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Nayyar, Mnir Khan. "Scope management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35010.
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Fisher, Matthew James. "Patent scope : a study." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/3a85c653-3bf5-4676-917b-0432cb1fa12b.
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Holmlin, Rex M. "Pre-Design Methodology for Establishing Scope-Budget and Scope-Duration Alignment for Capital Projects." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10150265.
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Pre-design Methodology for Establishing Scope-Budget and Scope-Duration Alignment for Capital Projects It is well established that projects do not meet their cost, schedule and scope objectives and often fail to deliver the benefits that were hoped for. Part of the challenge is that at the conceptual/pre-design stage, the level of scope definition is often only 1-2% and the resulting pre-design cost estimates typically have an accuracy range of -50% to +100%. Project teams may not feel confident providing this information to the designers as design-to-cost targets and overall project cost management suffers as a result. The proposed methodology was developed to assist with pre-design estimating on a new student health center at a college in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Development of a preliminary work breakdown structure allowed development of a cost model targeted at the major cost elements of a capital project by removing cost elements such as sitework and general conditions that have greater variability that is often concealed in cost/SF historical data used for modeling. The regression equation developed, based on five data points of comparable projects ranging in size from 20,000SF to 72,714 SF , with a zero intercept, has an R2 of 0.9925, a P Value <0.0001 and a F test score of 661.63. 63. Using the model to validate the cost of the comparable projects resulted in a cost forecast range of -10.3% to + 39.4% as compared to industry standard expected cost range in the pre-design period of -50% to+100%. Using the forecast cost and Bromilow equations to forecast project duration resulted in duration forecasts within approximately +/-18% of the contracted durations. The need for vigorous cost management over the life of a project remains, but this methodology offers an approach to (1) develop design-to-cost targets and (2) for the project team to have greater confidence they have scope-budget and scope-duration matches as the project enters design.
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Ferch, Elizabeth Ann. "Number and the scope of indefinites." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13023.
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This thesis examines the scopal behaviour of bare singulars and bare plurals in Shona (a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe). I treat these expressions as indefinites which are assigned scope via choice functions; the function variable may be existentially closed, yielding an existential or nonspecific interpretation, or it may be free, taking its value from the context and yielding a referential or specific reading.
I argue that apparent scope differences between singulars and plurals can be explained by the semantics of plurality. In Shona, bare plurals appear to be scopally ambiguous with respect to a clausemate scopeless quantifier (a numeral or shoma ‘(a) few’), while bare singulars must take wide scope over scopeless quantifiers. I argue that scopeless quantifiers are intersective modifiers rather than quantifying determiners, and that the sentences with bare plurals in fact have only one reading, a cumulative reading, which subsumes the truth conditions for the apparent wide and narrow scope readings. Another modifier, ose ‘all’, patterns with scopeless quantifiers in its scopal possibilities; I claim that ose denotes an operator which returns the supremum of its complement.
There is also an apparent scope difference in negative clauses and clauses with the universal quantifier oga-oga ‘every’ in object position: bare plural subjects appear to have both narrow and wide scope readings, while bare singular subjects appear to be restricted to wide scope. I argue that due to the interaction of information structure and syntactic structure, subjects in Shona must be specific, appearing to take widest scope; apparent narrow scope readings of bare plural subjects are due to nonmaximality and homogeneity.
Contrary to appearances, then, bare singulars and bare plurals do not have different scope possibilities; rather, sentences which contain plurals have more general truth conditions than those which contain singulars.
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Nakamura, Masanori 1966. "Move a, scope, and relativized minimality." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56651.
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This thesis deals with two aspects of operators within the framework of Government and Binding theory; (i) how they are assigned their scope, and (ii) how they are licensed. In an attempt to answer these questions, the relation of Move $ alpha$ (such as scrambling, NP-movement, and wh-movement) to the scope of operators and the licensing of wh-elements, negative polarity items, and adverbs are examined. It is argued that scope assignment is dictated by the Scope Principle and the Empty Category Principle. It is also argued that licensing of operators is determined by the Feature-Dependent Item Criterion. These principles and criterion make use of the concept of Government Theory Compatibility, which is built into Relativized Minimality. It is suggested that this concept should be characterized in terms of a set of lexical features. The approach advocated here accounts for the interpretive and distributional behavior of operators without recourse to parameterization of LF principles.
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Uchida, Hiroyuki. "Scope alternation and type logical grammar." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444058/.
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This thesis provides an analysis of QNP scope which naturally explains the characteristic tensed-clause locality constraint. Linguistically, I argue that QNP scope is not explained by A-bar movement or A-movement. A-bar movement is different from QNP scope in terms of the locality constraints and A-movement is not flexible enough to explain scope ambiguity. Instead of reducing QNP scope to A-bar or A-movement phenomena, I argue that scope ambiguity is a result of an independent operation that allows us to merge QNPs as syntactic arguments of the local functors even though they are semantically operators. To instantiate this idea, I reformulate Hendriks' argument raising as a special rule (called Argument Slot Raising or ASR) in a non-associative grammar NL. ASR only affects the local functor of the QNP in question. Thus, the QNP's scope is predicted to stay within the final output of this functor. For control/auxiliary/raising constructions, I extend NL by introducing an association rule that is restricted by a pair of merge modes in Moortgat's (1997) Multi-Modal grammar. This structural rule may postpone the saturation of NP argument slots, allowing a complex predicate to be formed. Application of ASR to such complex predicates may switch QNP scope within each finite TP. Structural rules for A-bar movement are introduced in terms of introduction and discharge of modally marked hypothetical categories, which explains the longer distance nature of A-bar extraction in comparison to QNP scope. Finally, I explain the apparent 'exceptional scope' of indefinites in terms of their domain restriction and anaphoric dependency on other operators. This maintains the uniform locality of QNP scope. The underlying claim is that the QNP scope switch mechanism itself does not involve structural ambiguity. The thesis considers the implications for natural language grammar of implementing this idea.
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Fan, Gao Chang. "LF representations of quantifier scope interpretations." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235579.
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Mahesh, Mohan. "Expanding the scope of electron-transfer." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424298.
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Smith, Henry Forbes. "The scope of private international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620468.
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Dutton, Justine. "Expanding the scope of sulfinimine chemistry." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40710/.
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The synthesis and application of aldimines has been well documented in the last twenty years since Ellman’s publication of the synthesis of optically pure tert-butyl sulfinamide. Within the Stockman group their application to the aza-Darzens reaction has been explored. This work is an expansion of the previously reported aza-Darzens synthesis of aziridine 2-carboxylates with particular emphasis on increasing the scope and specific attention on heteroaryl-substituted aldimines and ketimines. A wide range of sulfinimines was screened with a variety of ester partners giving di- and tri-substituted aziridine 2-carboxylates. Overall the yields were good with di-substituted aziridines giving the best results. Tri-substituted aziridines were produced in variable yields and selectivity with some heteroaromatic substrates tolerated. Attempts to synthesise vinyl aziridine 2-carboxylates proved to be disappointing with a cyclopropane byproduct being observed. Attempts to avoid production of the byproduct were unsuccessful. It has been shown that vinyl aziridine 2-carboxylates will undergo rearrangement to cyclic sulfoximines. Mechanistic studies have indicated that this proceeds through a concerted sigmatropic rearrangement as neither radical traps nor polar solvents inhibited the reaction. The synthetic utility of aldimines as chiral precursors to isothiazolidines was briefly investigated, however this ultimately proved unsuccessful.
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Maeresera, Sulaiman Godspower. "Scope creep management challenges in an outsourced e-commerce project management company in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3015.
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Thesis (MTech (Project Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Scope creep is a common cause of project failures. This results in wastage of money, decreased satisfaction and causes the project value not to be met. Most projects seem to suffer scope creep and stakeholders, and project teams are continuously frustrated by it. Why are the effective means of managing scope seemingly escaping us? There is a lot of literature on the most effective methods of curbing scope creep. Various methodologies and project management software has been developed to deal with the issue of scope creep. However it is still regarded as one of the main challenges facing various projects. One of the active outsourced e-commerce project management companies in Cape Town, South Africa, observed that scope creep was affecting almost every project. Even well-executed e-commerce projects that meet time and budget constraints often fail to meet the expectations of the clients. In most cases the root cause can be traced back to scope issues. It has been observed that almost all e-commerce projects have to deal with scope creep. Project managers, customers and developers do not shoulder all the blame. This research study explores the challenges of managing scope creep. It aims to unveil the extent to which scope creep affects projects, and the underlying challenges of managing scope creep. More and more projects are failing regardless of the documentation, and training programmes on scope management. Perceptions of all the stakeholders are highlighted. The study also seeks to assist project managers on how to avoid scope creep. It has been proven that attempting to avoid it does not eliminate the problem. Therefore, this research study aims to bring about a practical solution to scope creep in e-commerce projects. This research study adopted both a qualitative research approach. Stemming from the findings of this study, recommendations such as employing well trained project managers, who are also trained developers, to assist in scoping the complex projects were made. Clients should also be participants in the scope management initiatives and should be consulted throughout the project. This research study was also done with the intention of assisting Project Management students’ training by contributing to the Project Management body of knowledge. This would help trainers and educators understand the real challenges in the field, and prepare them to provide solutions for future practice.
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Stenlund, Nilsson Ivner Jenny. "Municipal Energy Planning : Scope and Method Development." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16398.
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Swedish municipalities are required to produce a municipal energy plan for their energy supply and use. Whether energy planning is suitable to manage local energy systems, however, is subject to debate. This thesis maps municipal energy planning: the scopes of energy plans and whether goals stated in energy plans are fulfilled. It also presents a pilot project with the implementation of an energy planning process where four different decision-making tools were applied: a Citizen’s panel, scenario techniques and quantitative and qualitative environmental assessments. The results from the mapping of energy planning and the experiences from the pilot project are then the bases for a discussion about the effectiveness of energy planning. The thesis is based on six papers; five scientific papers and one working paper. The first three papers contribute to mapping municipal energy planning in terms of expressed volition (goals, measures and strategies in the energy plans), whether goals are fulfilled and the extent of environmental analyses and assessments in the plans. The three subsequent papers present the implementation and evaluations of the energy planning process in the pilot project. The scopes of the studied energy plans have varied over time and have been adaptive to external factors such as contemporary energy policies and international trends. Environmental analyses and assessments were more commonly occurring in the energy plans adopted between 2006 and 2008 compared to those adopted between 1995 and 1998. The environmental analyses and assessments were however less comprehensive in the newer energy plans. Most positive development, in terms of fulfilled goals, took place for issues within the power of the local authority, for example district heating expansion and energy efficiency measures in public buildings. Experiences from the pilot project showed that decision-making tools can contribute to a broader scope of energy planning, more comprehensive environmental assessments and legitimacy. Based on the research findings possibilities for more effective energy planning are discussed. Effectiveness is discussed in terms of scope and legitimacy and how a broad scope and legitimacy are affected by the use of decision-making tools. It is concluded that energy planning has potential for being an effective tool for strategic energy work at the local level. The use of decision-making tools can also contribute to learning as well as legitimacy to energy planning.
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Khan, Ahmad Salman, and Mira Kajko-Mattsson. "Demarcating the Scope of a Handover Process." KTH, Programvaru- och datorsystem, SCS, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90207.
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Despite the fact that a handover process is just as frequently performed as any development process, little is known about it. Still, it is regarded as one of the lifecycle processes that is not well explored and defined. In this paper, we study the handover process within eighteen companies with the purpose of demarcating its scope within software lifecycle. Our goal is to find out how industry understands handover process and how it places it within software lifecycle. As a result, we have identified seven different scope contexts for the handover process. We have also provided evidence of its wide lifecycle span and its overlap with development, predelivery and postdelivery maintenance processes.© 2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. Qc 20120223
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Gerfen, Chip. "Reciprocity in Spanish: Two Puzzles of Scope." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/226594.
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Heim, Lasnik, and May (1991a, henceforth HLMa) note an interesting contrast in the behavior of the following sentences in English (their 78a -b): 1.a) They look like each other. b) They look alike. As HLMa point out, when embedded, the two sentences have distinct properties (their 79a -b): 2.a) John and Mary think they look like each other. b) John and Mary think they look alike. Sentence (2a) is ambiguous between broad and narrow scope interpretations. Thus, (2a) can either mean 'John thinks he looks like Mary, and Mary thinks that she looks like John' (the broad reading) or 'John and Mary think they (John and Mary) look like each other' (the narrow reading). In contrast, (2b) can only be construed with narrow scope. For HLMa the ambiguity of (2a) receives an explanation in terms of the morphological complexity of the reciprocal expression each other. Specifically, the quantificational distribution element each is adjoined to an antecedent, which is then subject to QR via the rule move-α at logical form (see May 1977, 1985). Put simply, this allows for different scope interpretations, depending on how far up the phrase marker each is moved. In contrast, the morphologically simplex alike contains no detachable distribution element, and, as a result, only the narrow scope reading is available. Of interest here is the fact that HLMa base their argument on the distinction between reciprocal meaning that is incorporated within a morphologically simplex versus a morphologically complex item. In support of this claim, they offer the following minimal pair of sentences from Italian (attributed to Luigi Rizzi): 3.a) I due pensano [di essersi battuti] (contradictory); the two thought be-each other-clitic beaten b) I due pensano [di avere prevalso l'uno sull'altro] (ambiguous); the two thought have prevailed the one over the other HLMa note that when taken by themselves, the embedded clauses in (3a -b) are both contradictory, but that only (3b) receives a non -contradictory reading in the embedded construction. In a manner analogous to their treatment of the English data in (1 -2), HLMa claim that this distinction is attributable to the fact that the clitic in (3a) forms a morphological unit with the verb to which it is attached and, thus, cannot be moved at LF. In contrast, they follow Belletti (1982) in arguing that the full form of the Italian reciprocal l'uno...l'altro includes a distributor l'uno which can be detached and moved at LF. Though no specific analysis is provided, it is assumed that the broad scope, and hence non -contradictory, construal of (3b) is attributable to the adjunction of the distributor l'uno to the antecedent I due. With these facts in mind, I consider the question of scope in Spanish reciprocal constructions. In sections 2 and 3, I present a surprising scope asymmetry between non -full (clitic) and full reciprocal constructions, which indicates that unlike English, the full reciprocal el uno al otro in Spanish does not allow for broad scope interpretations when embedded. In section 4, I argue that el uno al otro in Spanish is best analyzed as an adjunct, rather than as the subcategorized argument of the verb. And in section 5, I explore HLM's (1991b) "each-binding" variant of the movement analysis proposed in HLMa, showing that the asymmetry between full and non -full reciprocals can be accounted for in terms of the obligatory local A'-binding of the variable el uno of the adjoined full form. In section 6, I expand the data, providing evidence of another scope asymmetry. Specifically, I show that in contrast to the el uno al otro adjunct of the clitic doubled construction, VP adjuncts such as prepositional phrases with a reciprocal object do allow broad construals from embedded clauses. I argue that this asymmetry motivates the need to formally distinguish between at least two types of adjuncts, appositional adjuncts such as the doubled el uno al otro construction, and standard adjuncts such as PPs. I suggest that a profitable way of making this distinction can be found in restricting the assignment of referential indexes in the Relativized Minimality framework (Rizzi 1990). This approach both preserves the account of the asymmetry between non-full or clitic reciprocals and their doubled counterparts, as allows for broad construals from standard adjuncts.
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Inglis, S. "The form and scope of naturalised epistemology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604930.
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This thesis is about the methodology of philosophy. In particular, it represents an attempt to answer the question 'What is it to do naturalised epistemology?' Naturalised epistemology has become a popular movement in the last thirty years, but there is no consensus as to what exactly it is to subscribe to this movement. In my thesis I locate what I call a "core idea" which is common to all conceptions of naturalised epistemology, portraying it as a philosophical movement with an inclusive attitude to empirical science. I then attempt to work out the way in which this "core idea" can best be developed into a defensible and broad programme of philosophical inquiry. Naturalism is also usually seen as a reaction against a prior philosophical orthodoxy; and I argue that the key respect in which naturalism should be seen as differing from earlier philosophical movements is in its rejection of the view that philosophical inquiry can be conducted a priori. I explore the consequences of this move for philosophical methodology, with particular reference to the problem of Cartesian scepticism.
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Tang, Siu-ting Loretta, and 鄧小婷. "Re-defining the scope of facility management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45164964.
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Hampson, S. D. "The grounds and scope of egalitarian justice." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/17981/.
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The main problem that the thesis is concerned with is: in which contexts is the maintenance of inequalities in the distribution of social goods unjust, and why is it unjust in these contexts? The thesis has three main sections. In the first section I reject Thomas Nagel's argument that, even when applied to only the coercive institutions of the state, egalitarian principles could be reasonably rejected on the grounds that they would be overly demanding on those who could be better off in feasible non-egalitarian distributions. In rejecting Nagel's position, I argue that coercion involves a particular justificatory problem which rules out the considerations of partiality that Nagel appeals to from being grounds for reasonable rejection of principles of justice in this context. The focus of the second section is whether egalitarian principles of distributive justice might apply beyond the coercive institutions of the state - to, for example, the broader set of institutions which make up the 'basic structure' of a system of social cooperation. I argue against the recent work of Michael Blake and Thomas Nagel and conclude that institutional coercion, while sufficient to ground egalitarian principles of distributive justice, is not necessary. Non-coercive interactions in which one has no reasonable alternative but to comply with another's will may also raise the justificatory problems which lead us to egalitarianism. The third section discusses whether principles of egalitarian distributive justice apply beyond institutions, and to personal decisions, through what G.A. Cohen has called an 'egalitarian ethos'. I argue that while no compelling ground for the egalitarian ethos has yet been given, the arguments against it in the recent literature are also flawed. In particular, I argue that the objections that an egalitarian ethos would be overly 'demanding' or fail to meet a 'publicity constraint’ are not convincing.
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Malmsjö, Henrik. "Patent Scope : A Law and Economics Analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-238882.
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Gardiner, Stuart David. "Expanding the scope of phase-transfer epoxidation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438282.
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Aguero, Bautista Calixto. "Cyclicity and the scope of wh-phrases." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8200.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-221).
This thesis argues that in a constituent question with a universal quantifier, syntactic reconstruction of the wh-phrase below the quantifier is the source of scope ambiguities. In particular, I argue, based on the interaction of PL-readings with binding conditions A and B, that syntactic reconstruction of the wh-phrase below the quantifier is necessary for the PL-readings or family-of-questions interpretation to be available. The thesis takes as a starting point the assumption, fundamental to the approaches of May (1985), Aoun and Li (1993), and Chierchia (1993), that wh-quantifier interaction is subject to a nesting-crossing asymmetry. Two things are shown in the first two chapters: 1) that the subject-object asymmetry is a relative phenomenon depending on the type of the quantifier used (whether one uses each vs every), and the type of the wh-phrase extracted (e.g. a which-phrase vs. a how many-phrase,) and 2), questions with quantifiers exemplifying nesting configurations are in fact unambiguous when reconstruction of the wh-phrase is blocked by binding theoretic principles. The data show that nesting is insufficient, whereas reconstruction is necessary condition for the availability of PL-readings. The proper treatment of wh-quantifier interaction is therefore one that treats the phenomenon in terms of reconstruction.
(cont.) The second part of the thesis argues that reconstruction is necessary for PL-readings, because such interpretations are a particular case of variable binding in which the universal quantifier binds an implicit variable in one of the copies of the wh-phrase, which is analyzed as a skolemized choice function as in Kratzer's (1998) theory of indefinites. It is argued on the basis of empirical considerations that WCO is irrelevant contra Chierchia (1993) because WCO is irrelevant for implicit variables. The third part of the dissertation shows that the reconstruction view of PL-readings opens up the possibility to use such interpretations as a diagnostic for successive cyclicity. This possibility is exploited with a certain degree of success. By comparing the interaction of overtly displaced wh-phrases with quantifiers, on the one hand, and the interaction of wh in situ and universal quantifiers, on the other, it is concluded that whereas overtly moved wh-phrases move in successive cyclic fashion, wh-phrases in situ do not get their scope via successive cyclic movement.
by Calixto Agüero-Bautista.
Ph.D.
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Fancellu, Federico. "Computational models for multilingual negation scope detection." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33038.
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Negation is a common property of languages, in that there are few languages, if any, that lack means to revert the truth-value of a statement. A challenge to cross-lingual studies of negation lies in the fact that languages encode and use it in different ways. Although this variation has been extensively researched in linguistics, little has been done in automated language processing. In particular, we lack computational models of processing negation that can be generalized across language. We even lack knowledge of what the development of such models would require. These models however exist and can be built by means of existing cross-lingual resources, even when annotated data for a language other than English is not available. This thesis shows this in the context of detecting string-level negation scope, i.e. the set of tokens in a sentence whose meaning is affected by a negation marker (e.g. 'not'). Our contribution has two parts. First, we investigate the scenario where annotated training data is available. We show that Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks are state-of-the-art models whose features can be generalized across language. We also show that these models suffer from genre effects and that for most of the corpora we have experimented with, high performance is simply an artifact of the annotation styles, where negation scope is often a span of text delimited by punctuation. Second, we investigate the scenario where annotated data is available in only one language, experimenting with model transfer. To test our approach, we first build NEGPAR, a parallel corpus annotated for negation, where pre-existing annotations on English sentences have been edited and extended to Chinese translations. We then show that transferring a model for negation scope detection across languages is possible by means of structured neural models where negation scope is detected on top of a cross-linguistically consistent representation, Universal Dependencies. On the other hand, we found cross-lingual lexical information only to help very little with performance. Finally, error analysis shows that performance is better when a negation marker is in the same dependency substructure as its scope and that some of the phenomena related to negation scope requiring lexical knowledge are still not captured correctly. In the conclusions, we tie up the contributions of this thesis and we point future work towards representing negation scope across languages at the level of logical form as well.
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Hajr, Hadjar. "Investigating Nucleophile Scope in N-Acyliminium Ion." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för läkemedelskemi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-450357.
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Casamento, Katherine Imhoff. "Correct-by-Construction Typechecking with Scope Graphs." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5272.
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Dependently-typed languages are well-known for the ability to enforce program invariants through type signatures, and previous work establishes the effectiveness of this style of program verification in the implementation of type-safe interpreters for a wide class of languages with a variety of interesting scoping semantics, offering an account of dynamic semantics. This thesis covers the complementary topic of static semantics, in the form of a pattern for constructing verified typechecking procedures in a dependently-typed setting. Implementations are given for simply-typed lambda calculus and a small procedural language as well as a module system with unrestricted cyclic module dependency semantics that are traditionally hard to formalize, parameterized over the choice of base language. A library of finite graphs and decision procedures for path search queries is presented and used in the construction of the example language implementations to resolve variable references. The resulting development is suitable as a static analysis phase ("middle end") in a hypothetical end-to-end verified interpreter developed in a dependently-typed setting.
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Khan, Muhammad Shoaib Arshad. "Scope of BlockChain Technology in Energy Sector." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30850.
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World energy systems are going through a continuous change. The focus has been shifted from large thermal or hydal power generation to small distributed generation, mainly based upon renewable energy systems. This transition is also backed by some governments. There have also been significant improvements in grid technology, and modern-day smart grid can provide real time bi-directional flow of data i.e. “real time energy deficit and surplus, and also real time prices to both producers and consumers. Smart grid can also accommodate intermittent small suppliers of electricity. This shift in energy generation policy and improvement in grid technology has opened ways for small scale energy producers and consumers to share energy with each other. It has also opened ways to purchase or sale energy to unknown peers over a smart grid. Need has been felt to store these transactions among peers in a secure, non-alterable yet quickly accessible way. Blockchain technology offers to provide this secure, unalterable yet quickly accessible ledger. In this study this transition process and role of blockchain technology for future energy systems has been historically reviewed. It has been found out that on top of keeping record of Peer to Peer transactions, blockchain technology can fill many other purposes. However, technology is still not matured for large scale projects, Research projects are underway to decrease the large time and energy consumption for block building computational processes yet keeping them safe and reliable.
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Bertilsson, Daniel, and Sandy Yousef. "En undersökning av Epirocs Scope 3-utsläpp." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276980.
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En undersökning genomfördes för att hjälpa Epiroc att redovisa utsläpp från Scope 3 som till stor del kommer från leverantörstillverkning. Resultatet skulle levereras i form av utsläppsfaktorer som beskriver koldioxidutsläpp per vikt av ett material. Undersökningen skulle vara representativ för de nuvarande globala tillverkningsförhållandena och ta hänsyn till nyckelregionens procentuella andel av tillverkningen jämfört med den globala hastigheten per material. Baserat på en förstudie av befintliga forskningsdokument, hade de utsläppsfaktorerna som hittats en noggrannhet över 80% vilket uppfylldes genom att inkludera global tillverkningsgrad.An investigation was conducted to help Epiroc account for Scope 3 emissions which largely come from supplier manufacturing. The result was to be delivered in form of emission factors which describe carbon dioxide emissions per weight of a material. The investigation was to be representative of current global manufacturing conditions and consider key region’s percentage of manufacturing compared to the global rate, per material. Based on a pre-study of existing research papers, the data that was obtained to represent the emission factors of materials used in Epiroc’s SED machines had an accuracy above 80%, which was fulfilled by including global manufacturing rate.
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Doncom, Kay E. B. "Expanding the scope of responsive polymeric nanostructures." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/63673/.
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This thesis focuses on expanding the scope of self-assembled polymeric nanostructures and their morphology transitions in response to a variety of applied stimuli. Chapter One gives an introduction to the main concepts and techniques used throughout the thesis. Chapter Two utilises a pH-deprotectable protected acid, incorporated into a diblock copolymer, in order to induce a morphology change in response to a change in pH. In addition, the effect of the hydrophilicity of the end group upon self-assembly is investigated. Chapter Three investigates a reversible pH-responsive system to induce a reversible vesicle to micelle morphology transition. This was achieved via the synthesis of an activated ester polymeric scaffold and the post-polymerisation introduction of backbone and end group functionality. Different end groups are investigated, along with the effect the molecular weight of the polymer has on the speed of transition. In addition, the controlled release of a hydrophilic payload is demonstrated. Chapter Four focuses on the incorporation of hydrophilic blocks, hydrophobic blocks or a combination of the two into sulfobetaine methacrylate containing polymers. The synthesis of these polymers by RAFT polymerisation is discussed and the polymers are thoroughly characterised by 1H NMR spectroscopy, SEC, SLS and multi-angle DLS. Chapter Five investigates the self-assembly and thermo-responsive behaviour of the polymers synthesised in Chapter Four. The subtle differences between the polymers and the effect of these differences on the responsive behaviour are highlighted. In addition the self-assembly of a thermo- pH- and CO2- triply-responsive triblock copolymer is discussed. Chapter Six investigates the synthesis and polymerisation behaviour of a sulfobetaine acrylate, in comparison to the sulfobetaine methacrylate observed in Chapter Four.
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Huxford, George Gilbert. "The scope and development of Kant's theodicy." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-scope-and-development-of-kants-theodicy(5bff5c24-3d04-4186-9d2d-fddc943733ae).html.
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The thesis which underpins the whole study is that Kant's engagement with theodicy was career-long and not confined to his short treatise of 1791, On the Failure of All Attempted Philosophical Theodicies, which dealt explicitly with the subject. In the study, Kant's developing thought on theodicy is treated in three periods, pre-Critical, early-Critical, and late-Critical. Each of the periods has its own special character, respectively that of exploration, transition, and conclusion. In the course of developing the underpinning thesis, I argue for a further five substantial theses: o Kant's stance on theodicy developed through his career, from an essentially Leibnizian starting point to his own unique authentic theodicy. • Kant did not reject all theodicies. He rejected so-called philosophical theodicies based on theoretical/speculative reason but advanced authentic theodicy grounded in practical reason. In this way he found a middle ground between philosophical theodicy and fideism, both of which he rejected. • Kant's work in other areas, particularly that in natural science and his Critical epistemology, served to constrain his theodicy. • Metaphysical Evil conceived as limitation and Kant's Radical Evil perform the same function, namely providing the ground for the possibility of moral evil in the world. • Nevertheless, Kant's authentic theodicy fails (i) because it fails to meet his own definition (ii) it relies on the Highest Good which cannot bear the weight Kant puts on it because (a) there is no a priori deduction of a duty in its regard and (b) intractable difficulties in applying the Highest Good in practice.
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Høylandskjær, Mathias. "Managerial Perceptions of Scope Creep in Projects : A Multiple-Case Study." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156250.
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Introduction - Scope creep is uncontrolled and unauthorized changes to a project, extending the project beyond its initial boundaries. An extensive literature review indicated that scope creep is a common occurrence in projects with dire consequences. There are two dominant perspectives on scope creep. Either it is preventable, or inevitable. Based on these findings, the author seeks to investigate the phenomena by answering the research question of this thesis: Why do project managers have opposing perceptions of scope creep in projects? Purpose - This paper explores the managerial perceptions on the two opposing viewpoints on scope creep and potential variations. No previous studies investigate the phenomena in a matter of perception. The paper aims to open new insights about how project managers perceive scope creep based on their own experiences through project management in practice. Design/methodology/approach - The thesis employs a multiple, cross-sectional and mono-method case study design. A qualitative research method is utilized in combination with interpretative and inductive approaches. Sampling criteria techniques used are purposive and snowballing, focusing on project managers in Norway. Five project managers were interviewed in-depth following an interview guide facilitating semi- structured interviews. The interviews were later translated, transcribed and categorized in a thematic analysis template. Findings - The study’s findings indicate that the opposing managerial perspectives on scope creep are due to a varying degree of knowledge on the phenomena and its definition. Low comprehension of scope creep in project management teams generates ambiguity and uncertainty. Insufficient awareness of scope creep inclines project members to misuse the term, resulting in an inability to detect or discern scope creep from formalized changes to the project scope. The academic debate concerns whether scope creep is preventable or inevitable. This study found that the academic discrepancy is owed to a dissonance between academic project management literature and the real-world experiences from practicing project managers. Research limitations/implications - The paper is limited by investigating scope creep based only on data collected from Norwegian nationals. Furthermore, the sample size of the case study is relatively small. These limitations might inhibit the generalization of findings. Practical implication - The following findings and results aids practicing project managers by highlighting the importance of a clear definition of scope creep. Awareness of scope creep assists project team members to discover unauthorized changes, resulting in proper communication within the project management team concerning rogue changes. Originality/value - The paper examines experienced project managers different perspectives of scope creep from practical applications in the project management field. Keywords - Project Management, Scope Change, Scope Creep, Scope ManagementPaper type - Master's thesis
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Ertem, Mustafa Alp. "Optimal Scope Of Work For International Integrated Systems." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606209/index.pdf.
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This study develops a systems integration project scheduling model which identifies the assignment of activity responsibilities that minimizes expected project implementation cost, considering the project risk. Assignment of resources to the individual jobs comprising the project is a persistent problem in project management. Mostly, skilled labor is an essential resource and both the time and the cost incurred to perform a job depend on the resource to which job is assigned.
A systems integration project includes implementation issues in the areas of shipping, installation, and commissioning. Implementation problems lead to project delays, increased costs, and decreased performance, leading to customer dissatisfaction with the systems integrator. Activities can be performed in one of three ways: by the integrator, by the customer, or jointly between the integrator and customer. In this study we select the performer (mode) of each activity comprising the project network while taking into consideration the varying cost, duration and extreme event probability of each activity among different modes-integrator, joint work and customer.
Use of the model will permit customers and integrators to mutually agree on an appropriate assignment of responsibilities in the contract. Systems integrators can also use the model to improve their implementation services offerings. An experimental design and a Monte-Carlo simulation study were conducted to see the effects of the parameters of the problem on the selection of modes.
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Kurt, Kursad. "An Examination Of Quantifier Scope Ambiguity In Turkish." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607785/index.pdf.
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This study investigates the problem of quantifier scope ambiguity in natural languages and the various ways with which it has been accounted for, some of which are problematic for monotonic theories of grammar like Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) which strive for solutions that avoid non-monotonic functional application, and assume complete transparency between the syntax and the semantics interface of a language. Another purpose of this thesis is to explore these proposals on examples from Turkish and to try to account for the meaning differences that may be caused by word order and see how the observations from Turkish fit within the framework of CCG.
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Ilberg, Peter. "Floyd : a functional programming language with distributed scope." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8187.
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Raz, Edny. "Self-determination for the Palestinians : scope and limits." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69766.
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Since 1991, the Israeli-Palestinian drama has shifted from the tragic course of war and violence, to a framework for peace. Israel's sovereignty is a fait accompli. The geo-political form of Palestinian self-determination is to be shaped by both parties, taking into account regional reality and international law.This study serves as a modest examination of the application of certain international law concepts in settling two conflicting national aspirations within a unique factual context.
The main theoretical definitions of self-determination and its legal status in international law are first reviewed, along with the socio-juridical aspect of nationhood. The analysis of those topics constitutes a starting point for discussing basic Palestinian legal arguments related to Israel's right to exist, as well as to the scope of Palestinian national entity.
The abandonment of "armed struggle" as a legitimate course of action, and of Palestinian legal claims justifying a hostile policy against Israel, are necessary pre-conditions for co-existence, in which each nation determines its political fate.
Another vital element for the realization of such a modus vivendi is the development of a relationship built on trust. A restrained application of Palestinian self-determination might be necessary in the interim. The complete expression of Palestinian free will is, for many, still a utopian idea. Its achievement is largely dependant upon the negation of Palestinian legal claims which are aimed at the invalidation of Israel as a legitimate, sovereign state.
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González, Ricoy Iñigo. "Constitutionalism, the Workplace, and the Scope of Democracy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/80537.
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The dissertation analyzes the scope and limits of democracy both historically and normatively. It has two main goals. First, it historically explains how a number of institutional devices that had been traditionally seen as limits on the scope of democracy turned out to be seen not only as consistent with democracy but actually as necessary for any good-working democratic system. Second, it normatively analyzes two outstanding cases in which the scope of democracy is heavily limited—constitutional constraints on legislatures and decision-making within the firm, a domain that is usually taken to be beyond the scope of democracy.
Part I historically analyzes a two-fold shift in the concept of democracy in the Early American Republic. First, the increasing acceptance of the idea of democracy— along with the institutional devices traditionally attached to it—due to the acceptance of disagreement as a legitimate feature of the American society and the subsequent crisis of the theory of virtual representation, according to which the society is an organic entity with a shared set of interests that ought to be insulated from democratic struggle and partisanship. Second, the shift in the very concept of democracy, by which many of the institutional devices that had been traditionally seen as constraints on democracy turned out to be seen not only as consistent with democracy but also as necessary for any good-working democratic system. In a nutshell, democracy gained acceptability as long as the scope of democratic decision-making was downsized.
The remainder of the dissertation normatively analyzes two outstanding cases in which the scope of democracy is clearly constrained—namely, constitutionalism and decision-making within firms. Part II addresses several normative theories of constitutionalism—and, notably, of constitutional rigidity and judicial review—and shows that they all fail to justify constitutional constraints from a democratic standpoint. Three prominent types of theories are analyzed— pure instrumentalist, precommitment-based, and proceduralist. Even though a number of problems are identified, a common and central problem is that they all fail to address adequately the fact of disagreement and thus fall into new forms of organicism.
Finally, Part III analyzes another sphere that is usually taken to be beyond the scope of democracy—namely, the workplace. It addresses the core arguments for and against extending democratic decision-making to the workplace and develops a novel, republican case for workplace democracy based on incomplete (labour) contract theory. Finally, bargaining power asymmetries and moral hazard problems arising from the formal separation of ownership and control rights in democratic firms are analyzed.La tesis analiza el alcance y los límites de la democracia de forma histórica y normativa. Tiene dos objetivos principales. Primero, explicar históricamente cómo una serie de instituciones que habían sido tradicionalmente consideradas como límites a la democracia fueron incorporadas al concepto de democracia, hasta el punto de ser consideradas necesarias para su correcto funcionamiento. Segundo, analizar dos casos especialmente relevantes en los que el alcance de la democracia está fuertemente limitado: el constitucionalismo y la toma de decisiones en las empresas. La Primera Parte analiza históricamente el concepto de democracia, y su alcance, en los Estados Unidos de América en el periodo revolucionario y postrevolucionario. Se halla un doble desplazamiento. Primero, un incremento en la aceptación de la idea de democracia debido a la aceptación del desacuerdo político como un fenómeno legítimo y la consiguiente crisis de la teoría de la representación virtual, según la cual la sociedad es una entidad orgánica con un conjunto de intereses compartidos que deben ser aislados de la política democrática y el partidismo. Segundo, un desplazamiento del concepto de democracia, según el cual muchos de los mecanismos institucionales que habían sido tradicionalmente vistos como límites al alcance de la democracia pasaron a ser considerados no sólo consistentes con la democracia sino de hecho necesarios para su correcto funcionamiento. En resumen, la democracia ganó aceptación en la medida en que su alcance quedó reducido. El resto de la tesis analiza normativamente los límites al alcance de la democracia en relación a dos casos especialmente relevantes: el constitucionalismo y la toma de decisiones en la empresa. La Segunda Parte analiza las principales teorías normativas del constitucionalismo —y, concretamente, de la rigidez constitucional y la revisión judicial de las leyes— y muestra que todas ellas resultan insuficientes para justificar los límites constitucionales desde un punto de vista democrático. Se analizan tres tipos de teorías: instrumentalistas, basadas en precompromisos y procedimentales. Aunque se identifica toda una serie de problemas, es común a todas ellas su incapacidad para acomodar adecuadamente el desacuerdo político en materia constitucional, incurriendo así en diversas formas de organicismo. Finalmente, la Tercera Parte analiza la toma de decisiones en las empresas, un ámbito que es generalmente considerado ajeno al alcance de la democracia. Se analizan los principales modelos de democracia en la empresa —cooperativismo y codeterminación—, así como los principales argumentos a favor y en contra de la extensión de la toma de decisiones democrática a las empresas. Por último, se presenta un argumento original, de raíz republicana y apoyado en la teoría de los contratos (laborales) incompletos, a favor de la democracia en las empresas. Así mismo, se analizan las asimetrías negociadoras y los problemas de riesgo moral derivados de la separación formal entre control y propiedad en las empresas democráticas.
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Saba, Walid S. "An inferencing strategy for resolving quantifier scope ambiguities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0003/NQ42806.pdf.
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Vrankova, Kvetoslava. "Scope of enantioselective reduction of imines with trichlorosilane." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1390/.
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Herein, we report the results of research continuing previous successI in the field of enantioselective organocatalytic reduction of imines with trichlorosilane. Syntheses of various precursors (ketones) and substrates (imines) for the reduction reaction and their reduction following the protocol (Scheme A1) are described in this thesis. 1. Aromatic heterocycles containing nitrogen – good yields of the reduced product (68-85 %), the enantioselectivity depended on steric bulk in proximity to the nitrogen, steric bulk improved the enantioselectivity (up to 78 % ee), probably due to thwarting the coordination of the nitrogen to HSiCl3. 2. Aromatic heterocycles containing sulfur – sulfur in the ring was tolerated well (89 % ee). 3. Aromatic heterocycles containing oxygen – generally good yields (62-90 %), dependence on position isomer was observed: furan-2-yl-derived substrates were reduced in moderate enantioselectivity (45-85 % ee), possibly due to the problem of coordination; in contrast, furan-3-yl derivatives were reduced in good enantioselectivity (77-91 % ee). 4. Non-heterocyclic aromatic or aliphatic – good yields (62-98 %) but varied enantiomeric excess (10-97 %). The high enantioselectivity values (76-97 % ee) were for substrates with significant contrast of the steric hindrance of the groups next to the reaction centre. Furthermore, an example of practical utilisation of the method is presented. Naturally occurring alkaloid N-acetylcolchinol was synthesised in 9 steps and overall 8 % yield (Scheme A2). The stereogenic centre was introduced using our method and afforded the desired enantioenriched amine in 96 % ee.
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Smith, Caitlin Vanessa. "The distributivity of coordinated constituents under negative scope." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25763/25763.pdf.
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Lindh, Oskar, and Rikard Bivesjö. "Internal Auditing : A shift in role and scope." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-230197.
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Purpose: Our purpose is to investigate if the documentation of an internalaudit department at banks reflects a shift towards more consultingactivities, and how this potential change in the internal audit doc-umentation can be explained. Background: Previous research indicates that internal audit has developed fromits traditional assurance activities to include more consulting ac-tivities such as risk management assistance and corporate govern-ance support. Some researches argue that this development canhave a negative impact on internal auditor independence. Howev-er, there is a lack of research in this area using documentation andcontent analysis of internal audit reports. Method: In this study, we have done qualitative content analysis of internaldocuments collected from the period 2004-2013. These docu-ments are analyzed using a coding scheme based on previous re-search. Conclusion: By qualitatively analysing the activities reported we find that thedocumentation reflects a shift, over time, towards more activitiesthat we classified as consulting. We argue that this can mainly beexplained by coercive and normative isomorphism; for example,regulatory pressures and influences from the Institute of InternalAuditors. We also argue that internal auditing might benefit froma more consistent view of the role.
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Goodacre, Jonathan David. "Expanding the scope of the aryl Nazarov reaction." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417881.
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Wright, Philip. "Extending the scope of unattended environmental noise monitoring." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320714.
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Lapinsky, David J. "STUDIES IN AZIRIDINE-ALLYLSILANE CHEMISTRY: EXTENSION OF SCOPE." Columbus, OH : Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1038954949.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 256 p.: ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Stephen C. Bergmeier, College of Pharmacy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 234-256).
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Saba, Walid S. Carleton University Dissertation Computer Science. "An Inferencing strategy for resolving quantifier scope ambiguities." Ottawa, 1999.
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Zoulias, Ioannis Dimitrios. "Sensory integration through the scope of body ownership." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/72921/.
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Sensory integration is the process by which the brain combines distinct sensory modalities, such that the merged information can be efficiently used to interact with the environment. Body ownership is an example of a subjective experience that emerges through sensory integration. The mechanisms of sensory integration are not yet fully understood. By employing illusions such as the body ownership illusion, where a person falsely perceives an artificial limb as part of their body, brain processes governing sensory integration can be investigated. In this PhD project, a virtual reality platform capable of eliciting a body ownership illusion via accurately timed visuo-tactile stimulation was developed, and used as a tool for studying sensory integration. A threat perception experiment, and an experiment inducing visuo-tactile stimulation with temporal delay were conducted using this platform. Biophysical and behavioural results from this study showed that threat perception and body ownership are not necessarily correlated, but can be viewed as parallel processes within the context of embodiment, and can be observed in distinct neural correlates of brain activity. Based on the results from these studies, it is proposed that the experience of body ownership is not an all-or-nothing, binary experience, but instead, can be considered as a graded experience and having multiple levels.
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Kelepir, Meltem. "Topics in Turkish syntax : clausal structure and scope." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8196.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-227).
This dissertation asks two main questions for Turkish: (i) what is the interaction between verbal morphology and the structure?, and (ii) what is the interaction between word order and interpretation? Following Kornfilt (1996) I argue that there are two verbal forms in finite structures: one consists of a participle and a copula, which is inflected for tense and agreement, and the other is a fully inflected verbal form. I propose that the former is formed by a derivation in which the verb moves as far as a functional head such Aspect or Modal, creating a participle. A verbal feature (copula) is inserted at T⁰ satisfying its verbal requirement. In the latter case the verb moves all the way up to T⁰. No copula is inserted. The rest of the dissertation focuses on the interaction between structure and quantificational elements. One question addressed is why indefinites marked overtly for accusative case violate scope rigidity, and are interpreted as having wide scope over quantificational elements c-commanding them. It is argued that they do not violate scope rigidity, but rather the unexpected wide scope interpretation is the result of a special interpretative mechanism.
(cont.) Accusative-marked indefinites are interpreted as choice functions. Structures with various quantifiers, indefinites and negative polarity items are discussed, and it is argued that the interpretation of both choice function variables and negative polarity items are subject to intervention effects. Finally, structures with clausal possessives are analyzed. The discussion focuses on one type of clausal possessive in which the possessor is in the genitive case and the possessee agrees with the possessor. It is shown that this construction is subject to a constraint similar to the there-sentences in English in that the possessee cannot be presuppositional. It is argued that the possessor is generated in a constituent within VP with the possessee, but raises to the [Spec, TP]. The possessee remains within VP, and is interpreted non-presuppositionally.
by Meltem Kelepir.
Ph.D.
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Curtis, Florence Sally Haines. "The intellectual scope of the 'mester de clerecía'." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ac9a4eb0-567f-4668-983e-897dce15bfff.
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This thesis investigates the first poetry written in Castilian by intellectuals, the 'mester de clerecía', ‘craft of clerics’. Exploring the unique circumstances of Iberia in the Middle Ages as a hub for the intellectual vanguard and a holy territory for encounters with saints, pilgrimage and Reconquest, I examine the canonical texts of an alleged thirteenth-century poetic school as the Castilian bedrock of a wider Iberian and European literary movement. Notably including analysis of the fourteenth-century "Libro de buen amor", a canonical work in its own right thought to parody the earlier poems, I also reassess the significance of the verse form 'cuaderna vía' for the 'mester de clerecía', in which the thirteenth-century poems are exclusively written. Over an introduction and four chapters, I combine close reading of the "Libro de Alexandre" (Chapter 1), Berceo’s Vidas of Millán, Domingo and Oria (Chapter 2), the "Libro de Apolonio" and "Poema de Fernán González" (Chapter 3), and the "Libro de buen amor" (Chapter 4), with research into intellectual, pedagogical, and religious contexts. Notably, I have found the poems analyzed to be especially concerned with the landscape of the reading mind. The result is an expanded view of the 'mester de clerecía' as theological and philosophical poems that offer ways of understanding and approaching the life of the mind as well as that of the body that are thought-provoking and informative to this day. Concluding that the thirteenth-century, canonical poems are the witnesses of a 'textual community' of authors rather than a poetic school, I advocate an inclusive definition of the 'mester de clerecía'. The 'mester de clerecía' are of extremely rich intellectual scope and are of potential interest to scholars of all European literatures, and literary, intellectual, and social history, as well as theology and philosophy.
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Vo, Quyen. "The scope of British refugee asylum, 1933-93." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609586.
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Ross, Erica Ruth. "Diachronic developments in the scope of phonological generalisations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610266.
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Roeser, Jens. "Planning scope in spoken and written sentence production." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2017. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/33423/.
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This thesis investigates two questions about the cognitive mechanisms underlying the advance preparation of sentences. First, how much planning does the language system require to begin outputting a sentence and second, how is this scope determined. Previous research has concluded that advance planning embraces less than the sentence, is determined by either content or structure of some minimal linguistic unit, and is subject to variation (V. S. Ferreira & Slevc, 2007). Unlike previous research, the presented hypotheses were evaluated in both speech and writing. This eliminates explanations in terms of mechanisms that are modality specific, and therefore not fundamental to the language production system (see Alario, Costa, Ferreira, & Pickering, 2006). In two series of three experiments I elicited short sentences in speech and writing (keyboard typing). Under controlled conditions I manipulated (a) structural and lexical properties of elicited sentences (first series, Chapter 2) and (b) conceptual properties of the sentence's message (second series, Chapter 3). Hypotheses were evaluated by measurement of the time required to initiate output of the target sentence and of eye movements to referents of this sentence (arrays of simple line drawings) shown on the computer screen. These suggested two main conclusions: (1) Consistent with some previous research advance planning scopes over coordinated noun phrases (A and the B) while lexical content requires planning for the first noun but not beyond (Chapter 2), demonstrating for the first time that this effect replicates in writing. (2) Whether or not noun phrases are preplanned beyond the first noun is determined at a conceptual level, and not at a syntactic level (Chapter 3). These findings are in line with current models of language production (Bock & Ferreira, 2014; Konopka & Brown-Schmidt, 2014) and constitute a first step towards confirming the modality independence of these models.
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Benson-Martin, Janine. "The scope of ECT practice in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2793.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves the administration of an electrical current to the brain in order to produce a tonic-clonic seizure which is deemed therapeutic. It is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of severe mental illnesses such as major depression, mania and schizophrenia. Currently little is known about the characteristics of ECT practice in South Africa. This study aims to determine current electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) practice and to compare it with reported ECT practice internationally. This is a retrospective, descriptive study, to determine the characteristics of ECT practice in South Africa; data was collected using a self-report questionnaire. The study population consisted of doctors and nurses who practiced ECT in any 12 month period between 2011 and 2012. Both private and state facilities were included in the study. Initially contact was made with hospital mental health facilities to ascertain whether an ECT machine was present on site. Once formal approval was obtained from the appropriate designated bodies, questionnaires were sent to clinical staff involved in ECT at active sites. The 36-item questionnaire covered relevant questions on: utilization rates, equipment, staffing, practice and monitoring parameters, and indications for use. Forty two institutions had an ECT machine on site, of which thirteen institutions reported non-use. Questionnaires were sent to the 29 active ECT sites. Facilities responding to the questionnaire amounted to 83% (n=24), but of these, 21 units responded to the ECT utilization questions. ECT is performed as a modified procedure in six provinces by psychiatrists, registrars, medical officers and general practitioners. In-and outpatient ECT is offered in 79% (n=19) of hospitals. The number of persons treated with ECT/10 000 population per year (ppy) is 0.22 while the number of ECT procedures/10 000 ppy is 1.19. More patients in the private sector receive ECT as a treatment modality than in the public sector (U = 22, p = 0.045). ECT is performed in a minor theatre/operating room in 79% of units, while the rest is performed in a treatment room. All but one unit had a separate recovery room. Informed consent or assent was used in all institutions. Pre-ECT work-up most commonly involved a physical examination (95.5%, n = 21) and basic blood work investigations (87%, n=20). Bilateral, unilateral and bifrontal electrode placements are used, while various dosage- determination and monitoring methods are employed. The vast majority of patients (89.22%, n=869) receiving ECT are between the ages of 18 and 59. The most common indication for ECT is depression (84.77%, n=796). The utilization rate in South Africa is similar to that of countries like Bulgaria, Poland and India, but less than that of some high-income countries. Even though ECT practices in South Africa generally follow international guidelines, standardisation of practice is still recommended.
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Jaworski, Peter Martin. "Me, Myself & Mine: The Scope of Ownership." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1334774888.
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Sophocleous, Charalambos. "Portfolio and exegesis : composing through a spectral scope." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2013. http://research.gold.ac.uk/10320/.
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The current research focuses on the spectral nature of sound, its timbre manipulation and contribution to the overall syntax of a composition. It describes the compositional thinking that emerged in the early 20th Century, and further recognized by the spectralists, which acknowledges timbre as an autonomous phenomenon and an agent of music creation. It also describes the spectral composers’ technological advancements and influences from the early electronic studios and the adaptation of electronic techniques in the acoustical domain. Furthermore, it includes my methodology and preoccupations concerning the creation of compositional models and the reliance on dynamic analysis techniques for the fabrication of material that serve as a guide for formal structures.