Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The Right to Food'
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1
Holness, David Roy. "The constitutional right to food in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/844.
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This dissertation is a study of the ambit of the right to food as it is contained in the South African Bill of Rights and the steps needed to realise the right. Existing and potential food insecurity, hunger and malnutrition provide the social context for this research. The rationale for conducting the research is primarily two-fold. Firstly, the access to sufficient food is an indispensable right for everyone living in this country. Secondly, the right to food in South Africa has not been subject to extensive academic study to date. Socio-economic rights are fully justiciable rights in this country, equally worthy of protection as civil and political rights. Furthermore, socio-economic rights (like the right to food) are interdependent with civil and political rights: neither category can meaningful exist without realisation of the other. The right to sufficient food is found in section 27(1)(b) of the South African Constitution. Children have the additional right to basic nutrition in terms of section 28(1)(c). The right to sufficient food is subject to the internal limitation of section 27(2) that the state must take reasonable measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of the right. Furthermore, as with all rights in the Bill of Rights, both these rights are subject to the general limitations clause found in section 36. There is international law authority in various human rights instruments for the protection of the right to food and what the right entails. In accordance with section 39 of the Constitution, such international law must be considered when interpreting the right to food. It is argued that a generous and broad interpretation of food rights in the Constitution is called for. Existing legislation, state policies and programmes are analysed in order to gauge whether the state is adequately meeting its right to food obligations. Furthermore, the state’s food programmes must meet the just administrative action requirements of lawfulness, reasonableness and procedural fairness of section 33 of the Constitution and comply with the Promotion of Just Administrative Justice Act. The dissertation analyses the disparate and unco-ordinated food and law policies in existence, albeit that the National Food Security Draft Bill offers the hope of some improvement. Particular inadequacies highlighted in the state’s response to the country’s food challenges are a lack of any feeding schemes in high schools and insufficient food provision in emergency situations. Social assistance grants available in terms of the Social Assistance Act are considered due to their potential to make food available to grant recipients. On the one hand there is shown to be a lack of social assistance for unemployed people who do not qualify for any form of social grant. On the other hand, whilst presently underutilised and not always properly administered, social relief of distress grants are shown to have the potential to improve access to sufficient food for limited periods of time. Other suggested means of improving access to sufficient food are income generation strategies, the introduction of a basic income grant and the creation of food framework legislation. When people are denied their food rights, this research calls for creative judicial remedies as well as effective enforcement of such court orders. However, it is argued that education on what the right to food entails is a precondition for people to seek legal recourse to protect their right to food. Due to a lack of case authority on food itself, guidance is sought from the findings of South Africa’s Constitutional Court in analogous socio-economic rights challenges. Through this analysis this dissertation considers the way forward, either in terms of direct court action or via improved access to other rights which will improve food access.
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Bailey, Sara. "The making of India's 'Right to Food Act'." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23584/.
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This thesis critically analyses the scholarly literature on the creation of human rights law in light of the author’s empirical investigation into the making of India’s ‘right to food act’. Human rights law is increasingly being used to combat poverty, but influential critics of human rights law are sceptical about the law’s capacity in this regard. Two critiques are of particular relevance to this study. The first is that human rights are minimalist i.e. they only provide for basic needs and do not address economic inequality (or, therefore, ‘relative poverty’). The second critique – which proceeds from the first – is that in contexts characterised by economic inequality, the poor are often unable to exercise their formally-accorded rights because they lack the ‘moral and material resources’ needed to do so. This thesis appraised these critiques and found that they are, in the main, valid. However, to reject human rights law on this basis is short-sighted. The construction of human rights law is a social process and it is argued in this study that there is no inherent reason why human rights law could not, in the future, develop in a manner which overcomes the problems presently associated with it. In order to gain insights into the reasons why human rights law is constructed in the way that it is, this thesis studied the social processes involved in the creation of India’s ‘Right to Food Act’. The findings shed new light on the potential and limitations of human rights. The content of the Act supports the contention that human rights are minimalist. However, an analysis of the social processes involved in its creation demonstrates that its content was not in some way ‘preordained’. It was shaped by a diversity of ideas and processes of contestation between a diversity of actors. It is conceivable that had particular circumstances been different, the Right to Food Act could have addressed at least some of the causes of economic inequality in India. This thesis therefore concludes that in order to meaningfully evaluate the potential and limitations of human rights law, further studies of the social processes involved in its creation need to be conducted.
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Van, Pelt Craig. "Food Values and the Human Right to Food: A Sociological Analysis of Food Insecurity in Oregon." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23714.
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Treating food as a commodity is a dominant mode of valuing food in the United
States, and around the world, in which people exchange money for food. But in a world
that can feed over 10-billion people why is poverty still a primary barrier to food
security? This dissertation adds to the food justice and political economy literature by
arguing that food insecurity will linger far into the future, despite technological
advancements, because of the current food system which values food as a commodity
instead of valuing food as a human right. Through an analysis of 23 semi-structured
interviews with volunteers and workers in Oregon, and field research at a community
garden, this dissertation highlights how even in the minds of people who advocate for
food as a human right, the human right to food may only a right to people with enough
money. This research illuminates how thinking of food as a money-exchange commodity
builds a socially constructed wall between hungry people and abundant food.
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Sommerville, Kathryn R. "The Human Right to Food as a Socio-Discursive Practice." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30956.
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In the past, human rights have often been studied as philosophical or legal concepts. In this thesis, Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis is adopted to examine them as social practices, specifically focusing on the human right to food. This is done through a discursive analysis of a corpus of documents drawn from FIAN International, a human rights organization advocating for the human right to food, and La Via Campesina, an international peasant organization which also aims to realize the right to food but is not itself a human rights organization. Findings highlight how each of the organizations define the right to food, and show that these differences are tied to the structure of the organizations themselves. This suggests that human rights organizations such as FIAN are more constrained by their need to balance legitimacy and programmatic visions than are other types of organizations in the struggle for meaningful social change.
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Nkrumah, Bright. "Mobilising for the realisation of the right to food in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64629.
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The realisation of the right to food in South Africa is characterised by some stark realities. While there is social security structure and large productive agriculture sector ensuring national food security, more than 14 million South Africans are chronically hungry. Given that access to food is an important legal and political issue in South Africa, it is important to understand the various factors, which enable or hinder the state‘s effort to eradicate chronic hunger.
A major problem identified is the incoherence in government‘s policies, which on the one hand, supports the promotion of the right to food, yet, act to undermine it at the same time. This problem can be grouped under two headings. First, inadequate and fragmented food security polices, and poor implementation of these policies. Second, the exclusion of large sections of low-income groups from government‘s social protection programmes, which has negative implications for many women, men, and children who have an insufficient supply of calories. The impact of chronic hunger and malnutrition on these individuals include heightened vulnerability to illness, stunted growth among children, serious mental and physical effects among children, and in some cases death.
This thesis explores the factors that explain the limited mobilisation around the realisation of the right to food in South Africa despite widespread chronic hunger. It considered various strategies to achieve a change in policy and legislation including lobbying and litigation. The thesis further explored why South Africa, which is riddled with numerous social protests rarely experiences food protests. Social protest, as used here, consists of struggles or resistance against government actions or inactions. The thesis identified various factors that have contributed to and acted as a hindrance against food protest in various jurisdictions and examined how these factors have prevented widespread food protest in South Africa.Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Centre for Human Rights
DPhil
Unrestricted
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Abdalla, Liliane Machado. "The human right to adequate food, culture and food security : a case study of food culture in Katsikas Refugee Camp." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19952.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalThis dissertation deals with concepts of Food Security, Human Right to Adequate Food and Culture. It aims to understand the role of culture in satisfying the Human Right to Adequate Food among asylum-seekers living in the Katsikas Refugee Camp. The difference in concept and means between Food Security and Right to Food is introduced. Moreover, the Cultural dimension of Human Right to Adequate Food is described. Finally, a case study is presented in order to analyse if food culture, indispensable for fulfilment of the Human Right to Adequate Food, is being observed by food security policies in Katsikas Camp. This study is divided in introduction; three chapters and conclusion. The first chapter defines food Security, Human Right to Adequate Food and the cultural dimension of Human Right to Adequate food. Chapter two focus on understanding food culture and migrants foodways. Chapter three presents the case study: Food Culture in Katsikas Camp. (Português) This dissertation deals with concepts of Food Security, Human Right to Adequate Food and Culture. It aims to understand the role of culture in satisfying the Human Right to Adequate Food among asylum-seekers living in the Katsikas Refugee Camp. The difference in concept and means between Food Security and Right to Food is introduced. Moreover, the Cultural dimension of Human Right to Adequate Food is described. Finally, a case study is presented in order to analyse if food culture, indispensable for fulfilment of the Human Right to Adequate Food, is being observed by food security policies in Katsikas Camp. This study is divided in introduction; three chapters and conclusion. The first chapter defines food Security, Human Right to Adequate Food and the cultural dimension of Human Right to Adequate food. Chapter two focus on understanding food culture and migrants foodways. Chapter three presents the case study: Food Culture in Katsikas Camp.
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Lambie-Mumford, Hannah. "The right to food and the rise of charitable emergency food provision in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7227/.
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This thesis explores the rise of nationally co-ordinated or facilitated emergency food provision in the UK and the implications it has for the realisation of the human right to food. Through extensive qualitative research with two of the country’s main emergency food providers it explores the adequacy of this system of food acquisition in relation to the social acceptability and the enduring sustainability of the provision and explores where responsibility lies – in practice and in theory – for ensuring everyone has the ability to realise their human right to food. The findings tell us that these systems are not clearly adequate or sustainable by right to food standards. They illustrate how emergency food provision forms an identifiably ‘other’ system to the socially accepted mode of food acquisition in the UK today and one which is experienced as ‘other’ by those in food poverty. They also show that providers cannot guarantee being able to make food available through these systems and that access to these projects and the food they provide can be difficult for those in need. Importantly, however, the findings also show that it is emergency food organisations that are increasingly taking responsibility for protecting people against experiences of food poverty. These organisations are assuming this responsibility in parallel to the significant withdrawal of the welfare state which is impacting on both the need for and nature of emergency food provision. The thesis argues that what is required are clear rights-based policy frameworks which enable a range of actors including the state, charities and the food industry to work together towards, and be held accountable for, the progressive realisation of the right to food for all in the UK.
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Aceves, Esperanza Monica. "Food Is a Right| Student Perceptions of College Food Access Programming at a California State University." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10839607.
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The problem of food insecurity among students in higher education, specifically students who belong to historically marginalized populations, is a serious national problem that is under researched. While data are not being collected universally, higher education institutions are beginning to report on this issue. Research reflects that 1 in 5 California State University students is experiencing chronic food insecurity and 1 in 10 is reporting experiences of homelessness. Higher education colleges are beginning to address this problem by casting a net of resources like food pantries, meal donations on student cards from other students, emergency funds through grants, CalFresh outreach and enrollment (federally funded program known as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), and other campus-unique programming to serve hard-to-reach, vulnerable students. This study explores such services at a public California State University-Hispanic Serving Institution with the goal of understanding students’ lived experiences related to accessibility of food programming and resources in higher education. By exploring the perceptions of four students that are female who were food insecure related to their utilization of food programs directed at ensuring student food security, this study intends: (1) to explore students’ satisfaction with campus food programming, (2) to describe the participants’ knowledge of campus food programs and healthy food options, and (3) to explore the relationship between food programming and policies and the lived experiences of students. This study is important because oftentimes research is missing the unheard voices of students. By embracing students’ stories, researchers can learn of their real-life experiences. This allows for a greater understanding of the significance of food insecurity and its impact on students using food programs in higher education settings.
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Garcia, Sotelo Gerardo Javier. "Get the right price every day." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2729.
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The purpose of this project is to manage restaurants using a software system called GRIPED (Get the Right Price Every day). The system is designed to cover quality control, food cost control and portion control for better management of a restaurant.
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Lemaster, Philip C. "When “What Tastes Right” Feels Wrong: Guilt, Shame, and Fast Food Consumption." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1271708395.
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Engbruch, Katharina. "Das Menschenrecht auf einen angemessenen Lebensstandard : Ernährung, Wasser, Bekleidung, Unterbringung und Energie als Elemente des Art. 11 (1) IPWSKR /." Frankfurt, M. ; New York, NY : Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988520427/04.
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Lubira-Bagenda, Faith-Mary. "Land-grabbing, Women and Food : An Investigation of Developmental Projects and Their Impact on Women’s Right to Food and Participation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444045.
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There has been a surge in demand for arable land as a resource for agricultural production for food and energy purposes. This surge can be attributed to increases in global food prices, climate change, population pressure, and escalating energy prices. The search for land has given rise to the practice of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA). Due to misconceptions and old colonial views of land in Africa, the continent has become the most targeted region for these land acquisitions. The establishment of these projects in Africa is justified in the name of development. Paradoxically, LSLA has left local communities, especially women, in a more disadvantageous position than before. This qualitative study explores and relates LSLA to the right to food and participation. The thesis also critically engages with SDG – 2 to examine if large-scale projects comply with the goal’s purpose. This thesis aims to investigate the phenomenon of LSLA and how they impact women’s right to food and participation. The author has used qualitative content analysis as a method and relied on peer-reviewed studies on women and land-grabbing in three different countries. Compared to the previous research, the thesis results showed that the impacts of LSLA are gendered and have had severe consequences on women and their access and right to food. The support for business interests that are permeated in SDG – 2 has, based on the cases examined, also exacerbated rather than alleviated hunger which does not comply with the purpose of the goal.
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Chonco, Thabile L. M. "An analysis of municipal regulation and management of markets as an instrument to facilitate access to food and enhance food security." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5160.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis paper seeks to answer the following question: how can municipalities manage and regulate markets in a manner that facilitates access to food and contributes to the enhancement of food security? In attempting to answer this question, the paper will also address the following questions: what does the term 'food security' mean? What does 'access to food' mean? What does the 'right to food' mean? What are the powers and functions of local government? What are the limits, problems or risks attached to the exercise of these powers? What constitutes 'markets' or 'fresh produce markets' in this case? What is the scope of local government's legislative and executive competence regarding food 'markets', as enumerated in Part B of Schedule 5 of the Constitution? And, how can municipalities utilise food markets as a means to facilitate access to food and address the issue of food security? This paper will focus primarily on fresh produce markets, as opposed to other markets or 'markets' in their entirety. This limitation is based on the argument that fresh produce markets are more relevant for the role of local government in facilitating access to food because they provide a platform for the sale and purchase of fresh produce, which is important for nutritional purposes. The argument presented in this thesis centres around the facilitation of access to food, by local government, through the regulation and management of markets. The paper will address the problem by examining the concepts of 'food security' and 'access to food' in the South African context, as well as in the international context. In examining the above concepts, the paper will also include the right to food. The paper will further look at how South Africa has responded to the issue of food security through its national food security policies. The paper will look at how local food markets are utilised internationally to facilitate access to food and thereafter, examine how food markets should be utilised to facilitate access to food in South Africa. Thereafter, an examination of the powers and functions of local government as entrenched in the Constitution will be provided, as well as the implications of such powers, the limitations and the problems attached to the exercise of local government powers. Lastly, the paper looks at local government's competence regarding food 'markets' in Schedule 5B of the Constitution, as well as the other competencies related to food/food security. Although local government has the scope to address the issue of food security by exercising its legislative and executive authority over the competence ‘markets’ as per Schedule 5B of the Constitution, this study does not focus solely on the management and regulation of 'markets'. The study extends and includes related competencies such as trade regulations, the licensing and control of undertakings that sell food to the public, municipal abattoirs, street trading and municipal health service, and shows how the links between these competencies provide local government with the opportunity to contribute to the enhancement of food security.
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Whittaker, Lana. "Realising the right to food in India : insights from the Midday Meal Scheme in Rajasthan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274897.
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This thesis examines the everyday realisation of rights in India’s school-feeding programme, the Midday Meal Scheme. The commitment to realising the right to food in India is well-established. In 2001, a petition to the Supreme Court and subsequent orders made existing food-based schemes (including the Midday Meal Scheme) a legal entitlement under a right to food. These schemes then became the core components of the National Food Security Act in 2013. In consequence, eligible children in India have a right to a MDM that adheres to specific guidelines and have a broader right to food. Despite these commitments to rights, the extent to which India’s food-based social protection schemes reflect a rights-based approach has not, hitherto, been explored. Indeed, although the importance of state-led, rights-based social protection schemes to address food insecurity is now widely recognised, the relationship between these means and ends has been insufficiently explored. In this context, drawing on nearly one year of mixed-methods research in the Indian state of Rajasthan, I examine the extent to which India’s Midday Meal Scheme adheres to a rights-based approach to realising food security. To do so, I examine three components of a rights-based system in the context of the scheme: rights-holders and their entitlements; duty-bearers and their duties; and the mechanisms through which duty-bearers can be held to account for the non-fulfilment of their obligations. I draw on detailed field research in two districts to show that, in its present form, the scheme is limited from the perspective of rights. Not all those in need are necessarily included in the scheme; the food that rights- holders receive often does not meet their needs, duty-bearers fail to adequately fulfil their duties; and accountability mechanisms fail to hold them accountable. Consequently, rights-holders often do not receive their entitlements and the right to food remains unfulfilled. Overall, I show that the realisation of rights to depends on the capabilities of rights-holders to realise their rights and on the capacity and motivation of duty-bearers to fulfil their duties.
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Getachew, Tarikua. "Implementation of the right to food and the poverty reduction papers in perspective: the Ethiopian and the South African examples." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/990.
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"The interest in food and its impact on, and relationship with, overall development only came in the late 1990s with the World Food Summit in Rome in 1996. It was only in this period that "food insecurity" was pinpointed as the root cause of underdevelopment-related problems. The causes for "food insecurity" themselves were identified and lack of food as such was not among the first problems: discrimination, misconceived policies and many others were. Even then food security issues were linked with poverty reduction and development as a whole, making food mainly a development issue and thus considering that dealing with one meant dealing with the other. This led to the adoption of what we now call Poverty Reducation Strategy Papers, ideas that first were initiated in the late 1990s. The adoption of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers came about as a result of the growing need for a concise, target-oriented and country-specific policy for development. They have as a key objective to "develop and implement more effective strategies to fight poverty". Still, these PRSPs are a result of long studies on "effective strategies" that stretch along many years. The what, why and when of PRSPs will be seen in detail in the following sections of this paper. One of the major areas in which most of the PRSPs focus upon, is the reduction of food insecurity. The objective of this paper is to assess just how effective these papers have been in doing so and what is the future, immediate and long term, of these papers. Is it enough to address food security issues along with poverty reduction strategies when the effectiveness of the strategies themselves is still in doubt? The paper seeks to answer this question. To this effect, the history of the right to food in the United Nations human rights system, as well as the African human right system, is outlined in greater datail. The right to food as it stands now and the current understanding of "right to food" is then set out. In order to show the relationship between food, poverty and poverty reduction strategy papers, the reasons and events preceding the creation of PRSPs will be summarized. The next step is to analyze whether PRSPs properly integrates the "current understanding" of food, food insecurity and right to food (why/why not?). In particular two examples of approaches to the right to food will be examined: the Ethiopian and the South African examples, in order to provide a comparison of two different approaches towards the implementation of the right to food: the PRSP approach as is the case in the Ethiopian example, and the monitoring, justiciability and human rights approach as in South Africa." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Khayundi, Francis Mapati Bulimo. "The effects of climate change on the realisation of the right to adequate food in Kenya." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003190.
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This thesis examines the interplay between the effects of climate change and human rights. It seeks to interrogate the contribution of human rights in addressing the effects of climate change on the enjoyment of the right to food in Kenya. Climate change has been recognised as a human rights issue. Despite this acknowledgement, many states are yet to deal with climate change as a growing threat to the realisation of human rights. The situation is made worse by the glacial pace in securing a binding legal agreement to tackle climate change. The thesis also reveals that despite their seemingly disparate and disconnected nature, both the human rights and climate change regimes seek to achieve the same goal albeit in different ways. The thesis argues that a considerable portion of the Kenyan population has not been able to enjoy the right to food as a result of droughts and floods. It adopts the view that, with the effects of climate change being evident, the frequency and magnitude of droughts and floods has increased with far reaching consequences on the right to food. Measures by the Kenyan government to address the food situation have always been knee jerk and inadequate in nature. This is despite the fact that Kenya is a signatory to a number of human rights instruments that deal with the right to food. With the promulgation of a new Constitution with a justiciable right to food, there is a need for the Kenyan government to meet its human rights obligations. This thesis concludes by suggesting ways in which the right to food can be applied in order to address some of the effects of climate change. It argues that by adopting a human rights approach to the right to food, the State will have to adopt measures that take into consideration the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, the State is under an obligation to engage in activities that will not contribute to climate change and negatively affect the right.
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Sylvester, Olivia. "Forest Food Harvesting in the Talamanca Bribri Indigenous Territory, Costa Rica: Ethnoecology, Gender, and Resource Access." Journal of Ethnobiology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31155.
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Although forest foods are important for health and cultural continuity for millions of Indigenous people, information regarding how people use and access these foods is lacking. Using a qualitative methodology informed by Bribri teachings, this thesis examined the ethnoecology of food harvesting in the Talamanca Bribri Indigenous Territory, Costa Rica. This project illustrates how access to forest food requires: access to multiple land patches, unique landscaping practices, and fostering relationships with non- human beings. By examining wild food consumption by household and generation in one community (Bajo Coen), this research shows how: wild food harvesting is widespread, the majority of youth consume wild food, sharing is fundamental to access wild food, and people consume wild food for many reasons including identity and dietary variety. By examining gender across multiple harvesting stages, this study demonstrates that no single harvesting stage was exclusive to members of one gender and that mixed gender harvesting groups were common; these findings challenge generalizations that women and men engage in different harvesting tasks and highlight the importance of gendered collaboration. This thesis makes applied contributions to ethnobiology and forest management. By analyzing how protected area (PA) regulations shape access to forest food, this thesis highlights how PAs can have negative impacts on: health, nutrition, teaching youth, quality of life, cultural identity, and on the land; these findings are important because they show why Biosphere Reserves need to do more work to ensure their managers support people’s rights to access traditional food. To better understand the macro-level factors that shape food access beyond PAs, this thesis evaluates the political ecology of land access. Findings illustrate how Bribri people’s history of engagement in an inequitable market economy, in concert with discriminatory state policies of land reorganization and management, has created significant hurdles for some people to access forest resources and to grow their own food. This thesis has generated its findings using methods based on Bribri teachings; as such, it: 1) increases awareness of Indigenous methodologies in ethnobiology and 2) generates information about harvesting that accurately represents Bribri people and how they understand the worldMay 2016
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Paulose, Hanna Paulose. "Choosing What is Right, Knowing What You Choose, and the Gap in Between: Decoding Food Sustainability." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503272641736237.
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Janke, Christine. "The Right to Food and Negative Duties: The urgency of an alternative approach toward hunger amidst an overbearing institutional order." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21494.
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Hunger currently plagues over one billion people around the world, leaving mainly women, children and rural communities in post-colonial developing countries unable to obtain their most basic need for nutrition. The fundamental human right to food is found to be a complex human right involving a combination of both positive and negative duties by states and international institutions in order for its guarantee. Hunger is not only remediable but is highly preventable. Main causal factors of hunger are outlined, with a focus on Thomas Pogge’s claim that coercive international institutions are largely responsible for world poverty. In this way, global institutions are responsible not to cause harm in their economic policies and unfair trade rules in order for individuals to obtain economic access to food and thus remedy their hunger.
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Germann, Julian. "Hegemony, Discursive Struggle, and Voluntary Guidelines on the Right to Food : A Study in the Negotiation of Meaning." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7139.
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Drawing on a neo-Gramscian conception of global civil society as a sphere where world order is ideologically sustained and contested, this paper examines the extent to which the idea of a human right to food serves to challenge neoliberal globalization or is incorporated into its ideational underpinnings. Through a focus on the negotiations of a set of Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, a discursive struggle over the meaning of the "right to food" is analyzed. On the one hand, the articulation of food as a fundamental right politicizes the "problem" of hunger, casts critical light on the global restructuring of production and subjects the market to the primacy of human rights. On the other hand, the "right to food" as negotiated in the Guidelines process – with its human rights content largely suppressed, recast as a policy goal and molded into a policy approach – is neutralized as a challenge and brought into conformity with the neoliberal project of globalization. Relating these findings back to the force field of contesting globalization from below and co-opting such resistance from above, this study ends with reflections on the limits and possibilities of human rights discourse as part of a counter-hegemonic strategy.
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Gruni, Giovanni. "The right to food and trade law in the external relations of the European Union with developing countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fce4f71-8f64-4c8f-ac9b-a21a52c02a96.
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The European Union has exclusive competence to negotiate trade agreements with third countries. Using this competence the European Commission developed an extensive policy to conclude free trade agreements with numerous countries around the world. These agreements include regulation of the import and export of food products and also involve developing countries prone to hunger and malnutrition. This thesis investigates the recent trade agreements between the European Union and developing countries from the perspective of the human right to adequate food. This thesis demonstrates that the clauses on import and export of food products of such agreements limit the capacity of the developing countries involved to realise the right to food of their citizens. This outcome does not take into account the normative content of the right to food as contained in international human rights law and is dismissive of the references to human rights contained in European Union funding treaties and in the previous agreements between the European Union and developing countries. This thesis also demonstrates that this outcome is mainly an autonomous policy decision of the European Union and its trade partners independent from the obligations of World Trade Organization law. The thesis concludes with several proposals of reform to conciliate the external trade objectives of the European Union with the human right to adequate food.
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Adeniyi, Oluwafunmilola Foluke. "Hungry for knowledge, hungry for bread: Realising the right to food of students in South African tertiary institutions." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8177.
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Doctor Legum - LLDMany of the disadvantaged groups which are impacted by a high burden of poverty and are thereby food insecure in South Africa, have over the years received attention from the government, resulting in many interventionist schemes to guarantee their right to food. These include for instance, social grants for children, the disabled and the elderly, as well as school meals for primary and high school students. Unfortunately, one of such groups has hitherto received little or no attention -that is, students in South African tertiary institutions. Food insecurity among students in tertiary institutions links back to the trajectory of poverty- students in tertiary institutions are food insecure mainly because they come from homes which are food insecure. This is proven in the disparity between the numbers and severity of food insecure students in historically advantaged universities and historically disadvantaged universities in South Africa.
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Chaddad, Maria Cecília Cury. "Direito à informação: proteção dos direitos à saúde e à alimentação da população com alergia alimentar." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6174.
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Previous issue date: 2013-06-11This study aim to protect the rights to health and adequate food of the population with food allergy, estimated at about 8% of children and 3% to 5% of adults, arguing there is a need for the provision of information about allergens on product labels, as well as along consumers service assistance (such as electronic websites and phone numbers). It is pointed the interrelationship between the right to health and right to life as well as that between the right to health and the right to adequate food, rights whose effective protection depend on the consumers access to information. The relevance of the topic regarding the right to information about the presence of allergens and feasibility of the proposal of the obligation of allergens labeling are demonstrated through the analysis of existing standards relating to food labeling in Brazil, as well as which treatment given to the issue of labeling of allergens in comparative law. Finally, on the premise that people with food hypersensitivity need to maintain a diet that excludes the presence of allergens, as a way to ensure their well-being and their life with dignity, it is pointed to the State's responsibility to protect the rights to health and to adequate food of this portion of the Brazilian population, with the regulating of the duty of providing information about the presence (or absence) of such substances in food available for consumption for part of the food industry, although this presence give up unintentionally (traces), which depends on compliance with good manufacturing practices for food products and careful risk assessment
Este trabalho objetiva tutelar os direitos à saúde e à alimentação adequada da população com alergia alimentar, estimada em cerca de 8% das crianças e entre 3% e 5% dos adultos, sustentando a necessidade de que haja a disponibilização de informações a respeito de substâncias alérgenas nos rótulos dos produtos, assim como junto aos canais de atendimento ao consumidor (como sítios eletrônicos e telefones). Como fundamentação, aponta para a inter-relação existente entre o direito à saúde e o direito à vida, assim como aquela existente entre o direito à saúde e o direito à alimentação adequada, direitos cuja tutela efetiva dependem do acesso à informação por parte dos consumidores. A relevância do tema, atinente ao direito à informação quanto à presença de alérgenos e a viabilidade da proposta de rotulagem obrigatória, é demonstrada a partir da análise das atuais normas relacionadas à rotulagem de alimentos no Brasil, assim como qual o tratamento conferido ao tema da rotulagem de alérgenos no direito comparado. Por fim, partindo da premissa de que as pessoas com hipersensibilidade alimentar necessitam manter uma dieta que exclua a presença de alérgenos, como forma de se garantir o seu bem-estar e sua existência digna, aponta-se a responsabilidade do Estado em proteger os direitos à saúde e à alimentação adequada desta parcela da população brasileira, através da regulamentação do dever de disponibilização de informações quanto à presença (ou ausência) de tais substâncias nos alimentos disponibilizados ao consumo por parte das indústrias alimentícias, ainda que tal presença se dê de forma involuntária (traços), o que depende da observância de boas práticas de produção de produtos destinados à alimentação e criteriosa avaliação de riscos
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Geldenhuys, Megan. "The Effectiveness of competition law as a merchanism for the protection of the right to food in an African context." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41516.
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This dissertation aims to provide a study on the right to food in an African context and to determine whether or not African states may effectively adopt competition law as a mechanism to protect against hunger. The study begins by examining the right to food and the obligations which flow from this right. Given that the predominant reason that people suffer from hunger is because they lack the ability to economically access adequate food, the dissertation examines the obligations of states to protect this right against abuse from non-state parties. In the framework of the food supply chain, this equates to providing protection against companies such as commodity traders and retailers that have gained a dominant position in the food market and are consequently in a position where they are able to abuse this position of power over the smaller producers and suppliers. The dissertation analyses the importance of the right to food by looking at the key role which smallholder farmers play in their communities. This is central to an African based study because smallholders make up the majority of the world’s hungry people, and it is also the foremost means through which people in Africa gain an income. The study looks at the traditional purpose of competition law and examines whether it would be an effective means to regulate the food market in order to guard against the abusive practices committed by large food companies that threaten the livelihoods of African smallholders. The dissertation concludes with an investigation into the international best practices that can be drawn from competition law regimes across the globe, in order to provide recommendations for a competition regime that is particular to an African context and which would provide the best possible protection for smallholder farmers to ensure that the right to food is upheld.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
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Centre for Human Rights
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Scott, Lemuel. "Making Sense at the Margins: Describing Narratives on Food Insecurity Through Hip-hop." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7930.
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Neoliberalism is the contemporary political and economic thought that promotes ideas of private property, individualism, and market logic as key to advancing humanity. Scholars generally link neoliberalism to poverty from a broad perspective, but few have explored how it specifically impacts food insecurity. Globally, many people impacted by poverty also experience food insecurity. Hip-hop is important to resistance and fostering my critical worldview. Existing literature primarily describes hip-hop as a critical tool giving expression to people living at the margins. However, there is a need for hip-hop to be used more often as resistance by artists doing research. First, this study aims to understand food insecurity from the perspectives of food insecure individuals. Second, using the dominant themes from our conversations, I co-construct a hip-hop album. After conducting semi-structured interviews with 8 guests at Trinity Cafe, the analysis reveals the guests make sense of food insecurity by questioning organizations, through understanding responsibility and response-ability, and by showing active optimism. The hip-hop EP entitled Margins also emerged. Their knowledge challenges the commodification of food, complicates ideas of resilience, and foregrounds the importance of the collective. The study also provides important considerations for nonprofits and policy-makers by suggesting collaborations, intersectional approaches, and context-specific solutions are crucial.
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Terblanche, Anél. "Voedselsekerheid as ontwikkelingsdoelwit in Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing : 'n menseregte-gebaseerde benadering / Anél Terblanche." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8240.
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Various South African government reports list food security as a development priority. Despite this prioritisation and despite the fact that South Africa is currently food self-sufficient, ongoing food shortages remain a daily reality for approximately 35% of the South African population. The government's commitment to food security to date of writing (being 30 November 2011) manifests in related policies, strategies, programmes and sectoral legislation with the focus on food production, distribution, safety and assistance.
A paradigm shift in the international food security debate was encouraged during 2009, namely to base food security initiatives on the right to sufficient food. During a 2011 visit to South Africa, the Special Rapporteur for the Right to Food of the United Nations, accordingly confirmed that a human rights-based approach to food security is necessary in the South African legal and policy framework in order to address the huge disparities in terms of food security (especially concerning geography, gender and race). A human rights-based approach to food security will add dimensions of dignity, transparency, accountability, participation and empowerment to food security initiatives. The achievement of food security is further seen as the realisation of existing rights, notably the right of access to sufficient food.
The right of access to sufficient food, as entrenched in section 27(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 will accordingly play a central role within a human rights-based approach to food security. Section 27(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 qualifies section 27(1)(b) by requiring the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of the section 27(1) rights. The South African government's commitment to food security, as already mentioned, currently manifests in related policies, strategies and programmes, which initiatives will qualify as other measures as referred to in section 27(2) mentioned above.
This study, however, aims to elucidate the constitutional duty to take reasonable legislative measures as required by section 27(2) within the wider context of food security. This study is more specifically confined to the ways in which a human rights-based approach to food security as a development objective can be accommodated in South African national legislative measures. Hence, this study focuses on three national legislative levels, namely constitutional incorporation, the adoption of a framework law and revision of sectoral legislation.
Several underlying and foundational themes are addressed in the course of this study, amongst others: (a) the development of the food security concept; (b) the relationship between food security and the right of access to sufficient food; (c) key elements of a human right-based approach; and (d) the increasing trend to apply a human rights-based approach to development initiatives in general, but also to food security.Thesis (PhD (Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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Gadenya, Paul Wolimbwa. "Realising the right to an adequate standard of living through the New Partnership for Africa's Development." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/979.
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"The research paper is premised on the fact that NEPAD has the potential to reduce poverty and improve the observance of human rights in Africa. Both of these outcomes are relevant because they address the right to an adequate standard of living. It is, however, doubtful whether the economic path chosen by NEPAD to addres the key issue of poverty is actually going to have a positive impact on realisation of this rigts. This is particularly important given the fact that NEPAD's economic plan is premised on free market economics, private sector led growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which it hopes, will improve the quality of life of the poor. There are problems with this approach because previous economic programmes that were imlemented in Africa with similar economic programmes failed because they never put people at the core of their develoment plans. The success of NEPAD's programme will depend on whether people are put at the core of its programmes, otherwise its contribution to improving living conditions in Africa will be minimal. Secondly, the institutional framework for human rights in NEPAD is not strong enough to address human rights. As a result, human rights issues are not likely to attract the seriousness that they deserve. This paper therefor intends to suggest ways of strengthening the human rights mechanism in NEPAD. ... The study is divided into five chapters. Besides this chapter, the seocnd chapter will trace the historical development of NEPAD. It will also examine what NEPAD is all about, its institutions and proposed programmes. The third chapter will discuss the concept of the right to an adequate standard of living as enunciated in the Internaitonal Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR). The chapter will seek to define the scope of the right to an adequate standard of living and discuss the obligations of the state towards the realisation of this right. The fourth chapter deals with how NEPAD addresses the right to an adequate standard of living as elucidated on in the previous chapter. The fifth chapter will address the issue of how NEPAD can be made more responsive to addressing the right to an adequate standard of living. The conclusion will be contained in this chapter." -- Chapter 1.Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Martin Nsibirwa, Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
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Jowah, Eddah Vimbai. "Rural livelihoods and food security in the aftermath of the fast track land reform in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003090.
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Land reforms are back on the development agenda. Different types of land reforms have been adopted globally in recent years, but by far the most controversial and most radical has been the fast track land reform pursued by the Government of Zimbabwe from 2000. There is general scholarly agreement that the fast track process has been accompanied by various socio-economic and political challenges, including an increase in levels of food insecurity. This thesis examines fast track reform in specific relation to the livelihoods of smallholder households and household food security amongst land beneficiaries. It argues that the problem of food insecurity in Zimbabwe is a complex social, political and economic issue, which cannot be simplistically reduced to the failures of fast track. Understanding household food insecurity post-2000 needs to go beyond the notion that the nation‟s food security hinges on overall levels of production alone. In particular, livelihoods and food security need to be conceptualised at community and household levels. Therefore, while addressing the broad macro-level analysis and discourse around the process of fast track, the study also adopts a micro-level analysis to look at the varied impact of fast track on the actual beneficiaries. The research focuses on small-scale beneficiaries in the Goromonzi District of Zimbabwe and, through the use of the sustainable livelihoods framework, looks at how their local contexts have been influenced by the wider socio-economic and political processes, and how beneficiaries have sought ways of coping with the challenges they face.
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Karampaxoglou, Thaleia. "Genetically Modified Food and Crops : Risks and Intellectual Property Rights." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Centrum för tillämpad etik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119766.
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This paper attempts to present and analyze problems that may arise from the use of Genetically Modified (GM) products and issues raised by the Intellectual Property (IP) rights that Genetic Engineering (GE) companies have on their products. Arguments in favor and against the existence of health risks and environmental risks of GM products are presented. The European policy of the socioeconomic effects of the GM products is discussed and is proposed the application of the precautionary principle for the prevention of unintended consequences from the GM products to other than health and environmental domains. The need of IP rights is supported, but is also suggested an IP rights flexibility. Do IP rights violate the rights of all people to a nourishing life, natural resources, the right to decide about what they eat and the right to live in a viable ecosystem? Finally, I provide an analysis of the effects on the farmers due to the IP rights on GM crop for cultivation and state dependency issues that may occur.
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Adeniyi, Oluwafunmilola Foluke. "Access to safe food in South Africa as a human rights imperative." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4930.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe aim of this study is to examine laws and policies relating to food safety in South Africa, specifically with regard to labelling requirements in the food industry. It is hoped that this research will serve as a pointer for policy and legislative reforms in a bid to identify weak areas as well as encourage accountability and strengthen government’s response to the realisation of the right to safe food as a human right imperative.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
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Fariss, Christopher J. Meernik James D. "Human rights and the strategic use of US foreign food aid." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5184.
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Fariss, Christopher J. "Human Rights and the Strategic Use of US Foreign Food Aid." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5184/.
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How does respect for human rights affect the disbursement of food aid by US foreign policymakers? Scholars analyzing foreign aid generally look at only total economic aid, military aid or a combination of both. However, for a more nuanced understanding of human rights as a determinant of foreign aid, the discrete foreign aid programs must be examined. By disentangling component-programs from total aid, this analysis demonstrates how human rights influence policymakers by allowing them to distribute food aid to human rights abusing countries. Consequently, policymakers can promote strategic objectives with food aid, while legally restricted from distributing other aid. The primary theoretical argument, which links increasing human rights abuse with increasing food aid, is supported by results from a Heckman model. This procedure models the two-stage decision-making process where foreign policymakers first, select countries for aid and then, distribute aid to those selected.
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Samlan, Robin A., and Brad H. Story. "Influence of Left–Right Asymmetries on Voice Quality in Simulated Paramedian Vocal Fold Paralysis." AMER SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623624.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the vocal fold structural and vibratory symmetries that are important to vocal function and voice quality in a simulated paramedian vocal fold paralysis. Method: A computational kinematic speech production model was used to simulate an exemplar "voice" on the basis of asymmetric settings of parameters controlling glottal configuration. These parameters were then altered individually to determine their effect on maximum flow declination rate, spectral slope, cepstral peak prominence, harmonics-to-noise ratio, and perceived voice quality. Results: Asymmetry of each of the 5 vocal fold parameters influenced vocal function and voice quality; measured change was greatest for adduction and bulging. Increasing the symmetry of all parameters improved voice, and the best voice occurred with overcorrection of adduction, followed by bulging, nodal point ratio, starting phase, and amplitude of vibration. Conclusions: Although vocal process adduction and edge bulging asymmetries are most influential in voice quality for simulated vocal fold motion impairment, amplitude of vibration and starting phase asymmetries are also perceptually important. These findings are consistent with the current surgical approach to vocal fold motion impairment, where goals include medializing the vocal process and straightening concave edges. The results also explain many of the residual postoperative voice limitations.
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Ferraz, Mariana de Araujo. "Direito à alimentação e sustentabilidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-27012015-145702/.
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O presente trabalho tem como tema central a investigação sobre a relação do direito humano à alimentação com a sustentabilidade e os conflitos e desafios advindos da realização desse direito nos sistemas alimentares atuais. Procuramos compreender quais aspectos vêm sendo considerados no processo de especificação desse direito e de que forma a sustentabilidade seria um valor ético e um princípio inerente ao teor do direito humano à alimentação. Propomos as seguintes questões como eixo condutor da pesquisa: O que é direito humano à alimentação? O que é sustentabilidade? A sustentabilidade é um aspecto inerente ao direito humano à alimentação? Ela é verificada nos atuais modelos de produção e consumo de alimentos? Quais são os conflitos e impedimentos da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade? Como recorte metodológico, analisamos o caso da produção e consumo de alimentos transgênicos tendo em vista as premissas adotadas no presente trabalho. O modelo produtivo dos alimentos transgênicos é colocado em face ao modelo alternativo da agroecologia, de forma a comparar a presença dos aspectos da sustentabilidade em ambos os sistemas. Na esfera do consumo, abordamos o papel do consumidor como agente de promoção da sustentabilidade na alimentação, assim como as dificuldades conjunturais para o exercício desse papel. Dessa análise, constatamos a existência de conflitos público-privados emergentes da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade. Em face a tais óbices, apresentamos mecanismos de exigibilidade e justiciabilidade do direito humano à alimentação. Procuramos abordar de forma transversal os temas da solidariedade, da ética na ciência e no capitalismo e da educação como desafios a serem conquistados tendo em vista a plena realização do direito humano à alimentação sob a ótica da sustentabilidade.The present work is focused on the relationship between the human right to food, sustainability and the conflicts arising from the realization of this right in current food systems. We seek to understand which aspects are being considered in the specification of this right and how sustainability would be an ethical value and an inherent principle of the human right to food. We propose the following questions as a guide to the research: What is human right to food? What is sustainability? Sustainability is an inherent aspect of the human right to food? Does it occur in the current models of production and consumption? What are the conflicts and impediments to the completion of the human right to food through the prism of sustainability? The methodological approach includes the analysis of the case of production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods in contrast with the assumptions adopted in this work. The production model of GM foods is analyzed against the alternative model of agroecology in order to compare the presence of sustainability aspects in both systems. We discuss the role of the consumer as an agent capable of promoting sustainability of food systems, as well as the economic difficulties to exhert this role. From this analysis, we found the existence of public-private conflicts emerging from realization of the human right to food when looking through the prism of sustainability. Before such obstacles, we present mechanisms of enforceability and justiciability of the human right to food. We seek to transversely address themes such as solidarity, ethics in science and in capitalism, and education as challenges to be conquered in order to achieve the full realization of the human right to food from the perspective of sustainability.
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Fernandez, Inara. "Control and Continuity: Sustainability, Land Rights, and the Politics of Food in Guatemala." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19725.
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This thesis seeks to understand the intersection of cultural identity and food security in a country that has had a difficult time feeding its people. The discourse on food in Guatemala, in the realm of development and international studies, maintains a focus on the lack thereof. Moreover, the author examines the food traditions and beliefs people in Guatemala feel are important as well as the obstacles they face in realizing food self-sufficiency. Many Guatemalans have an intimate connection with their land, and unequal land distribution hinders farmers’ abilities to access the foods they most value. In addition to this, the unfolding sustainable development agenda has resulted in biofuel projects that threaten the livelihoods of many rural farmers. Through interviews with chefs, agricultural workers, and agricultural commodity traders, the author pieces together the differing perspectives of various stakeholders to present a complex mosaic of Guatemalan foodways.
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Furlan, Karina Morgana. "O direito humano à alimentação adequada sob uma perspectiva socioambiental : repercussões do controle hegemônico da vida através das grandes corporações de mercado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1355.
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Mesmo perante a crescente evolução tecnológica, econômica e social que se deu nos últimos séculos, ainda subsiste a disseminada crença que os agroquímicos consistem na única solução para afastar o ser humano do grande perigo da fome no mundo. No entanto, muito embora a maciça utilização de agrotóxicos tenha de fato contribuído para o incremento da produção agrícola, são várias as consequências contrárias que resultam deste modelo imposto, uma vez que seu uso indiscriminado provoca incontáveis danos socioambientais tanto à saúde humana como a toda biosfera. Alguns destes danos são de caráter permanente e irreversível e, ainda, não totalmente conhecidos e dimensionáveis, relacionados também ao emprego desmedido de sementes geneticamente modificadas, que impõem outros prejuízos como a extirpação das sementes crioulas através do crescente aumento das monoculturas de exportação. Processo que, consequentemente, está promovendo uma erosão em cadeia, sopesando sua vinculação com a perda de saberes multisseculares diretamente relacionados às práticas agrícolas tradicionais relacionadas a raças e etnias, acarretando no detrimento do exercício do poder diligente de Estado Soberano. Dessa forma, apresenta-se a problemática basilar desta pesquisa, o possível controle da vida humana por parte da lógica imposta por este mercado. Ponderando que as tecnologias empregadas à atual produção agrícola estão possibilitando o controle do mercado através da dependência que cria a estes químicos e a eliminação das sementes crioulas, consequentemente, da diversidade dos cultivos. Ao que, para seu enfretamento, se percebe emergencial o crescimento e a disseminação dos ideais vinculados às correntes militantes por justiça ambiental, que envolvem todos os aspectos inerentes a garantia dos direitos humanos, como o direito à alimentação adequada, que impulsionará um cultivo voltado à alimentação saudável, livre de agroquímicos e tecnologias de modificação genética em larga escala. Implica não apenas em uma mudança conceitual, meramente descritiva, mas em uma mudança de cunho político ideológico, propriamente, em uma quebra paradigmática, ante a insuficiência e ineficiência do atual modelo de mercado, imposto mais fortemente às economias subdesenvolvidas, direcionadas a critérios quantitativos de crescimento econômico.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-10-21T12:26:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Morgana Furlan.pdf: 1504970 bytes, checksum: 38a8b5bf9925c2551731b3756bbb2a6d (MD5)
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Incluso con los crecientes cambios tecnológicos, económicos y sociales que se han producido en los últimos siglos, todavía hay una creencia generalizada de que los productos agroquímicos consisten única solución para eliminar los seres humanos desde el gran peligro del hambre en el mundo. Sin embargo, aunque el uso masivo de pesticidas en realidad ha contribuido al aumento de la producción agrícola, hay varias consecuencias contrarias que resultan de este modelo impuesto, ya que su uso indiscriminado provoca daño ambiental incalculable a la salud humana y toda la biosfera . Parte de este daño es permanente e irreversible, y que además no se conoce totalmente y escalable, también relacionado con el uso excesivo de semillas modificadas genéticamente, que imponen otras pérdidas como la extirpación de las semillas nativas a través de la cada vez mayor de los monocultivos de exportación. Proceso, por lo tanto, está promoviendo una erosión de la cadena, levantando su conexión con la pérdida del conocimiento de siglos de antigüedad directamente relacionada con las prácticas agrícolas tradicionales relacionados con la raza y el origen étnico, lo que resulta en detrimento del ejercicio de la facultad diligente de estado soberano. Por lo tanto, se presenta el problema básico de esta investigación, el posible control de la vida humana desde la lógica impuesta por este mercado. Teniendo en cuenta que las tecnologías empleadas para la producción agrícola actual están permitiendo el control del mercado a través de la dependencia que crea estos productos químicos y la eliminación de las semillas nativas, de ahí la diversidad de los cultivos. Para eso para su afrontamiento, es el crecimiento de emergencia clara y la propagación de los ideales vinculados a militantes actuales de la justicia ambiental, involucrando a todos los aspectos de la garantía de los derechos humanos, como el derecho a una alimentación adecuada, lo que aumentará la una frente a la creciente comida sana, libre de productos químicos y tecnologías de modificación genética a gran escala. Esto implica no sólo un cambio conceptual, meramente descriptivo, sino en un cambio de política ideológica en la naturaleza misma, en una ruptura paradigmática, antes del fallo y la ineficiencia del modelo de mercado actual con más fuerza impuesta a las economías subdesarrolladas, dirigido a criterios cuantitativos el crecimiento económico.
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Mendonça, Jordana Carlos de. "O PROGRAMA BOLSA FAMÍLIA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR E O DIREITO HUMANO À ALIMENTAÇÃO ADEQUADA análise do programa no Brasil, com enfoque no Estado de Goiás." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2014. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2683.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-11This dissertation traces an historical evolution of Human Right to Food and Food Security concepts and how the international institutions, and Brazil itself deal with it, focusing on the state of Goiás. The research issues are focused primarily on verifying the existence and effectiveness mechanisms to ensure Food Security and Nutrition and ensure the Human Right to adequate food in Brazil.The work has the overall goal to approach the problem of hunger in Brazil facing the dispositions of national and international legal systems, performing a contemporary approach to the concept of human rights, the historical evolution of the Human Right to Food in the national and international level and the political decisions adopted by Brazil and the State of Goiás to overcome this problem of international reach. It also verify if the Bolsa Família Program, as a public policy to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty, has been effective for the purposes for which it is proposed, general wide in Brazil and specifically in Goiás. In 2012, 11,8 million people were hungry in Brazil, therefore effective public policy to eradicate hunger is very important to poor people so they can get access to food. The research concludes that public subsidies policies as the way they are implemented in Brazil, like Bolsa Família , are effective to reduce immediate poverty and hunger, nevertheless are not very efficient to give autonomy to the beneficiaries families.
A presente dissertação traça uma evolução histórica dos conceitos de Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Segurança Alimenta. Discute-se, ainda, o enfrentamento da questão por organismos internacionais, pelo Brasil, com foco no Estado de Goiás. O problema da pesquisa está voltado principalmente para a verificação da existência e eficácia de mecanismos para garantir a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e assegurar o Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada no Brasil. O trabalho aborda, também, a fome sob o prisma das disposições dos sistemas jurídicos nacional e internacional, abordando o conceito contemporâneo de direitos humanos, a evolução histórica do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e as decisões políticas adotadas pelo Brasil e pelo Estado de Goiás. Trata-se, ainda, do Programa Bolsa Família, como política pública para erradicação da fome e da miséria e se o programa tem sido eficaz para os fins que se propõe no Brasil e em Goiás. O Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e a Segurança Alimentar são assegurados pelo Regime Internacional de Direitos Humanos e vêm fazendo parte da agenda de vários países nos últimos anos, como Estados Unidos, Suíça, México, Brasil, dentre outros. Em 2012, 11,8 milhões de pessoas passaram fome no Brasil, portanto a adoção de políticas públicas eficazes para erradicação da fome é de extrema importância para que famílias possam sair da extrema pobreza. Conclui-se que os programas de distribuição de renda, como o Bolsa Família, da forma que foram implantados, são eficazes para redução imediata da pobreza e da fome, porém não são eficientes para o alcance de autonomia das famílias beneficiárias.
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Johnson, Hope N. "From the ground up: An analysis of the international regulation of agriculture using a rights-based approach to food security." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/99631/6/Hope_Johnson_Thesis.pdf.
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This project is the first time the international laws regulating agriculture have been systematically identified and collectively critically analysed. One of the biggest challenges facing humanity is how to ensure food security in changing climatic conditions with growing natural resource scarcity and an increasing population. The role of law and policy in this context is to influence actions and shape outcomes. Accordingly, the thesis developed a conceptual basis for evaluating the many and varied international legal and policy instruments drawing on human rights, security and environmental principles. Using this as the benchmark, the research explored the gaps, overlaps and inconsistencies in the international regulatory framework for agriculture and formulated reform recommendations for a food secure future.
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Заїка, О. М. "Право споживача на свідомий вибір продуктів харчування." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60542.
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Esperança, Livia da Cruz. "A política de compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar para o Programa de Alimentação Escolar do município de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-19072017-150156/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) é a política pública de caráter suplementar com maior longevidade e abrangência do Brasil na área de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Em 2009, a publicação da Lei n° 11.947, trouxe importantes avanços ao PNAE, e determinou que 30 por cento do repasse da verba do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE) sejam investidos na aquisição de produtos diretos da Agricultura Familiar. No município de São Paulo, a execução do Programa de Alimentação Escolar é feita pela Coordenadoria de Alimentação Escolar, que tem encontrado grandes dificuldades em atingir a meta estabelecida pelo FNDE. O processo de implantação da aquisição de alimentos da Agricultura Familiar mostra-se complexo e, em muitos casos, lento. OBJETIVOS: descrever e analisar os fatores que interferiram no processo de compra de alimentos oriundos da Agricultura Familiar pelo PAE/SP entre 2009 e 2016. METODOLOGIA: para desenvolver este trabalho foi utilizada a metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa descritiva. Os documentos da Secretaria Municipal de Educação foram utilizados para o levantamento das informações. Além disto, foram entrevistados alguns gestores municipais. Para realização da entrevista foi utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado. As ferramentas da investigação qualitativa foram utilizadas para mapear, descrever e analisar o contexto, as relações e as percepções a respeito da compra de alimentos direto da Agricultura Familiar. RESULTADOS: dentre as principais dificuldades encontradas para implementação da política pública estão: a suspensão do edital pelo TCM; o entendimento de como o processo ocorreria; a burocracia institucional e a pesquisa de preço. Entre 2012 e 2016 o valor percentual contratado foi de 1 por cento , 7 por cento , 17 por cento , 27 por cento e 22 por cento , respectivamente. O valor investido foi cerca de R$ 62 milhões, e beneficiou 3,7 mil famílias agricultoras. CONCLUSÃO: As compras da agricultura familiar evoluíram, no entanto ainda são muitos os desafios a serem superados, tanto para os gestores desburocratização do processo de compra, quanto para os agricultores questões de abastecimento e logística, principalmente em uma metrópole com escolas distribuídas em áreas distantes da produção agrícolaINTRODUCTION: The National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is the supplementary public policy with greater longevity and comprehensiveness of Brazil in the area of Food and Nutrition Security. In 2009, the publication of Law no. 11.947 brought important advances to the PNAE and determined that 30 per cent of the funds from the National Education Development Fund (FNDE) must be invested in the acquisition of direct products of Family Agriculture. In the city of São Paulo, the School Feeding Program (PAE) is implemented by the School Feeding Coordination, which has encountered great difficulties in achieving the goal established by the FNDE. The implantation process of food acquisition from Family Agriculture appears complex and, in many cases, slow. OBJECTIVES: Here, we aim to describe and analyze factors interfering in the process of purchasing food from Family Agriculture by PAE in SP between 2009 and 2016. METHODOLOGY: This work was developed using descriptive qualitative research methodology. Municipal Department of Education documents were used to collect the information. In addition, some municipal managers were interviewed. A semi-structured script was applied for the interview. Qualitative research tools were used to map, describe and analyze the context, relationships and perceptions regarding the purchase of food direct from Family Agriculture. RESULTS: Among the main difficulties encountered for the implementation of public policy are: the suspension of the bidding by TCM; the understanding of how the process would take place; Institutional bureaucracy and price research. Between 2012 and 2016 the percentage contracted was 1 per cent , 7 per cent , 17 per cent , 27 per cent and 22 per cent , respectively. The amount invested was approximately R$ 62 million and benefited 3,7 thousand of family farmers. CONCLUSION: The purchases of family agriculture have evolved, but there are still many challenges to be overcome, both for managers - reducing bureaucracy in the purchasing process and for farmers - supply and logistics issues, especially in a metropolis with schools distributed in areas far from agricultural production
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Botelho, Fernanda Cangussu. "Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional na Atenção Primária à Saúde: um olhar a partir dos direitos humanos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6143/tde-27032019-180110/.
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Dentro do setor saúde, a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) se destaca como um espaço potencial para abordar a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN). Neste contexto é possível atuar tanto para identificação como para promoção da SAN. Por sua vez, a SAN não constitui um conceito estático. Seu significado é alterado conforme os interesses de quem se apropria dela. A adoção da noção do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada (DHAA) para a abordagem da SAN é uma das formas de interpretar, investigar e atuar nesta temática. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo compreender as práticas de SAN na APS na ótica do DHAA. Para tal, foi elaborado um ensaio para formular, no nível prático, alternativas de como a APS pode fortalecer o DHAA. Também, realizou-se uma revisão de escopo, de forma a mapear as bases teóricas que fundamentam esta produção e descrever como o arcabouço de DHAA está incorporado. Usando elementos do direito à saúde (disponibilidade, acessibilidade, aceitabilidade e qualidade) foram fornecidas alternativas para o respeito, proteção e efetivação do DHAA. O ensaio resgata o potencial das práticas de alimentação da APS numa perspectiva emancipadora dos direitos humanos. Adicionalmente, a revisão de escopo mostra que os direitos humanos estão pouco presentes na produção científica sobre práticas de SAN na APS. Predomina a noção de Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional (IAN) como fator de risco para a saúde, sendo minoritários os quadros teóricos dos determinantes sociais da saúde e dos direitos humanos. A produção científica incorpora pouco os elementos do DHAA, notadamente o estilo de pensamento da IAN como risco para a saúde e da SAN como determinante social da saúde. Há maior homogeneidade e complexidade conceitual dentro do estilo de pensamento da SAN como direito humano para definir a SAN.O presente trabalho fortalece a compreensão da SAN na APS sob a ótica dos direitos humanosPrimary health care (PHC) is a potential setting within health sector to deal with Food and Nutrition Security (FNS). In this context, it is possible to act for the identification as well as for promotion of FNS. FNS is not a static concept. Its meaning is modified according to the interests of the one who uses it. The adoption of the notion of the right to adequate food (RAF) to approach FNS is one of the possibilities to understand, search and act towards this theme. Therefore, the present study aimed to understand the practices of FNS in PHC from the point of view of the RAF. For this, an essay was developed to formulate, at the practical level, alternatives to how PHC can strengthen the RAF. A scoping review was also carried out, in order to map the theoretical bases that support this production and to describe how the RAF framework is incorporated. Using elements of the right to health (availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality) alternatives have been provided for the respect, protection and fulfillment of the RAF. The essay highlights the potential of practices towards FNS at PHC through an emancipatory perspective of human rights. In addition, the scoping review indicate that human rights are scarcely present in the scientific production on SAN practices in PHC. The notion of Food and Nutrition Insecurity (FNI) as a risk factor for health predominates, and the theoretical frameworks of social determinants of health and human rights are minorities. Scientific production incorporates few elements of the AF, notably the thought style of FNI as a risk factor for health and the FNS as a social determinant of health. There is greater homogeneity and conceptual complexity to define FNS within the thought style of FNS as a human right. The present study strengthens the understanding of FNS in the PHC from the perspective of the RAF.
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Bidie, Simphiwe Sincere. "The obligation of non-discrimination under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the agreement on Trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): a developmental perspective." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/338.
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The non-discrimination obligation has existed since the twelfth century. It has been practiced since then, changing from a conditional to unconditional form with the passage of time. It became firmly applied unconditionally at the multilateral level in 1947 after the formation of the GATT trading system upon which several countries based their trading relations. In 1995 when the WTO was formed, the underlying principles of the GATT 1947 became part of the WTO trading system, including the non-discrimination obligation. When countries join the WTO they automatically become subject to the non-discrimination obligation. The ever increasing value of services and trade in the value of intellectual property has necessitated a look at the fundamental principles of world trade that countries have to adhere to in their trade relations. Incidentally, countries are not at the same level economically, hence one of the purposes of the WTO is to facilitate development in developing countries. Accordingly, this requires different application and/or interpretation of these fundamental principles in different situations, depending on the development level of each Member country. Amongst the five principles that underlie the international trading system, the non-discrimination principle is the focus of this study. The sustainability of the entire economic relations between WTO Member countries is dependent upon their fair compliance with this obligation. The obligation is found in Articles II and XVII of the GATS and Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS. The Membership of the WTO is made up of developed and developing countries. As a result of the fundamental nature of the obligation it is imperative that the scope and interpretation of this obligation, as developed by WTO adjudicating bodies, be analysed to determine if the obligation’s application and/or interpretation satisfies the above fundamental object and purpose of the multilateral system of trade. The intention here is at all times to show the importance that the non-discrimination obligation carries in international economic and legal interactions and how non-observance of this obligation would negatively affect relations between Member countries of the WTO.
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Chekol, Abebe Abebayehu. "Granting intellectual property rights on life forms and processes: does it ensure food security? A developing country perspective." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study critically investigated the argument whether intellectual property rights over life forms and processes would ensure food security. It only considered the issue from the perspective of developing countries, as they are the ones who are hardest hit by recurrent drought and food insecurity. Protections within TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) and debates underpinning it formed the essence of the research.
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Marques, Amanda de Andrade. "Dinâmica de abastecimento dos produtos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar: o caso do município de Araripe-CE." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4284.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-19Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The National School Nutrition Programme (PNAE) has existed for over 50 years in Brazil, its goal is to contribute to the growth and biopsychosocial development, learning, school performance and training healthy eating habits of students. Throughout its existence, the PNAE has undergone changes in its operation. One of these changes occurred in 2009 with the mandatory inclusion of local produce, family farming and / or their organizations in school meals. Therefore, we intend to analyze the dynamics of supply foodstuff Family Farming for the School Feeding Program in Araripe-Ceará. This is a case study, conducted through semi-structured interviews and observation spot with journaling field. Study participants were fourteen farmers suppliers of food to schools, three Presidents of Associations of Family Farmers, the nutritionist responsible for technical School Feeding Program, the Technical EMATER (organization representing family farmers) the local coordinator of purchases family farming for school feeding and school principal selected. To examine the issues used the thematic content analysis, following these phases Pre-analysis, exploration of the material in order to reach the core of understanding the text, to achieve the thematic categories. Finally, the interpretation of statements, where the distribution took place in two categories (difficulties and benefits in view of farmers) and the reflections that arose around those occurring later interpretation and discussion of the theoretical light. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba, under protocol # 0339/11. It was observed that among the difficulties pointed out by farmers among the most frequent words were Payment, Transport and Physical Structure. As for the benefit, Job Opportunity and guaranteed income. Thus, it is clear that analyzing the dynamics of supply of products of family farming for school feeding is of great value, since it is a recent resolution and that municipalities are still adjusting to this new system. Some alternatives were created locally to facilitate and encourage the supply of farmers and ensure that food reaches the schools. Among them, there is the creation of a schedule for delivery of agricultural family; different menus for schools located in rural and urban areas that receive products from family farms, installation of processed food factories since this city suffers with the dry weather most of the year and it is necessary that other products entering the school feeding; incentive associations by the municipal administration, adding, in this way, value to the final product; partnerships with SEBRAE, EMATER to empower farmers. It is noticed that the specifications determined by law and resolutions of bodies often turn away from the reality of the municipalities. It is necessary to create the means to effect this process locally so that students and farmers are met satisfactorily through this relationship school meals and family farming.
O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) existe há mais de 50 anos no Brasil, seu objetivo é contribuir para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento biopsicossocial, a aprendizagem, o rendimento escolar e a formação de práticas alimentares saudáveis dos alunos. Ao longo de sua existência, o PNAE tem passado por modificações em sua operacionalização. Uma dessas modificações ocorreu em 2009, com a obrigatoriedade da inserção de produtos locais, da agricultura familiar e/ou de suas organizações, na alimentação escolar. Diante disso, pretende-se analisar a dinâmica de abastecimento dos gêneros alimentícios da Agricultura Familiar para o Programa de Alimentação Escolar em Araripe- Ceará. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e observação in loco com registro em diário de campo. Os participantes do estudo foram catorze agricultores familiares fornecedores de gêneros alimentícios para as escolas, três presidentes de Associações de Agricultores Familiares, a Nutricionista responsável técnica pelo Programa de Alimentação Escolar, o Técnico da EMATER (entidade representativa dos agricultores familiares) a coordenadora local das compras da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar e uma diretora da escola selecionada. Para analisar as questões utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo temática, seguindo as seguintes fases Pré-análise, Exploração do material visando alcançar o núcleo de compreensão do texto, para se alcançar as categorias temáticas. Por fim, a Interpretação dos depoimentos, onde realizou-se a distribuição de duas categorias (dificuldades e benefícios na visão dos agricultores) e as reflexões que surgiram em torno dessas, ocorrendo, posteriormente a interpretação e discussão a luz do referencial teórico. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Centro de Ciência da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, sob o protocolo nº 0339/11. Observou-se que entre as dificuldades apontadas pelos agricultores familiares as mais recorrentes entre as falas estavam Pagamento, Transporte e Estrutura física. Quanto ao benefício, Oportunidade de trabalho e renda garantida. Dessa forma, percebe-se que analisar a dinâmica de abastecimento de produtos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar é de grande valia, uma vez que é uma resolução recente e que os municípios ainda estão se adequando a esse novo sistema. Algumas alternativas foram criadas localmente para facilitar e incentivar as entregas dos agricultores e garantir que os alimentos cheguem nas escolas. Dentre elas, destaca-se a criação de um cronograma de entrega dos produtos da agricultura familiar; cardápios diferenciados para as escolas situadas na zona rural e urbana que recebem produtos da agricultura familiar; instalação de fábricas de alimentos processado, uma vez que esse município sofre com o clima seco na maior parte do ano e se faz necessário que outros produtos entrem na alimentação escolar; incentivo ao associativismo pela administração municipal, agregando, dessa maneira, valor ao produto final; parcerias com o SEBRAE, EMATER para capacitar agricultores. Percebe-se que as especificações determinadas em Lei e Resoluções dos órgãos competentes muitas vezes afastam-se da realidade dos municípios. É necessário que se crie meios para efetivar esse processo localmente para que alunos e agricultores sejam atingidos de forma satisfatória através dessa relação alimentação escolar e agricultura familiar.
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Sicoli, Juliana Lordello. "As contribuições do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e a promoção do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-16102017-135334/.
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Introdução: Partindo do reconhecimento do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável e da inadequação do atual padrão alimentar no Brasil, a presente pesquisa situa a agricultura familiar na contramão do modelo agroalimentar predominante e enfatiza o duplo potencial do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA). Objetivo: Compreender as contribuições do PNAE e do PAA para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e a promoção do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável. Método: Foi realizado estudo compreensivo dos dois Programas com abordagem quanti-qualitativa. A primeira etapa compreendeu a sistematização de dados de cada Programa no estado de São Paulo, partindo de dados disponibilizados pelo PAA-Data e SISPAA e, no caso do PNAE, de parte dos dados coletados no âmbito da pesquisa \"O encontro entre o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e a Agricultura Familiar\". A segunda etapa focou o estudo da experiência de implementação dos dois Programas em Guarulhos, incluindo visitas às áreas de cultivo e unidades recebedoras e a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gestores públicos, agricultores familiares e merendeiras/cozinheiras, baseadas em roteiros com perguntas norteadoras. Resultados: As compras governamentais realizadas pelo PAA-CDS e pelo PNAE têm permitido alcançar boa parte das finalidades esperadas de ambos Programas, cumprindo papel relevante tanto sob a ótica da política agrícola, como da superação da insegurança alimentar e nutricional, ainda que com diferenças significativas entre os dois Programas e comportando desafios em curso. Os resultados reforçam a heterogeneidade da agricultura familiar e sugerem distintos perfis de agricultores familiares que acessam cada Programa no estado de São Paulo. Ambos Programas comercializam predominantemente alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, favorecendo o acesso à alimentação saudável.Introduction: Recognizing the human right to adequate and healthy food, and the inadequacy of current dietary patterns in Brazil, this project situates family farming in opposition to the predominant agri-food model and emphasizes the dual potential of the National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) and the Food Acquisition Programme (PAA). Objective: Comprehend the contributions of PNAE and PAA to strengthen family farming and to promote the human right to adequate and healthy food. Method: Comprehensive study was carried out on both programs with quantitative-qualitative approach. The first stage included the systematization of data from each Program in the state of São Paulo, based on data provided by PAA-Data and SISPAA and, in the case of PNAE, part of the data collected in the scope of the research \"The meeting between the National Program Of School Feeding (PNAE) and Family Agriculture\". The second stage focused Guarulhos experience of implementation on both Programmes, including visits to cultivation areas and receiving units, and semi-structured interviews with public managers, family farmers and cooks based on scripts with guiding questions. Results: The government purchases made by the PAA-CDS and the PNAE have allowed to reach a good part of the expected purposes of both Programmes, fulfilling a relevant role both from the perspective of the agricultural policy, and to overcome the food and nutritional insecurity, although with significant differences between the two Programmes and ongoing challenges. The results reinforce the heterogeneity of family agriculture and suggest different profiles of family farmers who access each Program in the state of São Paulo. Both Programmes commercialize predominantly in natura or minimally processed foods, favoring the access to healthy food.
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Knipe, Paula Kezia. "The link between gender inequality and food security among female students at tertiary institutions in South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7589.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis study explores the nexus between gender inequality and food security through the lens of female students at tertiary institutions in South Africa. It aims to highlight the gendered dimensions of the political, socio-economic and cultural structures contributing to South Africa’s national food crisis. In so doing, it argues that legislation on the right to food with specific gender considerations is essential for ensuring food security for female students on campuses in particular and women in general.
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Cruz, Ivelise Fonseca da. "Aspectos econômicos da regência jurídica humanista em face das indústrias alimentícias como garantia à saúde dos obesos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5971.
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-17The vast growth of economic liberalism and is necessary to emphasize the man as the center of things, realizing their human dignity through the integral humanism. The incentive of love of neighbor and the exaltation of the fraternity, to compose the relationships and social laws result, then, the preservation and promotion of human health. The strengthening of the brotherhood of the thesis occurs when the clear identification of responsibility of the state, community, society, all in the preservation of fundamental human rights, encouraging the essentiality of the information, exercise and promote the right to food security, opportunity to promote awareness and increasing knowledge of the development of food products from the most diverse. Once the proper identification of obesity as a crop for human rights abuse, is with the literature review that this research aims to clarify the issues that compromise the full experience of human health. And finally, in a positive way, it was pointed out guiding paradigms that help as steps in human progress, in order to facilitate the search for the right to happiness for all in all, for everyone
O amplo crescimento do liberalismo econômico e necessário tem de realçar o homem como centro das coisas, concretizando sua dignidade humana através do humanismo integral. O incentivo do amor ao próximo e a exaltação da fraternidade, ao comporem as relações legislativas e sociais resultam, então, na preservação e promoção da saúde do homem. O reforço da tese da fraternidade ocorre quando da clara identificação da responsabilidade do Estado, da comunidade, da sociedade, de todos na preservação dos direitos fundamentais do homem, no incentivo à essencialidade da informação, no exercício e promoção do direito à segurança alimentar, na possibilidade de se promover a consciência e o crescente conhecimento do desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios dos mais diversos. Feita a adequada identificação da obesidade como um recorte indevido aos direitos humanos, é com o levantamento bibliográfico realizado que esta pesquisa pretende explicitar as problemáticas que comprometem a vivência plena da saúde humana. E, ao final, de maneira propositiva, apontam-se paradigmas orientadores, que auxiliam como degraus no progresso humano, com o intuito de facilitar a busca pelo direito de felicidade de todos em tudo, para todos
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Qin, Quan. "La sécurité alimentaire en droit international du commerce." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020049/document.
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Garantir la sécurité alimentaire demeure une responsabilité primordiale des gouvernements et de la communauté internationale. Le droit international, moyen principal d’encadrer les comportements des Etats et de rendre exécutoires les stratégies internationales, n’a toutefois pas pu faciliter effectivement la lutte contre la faim dans le monde. C’est particulièrement le cas des normes juridiques élaborées dans le cadre de l’OMC. En définissant les termes et conditions du commerce international des produits agricoles, ces normes exercent une influence majeure sur la sécurité alimentaire tant au niveau international qu’au niveau national. Si les accords de l’OMC offrent à ses Membres certains moyens pour faire face au problème alimentaire, ces moyens ne sont ni suffisants ni efficaces pour atteindre cet objectif. Ayant privilégié constamment les considérations commerciales par rapport aux impératifs alimentaires, les règles de l’OMC relatives au commerce agricole contribuent à restreindre sérieusement l’autonomie des Membres qui souhaitent améliorer leur situation de sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, les politiques internationales régissant le commerce agricole devraient être reformulées, de sorte que les Membres de l’OMC puissent répondre aux besoins vivriers des peuples. Si une telle réforme ne parvient pas, pour l’instant, à établir des règles permettant aux Membres de l’OMC en déficit alimentaire de générer effectivement des ressources pour se procurer des aliments, elle doit viser au minimum à neutraliser les impacts négatifs des politiques commerciales en vigueur. Faute de cela, le système actuel d’échanges multilatéraux risque de perdre sa légitimité et sa crédibilitéToday’s world food situation is particularly disturbing. To guarantee food security for all remains the primary responsibility of governments and international society. As one of the major instruments to implement international strategy for food security, international law has failed to provide effective solution to mitigate the factors that contribute to food insecurity. This is particularly what happened when food problem was treated within WTO. Having established the terms and conditions of international trade in food and agricultural products, WTO trade regulations have major influence on food security both at international level and at national level. Even if the relevant WTO agreements did offer certain policy approaches to its Members to tackle their food problem, these policy approaches are neither sufficient nor efficient to achieve this goal. By constantly prioritizing commercial considerations over food concerns, WTO rules related to trade in agriculture seriously restrict the exercise of discretionary power of those Members who wish to improve their food situation. Therefore, international trade policies must be reformed, so that WTO Members can take creative measures to meet their people’s basic needs. Even it appears still difficult at present to create new rules that may allow food-deficit Members to generate sufficient income to guarantee their access to food; this reform must at least search for effective solutions to offset the negative impacts of trade policies on food security. Otherwise, the legitimacy and credibility of current global trading system will be at risk
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Vallon, Virginie. "Quelle alimentation pour le XXIe siècle ? ou le respect du droit à l’alimentation et l’émergence d’une nouvelle régulation économique." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10017.
Full textAbstract:
Démontrer la possible émergence d'une nouvelle régulation économique mondiale est l'objectif de ce travail. Notre étude a envisagé les législations internationales et nationales relatives aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels à la lumière de l'important problème des droits de propriété industrielle.Cette régulation, fondée sur le droit à la conditionnalité universelle, offre une application effective du droit à l'alimentation par le biais d'une transformation de la répartition de la production agricole et par le biais d'une législation en matière de propriété industrielle permettant l'accès aux denrées alimentaires à tousDemonstrate the possible emergence of a new global economic regulation is the objective of this work. Our study considered the international and national laws relating to economic, social and cultural rights in light of the significant problem of industrial property law. This regulation, based on the universal right to cross-compliance, provides an effective implementation of the right to food through a change in the distribution of agricultural production and through legislation on industrial property to access to food at all
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Berschinski, Sarah. "Cutting Costs and Paying the Price: The Threat to Prisoners' Health and Well-Being Under Government Negligence." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/939.
Full textAbstract:
This Thesis argues that the state by contracting out prison food services to private companies and then failing to enforce basic standards has abdicated their responsibility to ensure and protect the physical and mental health of prisoners. Michigan as a case studies reveals the negligence of government to hold Aramark responsible to basic standards of feeding. As a result, leading to a wide-spread case of food-borne illness. The governments unwillingness to protect the basic human rights of prisoners under the control of privately operated prison food services has negatively impacted the health and well-being of prisoners.