Journal articles: 'The Stain'

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Brady, John G., Gordon E. Schutze, Robert Seibert, Hazel V. Horn, Barbara Marks, and David M. Parham. "Detection of Mycobacterial Infections Using the Dieterle Stain." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 1, no. 4 (July 1998): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100249900044.

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Retrospective review comparing the modified Dieterle stain with standard acid-fast stains was performed on seven surgical pathology cases that contained culture-positive mycobacteria infections. Tissues examined comprised cervical and submandibular lymph nodes and soft tissues of the face and chest. Modified Dieterle staining was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and the results were compared with those of hematoxylineosin stains and auramine-rhodamines and carbol-fuchsin acid-fast stains. The acid-fast stain showed organisms in three of seven cases on initial review and five of seven cases on retrospective review; the auramine-rhodamine stain retrospectively revealed organisms in five cases. In contrast, the Dieterle stain showed organisms in all seven sections on retrospective examination. Dieterle stains revealed either beaded bacilli or nocardia-like filamentous organisms, sometimes with abundant granular debris possibly representing degenerative organisms. In three cases in which bacteria were readily apparent with the Dieterle stain, only rare organisms could be identified with the acid-fast stain. The modified Dieterle stain was more sensitive than the acid-fast stain in the identification of mycobacteria in pediatric specimens, and its use is recommended in cases with necrotizing granulomas. However, its specificity is limited by morphologic similarities of the organisms to those of nocardiosis and cat scratch disease.

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Musa, Nur Syaliza, Nor Liyana Abdurahman, Zahirah Zainal Abidin, Farah Hanim Adnan, and Eryna Nasir. "Comparison between Homemade Stain Remover and Commercial Stain Remover for Textiles." Scientific Research Journal 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v18i1.11035.

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Stain remover is used to remove or masks stain from textiles. Two types of textile stain removers were compared in this study; store bought and home prepared types. Due to the environmental and health issues associated with commercial household cleaners, as well as costly, there have been attempts by consumer especially housewives to prepare cleaning products by using materials which can be found in the kitchens. Hence, the main objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of home prepared textile stain remover with commercial stain remover by assessing the stain properties on cotton and polyester fabrics. Two different brands of stain remover and easily found materials were applied on these two fabrics. The stains on the fabrics were then assessed according to AATCC Test Method 130 and by using chromameter for the intensity of the stain after cleaning. The results showed that, for the cotton fabric, the most effective stain remover is Commercial Brand 1. Commercial Brand 1 and vinegar with baking soda demonstrated an encouraging effect on polyester fabric. The commercial textile stain remover shows great cleaning effect on both cotton and polyester, while home prepared stain remover has limited ability to clean the stains on cotton. However, its cleaning effect on polyester is equivalent to commercial product.

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OPPONG, DAVID, and BIRDELL H. SNUDDEN. "Comparison of Acridine Orange Staining Using Fluorescence Microscopy with Traditional Methods for Microbiological Examination of Selected Dry Food Products." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.6.485.

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A comparison was made between the acridine orange stain, gram stain and methylene blue stain for direct microscopic counts (DMC) of microorganisms in gravy mixes, spices, cocoa products and baby foods. Bacteria were detected in 96% (45/47) of the samples stained with acridine orange, 64% (30/47) for the gram stain and 66% (31/47) for the methylene blue stain. In most instances, acridine-orange smears showed higher numbers of bacteria than the traditional stains. The staining quality of the acridine orange was better than the conventional stains with bacteria, yeast cells, and mold hyphae fluorescing very differently from the background. The results indicate that direct staining with acridine orange is better than the traditional methods for estimating bacterial numbers in such foods.

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Nathoo, S. A., and A. Gaffar. "Studies on Dental Stains Induced by Antibacterial Agents and Rational Approaches for Bleaching Dental Stains." Advances in Dental Research 9, no. 4 (December 1995): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374950090041801.

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Extrinsic stain resides in the dental pellicle and can be caused by introduction of chromogenic materials or therapeutic agents into the oral cavity. In contrast, intrinsic tooth stain is found within the tooth structure and can be caused by a variety of agents, including hematological and developmental abnormalities and drugs such as tetracycline. The mechanisms of extrinsic stain formation differ with respect to the causative agent. For example, stain induced by chlorhexidine (CH) can be explained by an increased rate in the non-enzymatic browning reactions occurring at the pellicle surface, while food stains are retained on the surface via ion exchange mechanisms. Although most extrinsic dental stain can be removed by abrasive and/or surface-active materials, removal of certain types of surface stain, e.g., staining due to cationic antimicrobial agents, requires specific agents such as aminoguanidine to reduce the stain. A broad-spectrum approach to reduce both intrinsic and extrinsic dental stains clinically requires oxygenating agents. To evaluate this approach and understand the mechanisms of stain removal, we developed a spectroscopic method for measuring stain in vivo. A series of clinical studies was performed to evaluate stain removal by the agents. The results showed that carbamide peroxide in combination with surfactants and anti-redeposition agents, e.g., sodium pyrophosphate, was more effective in bleaching dental stain compared with carbamide peroxide alone. A detailed examination of the tooth structure by microhardness measurements, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy showed that stain decolorization with this system did not have any adverse effects.

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Hanker, J. S., and B. L. Giammara. "Silver stains for the light and electron microscopic demonstration of spirochete changes in syphilis and AIDS." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 764–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100161382.

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Two new silver stains have been developed in our laboratories to stain, and possibly identify without culture or immunocytochemical staining, Gram(-) bacteria. The first is the PATS reaction which positively stains Gram(-) bacteria (Figs. 1, 2) including those like spirochetes which are difficult to culture. Another stain for Gram(-), as well as Gram(+), bacteria is a variation of the Gram stain. Ordinarily to stain Gram(+) bacteria, and not Gram(-) bacteria, the crystal violet stain is removed from Gram(-) microbes by rinsing with alcohol/acetone. If this rinse step is omitted, the crystal violet iodide remains attached to both the (+) and (-) microbes. It can then be rendered insoluble, electron opaque and conductive by treatment with silver methenamine solution under microwave irradiation. This procedure has been found especially useful in certain cases to demonstrate spirochetes; it appears to be a more effective silver stain than the PATS reaction for Treponema pallidum, the microbe causing syphilis.

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Saba, C., M. Solidani, F. Berlutti, A. Vestri, L. Ottolenghi, and A. Polimeni. "Black stains in the mixed dentition: A PCR microbiological study of the etiopathogenic bacteria." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 30, no. 3 (April 1, 2006): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.3.q1561155x22u0774.

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The aim of this work is to emphasize that particular stains on the third cervical of the buccal and lingual surfaces in mixed dentition, called "black stain." Previous research showed the microbiological etiology of this discoloration by chromogen bacterias. Our study shows bacteria spp involved in stains by means of PCR process and electrophoresis gel on the agarose medium. Sample was formed by 100 subject with black stain and 100 control subjects stain-free.A statistical analysis (SPSS 10.0) using X2 was performed in this study. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella melaninogenica, were not involved in both in black stain subjects and in the control. On the contrary, Actinomyces could be involved in the pigmentation process.

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Hirota, Shigeru, Minoru Nomoto, Sadahiro Hosobe, Yutaka Aoyagi, and Hitoshi Asakura. "Mucin in Primary Liver Carcinomas: Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma or Variant Hepatocellular Carcinoma." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 10, no. 1 (1996): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/808592.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the presence of mucin defines a combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma or merely a variant of usual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: From 1979-92, 124 cases of usual HCC were studied at Niigata University Hospital, Niigata City, Japan, and several affiliated hospitals. Histological diagnoses were determined according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Hematoxylin and eosin stain, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain, PAS stain after diastase digestion (D-PAS) and silver stain tests were performed. Cases containing D-PAS-positive substances were also stained by Alcian blue (AB) stain, high iron diamine (HID) stain and concanavaline A paradox-3 type (ConA3) stain. The classification of mucin was determined by AB, HID and ConA3 stains.RESULTS: Mucin was recognized in the area of HCC by mucin stains in 25 of 124 cases. Two forms of mucin existence were classified: extracellular and intracellular. Mucins were classified by histochemical stains into three types: sulfomucin, sialomucin and neutral mucin.CONCLUSIONS: According to the WHO histological classification of primary carcinoma of the liver, mucin existence is characteristic of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. But if mucin exists in morphologically usual HCC, it is better to diagnose it as a variant of HCC (with mucin) rather than as a combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma.

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Lee, K. A. Bunding, Jeanne O'Brien, C. L. Kuesten, John Sramek, Mary H. Luccas, and Bonnie Aldrich. "Comparison of Human Panels, Colorimeter and near Infrared Spectroscopy for the Evaluation of Fabric Stain Removal." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 2, no. 2 (March 1994): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.37.

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Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to analyse fabric stain samples used in a fabric stain prespotter test in which a colorimeter and human panels were used to evaluate the cleaning ability of the prespotters. The purpose of this was to see if the NIR results compared well with the other two techniques and could then be used instead for fabric stain analysis. NIR/visible instruments offer several advantages including determination of coloured and uncoloured components of the stains, ease of comparing the stain before and after cleaning, fast, accurate, reproducible and quantitative analysis, and computer data storage for later comparison. Although the samples were not specifically prepared for this determination, the NIR did give comparable results to the other two techniques for many of the stains analysed.

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Bradford, Jolene A., Pam Whitney, Timothy Huang, Patrick Pinson, Ching-Ying Cheung, Stephen Yue, and William L. Godfrey. "Novel Vybrant® DyeCycle ™ Stains Provide Cell Cycle Analysis in Live Cells Using Flow Cytometry with Violet, Blue, and Green Excitation." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 4234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4234.4234.

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Abstract Flow cytometric approaches can resolve cell position in the cell cycle based on DNA content, and these analyses are widely used in the study of cell growth, cell cycle regulation, and oncology. These applications require dyes that bind to DNA in a stoichiometric manner and which, with the exception of some UV-excited dyes like Hoechst 33342, require fixation, permeabilization and RNAse treatment for reproducible results. The Vybrant® DyeCycle™ stains are DNA-selective, cell membrane-permeant dyes that show greatly-enhanced fluorescence when bound to DNA. DyeCycle violet stain can be excited by a 405 nm laser, DyeCycle green stain by a 488 nm laser, and DyeCycle orange stain by either 488 nm or 532 nm lasers. (Figure 1) No fixation, permeabilization or addition of RNAse is required for stoichiometric binding of the dye to DNA. These dyes show similar performance on live Jurkat cells to Hoechst 33342 and DRAQ5: G0/G1 peak CV generally less than 6% and G2/G1 ratio greater than 1.8. The DyeCycle stains have been tested on a variety of cells: Jurkat, CHO, NIH 3T3, HL60, HEK cells, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Staining was optimized by cell type using time, temperature, cell concentration and dye concentration. The dyes can be used on cells in the presence of media components, including serum and divalent cations. Cells with damaged membranes exhibit different DyeCycle stain uptake patterns from live cells and can be excluded from analysis with spectrally-resolved viability dyes, such as SYTOX® blue and SYTOX red dyes. The DyeCycle stains have been used with antibody staining against surface antigens to evaluate the cycle profile of subpopulations. Generally, antibody conjugates with red-emitting fluorophores, such as allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin tandem fluorophores, were used because the required concentrations of the DyeCycle stains produced significant emission across fluorescein and phycoerythrin detection channels. The DyeCycle stains have also been combined with viability and apoptotic markers in testing of cells induced to apoptosis with camptothecin. DyeCycle orange stain, in particular, was found to define a sub-G0 population in late apoptotic cells. Finally, the DyeCycle stains cause some retardation of cell division, but do not demonstrate the toxicity observed with DRAQ5. The adherent cell lines, HEK and NIH 3T3, were stained with DyeCycle violet stain and DyeCycle orange stain, respectively before being were sorted under sterile conditions based on G0/G1 and G2/M population fluorescence. Sorted populations demonstrated the appropriate fluorescence when verified by reanalysis, and all sorted populations attached normally and expanded over 1 to 3 days post-sort. DyeCycle stains allow resolution of cell cycle information in viable cells against the dynamic background of cell activity using common lasers, as well as the ability to sort cells based on position in the cell cycle. Figure 1. ModFit analysis of live jurkat cells labeled with 5 μM Vybrant DyeCycle violet stain or 10 μM of either Vybrant DyeCycle green or orange stains. Figure 1. ModFit analysis of live jurkat cells labeled with 5 μM Vybrant DyeCycle violet stain or 10 μM of either Vybrant DyeCycle green or orange stains.

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Horowitz, R. A., and C. L. Woodcock. "Alternative staining methods for Lowicryl sections." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 1 (January 1992): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.1.1370308.

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A number of stains and stain combinations have been identified that, when used with the hydrophilic resin Lowicryl K11M, produce marked improvements over aqueous uranyl and lead salts (UA-Pb) in terms of low granularity, specificity, and range of components contrasted. Three test specimens, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), starfish sperm, and cultured mouse fibroblasts, were used to evaluate stain characteristics. UA-Pb showed a preference for nuclei acids, which were stained specifically by osmium ammine-B at pH 1.5. A number of stain combinations in which UA was followed or preceded by salts containing barium, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium provided excellent staining of protein-containing components, each stain combination being unique in terms of the degree to which specific components were discriminated. These stains were particularly effective for visualizing internal components of the nucleus where a number of fibrillar and particulate structures not seen with UA-Pb were well contrasted.

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Woods, G. L., and D. H. Walker. "Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9, no. 3 (July 1996): 382–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.9.3.382.

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A wide variety of stains are useful for detection of different organisms or, for viruses, the cytopathologic changes they induce, in smears prepared directly from clinical specimens and in tissue sections. Other types of stains, such as hematoxylin and eosin, are used routinely to stain tissue sections and are most valuable for assessing the immunologic response of the host to the invading pathogen. In many cases, the pattern of inflammation provides important clues to diagnosis and helps to guide the selection of additional "special" stains used predominantly for diagnosis of infectious diseases. A stain may be nonspecific, allowing detection of a spectrum of organisms, as do the Papanicolaou stain and silver impregnation methods, or detection of only a limited group of organisms, as do the different acid-fast techniques. Some nonspecific stains, such as the Gram stain, are differential and provide valuable preliminary information concerning identification. Immunohistochemical stains, on the other hand, are specific for a particular organism, although in some cases cross-reactions with other organisms occur. Despite the wealth of information that can be gleaned from a stained smear or section of tissue, however, the specific etiology of an infection often cannot be determined on the basis of only the morphology of the organisms seen; culture data are essential and must be considered in the final diagnosis.

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De Brauwer, Els, Jan Jacobs, Fred Nieman, Cathrien Bruggeman, and Marjolein Drent. "Test Characteristics of Acridine Orange, Gram, and May-Grünwald-Giemsa Stains for Enumeration of Intracellular Organisms in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 2 (1999): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.2.427-429.1999.

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For enumeration of intracellular organisms (ICO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples, the May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain displayed higher interobserver agreement than the acridine orange and Gram stains. The MGG stain offered a reliable enumeration of ICO when 200 cells were counted by one observer.

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Calomeni, E. P., and W. T. Gunning. "A modification of the Humphrey’s stain for epoxy sections: A suitable alternative to toluidine blue for routine section staining." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100147065.

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We have abandoned the use of toluidine blue as a routine stain for light microscopy of epoxy embedded tissues. As an alternative, we utilize a three-component stain described by Humphrey and Pittman (1974) with minimal modifications to render the procedure substantially more timely. Numerous publications in the early 60’s through mid 70’s proposed a variety of polychromatic stains for light microscopic evaluation of epoxy sections. Most of these reports cited the difficulties involved in using a reliable method of staining epoxy sections in a timely and non-cumbersome fashion. One of the most successful stains to address these concerns is toluidine blue, first described by Trump el al. in 1961, which is undoubtedly the stain of choice in most laboratories. We have found that the differentiation of stained tissues when using the Humphrey’s stain is superior to that rendered by toluidine blue. This stain differentiates cellular detail from connective tissue in brilliant fashion as most cells will appear in various shades of blue (quite similar to shades produced by toluidine blue) and collagen appears a vivid deep pink to bright red.

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Samuel, Linoj P., Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat, Amanda Harrington, and Robert Cavagnolo. "Multicenter Assessment of Gram Stain Error Rates." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 6 (February 17, 2016): 1442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03066-15.

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Gram stains remain the cornerstone of diagnostic testing in the microbiology laboratory for the guidance of empirical treatment prior to availability of culture results. Incorrectly interpreted Gram stains may adversely impact patient care, and yet there are no comprehensive studies that have evaluated the reliability of the technique and there are no established standards for performance. In this study, clinical microbiology laboratories at four major tertiary medical care centers evaluated Gram stain error rates across all nonblood specimen types by using standardized criteria. The study focused on several factors that primarily contribute to errors in the process, including poor specimen quality, smear preparation, and interpretation of the smears. The number of specimens during the evaluation period ranged from 976 to 1,864 specimens per site, and there were a total of 6,115 specimens. Gram stain results were discrepant from culture for 5% of all specimens. Fifty-eight percent of discrepant results were specimens with no organisms reported on Gram stain but significant growth on culture, while 42% of discrepant results had reported organisms on Gram stain that were not recovered in culture. Upon review of available slides, 24% (63/263) of discrepant results were due to reader error, which varied significantly based on site (9% to 45%). The Gram stain error rate also varied between sites, ranging from 0.4% to 2.7%. The data demonstrate a significant variability between laboratories in Gram stain performance and affirm the need for ongoing quality assessment by laboratories. Standardized monitoring of Gram stains is an essential quality control tool for laboratories and is necessary for the establishment of a quality benchmark across laboratories.

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Dybek, Stuart. "Stain." Iowa Review 30, no. 2 (October 2000): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5260.

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Aritonang, Intan, and Devi Ray Syahfitri Sinulingga. "EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN CITRUS BAKING SODATERHADAP PENGHILANGAN STAIN PADA PRIA PEROKOK USIA 20-55 TAHUN DI KELURAHAN TANJUNGBALAI KOTA II, Lk. III KECAMATAN TANJUNGBALAI SELATAN." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 14, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v14i1.555.

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Citrus and baking soda are kitchen ingredients that are often found in everyday life, have ingredients thatcan blot stains on teeth, especially stains of cigarettes or stains that can affect the color of teeth. This type ofresearch is analytic research with a quasi experiment method which aims to determine the effectiveness ofgiving citrus with baking soda to stain removal in smokers aged 20-55 years Tanjungbalai Kota II Village,Lk. III, South Tanjungbalai District with a sample of 30 people. The results showed that the average stainstate before being given was given citrus gel with baking soda to smokers aged 20-55 years in Lk. IIIKelurahan Tanjungbalai Kota II, Kecamatan Tanjungbalai Selatan, lobene intensity of 0.879, with lobenearea of 1.084, and combined lobene of 0.081. Meanwhile for stain conditions after being given citrus gelwith baking soda for smokers aged 20-55 years at Lk. III Kelurahan Tanjungbalai, Kecamatan TanjungbalaiSelatan, lobene intensity of 0.408, lobene area of 0.493, combined lobene of 0.037. That it is effective to givecitrus baking soda gel to stain removal using the dependent t-test with a value of p (0,000) <α (0.05). Thisstudy concluded that the effectiveness of giving citrus with baking soda to stain removal. It is hoped that thecommunity will use the gel as recommended.

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Zarrin-Khameh, Neda, and Kim S. Kaye. "Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-488-asps.

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Abstract This article provides an overview of the pathology of alveolar soft part sarcoma, focused on its morphology, special stains useful in diagnosis, and the clinical and radiographic features of the disease. Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare neoplasm of unknown histogenesis with poor prognosis. Although there are several immunohistochemical stains available to help reach the diagnosis, the morphology of the tumor should be considered the main diagnostic feature. The periodic acid–Schiff stain is the best single stain that supports the diagnosis.

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Jha, Prasanna Kumar, and Satyendra Kumar Singh. "A Rare Presentation of Acquired Port Wine Stain in an Elderly Male." Nepalese Medical Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v4i1.36714.

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Acquired port wine stain though an uncommon entity that develops later in life, resembles congenital port wine stain morphologically and histologically. Congenital port wine stains are vascular lesions caused by progressive ectasia of blood vessels which is located in the vascular plexus of the dermis. Congenital port-wine stains may be associated with Sturge Weber syndrome causing neurological and eye abnormalities such as glaucoma. Here we report a 60-year-old male presenting with a complaint of asymptomatic reddish patches over the nose for 15 years.

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Saeed, Erada A. J. "The Use Of Alternative Stain In Rose Bengal Test Antigen Preparation Which Specific For Brucellosis." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v30i2.816.

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The Rose Bengal test is one of the famous diagnostic test of Brucellosisspecially as a screening test in order to detect the infection in limited area.Rose Bengal standard stain which producd by specific companies was used inpreparation of the test special antigen , The stain gives the known pink colourfor the antigen during the test that make the agglutination in positive cases morevisible due to the reaction between antigen and the specific antibodies ofBrucella which found in the serum sample of human and different animals.Antigen for the Rose Bengal test in this study is prepared by using alternativestain easily found in local supermarkets using for food colours and notexpensive like standard stain. All standard tests were down for the stain like thecolour ,pH, stability are same for two stains until the date of expire of antigen.The antigen prepared with alternative stain was used in comparative with theantigen prepared with standard stain for testing serum samples of human anddifferent animals, the results deal no significant different statistically betweenthem that means as a result we can prepare antigen more easily and notexpensive.

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Alkhamiss, Abdullah Saleh. "Evaluation of Better Staining Method among Hematoxylin and Eosin, Giemsa and Periodic Acid Schiff-Alcian Blue for the Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsies." Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 27, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjms2020.27.5.6.

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Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the preferred method (Giemsa or periodic acid Schiff-Alcian blue [PAS-AB] stains) of detecting Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in gastric mucosal biopsies in terms of sensitivity, specificity and applicability. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first report comparing Giemsa and PAS-AB staining for the detection of H. pylori in such biopsies. Methods: The formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of 49 gastric biopsies from different patients were collected from the archive of anatomical pathology at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. From each block, three slides were prepared and analysed using the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Giemsa and PAS-AB stains to detect the presence/absence of H. pylori, and the results were compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity and applicability. Results: The majority of the biopsies in this study showed antrum-type gastric mucosa. Only 15 biopsies showed active gastritis, whereas the rest showed chronic gastritis. Three biopsies showed intestinal metaplasia. All were detected by PAS-AB stain, but only two-thirds were detected by H&E stain. Fifteen gastric biopsies showed H. pylori infection in general and in 13 of them, active gastritis cases were discovered. Fourteen out of these 15 H. pylori infection cases were detected by Giemsa stain, whereas only 13 cases were detected by H&E stain. PAS-AB stain showed the worst results since it demonstrated only 40% sensitivity and 67.65% specificity in H. pylori detection. Conclusion: Giemsa stain has better sensitivity and specificity in gastric H. pylori infection detection than PAS-AB. Therefore, using PAS-AB stain to detect H. pylori infection is not recommended.

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Ward, Dennis C., and Robert W. Hall. "Contrast Enhancement of Spermatozoa in Seminal Stains." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100119405.

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The localization and visualization of intact spermatozoa in dried stains confirms the presence of semen in cases of suspected rape. Even though the average human male ejaculate contains over 240 million spermatozoa, current searching methods are often inefficient and tedious. These methods include the light microscopic search for spermatozoa following either: extraction of the stain components in aqueous buffer, destruction of the stain substrate, or the in situ staining of the suspected area.The extraction technique is most commonly employed even though it is inefficient in cell recovery. Spermatozoa apparently bind tenaciously to the support medium during the drying of the seminal plasma. The extraction process often fails in extracting complete cells. The number of spermatozoa collected from a stain may be further reduced by dilution of the semen with other body fluids, dilution of stain components with extraction medium, limited stain size, or a low sperm count due to physiological and/or elective (vasectomy) reasons.

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Bhardwaj, Atul, William L. Marsh, Jr, Jason W. Nash, Catalin C. Barbacioru, Susie Jones, and Wendy L. Frankel. "Double Immunohistochemical Staining With MUC4/p53 Is Useful in the Distinction of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma From Chronic Pancreatitis: A Tissue Microarray-Based Study." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-556-diswpi.

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Abstract Context.—Immunohistochemical stains have been used for the distinction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis. Objective.—To determine if a double stain for MUC/p53 improved specificity and sensitivity for distinction of pancreatic andenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis by comparing maspin, mucin 4 (MUC4), p53, Smad4, and the double stain MUC4/p53. Design.—Seventy-four pancreatic adenocarcinomas and 19 chronic pancreatitis cases were retrieved from archival files. Tissue cores were arrayed to create a tissue microarray of 2-mm cores. Sections were stained with antibodies against maspin, MUC4, p53, and Smad4. Additionally, a 2-color, double stain for MUC4 and p53 was developed and evaluated. Five percent or greater staining in either of the cores was considered positive. Intensity (0, 1, 2) and extent (%) of tumor cells staining was also determined. Results.—The sensitivity for distinction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis with maspin, MUC4, p53, and Smad4 was 90%, 77%, 60%, and 63%, respectively; the specificity was 67%, 78%, 88%, and 88%, respectively. When MUC4 and p53 were combined in a double stain, and positive staining for either considered a positive result, the sensitivity increased to 96% but specificity was 73%. When immunoreactivity for both antibodies was necessary for a positive result, sensitivity fell to 39% but specificity was 100%. No correlation was found between intensity or extent of staining with any of the individual stains and tumor differentiation. Conclusion.—The double immunohistochemical stain for MUC4/p53 can be a useful diagnostic tool in conjunction with the hematoxylin-eosin–stained section for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, particularly when limited tumor is available for multiple stains.

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Shobana G., Muthu Karuppaiah R., Bharath Kumar Garla, Taranath M., and Palanivel Pandian R. "Effect of Whitening Toothpastes on Extrinsic Dental Stains." Journal of Advanced Oral Research 10, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2320206819834411.

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Aim and objectives: To compare the effectiveness of the stain removing property of the whitening toothpastes (silica [Colgate Visible White], silica, papain and bromelain [Whitospark], and silica and calcium carbonate [Snowdent] containing toothpastes) on extrinsic dental stains and to assess the lasting of tooth whitening effect produced by the whitening toothpastes. Materials and methods: It is a randomized, concurrent parallel arm, non-invasive, controlled trial designed to compare the effectiveness of the whitening toothpastes on reducing extrinsic dental stains. Parametric t-test was used. Results: A statistically significant difference can be seen between Groups A and B, Groups B and C, and Groups B and D. Maximum mean and percentage reduction was found in Group B at the end of the second month in stain extent and intensity. A statistically significant difference was seen between subgroups B1 and B2. Maximum mean and percentage reduction was found in subgroup B1 at the end of the fourth month in stain extent and intensity. Conclusion: Silica, papain, and bromelain containing toothpastes (Whitospark) show effectiveness on reducing extrinsic dental stains.

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Sandhika, Willy. "DETECTION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN CHRONIC GASTRITIS BIOPSY SPECIMEN USING WARTHIN-STARRY AND MODIFIED GIEMSA STAIN IN DR SOETOMO HOSPITAL SURABAYA." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 7, no. 6 (October 9, 2019): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v7i6.8404.

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Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria that commonly cause chronic gastritis. Identification of its infection is essential for eradication treatment. Detection of H.pylori bacteria in gastric biopsy specimen by histology method is a diagnostic tool that widely accepted because it is superior to serology examination. Although the bacteria can be seen in routinely Hematoxylin-Eosin staining, Modified Giemsa and Whartin Starry stain was commonly used to see the bacteria more clearly. Whartin Starry stain gives more contrast to the bacteria but modified Giemsa stain is preferable at many centres because it is a cheaper and simpler method. This study want to find out whether there is difference result in detection of H.pylori using these two stains. Material and methods. Paraffin blocks from gastric biopsy patients with chronic gastritis were retrieved from Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Dr.Soetomo Hospital Surabaya in the year 2017. Thirty paraffin blocks were taken randomly and were made into microscopic slides for staining with Warthin-starry and modified Giemsa stain concomitantly. Results. Specimen with Whartin starry stain show 19 out of 30 were positive for H.pylori while modified-Giemsa stain found 16 out of 30 specimen were positive for H.pylori. Whartin Starry stain use silver reagent to coat the bacteria so it become more clearly visible. Conclusion. Detection of H.pylori Warthin-starry stain give more chance to obtain positive result because it use silver technique that coat the bacteria making it is more clearly visible in microscopic examination.

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Szczepanowska, Hanna Maria, and William R. Moomaw. "Laser Stain Removal of Fungus-Induced Stains from Paper." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 33, no. 1 (1994): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3179667.

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Szczepanowska, Hanna Maria, and William R. Moomaw. "Laser Stain Removal of Fungus-Induced Stains from Paper." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 33, no. 1 (January 1994): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713694806066437.

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MOHAMMAD, Hawraa Jabbar, Ali Khalaf ALI, and Zainab Abdul Jabbar Ridha AL ALI. "COMPARATIVE HISTOCHEMICAL AND HISTOMORPHOMETRICAL STUDY OF ESOPHAGUS STRUCTURES IN SHEEP (Ovis aries) AND RABBITS (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 36 (December 20, 2020): 457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.472_periodico36_pgs_457_475.pdf.

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Evolution between animals causes many changes so that it can adapt to its environments. Each species has unique features that help them survive and can consume different types of food. Sheep and rabbits are economically important animals and used in many aspects of veterinary medicine.This study aimed to compare the histomorphometric and histochemical features of the esophagus of twenty sheep (n = 10) and rabbit (n = 10) adult males. The samples were collected from slaughterhouse and market Misan and were used for histological studies of two types of stains, hematoxylin and eosin, and special stains (Periodic acid Schiff stains). Histological study showed differences in the type epithelium of mucosa lining the esophagus between sheep and rabbits. The epithelium lining was composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in sheep while in rabbit was composed of a non-keratinized stratified squamous. In both animals, the submucosa layer does not possess glands. The muscular layer of both was composed of striated muscle in the cervical, thoracic, and abdomen parts of the esophagus. Both animals contained an outer layer of loose connective tissue called the adventitia. All layers in sheep showed more thickness than in rabbits. The histochemical study showed that the reaction to Periodic acid Schiff stain was similar between the animals and in different places. Only stratum corneum cells of the sheep mucosa and squamous cells of the rabbit mucosa demonstrated a strong reaction to this stain. In contrast, the rest of the cells of the mucosa and muscular layers were moderate reactions with Periodic acid Schiff stain in all regions sheep and rabbit esophagus. Submucosa and adventitia showed weakly reaction with Periodic acid Schiff's stain in both animals. In conclusion, this study showed that sheep and rabbits have similarities and differences in the esophagus; that is, the layers of this organ has different thicknesses and respond differently to Periodic acid Schiff stain.

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Hassan, Loay, Mohamed Abdel-Nasser, Adel Saleh, Osama A. Omer, and Domenec Puig. "Efficient Stain-Aware Nuclei Segmentation Deep Learning Framework for Multi-Center Histopathological Images." Electronics 10, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080954.

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Existing nuclei segmentation methods have obtained limited results with multi-center and multi-organ whole-slide images (WSIs) due to the use of different stains, scanners, overlapping, clumped nuclei, and the ambiguous boundary between adjacent cell nuclei. In an attempt to address these problems, we propose an efficient stain-aware nuclei segmentation method based on deep learning for multi-center WSIs. Unlike all related works that exploit a single-stain template from the dataset to normalize WSIs, we propose an efficient algorithm to select a set of stain templates based on stain clustering. Individual deep learning models are trained based on each stain template, and then, an aggregation function based on the Choquet integral is employed to combine the segmentation masks of the individual models. With a challenging multi-center multi-organ WSIs dataset, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-art nuclei segmentation methods with aggregated Jaccard index (AJI) and F1-scores of 73.23% and 89.32%, respectively, while achieving a lower number of parameters.

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Seekumbor, Eakkaphon, Papot Jaroenapibal, Nuansamorn Lertwikool, Wittawat Yamwong, and Napat Triroj. "Investigation of Trapped Charges-Induced Stain Formation on RF-PECVD Diamond-Like Carbon Films." Solid State Phenomena 185 (February 2012): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.185.28.

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This paper reports the investigation of a root cause of stain formation on the surfaces of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. The DLC thin films are prepared using a radio-frequency plasma enhance chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) technique with C2H4 as a carbon precursor gas. We have observed water spot-like stains on the DLC surfaces after treating the films with a dilute solution of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPGME). Low voltage-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to examine the thin layer of agglomerated stains on the surfaces. The results from capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements show that as-deposited films inherit some trapped charge accumulations within the structure, thereby resulting in the pronounced shift in the flat-band voltage. These trapped charges make the films prone to surface stain formation. Post-annealing of the DLC films at 200 °C in N2 for 1 h has proven to reduce the trapped charge density, and therefore prevent stain formation on the DLC films.

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Mahanani, Erlina Sih, Erry Mochamad Arief, and Puteri Ezdiani Binti Mohamed Ismail. "Chemical Effectiveness of Salvadora persica and Commercially Available Whitening Toothpaste on Preventing Tea and Chlorhexidine Stain (in vitro study)." Indonesian Journal of Dental Research 1, no. 3 (January 10, 2015): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/theindjdentres.10064.

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Salvadora persica, a plant that contains a wide range of healthy components, has been used as chewing stick for ages to maintain good oral hygiene and currently has been approved to remove stains. However, its stain-preventing effect is still under investigation. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Salvadora persica and commercially available whitening toothpastes on preventing tea and chlorhexidine stains. Sixty clear acrylic blocks were used and divided into 3 groups, 20 for each group. First group was treated with drinking water, second with commercially available whitening toothpaste and third with whitening toothpaste containing Salvadora persica extract. Baseline measurement by spectrophotometer was taken before starting the procedure. All specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 2 minutes, rinsed in distilled water and exposed in 0.2% chlorhexidine and tea solution. These cycles were performed 8 times a day for 5 days. Intervention with whitening toothpaste was done for 2 minutes; twice a day. Eventually, all blocks were removed, washed and dried. Stain was assessed by spectrophotometer and visual assessment using Lobene stain index (1968). This study results showed significant differences among groups (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.001) and Salvadora persica extract was found to be more effective than commercially availablewhitening toothpaste on preventing stain formation

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Pak, Martin W., Samuel Chow, and C. A. van Hasselt. "The choice of chromogen and reliability of contact rhinoscopy in the irradiated nasopharynx." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 122, no. 2 (January 4, 2007): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510600555x.

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AbstractA cross-sectional randomised single blind study was conducted to assess how concentrations of chromogen (vital stain) and the characteristics of the assessors affect the assessment of contact rhinoscopy. Twenty-eight patients who had undergone external radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma were assessed by contact rhinoscopy using 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent methylene blue stain on opposite sides of the nasopharynx. Three independent observers assessed the visual clarity of the 45 contact endoscopic images showing squamous metaplasia according to a visual analogue scale. The intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.916 to 0.957 and 0.839 to 0.964 for intra-observer reliability of assessors in the groups of 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent stains, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients for inter-observer reliability of assessors were 0.884 and 0.885 in the groups of 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent stains, respectively. The mean scores of clarity of the cellular details were statistically higher in the group of 1 per cent stain among all assessors. These results showed that the assessment of squamous metaplasia by contact endoscopy is highly reliable irrespective of the clinical experience and knowledge of histopathology of the assessors. One per cent methylene blue should be the vital stain of choice in contact endoscopy.

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John Jr., Joseph F. "Gram Stain." Annals of Internal Medicine 129, no. 12 (December 15, 1998): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-12-199812150-00042.

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Maslak, P. "Iron stain." ASH Image Bank 2002, no. 0719 (July 19, 2002): 100388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/ashimagebank-2002-100388.

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Massara, Art. "Stain removal." Philosophy & Social Criticism 33, no. 4 (June 2007): 498–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453707077026.

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Dighe, Swati B., Dulhan Ajit, Saleem Pathuthara, and Roshni Chinoy. "Papanicolaou Stain." Acta Cytologica 50, no. 6 (2006): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000326034.

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Jay, Venita. "Golgi Stain." Journal of Histotechnology 21, no. 2 (June 1998): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/his.1998.21.2.165.

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Jay, Venita. "Nissl Stain." Journal of Histotechnology 22, no. 2 (June 1999): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/his.1999.22.2.135.

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Maslak, P. "Iron Stain." ASH Image Bank 2004, no. 0630 (June 30, 2004): 101141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/ashimagebank-2004-101141.

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Oriel, J. D. "Gram's stain." Sexually Transmitted Infections 73, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.73.2.116.

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Henwood, Anthony. "The Orcein Stain—A Versatile Stain for Histopathology." Journal of Histotechnology 25, no. 1 (March 2002): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/his.2002.25.1.29.

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Abdelmaksoud, A., and M. Vestita. "Acquired Port-Wine Stain: Not a simple stain!" Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition) 109, no. 5 (June 2018): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2018.02.023.

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Ming, Jun Feng, Ren Huang Wang, Su Xiang Tang, and Hong Jiang Liu. "Approaches to the Feather Stain Detection and Segmentation." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.931.

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Extraction of feather defects is difficult because of their complicated and diversified characteristics. It is proposed that feather stain defects be extracted in HSI color space according to color characters of different types of feather defects. The improved variational level set method is adopted to locate and segment the feather stains on that basis. Experiment results show that the proposed methods can extract feather stains effectively and segment them accurately.

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FEN-JUAN, SHAO, XU PINGHUA, FAN WEICHAO, YAN YULONG, DING XUEMEI, and WU XIONGYING. "Evaluation of stain release based on image histogram analysis." Industria Textila 71, no. 03 (June 28, 2020): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.071.03.1641.

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In our daily life, subjective and objective method were used to evaluate the washing condition of the stain. But they have some disadvantages, such as subjectivity, special operation in laboratory, limited area, and so on. With the development of technology, the image analysis was widely used in industry. In this article, the pictures of stains before and after being washed were got through image acquisition system. And then histogram based on distance were draw and similarity of stain before and after was calculated. The similarity described the degree of washing. The higher the similarity, the more similar the image, the less stain was washed out. Two different results got from washing efficiency and image analysis were analyzed through SPSS software, the results showed that in less than 0.05 level, two groups of data had a significant correlation. This means that the image analysis could be used to evaluate the stain release well.

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Karmawati, Ita Astit, Ita Yulita, Rahaju Budiarti, and Syifa Yulia Lestari. "Effectiveness of Strawberry Extract with 100% Concentration in Cleaning Teeth with Extrinsic Stain at the Academic Community of Poltekkes Kemenkes Jakarta I." Health Notions 4, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/hn40701.

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Discoloration of teeth can be caused by stains on the surface of the teeth or due to changes in tooth material. Tooth stain can be extrinsic, intrinsic, or age-related. Tooth whitening (bleaching) can be done in the office and at home. Strawberry is a fruit with many benefits, one of which is whitening teeth. The content of malic acid and ellagic acid in strawberries has the effect of tooth whitening. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of strawberry extract with a concentration of 100% in cleaning teeth with the extrinsic stain on an academic member of the Health Polytechnic Jakarta I. This study was an experiment on 31 people who had upper and lower anterior teeth with the extrinsic stain as samples. Data collection was done by applying strawberry extract with a concentration of 100% on the surface of the anterior teeth, allowed to stand for 5 minutes, then brushed and rinsed with water. This procedure was done 2 times a day for 5 consecutive days. Changes in extrinsic stain were measured using the Lobene Stain Index which measures the intensity and area of the stain, as well as a combined score of both. The average combined score with measurements using the Lobene Stain Index for extrinsic stain before being treated with strawberries was 22.4. The score has decreased every day starting from day 1 to day 5 of treatment. The largest decrease of the average Combined Score was occurred on the 2nd day, namely from a score of 20.0 on the 1st day to 14.6 on the 2nd day with a percentage reduction of 35.0%. Statistical tests showed significant results of 0,000 reducing the Intensity Score and Area Score on day 2 to day 5. It can be concluded that there was a significant decrease in extrinsic stain scores after treatment on day 2. Keywords: extrinsic stain; strawberry extract

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Alturkistani, Hani A., Faris M. Tashkandi, and Zuhair M. Mohammedsaleh. "Histological Stains: A Literature Review and Case Study." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 3 (June 25, 2015): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n3p72.

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<p>The history of histology indicates that there have been significant changes in the techniques used for histological staining through chemical, molecular biology assays and immunological techniques, collectively referred to as histochemistry. Early histologists used the readily available chemicals to prepare tissues for microscopic studies; these laboratory chemicals were potassium dichromate, alcohol and the mercuric chloride to harden cellular tissues. Staining techniques used were carmine, silver nitrate, Giemsa, Trichrome Stains, Gram Stain and Hematoxylin among others.</p> <p>The purpose of this research was to assess past and current literature reviews, as well as case studies, with the aim of informing ways in which histological stains have been improved in the modern age. Results from the literature review has indicated that there has been an improvement in histopathology and histotechnology in stains used. There has been a rising need for efficient, accurate and less complex staining procedures. Many stain procedures are still in use today, and many others have been replaced with new immunostaining, molecular, non-culture and other advanced staining techniques. Some staining methods have been abandoned because the chemicals required have been medically proven to be toxic. The case studies indicated that in modern histology a combination of different stain techniques are used to enhance the effectiveness of the staining process. Currently, improved histological stains, have been modified and combined with other stains to improve their effectiveness.</p>

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Sajjad, Aneequa, Muhammad Qasim Raza, Syeda Zaira Sajjad, Ihtesham-ud-Din Qureshi, Syed Sajjad Sarwar, and Sadia Minhas. "Effectiveness of crystal violet stain for localization of mitotic activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma." Journal of Fatima Jinnah Medical University 13, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37018/jfjmu.671.

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Background: Mitotic figure counting is simplest and oldest method for determining proliferative activity of cell. It is considered as one of the important diagnostic aid in cancer pathology. Though advanced methods to evaluate dysplastic features are more precise and definite but expense and time makes them less practicable for routine use. Therefore an effort was made to use economical as well as simple approach involving crystal violet stain (1%) to study the mitotic figures in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This descriptive research included samples, consisting of thirty three cases of the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Representative sections were stained with H&E stain and 1% crystal violet stain respectively. The stained sections were viewed under optical microscope to count mitotic figures for evaluating the effectiveness of 1% crystal violet stain. Data obtained was statistically analyzed by using sample t-test. Results: There was noteworthy increase in the mean mitotic count among the crystal violet stained sections of OSCC in contrast to the OSCC sections stained with H&E (P = 0.00). Conclusion:1% Crystal violet stain can be considered as one of the optimum stains to observe the mitotic figure. Practice of staining with 1% crystal violet during routine histopathological procedures will be cost effective and may be used as a selective stain.

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Toba, Keisuke, Toru Kanbayashi, and Tomoya Murano. "Effects of Drying Temperatures on the Occurrence of Sticker Stain in Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don)." Forest Products Journal 71, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00079.

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Abstract Sticker stain is a material defect that results from moisture migration during wood drying, often spoiling the appearance of the surface of wood products. The effect of drying temperatures on the occurrence of surface sticker stain was investigated using Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and three types of stickers (air-dried Japanese cedar, aluminum, and stainless steel) under four drying temperatures (20°C, 50°C, 75°C, and 100°C). At lower drying temperatures, the air-dried wood sticker tended to suppress the occurrence of surface sticker stains, whereas higher temperature or metal stickers produced sticker stains with deep color. However, no definitive relation was shown between the initial moisture content and the extent of sticker stain with deep color regardless of drying temperatures. It was considered that the partial delay of drying happened around the contact area with stickers, especially in cases of metal stickers. It was also found that the use of metal stickers at higher drying temperatures induced depressions in Fourier transform infrared spectra related to the occurrence of hygrothermal conditions.

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McNally, Karen J., and Alan Peters. "A New Method for Intense Staining of Myelin." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 4 (April 1998): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600415.

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We describe a new method for intense staining of myelin. The stain involves immersing frozen or vibratome sections in 4% normal horse serum. A DAB reaction is then carried out, which results in the deposition of reaction product in myelin sheaths. On intensification of this reaction product using the silver enhancement technique described by Görcs, myelin stains an intense black color, making the preparations suitable for photography. The stain is especially useful for determining the distribution of myelinated fibers in gray matter.

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Banerjee, P. K. "Identification of Spermatozoa through Fluorescent Microscopy." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 1 (January 1987): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700110.

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Ten fluorochromes and one ordinary double stain (for contrast) have been used to stain spermatozoa, both fresh and old, out of which Coriphosphin O yields the best result. When counterstained with eosin, it exhibits a very distinctive, characteristic F-body which can open a new avenue in the cytological differentiation of sex. For medico-legal examination of semen it can also clear confusion in identifying intact, degenerated or disintegrated spermatozoa from similar microparticles which may not be possible with ordinary stains.

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CHICK, ANDREW I. R. "Stains for entomological microtechnique: simple stains for whole mounts and dissection." Zootaxa 4790, no. 3 (June 12, 2020): 447–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4790.3.2.

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Slide mounted entomological specimens often require the aid of contrast techniques to improve the clarity of morphological characteristics. Methods can involve the use of techniques such as Phase contrast, Dark field or differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC), however where an entomologist may only have access to simple brightfield microscopy chemical staining of the specimen may be used to improve contrast. For whole mounts of entomological specimens, a single stain, occasionally two, are often used, in comparison to histological sections that often employ multiple stains in complex protocols. A number of authors have proposed different stains and staining methods for a number of insect groups with few considering the long term qualities of the stain, it has previously been shown that aniline dyes are prone to fading in Canada Balsam mounts, and that some stains fade even when protected from sunlight. This paper aims to summarise the knowledge of stains used for entomological specimens and provide details on the archival qualities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'The Stain'

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