Journal articles: 'The typical Australian'

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Wolff, Leon. "Litigiousness in Australia: Lessons from Comparative Law." Deakin Law Review 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2013vol18no2art39.

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How litigious are Australians? Although quantitative studies have comprehensively debunked the fear of an Australian civil justice system in crisis, the literature has yet to address the qualitative public policy question of whether Australians are under- or over-using the legal system to resolve their disputes. On one view, expressed by the insurance industry, the mass media and prominent members of the judiciary, Australia is moving towards an American-style hyper-litigiousness. By contrast, Australian popular culture paints the typical Australian as culturally averse to formal rights assertion. This article explores the comparative law literature on litigiousness in two jurisdictions that have attracted significant scholarly attention — the United States and Japan. More specifically, it seeks to draw lessons from this literature for both understanding litigiousness in modern Australia and framing future research projects on the issue.

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Wu, Sheng Li, Oliveira Dauter, Yu Ming Dai, Jian Xu, and Hong Chen. "Research on High-Temperature Properties of Typical Iron Ores Used in China and its Blending Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 1780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.1780.

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High-temperature properties of 10 samples of iron ore from Brazil, Australia and China were measured. Several conclusions were made based on these experimental results. Assimilability of Brazilian ore, Australian ore and Chinese ore concentrate were low, high and medium, respectively. Optimal fluidity of liquid phase was observed in 2 types of Brazilian ores (BR-B, BR-C), 1 type of Australian ore (AU-C) and 1 type of Chinese ore (CH-D). For self-strength of the bonding phase, Australian ore presented low levels, while Brazilian and Chinese ore presented high levels. According to the experimental results of high-temperature properties of iron ore, schemes of ore blending optimization were designed and sinter pot test using these blends were performed. The results indicated that ore blends composed of 30~45% Brazilian ores + 25~50% Australian ores + 20~30% Chinese concentrates presented excellent sintering results, considering both the performance of the processing and quality of the sinter. Therefore this experiment has proved that ore blending optimization combining high temperature properties can lead to more efficient sintering mixes.

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GOLDSMITH, BENJAMIN E., and MATTHEW LINLEY. "Engaged or Not? Perceptions of Australian Influence among Asian Publics." Japanese Journal of Political Science 13, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 525–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109912000254.

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AbstractDespite Australia's increasing economic ties with Asia, little is known about how it is perceived by the typical citizen in the region. This paper seeks to contribute to the Australian discussion on ‘Asian engagement’, as well as to a general understanding of the structure of foreign policy beliefs, by examining perceptions of Australia's influence among the mass publics of 14 Asian polities. Despite some anxiety in Australia on national op-ed pages and among political leaders over how the country is perceived, we find that the average person in Asia probably does not have a strong or meaningful opinion about Australia's foreign policy. Using survey data covering the years 2006 through 2008 from the AsiaBarometer project, we find that, on average, far more people view Australia's influence on their country favorably (40.5%) than view it unfavorably (6.1%). A similar percentage (41.5%), however, have neutral views of Australia's influence, and 12% of people in Asian nations express no opinion on the topic. We suggest these high frequencies of neutral perceptions and non-response are evidence of considerable indifference towards Australia. Furthermore, we investigate the correlates of perceptions of Australia's influence and find that in almost all cases citizens’ views about US and Chinese influence on their country are much better predictors of their views of Australia's influence than core values, identity, information, and demographic characteristics. We posit that opinions about Australia, even those that are favorable, may have less to do with perceptions of Australia specifically, and more to do with respondents’ general internationalist sentiment or perceptions of major powers.

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Castillo, Roel. "Typical Australian CSSD: Federal compliance and passing with merit." Infection, Disease & Health 21, no. 3 (November 2016): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2016.09.120.

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Newbrook, Mark. "Unrecognised Grammatical and Semantic Features Typical of Australian English." English World-Wide 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.13.1.02new.

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Molloy, S. B., M. Cheng, I. E. Galbally, M. D. Keywood, S. J. Lawson, J. C. Powell, R. Gillett, E. Dunne, and P. W. Selleck. "Indoor air quality in typical temperate zone Australian dwellings." Atmospheric Environment 54 (July 2012): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.031.

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Duarte Alonso, Abel, and Vlad Krajsic. "Perceptions and images of “typical” Australian dishes: An exploratory study." Journal of Foodservice Business Research 19, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2016.1159890.

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RANGAN, Anna M., Suzanne SCHINDELER, Debra J. HECTOR, and Tim P. GILL. "Assessment of typical food portion sizes consumed among Australian adults." Nutrition & Dietetics 66, no. 4 (December 2009): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2009.01375.x.

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Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., Steven J. B. Cooper, and Andrew D. Austin. "Three new species of Dolichogenidea Viereck (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Australia with exceptionally long ovipositors." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 64 (June 25, 2018): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.64.25219.

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The subfamily Microgastrinae contains an extraordinarily rich diversity of parasitoid wasps which parasitise larval lepidopterans. The Australian fauna has generally been poorly studied, particularly for the very speciose genera. One such genus is Dolichogenidea Vierek, which in Australia is known from only six described species. Here we describe three new species of Dolichogenidea from Australia, which are distinguished by possessing extremely long ovipositors compared with the typical form for the genus. These are D.finchi Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, sp. n., D.mediocaudata Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, sp. n., and D.xenomorph Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, sp. n. In describing these new species we also discuss relationships within the genus, and the diversity and biology of the Australian fauna.

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Whittaker, Peter B., Xiaolin Wang, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, David Blair, and Hui Tong Chua. "Geothermal air conditioning: typical applications using deep-warm and shallow-cool reservoirs for cooling in Perth, Western Australia." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 5 (2014): A10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2013010.

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Geothermal heat is a sustainable form of alternative energy, commonly associated with the production of electricity along tectonic plate boundaries and in volcanically active zones. Outside of these special regions however it is rare to find a geothermal gradient high enough to achieve pay back on projects for generating electricity. On the other hand regions containing sedimentary aquifers are far more common and these aquifers frequently have a sufficiently high temperature gradient to make direct use of the thermal energy attractive. Meanwhile highly permeable aquifers occurring at shallow depths are possible sources for cooling water or can be both heat sources and sinks when used in combination with heat pumps. We provide a case study for the use of thermally driven absorption chillers on the University of Western Australia campus in Perth and discuss two ongoing projects: one for the heating and cooling of the offices of the Australian Resources Research Council using a reversible heat pump and the other the climate control of the planned Australian International Gravitational Observatory.

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Carpenter, Raymond J., Myall Tarran, and Robert S. Hill. "Leaf fossils of Proteaceae subfamily Persoonioideae, tribe Persoonieae: tracing the past of an important Australasian sclerophyll lineage." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 2 (2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16045.

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Fossils from the Eocene of South Australia and Western Australia and the Oligo–Miocene of Victoria represent the first known Australian leaf fossils of subfamily Persoonioideae, tribe Persoonieae. Persoonieaephyllum blackburnii sp. nov. is described from Middle Eocene Nelly Creek sediments near Lake Eyre, South Australia. Persoonieae are an important clade for understanding vegetation transitions in Australasia. The Nelly Creek leaf fossils are small (~6mm wide) and belong to an assemblage that has some characteristics of open vegetation, which is also inferred for the Oligo–Miocene of the Latrobe Valley, Victoria. In contrast, the Western Australian Late Eocene Persoonieae occur with diverse Lauraceae and other elements now typical of closed rainforests, and may, therefore, have been derived from communities that are unlike those in which most Persoonieae now occur. All fossil Persoonieae leaves so far known are hypostomatic (or virtually so), a state of stomatal distribution now only found in species of reasonably mesic habitats in New Zealand, New Caledonia and eastern Australian eucalypt forests. The ancestral state of stomatal distribution in Persoonieae leaves is unclear, but evidence suggests ancient associations of amphistomaty with open habitats, evolutionary loss of adaxial stomata in more closed vegetation, and the evolution of pronounced xerophylly within south-western Australian heathlands.

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Harding, RM, and DS Teakle. "Failure of Five Viruses to Cause Typical Australian Papaw Dieback Disease." Australasian Plant Pathology 22, no. 2 (1993): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/app9930062.

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Laffey, Kate, Wendy M. Pearce, and William Steed. "Effect of dialect on the identification of speech impairmentin Indigenous children." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 37, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.37.2.05laf.

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The influence of dialect on child speech assessment processes is important to consider in order to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate intervention (teaching or therapy) for bidialectal children. In Australia, there is limited research evidence documenting the influence of dialectal variations on identification of speech impairment among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. The effect of dialect on the identification of speech impairment was therefore investigated in seven eight-year-old Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian children living in Townsville, Queensland. Up to eighty words were transcribed from a connected speech sample and phonological patterns were analysed using contrastive analysis. The number of participants identified with a speech impairment decreased when typical characteristics of Australian Indigenous Englishes (AIE) were used as the target reference rather than Standard Australian English (SAE).

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Guo, J., H. J. Tu, H. Li, Y. Zhao, and J. Zhou. "HORIZONTAL ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF GOOGLE EARTH DATA OVER TYPICAL REGIONS OF AUSTRALIA USING WORLDVIEW." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 29, 2021): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-763-2021.

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Abstract. Since the release of Google Earth image data, it has been the most widely used remote sensing data worldwide, and its accuracy evaluation has also been the focus of historical research. However, the researchers found that Google Earth's image accuracy assessment results have obvious regional characteristics. This article uses the Australian continent as the research area and WorldView-2 remote sensing images as reference data to study the accuracy evaluation results of Google Earth data. The research shows that the overall accuracy of the assessment area in Australia is better. The areas with the best overall accuracy appear in the western coastal areas, with an accuracy range of 0.7–1.4; the accuracy assessment results in the central desert area are also better, with the accuracy range 1.4–2.2, and the areas with the worst accuracy appear in the western mountains and hills of 14.5 and 17.1.

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Ramasamy, Shanmuganathan, and Behdad Moghtaderi. "Dielectric Properties of Typical Australian Wood-Based Biomass Materials at Microwave Frequency." Energy & Fuels 24, no. 8 (August 19, 2010): 4534–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef100623e.

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Abdullah, Gazinga F., Wasim Saman, David Whaley, and Martin Belusko. "Optimization of Standalone Solar Heat Fired Absorption Chiller for Typical Australian Homes." Energy Procedia 91 (June 2016): 692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.232.

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Speight, K. N., M. J. Kokkinn, and W. G. Breed. "The gastrointestinal tract of the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) – its morphological adaptations to a carnivorous diet." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 1 (2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15028.

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The Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster), unlike most murine rodents, has a carnivorous diet. In the present study the morphology of its gastrointestinal tract is described and compared with that of other muroid rodents with more typical diets. It was found that the stomach of the water rat is relatively small and has a greater proportion of glandular epithelium than that of other species so far investigated. Comparisons of relative intestinal lengths showed that in the Australian water rat there is a comparatively long small intestine that constitutes ~90% of the total intestinal length, a short large intestine, and a small caecum. This divergent morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of the Australian water rat probably relates to the animal’s protein-rich diet, with the differences from those of other hydromyine rodents indicating considerable plasticity in the evolution of the gastrointestinal tract in this group of mammals. It suggests that, whilst the morphological adaptations of the water rat’s gastrointestinal tract probably evolved before the colonisation of Australia, its highly derived morphology has enabled this species to exploit the Australian environment as an aquatic carnivore.

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Rebuli, Megan A., Gemma Williams, Genevieve James-Martin, and Gilly A. Hendrie. "Food group intake at self-reported eating occasions across the day: secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition Survey 2011–2012." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 17 (July 21, 2020): 3067–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020001585.

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AbstractObjective:To examine core and discretionary food and beverage intake at eating occasions, and to explore the variation in consumption by age and gender in Australian adults and children.Design:The study utilised one 24-h dietary recall with self-reported eating occasions from a nationally representative sample of Australians. Average servings of each food group for age and gender subpopulations were compared with the Australian Dietary Guidelines. The percentage contribution of each eating occasion to total daily food group intake and typical composition of eating occasions were described. Frequently consumed discretionary foods were reported for eating occasions by age and gender.Setting:2011–2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey.Participants:12 153 Australian people aged 2 years and above.Results:Grains were consumed in equal proportions throughout the day across all age and gender subgroups, while remaining core food groups were unequally distributed, featuring more prominently at specific eating occasions. Children consumed two-thirds of their fruit intake as snacks, and up to three quarters of adults’ vegetable and meat intake was consumed at dinner. Children consumed more of their discretionary intake at mid-meals, while adults consumed a greater proportion as part of a main meal.Conclusions:The present study provides a detailed understanding about when food groups are consumed, the ‘typical’ meal composition across the day, and how consumption patterns and compliance with dietary guidelines differ by age group and gender. These findings can assist in developing more specific nutrition messages which may help to achieve greater improvements in population dietary intake.

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COOPER, A., M. GOULLET, J. MITCHELL, N. KETHEESAN, and B. GOVAN. "Serological evidence of Coxiella burnetii exposure in native marsupials and introduced animals in Queensland, Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 7 (September 6, 2011): 1304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811001828.

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SUMMARYThe state of Queensland has the highest incidence of Q fever in Australia. In recent years, there has been an increase in human cases where no contacts with the typical reservoir animals or occupations were reported. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian native animals and introduced animals in northern and southeastern Queensland. Australian native marsupials sampled included the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and common northern bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus). Introduced species sampled included dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), cats (Felis catus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and pigs (Sus scrofa). Serum samples were tested by ELISA for both phase II and phase I antigens of the organism using an Australian isolate. The serological evidence of C. burnetii infection demonstrated in these species has public health implications due to their increasing movement into residential areas in regional Queensland. This study is the first known investigation of C. burnetii seroprevalence in these species in northern Queensland.

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Slattery, P. D., and G. Radford. "THE ENFORCEABILITY OF TYPICAL JOA DEFAULT PROVISIONS." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94055.

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Courts will not always give effect to the terms of JOA default provisions which require forfeiture of a defaulting party's joint venture interest. However, given the nature of resource joint ventures, the circumstances in which relief against forfeiture will be granted are rare.Forfeiture of a joint venture interest will not be enforced if it is penal in nature. Typical JOA forfeiture clauses are unlikely to be penal in nature as their primary object is to facilitate the continuation of the joint venture project.If two or more alternative and inconsistent remedies are available to non-defaulting joint venturers, they must elect which remedy they wish to pursue. We do not believe typical JOA default remedies present inconsistencies which require an election.In recent years, Australian courts have demonstrated a willingness to imply terms of reasonableness into contracts to avoid a harsh or unjust outcome. We do not expect this trend to affect typical JOA default clauses.

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Woinarski, J. C. Z., S. M. Legge, L. A. Woolley, R. Palmer, C. R. Dickman, J. Augusteyn, T. S. Doherty, et al. "Predation by introduced cats Felis catus on Australian frogs: compilation of species records and estimation of numbers killed." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19182.

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Abstract ContextWe recently estimated the numbers of reptiles, birds and mammals killed by cats (Felis catus) in Australia, with these assessments providing further evidence that cats have significant impacts on Australian wildlife. No previous studies have estimated the numbers of frogs killed by cats in Australia and there is limited comparable information from elsewhere in the world. AimsWe sought to (1) estimate the numbers of frogs killed by cats in Australia and (2) compile a list of Australian frog species known to be killed by cats. MethodsFor feral cats, we estimated the number of frogs killed from information on their frequency of occurrence in 53 cat dietary studies (that examined stomach contents), the mean number of frogs in dietary samples that contained frogs, and the numbers of cats in Australia. We collated comparable information for take of frogs by pet cats, but the information base was far sparser. Key resultsFrogs were far more likely to be reported in studies that sampled cat stomachs than cat scats. The mean frequency of occurrence of frogs in cat stomachs was 1.5%. The estimated annual per capita consumption by feral cats in Australia’s natural environments is 44 frogs, and, hence, the annual total take is estimated at 92 million frogs. The estimated annual per capita consumption by pet cats is 0.26 frogs, for a total annual kill of one million frogs by pet cats. Thirty native frog species (13% of the Australian frog fauna) are known to be killed by cats: this tally does not include any of the 51 threatened frog species, but this may simply be because no cat dietary studies have occurred within the small ranges typical of threatened frog species. ConclusionsThe present study indicated that cats in Australia kill nearly 100 million frogs annually, but further research is required to understand the conservation significance of such predation rates. ImplicationsThe present study completed a set of reviews of the impacts of cats on Australian terrestrial vertebrates. Cat predation on Australian frogs is substantial, but is likely to be markedly less than that on Australian reptiles, birds and mammals.

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Hartwig, Steve G. "Surveying Psychologists' Public Image with Drawings of a “Typical” Psychologist." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 14 (2003): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000250.

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AbstractPsychologists have traditionally surveyed their public image using structured survey methods, such as specific questions and rating scales. In an attempt to assess Australian psychology's public image using a less conventional survey approach, a representative sample of adults were asked to draw pictures of what they considered a “typical” psychologist to look like. A basic content analysis of respondents' drawings (N = 119) suggested that psychologists were predominantly perceived as male, and middle-aged or older. Further perceptions to emerge are presented and discussed, along with both methodological and professional implications of the findings.

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Janzen, Jens-Wilhelm, Norman F. Johnson, and Luciana Musetti. "A new fossil species of the Australian endemic genus Peradenia Naumann & Masner (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea, Peradeniidae) from Baltic Amber." Insect Systematics & Evolution 32, no. 2 (2001): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631201x00146.

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AbstractThe family Peradeniidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea) is represented by two rare extant species from southeastern Australia (Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania). A new species, Peradenia galerita sp. n., is described from Eocene Baltic amber. The fossil species is very similar to the living Perndenia, but has the short metasomatic petiole typical of most Proctotrupoidea. The subfamily classification of Heloridae proposed by Rasnitsyn and the status of Peradeniidae are briefly reviewed. The subfamily Mesohelorinae Rasnitsyn, 1990 is a junior synonym of Protohelorinae Rasnitsyn, 1980 (syn. n.).

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Walsh, Michael. "Ten postulates concerning narrative in Aboriginal Australia." Narrative in ‘societies of intimates’ 26, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.26.2.02wal.

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This article seeks to identify aspects of narratives in Aboriginal Australia, which are distinctive from narratives typical of non-Indigenous Australia, based on comments which have been made in previous academic publications about these linguistic communities. Anecdotally, people unfamiliar with Aboriginal narratives may comment that a story which a traditional Aboriginal audience will find entertaining and rewarding, appears to them to be unengaging, lacking point, or repetitive. One goal of this article is to uncover some of the expectations that these different audiences have about what constitutes a ‘good’ story. To differentiate traditional Aboriginal narratives from stories encountered in the wider Australian community, ten features distinctive of Aboriginal narrative are proposed.

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Sun, Y. Q., C. Cole, M. Dhanasekar, and D. P. Thambiratnam. "Modelling and analysis of the crush zone of a typical Australian passenger train." Vehicle System Dynamics 50, no. 7 (July 2012): 1137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2012.656658.

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Sun, Yan, Colin Cole, Maksym Spiryagin, Tony Godber, Stewart Hames, and Mohammad Rasul. "Longitudinal heavy haul train simulations and energy analysis for typical Australian track routes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 228, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409713476225.

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Kelly, Veronica. "Beauty and the Market: Actress Postcards and their Senders in Early Twentieth-Century Australia." New Theatre Quarterly 20, no. 2 (April 21, 2004): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x04000016.

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A hundred years ago the international craze for picture postcards distributed millions of images of popular stage actresses around the world. The cards were bought, sent, and collected by many whose contact with live theatre was sometimes minimal. Veronica Kelly's study of some of these cards sent in Australia indicates the increasing reach of theatrical images and celebrity brought about by the distribution mechanisms of industrial mass modernity. The specific social purposes and contexts of the senders are revealed by cross-reading the images themselves with the private messages on the backs, suggesting that, once outside the industrial framing of theatre or the dramatic one of specific roles, the actress operated as a multiply signifying icon within mass culture – with the desires and consumer power of women major factors in the consumption of the glamour actress card. A study of the typical visual rhetoric of these postcards indicates the authorized modes of femininity being constructed by the major postcard publishers whose products were distributed to theatre fans and non-theatregoers alike through the post. Veronica Kelly is working on a project dealing with commercial managements and stars in early twentieth-century Australian theatre. She teaches in the School of English, Media Studies, and Art History at the University of Queensland, is co-editor of Australasian Drama Studies, and author of databases and articles dealing with colonial and contemporary Australian theatre history and dramatic criticism. Her books include The Theatre of Louis Nowra (1998) and the collection Our Australian Theatre in the 1990s (1998).

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Greenwood, DR. "Eocene monsoon forests in central Australia?" Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960095.

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The Australian Tertiary plant fossil record documents rainforests of a tropical to temperate character in south-eastern and south-western Australia for much of the Early Tertiary, and also shows the climatically mediated contraction of these rainforests in the mid to Late Tertiary. The fossil record of Australian monsoon forests, that is semi-evergreen to deciduous vine forests and woodlands of the wet-dry tropics, however, is poorly known. Phytogeographic analyses have suggested an immigrant origin for some floral elements of present day monsoon forests in northern Australia, while other elements appear to have a common history with the tropical rainforests sensu stricto and/or the sclerophyllous flora. Early Tertiary macrofloras in northern South Australia may provide some insight into the origins of Australian tropical monsoon forests. The Middle Eocene macrofloras of the Poole Creek palaeochannel, and the ?Eocene-Oligocene silcrete macrofloras of Stuart Creek, both in the vicinity of modern Lake Eyre South, have foliar physiognomic characteristics which distinguish them from both modern rainforest and Eocene-Oligocene floras from south-eastern Australia. Preliminary systematic work on these floras suggests the presence of: (1) elements not associated today with monsoon forests (principally 'rainforest' elements, e.g. Gymnostoma, cf. Lophostemon, cf. Athertonia, Podocarpaceae, ?Cunoniaceae); (2) elements typical of both monsoon forests and other tropical plant communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, cf. Syzygium, and Elaeocarpaceae); (3) elements likely to be reflecting sclerophyllous communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, Banksieae and other Proteaceae); and (4) elements more typically associated with, but not restricted to, monsoon forests (e.g. Brachychiton). The foliar physiognomic and floristic evidence is interpreted as indicating a mosaic of gallery or riverine rainforests, and interfluve sclerophyllous plant communities near Lake Eyre in the Early Tertiary; deciduous forest components are not clearly indicated. Palaeoclimatic analysis of the Eocene Poole Creek floras suggests that rainfall was seasonal in the Lake Eyre area in the Eocene; however, whether this seasonality reflects a monsoonal airflow is not clear.

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New, TR. "The Psychopsidae (Insecta : Neuroptera) of Australia and the Oriental region." Invertebrate Systematics 2, no. 7 (1988): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9880841.

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An illustrated synopsis is given of the described Psychopsidae of Australia (12 spp.) and the Oriental Region (2 spp.), together with the description of one new Australian species of Psychopsis. Generic limitations in the family are reassessed and several genera raised on venational features (Balmes Navas, Magallanes Navas, Wernzia Navas) are shown to closely resemble typical Psychopsis Newman on genitalic characters; they are synonymised with Psychopsis, and keys are given to world genera of the family and the species of Psychopsis (14 spp.). Megapsychops Tillyard (1 sp.) is retained as a distinct genus.

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Bazyk, Dmytro V. "Peculiarities of Transformation of the Original Religious Beliefs of Australian Indigenous Societies in Modern Conditions." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 47 (June 3, 2008): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2008.47.1947.

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Indigenous beliefs of Australia have attracted the attention of numerous generations of researchers of the XIX - XX centuries. The reasons for this interest were not limited by the exotic beliefs of the traditional beliefs of the distant region of the planet. Anthropologists, ethnographers, sociologists, historians and religious scholars, considering the preservation of one of the most archaic systems of economy and social organization among the tribes of Australia, respectively, considered the aboriginal beliefs as a spiritual result, reflecting the most archaic system of social relations, referring to them as a kind , "The standard of primordial religion." So, the Soviet researcher S. Tokarev notes that the beliefs of Australians are the most archaic religious phenomenon that has remained to this day and a classic, typical example of totemism.

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Hall, Richard, Bill Harley, and Gillian Whitehouse. "Contingent Work and Gender in Australia: Evidence from the 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey." Economic and Labour Relations Review 9, no. 1 (June 1998): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469800900103.

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The decreasing prevalence of the standard model of employment embodied by the ‘typical male full-time employee on a permanent contract’ can be seen both as risking the erosion of hard won labour rights and as offering the potential for a more flexible, less ‘male’ model. This paper addresses some of the ways in which this tension is played out, drawing on data from the 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations (AWIRS95) Employee Survey to examine the implications for women workers of recent trends in contingent employment in Australia. Our analysis suggests that the growth in contingent employment in Australia has had little positive impact on women's experience of work. We conclude that if the disadvantage faced by women in irregular employment is to be countered, greater regulation of such employment is required. However, key features of the Workplace

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Isbell, RF. "Krasnozems - a profile." Soil Research 32, no. 5 (1994): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940915.

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Since the first soil map of Australia by Prescott in 1931, acid red soils developed from basalt have been specifically recognized in spite of their very limited area of occurrence in eastern Australia from North Queensland to Tasmania in a rainfall zone of about 1000 to 4000 mm. Until the early 1950s these soils were known as red loams, but the term krasnozem became formalised in 1953 with the publication of Stephen's Manual of Australian Soils. Over the past 40 years, these soils have been extensively studied because their favourable agronomic properties have led to intensive land use. The krasnozems are red to brown, acid, strongly structured clay soils (50-70% clay) ranging in depth from less than 1 m to over 7 m. Their clay mineralogy is dominated by kaolin and iron and aluminium oxides, and this ensures that the soils have variable charge properties with low cation exchange capacity and usually a significant anion exchange capacity. Free iron oxide contents range from about 7 to 18% Fe. Red basalt-derived soils occur in a number of other countries, and the 'typical' Russian krasnozems appear to have similar mineralogical and chemical properties but apparently lack the characteristic strong polyhedral structure of the Australian soils and are only about one metre deep. The Australian krasnozems are mostly classified as Oxisols in Soil Taxonomy and Ferralsols in the FAO-Unesco scheme. In the new Australian classification they are classed as Ferrosols and a more specific definition and subdivision of this class into lower categories is given, together with their relationship to morphologically similar soils.

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Pulsford, Will. "A reserves driven view of the eastern Australian gas supply and demand balance through the 2020's." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16217.

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The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) issued a Gas Statement of Opportunities in March 2016, which reports that gas supply to the domestic and liquefied natural gas markets in eastern Australia will be largely satisfied by proved and probable reserves until 2026 and by the addition of contingent resources until 2030. However, in parallel, there are widely reported concerns by energy consumers of insufficient gas supplies to meet demand by the early 2020s and a lack of new gas supplies to replace existing expiring contracts. Gas shortages have already contributed to black outs and load shedding events in South Australia. This paper reviews the eastern Australian gas supply position at a basin level. The AEMO basin level supply forecasts are reviewed and adjusted to generate forward profiles, which are consistent with reported reserves levels, production histories and depletion behaviour of typical gas fields. The revised supply forecast is compared with the AEMO’s demand profiles, and the likely commercial behaviour of key participants in the market is considered to build a picture of the domestic gas supply-demand balance through the 2020s. This analysis provides a transparent link from market outcomes back to the underlying reserves classifications to guide interpretation of supply-demand forecasts, and highlights the critical role of key suppliers in the eastern Australian gas market in the coming decade.

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Bhatta, Tarka Raj, Anthony Chamings, Jessy Vibin, Marcel Klaassen, and Soren Alexandersen. "Detection of a Reassortant H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus with Intercontinental Gene Segments in a Resident Australian Chestnut Teal." Viruses 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12010088.

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The present study reports the genetic characterization of a low-pathogenicity H9N2 avian influenza virus, initially from a pool and subsequently from individual faecal samples collected from Chestnut teals (Anas castanea) in southeastern Australia. Phylogenetic analyses of six full gene segments and two partial gene segments obtained from next-generation sequencing showed that this avian influenza virus, A/Chestnut teal/Australia/CT08.18/12952/2018 (H9N2), was a typical, low-pathogenicity, Eurasian aquatic bird lineage H9N2 virus, albeit containing the North American lineage nucleoprotein (NP) gene segment detected previously in Australian wild birds. This is the first report of a H9N2 avian influenza virus in resident wild birds in Australia, and although not in itself a cause of concern, is a clear indication of spillover and likely reassortment of influenza viruses between migratory and resident birds, and an indication that any lineage could potentially be introduced in this way.

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Louagie, Dana, and Jean-Christophe Verstraete. "Personal pronouns with determining functions in Australian languages." Studies in Language 39, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 159–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.1.06lou.

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This paper analyses the adnominal use of personal pronouns in a sample of 75 Australian languages. We develop two arguments. First, we argue that in all of the adnominal uses examined, the personal pronoun has a determiner-like function, showing both the functional properties and some of the behaviour of more typical determiner categories like demonstratives or articles. We support this analysis with evidence from positioning tendencies, semantics and discourse functions, and indications of grammaticization in some languages. Secondly, we show that this phenomenon is relatively widespread in Australia, occurring in about half of the languages examined here. We identify five potential geographic clusters, one or two of which can be analyzed as areally determined groupings around a centre with incipient grammaticization. From a typological perspective, these data present new evidence for a somewhat under-studied pathway to nominal determination, in addition to better-studied pathways involving demonstratives, numerals or adjectives.

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Moulds, Lauren, Andrew Day, Richelle Mayshak, Helen Mildred, and Peter Miller. "Adolescent violence towards parents—Prevalence and characteristics using Australian Police Data." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 52, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865818781206.

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Adolescent violence toward parents is a unique form of family violence which for many, including police personnel, challenges traditional views of parent–child relationship, and raises questions about victimization. There has been minimal research in Australia to date in this area, and knowledge about both prevalence rates and the characteristics of offenders and victims remains limited. This exploratory study utilized police data from four Australian States to document prevalence rates of reported offenses to police, and the characteristics of adolescent violence toward parents in Australia. Between 1% and 7% of family violence reported to the police is adolescent violence toward parents. The “typical” perpetrator is a 15- to 17-year-old Caucasian young man who is generally violent toward his mother. Findings are limited by the differing police practice and policy variations between States, including the use of police discretion, leaving several questions open for further investigation. In conclusion, there is a need for change in policy and practice with regards how best to assess and respond to adolescent violence toward parents.

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Meers, Trevor L., Tina L. Bell, Neal J. Enright, and Sabine Kasel. "Do generalisations of global trade-offs in plant design apply to an Australian sclerophyllous flora?" Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 4 (2010): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10013.

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Functional-trait analysis at a global scale has found evidence for evolutionary specialisation of species into those designed to acquire resources rapidly and those designed to conserve resources. The present study aimed to determine whether such a trade-off exists in sclerophyllous vegetation in Australia. We measured 10 traits for 167 plant species. The first axis of a principal components analysis represented a trade-off between resource acquisition and resource conservation, consistent with global trends. Common traits shared by resource-conservative species included low specific leaf area (SLA), resprouting, ant-dispersal, and ericoid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations. These attributes were typical of 3 of 13 functional groups produced by cluster analysis (eucalypts, ant-dispersed shrubs, ericoid heaths) that had the lowest SLA, and were almost exclusively native shrubs and trees. Resource-acquisitive species had high SLA, a small stature, annual life cycle, arbuscular mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal associations, and small, wind-dispersed seeds. These attributes are similar to those identified for species with a ruderal strategy and were typical of the functional groups representing wind-dispersed composites, AM annuals and non-mycorrhizal annuals that had the highest SLA and were dominated by introduced species. Comparable trait associations have been found in other studies, suggesting that similar processes drive plant design at a global scale. However, there were some patterns specific to the flora studied that were attributable to adaptations to suit the nutrient-poor soils and arid conditions typical of the Australian environment.

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Nevard, Timothy D., Martin Haase, George Archibald, Ian Leiper, and Stephen T. Garnett. "The sarolga: conservation implications of genetic and visual evidence for hybridization between the brolga Antigone rubicunda and the Australian sarus crane Antigone antigone gillae." Oryx 54, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531800073x.

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AbstractTo investigate the extent of suspected hybridization between the brolga Antigone rubicunda and the Australian sarus crane Antigone antigone gillae, first noted in the 1970s, we analysed the genetic diversity of 389 feathers collected from breeding and flocking areas in north Queensland, Australia. We compared these with 15 samples from birds of known identity, or that were phenotypically typical. Bayesian clustering based on 10 microsatellite loci identified nine admixed birds, confirming that Australian cranes hybridize in the wild. Four of these were backcrosses, also confirming that wild Australian crane hybrids are fertile. Genetic analyses identified 10 times more hybrids than our accompanying visual field observations. Our analyses also provide the first definitive evidence that both brolgas and sarus cranes migrate between the Gulf Plains, the principal breeding area for sarus cranes, and major non-breeding locations on the Atherton Tablelands. We suggest that genetic analysis of shed feathers could potentially offer a cost-effective means to provide ongoing monitoring of this migration. The first observations of hybrids coincided with significantly increased opportunities for interaction between the two species when foraging on agricultural crops, which have developed significantly in the Atherton Tablelands flocking area since the 1960s. As the sarus crane is declining in much of its Asian range, challenges to the genetic integrity of the Australian sarus crane populations have international conservation significance.

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Falvey, D. A., P. A. Symonds, J. B. Colwell, J. B. Willcox, J. F. Marshall, P. E. Williamson, and H. M. J. Stagg. "AUSTRALIA'S DEEPWATER FRONTIER PETROLEUM BASINS AND PLAY TYPES." APPEA Journal 30, no. 1 (1990): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj89015.

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Vast areas of Australia's continental margin sedimentary basins lying seawards of the 200 m water depth line, or shelf edge, are under-explored for petroleum. Indeed, most are essentially unexplored. However, recent advances in drilling and production technology, as well as recent reconnaissance seismic, geochemical, geothermal and seabed sampling data collected by the Bureau of Mineral Resources' (BMR) Marine Division, may reduce the perceived economic risk of many of these deepwater basins relative to their shelf counterparts. Triassic reefs have been identified off the northern Exmouth Plateau and possibly in the deepwater Canning Basin, locally within a predicted oil window. In the deepwater North Perth Basin, major wrench structures have been identified. The deepwater areas of the Great Australian Bight and Otway Basin are actually the main depocentres of a major basin complex lying along the almost totally unexplored southern Australian continental margin. The Latrobe Group in the outer Gippsland Basin is likely to have similar geology to the well explored and productive shelf basin, but remains untested. The Queensland and Townsville troughs, in deepwater off northeast Australia, contain many significant structures typical of unbreached rift systems.All these areas have been risked relative to each other and their prospectivity assessed. The most attractive frontier areas in terms of relative risk may be the Otway and North Perth basins. The highest potential may occur in the deepwater rift troughs off northeast Australia, although the relative risk is very high. Triassic reefs of the Northwest Shelf may have the best prospectivity in the shorter term, given that they are known from drilling in a region with proven source potential and a substantial exploration infrastructure.

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Paton-Walsh, Clare, Peter Rayner, Jack Simmons, Sonya L. Fiddes, Robyn Schofield, Howard Bridgman, Stephanie Beaupark, et al. "A Clean Air Plan for Sydney: An Overview of the Special Issue on Air Quality in New South Wales." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120774.

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This paper presents a summary of the key findings of the special issue of Atmosphere on Air Quality in New South Wales and discusses the implications of the work for policy makers and individuals. This special edition presents new air quality research in Australia undertaken by (or in association with) the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes hub, which is funded by the National Environmental Science Program on behalf of the Australian Government’s Department of the Environment and Energy. Air pollution in Australian cities is generally low, with typical concentrations of key pollutants at much lower levels than experienced in comparable cities in many other parts of the world. Australian cities do experience occasional exceedances in ozone and PM2.5 (above air pollution guidelines), as well as extreme pollution events, often as a result of bushfires, dust storms, or heatwaves. Even in the absence of extreme events, natural emissions play a significant role in influencing the Australian urban environment, due to the remoteness from large regional anthropogenic emission sources. By studying air quality in Australia, we can gain a greater understanding of the underlying atmospheric chemistry and health risks in less polluted atmospheric environments, and the health benefits of continued reduction in air pollution. These conditions may be representative of future air quality scenarios for parts of the Northern Hemisphere, as legislation and cleaner technologies reduce anthropogenic air pollution in European, American, and Asian cities. However, in many instances, current legislation regarding emissions in Australia is significantly more lax than in other developed countries, making Australia vulnerable to worsening air pollution in association with future population growth. The need to avoid complacency is highlighted by recent epidemiological research, reporting associations between air pollution and adverse health outcomes even at air pollutant concentrations that are lower than Australia’s national air quality standards. Improving air quality is expected to improve health outcomes at any pollution level, with specific benefits projected for reductions in long-term exposure to average PM2.5 concentrations.

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Giribet, Gonzalo. "Karripurcellia, a new pettalid genus (Arachnida : Opiliones : Cyphophthalmi) from Western Australia, with a cladistic analysis of the family Pettalidae." Invertebrate Systematics 17, no. 3 (2003): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is02014.

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Examination of museum specimens belonging to the cyphophthalmid Gondwanan family Pettalidae has rendered a collection of specimens placed in the new genus Karripurcellia. The genus includes three species, K.�peckorum, sp. nov., K. sierwaldae, sp. nov. and K. harveyi, sp. nov., from the Pemberton area in Western Australia. These are the first cyphophthalmid species found outside Queensland in Australia. Karripurcellia, gen. nov. is distinguished from other Australian pettalids by the lack of modifications in the anal plate, as well as the lack of the typical male anal glands of pettalids, sironids and the stylocellid genus Fangensis Rambla, 1994. Two of the species, K. peckorum, sp. nov. and K. sierwaldae, sp. nov., live sympatrically and have been collected in the same litter samples in one locality. The proposition of the new genus is accompanied by a cladistic analysis of all pettalid genera and most species within each genus, with the exception of the species-rich genus Rakaia Hirst, 1925. The cladistic analysis supports the monophyly of the Karripurcellia, gen. nov. species, but their sister-group relationships are unclear. However, the remaining Australian species cluster with the pettalids from New Zealand and South Africa, but not with Karripurcellia, sp. nov.

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Hayward, Joshua A., Mary Tachedjian, Claudia Kohl, Adam Johnson, Megan Dearnley, Brianna Jesaveluk, Christine Langer, et al. "Infectious KoRV-related retroviruses circulating in Australian bats." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 17 (April 13, 2020): 9529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915400117.

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Bats are reservoirs of emerging viruses that are highly pathogenic to other mammals, including humans. Despite the diversity and abundance of bat viruses, to date they have not been shown to harbor exogenous retroviruses. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a group of koala retrovirus-related (KoRV-related) gammaretroviruses in Australian and Asian bats. These include the Hervey pteropid gammaretrovirus (HPG), identified in the scat of the Australian black flying fox (Pteropus alecto), which is the first reproduction-competent retrovirus found in bats. HPG is a close relative of KoRV and the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV), with virion morphology and Mn2+-dependent virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity typical of a gammaretrovirus. In vitro, HPG is capable of infecting bat and human cells, but not mouse cells, and displays a similar pattern of cell tropism as KoRV-A and GALV. Population studies reveal the presence of HPG and KoRV-related sequences in several locations across northeast Australia, as well as serologic evidence for HPG in multiple pteropid bat species, while phylogenetic analysis places these bat viruses as the basal group within the KoRV-related retroviruses. Taken together, these results reveal bats to be important reservoirs of exogenous KoRV-related gammaretroviruses.

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Tran, Ngoc Cao Boi. "RESEARCH ON THE ORIGINAL IDENTITIES OF SOME TRADITIONAL PAINTINGS AND ROCK ENGRAVINGS OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES." Science and Technology Development Journal 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v13i3.2160.

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Different from many other communities, Australian aboriginal communities had lived separately from the rest of the world without any contact with great civilizations for tens of thousands of years before English men’s invasion of Australian continent. Hence, their socio-economic development standards was backward, which can be clearly seen in their economic activities, material culture, mental culture, social institutions, mode of life, etc. However, in the course of history, Australian aborigines created a grandiose cultural heritage of originality with unique identities of their own in particular, of Australia in general. Despite the then wild life, Aboriginal Art covers a wide medium including painting on leaves, wood carving, rock carving, sculpture, sandpainting and ceremonial clothing, as well as artistic decorations found on weaponry and also tools. They created an enormous variety of art styles, original and deeply rich in a common viewpoint towards their background – Dreamtime and Dreaming. This philosophy of arts is reflected in each of rock engravings and rock paintings, bark paintings, cave paintings, etc. with the help of natural materials. Although it can be said that most Aboriginal communities’ way of life, belief system are somewhat similar, each Australian aboriginal community has its own language, territory, legend, customs and practices, and unique ceremonies. Due to the limit of a paper, the author focuses only on some traditional art forms typical of Australian aboriginal communities. These works were simply created but distinctively original, of earthly world but associated with sacred and spiritual life deeply flavored by a mysterious touch. Reflected by legendary stories and art works, the history of Australian Aboriginal people leaves to the next generations a marvelous heritage of mental culture.

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Yusuf, Farhat, and Dora K. Briggs. "Incidence of hysterectomy and tubal ligation in public hospitals in South Australia, 1980–82." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 4 (October 1988): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017570.

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SummaryThis paper presents information on the incidence of hysterectomy and tubal ligation in South Australia in the period 1980–82, and on the age, marital status and ethnicity of women undergoing these procedures in public hospitals during the period. A typical woman undergoing one of these procedures was married or previously married and in her mid-40s for hysterectomy or mid-30s for tubal ligation. South Australian women had a lifetime chance of one in six of undergoing hysterectomy and of one in five of undergoing tubal ligation. The findings are consonant with the suggestion that increasing numbers of women are choosing forms of sterilization as means of contraception.

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Maver, Igor. "Contemporary Australian writers and Europe." Acta Neophilologica 33, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2000): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.33.1-2.7-16.

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It is amazing to see just how much travel writing, writing which does not exclusively belong to the travel sub-genre of "creative non-fiction", and also how many non-Australian locales, with emphasis on European and Asian ones, there are in the recent contemporary Australian writing since the 1960s. This perhaps speaks about a certain preoccupation or downright trait in the Australian national character. Perhaps, it is a reflection of a particular condition of being "down under", itself derived from "a tradition of colonialism and post-colonialism; from geographical location, both a deterrent and a spur; from post-Romantic literary tradition, coinciding with the early years of white settlement; and from the universal lure of ideas of travel, never more flourishing than at the present" (Hergenhan, Petersson xiii). Tourism is an increasingly global phenomenon to some extent shaping the physical reality as well as the spiritual world of the people involved in it. Within this globalization process, with the prospect of "cyber" travel, there is, however, always an individual "national" experience of the country of destination that a literary traveller puts into words, an experience which is typical and conditioned by specific socio-political and cultural circumstances.

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Andersen, Alan N., Lyn M. Lowe, and D. C. F. Rentz. "The grasshopper (Orthoptera : Acridoidea, Eumastacoidea and Tettigonioidea) fauna of Kakadu National Park in the Australian seasonal tropics: biogeography, habitat associations and functional groups." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 4 (2000): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00039.

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Grasshoppers are a diverse and functionally important group of insects, but assemblages of Australian grasshoppers are extremely poorly known. This study of the grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acrididae, Eumastacidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tridactylidae, Tetrigidae and Tettigoniidae) of Kakadu National Park in the seasonal tropics of the Northern Territory is the first comprehensive description of any regional grasshopper fauna in Australia. We list all known species, describe their biogeography, habitat associations and abundance, and propose a functional group classification for Australian grasshoppers as a framework for future ecological and biogeographical studies. In all, 161 grasshopper species from 90 genera are known from Kakadu. The dominant family is Acrididae (64% of all genera, 63% of all species), within which the subfamily Catantopinae (44% of all grasshopper genera, 47% species) is particularly important, as is typical for Australia. The Tettigoniidae is also relatively diverse, with 35 species from 16 genera. A large proportion of the fauna – 81 species (50%) and 15 genera (17%) – is undescribed. In total, 86% of Kakadu’s species and 73% of genera are endemic to Australia. Many (42%) of the species are endemic to the northern half of the Northern Territory, and most of the others (36% of total species) have their Australian distributions restricted to the tropics. The major functional groups in terms of species are Grass-eating Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae (33% total species), Broadleaf-eating Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae (19%) and Open-ground Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae (12%). There is a widespread macroecological tendency for locally abundant species to have wide geographic ranges, but there was no consistent trend for locally abundant species in Kakadu to have widespread distributions.

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Mitchell, R. M., S. K. Campbell, Y. Qin, and J. L. Gras. "Performance Characteristics of Integrating Nephelometers in the Australian Outback." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1187.1.

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Abstract Radiance Research M903 nephelometers have been operated at remote Australian Outback sites since April 1998. This paper describes the calibration procedures applied to these instruments and reports on the noise performance and other operational issues. It is found that instrument noise leads to a detection limit of ∼0.2 Mm−1 in scattering coefficient at the 95% confidence interval for a 5-min integration. Changes in ambient temperature cause drift with a coefficient of ∼0.06 Mm−1 K−1, leading to a typical diurnal drift of amplitude ∼0.9 Mm−1. Over the 10-yr deployment at an Outback station, the accuracy of the derived scattering coefficient is compromised by drifts in sensitivity and offset, in part related to gross changes in bandpass filter characteristics resulting from environmental degradation. A method is developed to track these changes. An uncertainty analysis suggests that the typical background scattering coefficient of ∼10 Mm−1 can be measured to within 15% at the 95% confidence level. For events where the scattering coefficient is >100 Mm−1, the uncertainty falls to ∼5%. Correction factors are derived for angular truncation error and inlet efficiency for the particular inlet configuration adopted and illustrated via a case study using size distributions guided by collocated NASA Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data.

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Béal, Christine. "Did you have a good week-end? or why there is no such thing as a simple question in cross-cultural encounters." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.15.1.02bea.

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Abstract This paper is a description of some typical differences in conversational routines in French and Australian English, and the kinds of tensions that arise when speakers with two different sets of rules come into contact. This conflict exists for most French people in Australia, who speak English, but who tend to retain their French conversational strategies. The paper shows that even simple questions contain a variety of assumptions ranging from whom it is suitable to ask, to the kind of answer or the amount of detail expected. These differences lead to an analysis of the different underlying cultural values governing the rules of interaction in the two languages. This study is based on visits to a French company operating in Australia, with employees being taped on the job as well as being interviewed individually.

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Frederiks, T. M., J. T. Christopher, S. E. H. Fletcher, and A. K. Borrell. "Post head-emergence frost resistance of barley genotypes in the northern grain region of Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 9 (2011): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11079.

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Post head-emergence frost causes substantial losses for Australian barley producers. Varieties with improved resistance would have a significant positive impact on Australian cropping enterprises. Five barley genotypes previously tested for reproductive frost resistance in southern Australia were tested, post head-emergence, in the northern grain region of Australia and compared with the typical northern control cultivars, Gilbert and Kaputar. All tested genotypes suffered severe damage to whole heads and stems at plant minimum temperatures less than −8°C. In 2003, 2004 and 2005, frost events reaching a plant minimum temperature of ~−6.5°C did not result in the complete loss of grain yield. Rather, partial seed set was observed. The control genotype, Gilbert, exhibited seed set that was greater than or equal to that of any genotype in each year, as did Kaputar when tested in 2005. Thus, Gilbert and Kaputar were at least as resistant as any tested genotype. This contrasts with trial results from the southern grain region where Gilbert was reported to be less resistant than Franklin, Amagi Nijo and Haruna Nijo. Hence, rankings for post head-emergence frost damage in the northern grain region differ from those previously reported. These results indicate that Franklin, Amagi Nijo and Haruna Nijo are not likely to provide useful sources of frost resistance or markers to develop improved varieties for the northern grain region of Australia.

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Duckett, Stephen. "The Australian health workforce:facts and futures." Australian Health Review 23, no. 4 (2000): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah000060.

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The quality of care received by a patient or consumer critically depends on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of thehealth workforce; the structure and functioning of the health workforce is critical to the structure and functioning ofthe health system overall. To a very large extent, diagnosis and treatment decisions call on the training and experienceof the health professional. The quality of the interaction between a patient or consumer depends on the interpersonaland technical skills of health professionals. In a sense, health workers are important to defining the very nature ofhealth care services. The importance of the health workforce is further highlighted by the fact that, as is typical of mostservice industries, labour accounts for a large proportion of health costs (around 80%).This paper provides an overview of the size and composition of the health workforce in Australia. It then reviewsthree segments of the workforce in more detail (medical, nursing and other health professionals) and reviewscontemporary policy issues affecting those groups.

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Journal articles on the topic 'The typical Australian'

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