proteins (p53, Bcl‐2, Bax, caspase‐3, and cleaved‐caspase‐3) with strong binding affinity, which can significantly reduce skin cell apoptosis induced by UV exposure.ConclusionThe findings revealed that theacrine can reduce UVB‐induced epidermal damage by controlling the apoptosis signaling pathway, implying that theacrine could be a useful anti‐UVB damage agent.

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Sheng, Yue-Yue, Jing Xiang, Ze-Shi Wang, Jing Jin, Ying-Qi Wang, Qing-Sheng Li, Da Li, et al. "Theacrine From Camellia kucha and Its Health Beneficial Effects." Frontiers in Nutrition 7 (December 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.596823.

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Theacrine, i.e., 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid, is one of the major purine alkaloids found in leaf of a wild tea plant species Camellia kucha Hung T. Chang. Theacrine has been attracted great attentions academically owing to its diverse health benefits. Present review examines the advances in the research on the health beneficial effects of theacrine, including antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory effect, locomotor activation and reducing fatigue effects, improving cognitive effect, hypnotic effect, ameliorating lipid metabolism and inhibiting breast cancer cell metastasis effect. The inconsistent results in this research field and further expectations were also discussed.

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"Determination of theacrine in rat plasma by RP-HPLC." China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, March 1, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4268/cjcmm20130527.

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Wu, Wenliang, Jiang Shi, Jiqiang Jin, Zhen Liu, Yong Yuan, Zhida Chen, Shuguang Zhang, Weidong Dai, and Zhi Lin. "Comprehensive metabolic analyses provide new insights into primary and secondary metabolites in different tissues of Jianghua Kucha tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica cv. Jianghua)." Frontiers in Nutrition 10 (May 19, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1181135.

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BackgroundJianghua Kucha (JHKC) is a special tea germplasm with enriched specialized secondary metabolites, including theacrine, non-epimeric flavanols and methylated flavanols. Moreover, primary metabolites provide precursors and energy for the production of secondary metabolites. However, the accumulation patterns of primary and secondary metabolites in different tissues of JHKC are unclear.MethodsThe changes of primary and secondary metabolites and related metabolic pathways (primary and secondary metabolism) in different JHKC tissues (the bud, 1st-4th leaves, and new stem) were investigated via metabolomics analysis with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS).ResultsSignificant differences were observed in 68 primary and 51 secondary metabolites mainly related with the pathways of starch and sucrose, amino acids, caffeine, and flavanols metabolism and TCA cycle. The bud exhibited higher levels of glucose-6-phosphate, citric acid, most amino acids, theobromine, catechin-gallate, epicatechin-gallate, procyanidins, and theasinensins; the 1st leaf showed higher levels of caffeine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate; and the 4th leaf contained higher levels of most monosaccharides, theacrine, and epigallocatechin-3-O-(3”-O-methyl)-gallate. In addition, primary metabolites and important secondary metabolites had certain correlations.ConclusionThis study provides comprehensive insight into primary and secondary metabolites in JHKC and offers guidelines for efficiently utilizing specialized metabolites of JHKC in the future.

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Monica, Michael B. La, Jennifer B. Listman, Ian Donovan, Taylor E. Johnson, David J. Heeger, and Wayne E. Mackey. "Effects of TeaCrine® (Theacrine), Dynamine™ (Methylliberine), and Caffeine on Gamer Psychomotor Performance in a First-Person Shooter Video Game Scenario." Journal of Exercise and Nutrition 4, no. 2 (August 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.53520/jen2021.103104.

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Purpose: To compare the effects of purported cognitive enhancing dietary bioactive ingredients on subjective and objective measures of cognitive and motor performance during a first-person shooter video game.Methods: Using a placebo-controlled crossover design, nine healthy men (23.4±5.7 yr, 178.9±5.8cm, 86.0±17.1kg) completed four 20-minute gaming sessions designed to assess cognitive, motor, and perceptual skills via artificial intelligence-driven battery of tasks (Aim Lab). Participants ingested either a placebo (PL), caffeine (CAFF), or caffeine + methylliberine (Dynamine™) + theacrine (TeaCrine®) (CMT). Before and after each gaming session participants rated various feelings of affect. Data were analyzed using mixed factorial ANOVA, bootstrapping post-hoc tests with 95% confidence intervals, and effect sizes.Results: Compared to PL, self-assessed performance was significantly increased in CMT vs. PL (p=0.035) and self-assessed jitteriness was increased by CAFF vs. PL (p=0.043). CMT was associated with a greater improvement of participants’ visuo-spatial working memory from baseline vs. PL (p=0.04) and CAFF (p=0.033). CAFF had a greater decrease in reaction time for false alarms (indicating diminished cognitive control) from baseline vs. PL (p=0.002) and CMT (p=0.001) and a greater increase for time on target tracking vs. PL (p=0.008) and CMT (p=0.047). Compared to PL, CMT was associated with a greater decrease in median kill time (indicating improved speed) (p=0.017). Compared to PL, systolic blood pressure was significantly increased by CAFF (p=0.025) and CMT (p=0.020) but remained within normal limits.Conclusions: Acute CMT supplementation improved cognitive and motor abilities in recreational gamers. The addition of theacrine and methylliberine to caffeine may lessen some undesirable effects of isolated caffeine ingestion on cognitive control and jitteriness.

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Wang, Songlin, Jiedan Chen, Jianqiang Ma, Jiqiang Jin, Liang Chen, and Mingzhe Yao. "Novel insight into theacrine metabolism revealed by transcriptome analysis in bitter tea (Kucha, Camellia sinensis)." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (April 14, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62859-2.

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Zhang, Yue-Hong, Yi-Fang Li, Yongjin Wang, Li Tan, Zhi-Qin Cao, Chao Xie, Guo Xie, et al. "Identification and characterization of N9-methyltransferase involved in converting caffeine into non-stimulatory theacrine in tea." Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (March 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15324-7.

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Xie, Jizhou, Yu Shi, Wei Luo, Wei Fang, Liyong Luo, and Liang Zeng. "Effects of theacrine on the astringency of EGCG by affecting salivary protein − EGCG interactions through different molecular mechanisms." Food Chemistry: X, May 2024, 101474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101474.

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