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Journal articles on the topic 'The right to emigrate'
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1
O'Keefe, Gerald F. "Soviet Legal Restrictions On Emigration." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 14, no. 1 (1987): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633287x00140.
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AbstractThe right to emigrate-the free movement of people into and out of their country of origin-is a right recognized by international human rights law. The Soviet Union has recognized its obligations under these laws and the Constitution of the USSR and the "fundamental principles" of its legislation require actions consistent with international treaties to which the USSR is a party. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union discourages and prevents emigration by manipulating its legal system. Only members of a few ethnic groups are allowed to emigrate. Over the years emigrants have been mainly Jews, Armenians, and ethnic Germans, as well as some Japanese and Koreans. Emigration is limited by the Soviet Union's policy of "reunification of families," which effectively eliminates the vast majority of Soviet citizens from emigrating. Even those groups allowed to emigrate in limited numbers face substantial impediments. Complicated procedures, great expense, economic and social ostracism, and oftentimes harassment or arrest await those who apply for an exit visa. Applications for emigration are handled in an arbitrary manner, at best, and in a punitive manner, at worst. The resulting system is one in which emigration is not a right, but the grant of an administrative indulgence. Emigration law, and the Soviet Union's policy toward it, is the focus of discussion herein. Analysis of emigration law and practice is necessary to counter the legal justifications advanced by the USSR to defend its restrictive policy of emigration. First, I will discuss the Soviet Union's obligation under international law to respect the right to emigrate; next, I will analyze Soviet emigration law and citizenship renunciation law. Third, I outline the application process; and last, I address the legal basis for refusing emigration.
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Brock, Gillian. "Relevant evidence, reasonable policy and the right to emigrate." Journal of Medical Ethics 43, no. 8 (May 11, 2016): 568–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2016-103521.
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Murdalov, Anzor A., and Rustam A. Tovsultanov. "The legal status of emigrants from Russia in the first years after the October Revolution of 1917 (on the example of North Caucasians)." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 20 (2021): 645–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2021-5-20-645-659.
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Emigration has been known to mankind for more than a century. We name the factors contributing to emigration, give examples from the history of emigration both abroad and Russia. We emphasize that at the present time, Russian citizens emigrate to other countries, using the right to freely leave the state, and can also have dual citizenship under Russian law, or renounce citizenship, and then get it again. We pay special attention to the settlement of the territory of North Caucasus, which began in the 8th – 7th – 6th – 5th thousand BC. We analyze the features of emigration of people from North Caucasus after the October Revolution of 1917. The specifics of the emigration of people from this region of country are emphasized. Thus, the majority of people emigrated to the Ottoman Empire, and then moved to Europe. We indicate that in fact, after the adoption of the Decrees of the Central Executive Committee, the SNK of RSFSR in 1921, “On the deprivation of the rights of citizenship of certain categories of persons who are abroad” many emigrants from Russia, including North Caucasians, have become disenfranchised. This circumstance greatly influenced the publication of the Nansen passport (it was introduced in 1922 and became widespread in 1924), according to which emigrants were granted a number of legal and social rights. In addition, it is applicable to emigrants from Russia, including from the North Caucasus, in 1922 and 1926. The Geneva definition of “Russian refugee” was given, and the International Convention on the International Status of Refugees of 1933 created an alternative to naturalization for refugees from Russia. Subsequently, before the outbreak of the Second World War, people received, as a rule, the citizenship of the countries in which they began to live.
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Orczykowski, Andrzej. "Kanoniczne problemy w Orędziach Ojca Świętego Jana Pawła II na Światowy Dzień Migranta." Prawo Kanoniczne 49, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2006): 235–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2006.49.1-2.10.
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The migration issues make an extensive and multifaceted subject in John Paul’s teaching. Expressions of these are, among other things, his Messages for the World Migration Day. In twenty-six years of his pontificate the Pope pointed out the problems of modern migration, which concern individual aspects of life of the Church and of the World. In his Messages the Pope also undertakes canonical issues of migration and shows us the ways to solve them. The Pope’s leading item is a statement that all migrants need special concern on account of their specific situation. It is a duty of the Church to provide a pastoral care for them. Pope John Paul II always defends human rights especially a human right to emigrate and he supports migrants’ right to maintain their own identity. The Pope pays special attention to their rights to form the family and to maintain the family rights.
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Reinhardt, Karoline. "Das Recht der Auswanderung als vernachlässigte Begründungsaufgabe. Kantische Antworten auf ein gegenwärtiges Problem." Rechtsphilosophie 7, no. 1 (2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2364-1355-2021-1-5.
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Interestingly, the right to leave, which is generally considered to be at the core of liberal states, has rarely been substantiated in the history of philosophy. This neglect is unfortunate, in particular since this right is currently contested both theoretically and practically. Against this background, the present text takes up Kant’s right to emigrate, formulated in § 50 of the Doctrine of Right, and examines it with respect to its content as well as its legal-philosophical implications. This paragraph has so far received little attention in Kant scholarship, but a closer look at it is worthwhile in several respects in particular with regard to current debates, as will be elaborated.
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Davydenko, Y. M., and O. P. Motsiiaka. "The activities of the Croatian Right Party before leaving Ante Pavelich to emigrate (1915–1929)." Literature and Culture of Polissya 90, no. 9i (2018): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31654/2520-6966-2018-9i-90-61-69.
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Herzog, Ben. "The Paradoxes of Citizenship Removal." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 26, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 792–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325412453482.
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The Soviet Union and post-communist states are outstanding case studies of the changing meaning of expatriation and citizenship. The historical shifts in voluntary and forced expatriation and the relationship between the two signify the changing perceptions of citizenship. Although there appears to be a disjunction between the two periods, I argue that this difference is mainly in scale and is symbolic rather than a transformation of the philosophical principle that allows free movement and free emigration. Both philosophically and legally, the right to exit one’s country and emigrate is considered a basic democratic human right. However, like all philosophical and actual manifestations of this right, during both the communist and post-communist periods the right to leave was conditional. Similarly, most post-communist countries adhere to the traditional conception of citizenship that sees dual citizenship as a violation of the exclusiveness of national political membership.
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García Zamora, Rodolfo. "Mexican experience on migration and development 1990-2013." REMHU : Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 21, no. 41 (December 2013): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-85852013000200011.
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After 40 years of a long rising emigration from Mexico to the United States, the number of Mexicans increased to 12 million in 2006, while the increased input of remittances reached $26 million dollars in 2007. Yet, the increasing migration and remittances mainly in Zacatecas and Michoacan states do not achieve economic and social development because of the persistent backwardness, unemployment and marginalization. It demands the need for new Policies of Development, Migration and Human Rights that allow exercising the right to not emigrate in a medium term. Positive products of this long migration are the Mexican Migrant Clubs and their Federations that elaborated the concrete development proposals. Whereas, the possibility that these proposals can become a Development, Migration and Human Rights, Comprehensive and Long Term State Policy will depend on the capacity and participation of Mexican Civil Society and the Transnational Communities in both countries.
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Zegeye, Abebe. "The Light of Origins. Beta Israel and the Return To Yerusalem." Religion and Theology 11, no. 1 (2004): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430104x00032.
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AbstractThis article looks at the issue of the origin of the Ethiopian Jews and how they have survived the odyssey of their return to Yerusalem. The questions of how and when ancient Judaic influences entered Ethiopia remain the subject of controversy. Their impact on the last surviving Ethiopian Jews, the Beta Israel, and the Ethiopian Jews' right of return to modern Israel are of undoubted importance today. This raises the issue of whether the religious ideal and the automatic right of all jews to emigrate to Israel are equally applied. Furthermore, the concrete experiences of the Ethiopian Jews in Israel compel one to ask new questions about the possibility of the Beta Israel beginning to rethink their relationship with Ethiopian society.
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Force, Pierre. "Eighteenth-Century Matrimonial Strategies and Emigration to the Americas: The House of Berrio in La Bastide Clairence." Annales (English ed.) 68, no. 01 (March 2013): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000327.
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Prior to the massive wave of emigration to South America during the nineteenth century, inhabitants of rural communities in the western French Pyrenees emigrated in large numbers to Saint-Domingue and other Caribbean islands. This article examines the connections between migratory movements and the organization of these communities into “house societies” (Lévi-Strauss) in which the continuation of the “house” was paramount and no new “houses” could be founded. Adopting a microhistorical approach, it analyzes the complex role of inheritance rights in the decision to emigrate and reconstructs the networks that made emigration possible. Unlike the traditional belief that sons were forced to leave because they were deprived of their share of inheritance, the family unit fully supported the emigration of its younger members. This article also argues that emigration simultaneously resulted from and undermined the “house system.”
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Yoshida, Shuhei, Masatoshi Matsumoto, Saori Kashima, Tetsuhiro Owaki, Seitaro Iguchi, Kazuo Inoue, Susumu Tazuma, and Takahiro Maeda. "Emigration of regional quota graduates of Japanese medical schools to non-designated prefectures: a prospective nationwide cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e029335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029335.
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ObjectivesThis study examined the retention of regional quota graduates of Japanese medical schools and prefecture scholarship recipients within their designated prefectures where they are obliged or expected to work and revealed the personal and regional characteristics associated with their emigration to non-designated prefectures. Regional quota and prefecture scholarship are two of the most ambitious policies ever conducted in Japan for recruiting physicians to practice in rural areas.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingNationwide.ParticipantsRegional quota graduates with prefecture scholarship, quota graduates without scholarship and non-quota graduates with scholarship of Japanese medical schools who obtained their physician license between 2014 and 2016.Primary outcomeThe emigration in 2016 of the participants from the designated prefectures.ResultsTotal participants were 991 physicians, three of whom were excluded due to the missing values of crucial items, leaving 988 participants for analysis (quota with scholarship 387, quota alone 358 and scholarship alone 243). The percentage of those who emigrated was 11.9% (118/988). The mean (±SD) proportion of subjects who emigrated was 11.7% (±10.3) among all prefectures and the proportion varies widely among prefectures (0%–44.4%). Multilevel logistic regression analysis showed those who received prefecture scholarship (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.67) and whose designated prefecture has an ordinance-designated city (ie, large city) were less likely to emigrate (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.90). In contrast, graduates from a medical school outside the designated prefecture (OR 4.20; 95% CI 2.20 to 7.67) and who have a right to postpone their obligatory service (OR 3.42; 95% CI 1.52 to 7.67) were more likely to emigrate.ConclusionsA substantial proportion of regional quota graduates and prefecture scholarship recipients emigrated to non-designated prefectures. Emigrations should be reduced by improving the potential facilitators for emigration such as discordance in location between medical school and designated prefecture.
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Østergaard-Nielsen, Eva, Irina Ciornei, and Jean-Michel Lafleur. "Why do parties support emigrant voting rights?" European Political Science Review 11, no. 3 (August 2019): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773919000171.
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AbstractPolicies allowing enfranchisement of non-resident citizens (emigrants and their descendants) are now implemented in the majority of states worldwide. A growing number of case studies show that the extension of voting rights to non-resident citizens is often contested among country of origin political parties. However, there is no systematic comparative study of why different political parties support or oppose external voting rights and how this position is framed by the parties. Drawing on a unique data set based on 34 debates across 13 countries, we estimate the extent to which ideology and party family are correlated with the positioning and framing of parties. Among the findings are that the more to the right is a party, the more it tends to support external voting rights, except in the case of radical right parties. The position on emigrant voting rights is largely framed along more pragmatic arguments.
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Efendi, Ferry, Timothy Ken Mackey, Mei-Chih Huang, and Ching-Min Chen. "IJEPA: Gray Area for Health Policy and International Nurse Migration." Nursing Ethics 24, no. 3 (September 17, 2015): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733015602052.
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Indonesia is recognized as a nurse exporting country, with policies that encourage nursing professionals to emigrate abroad. This includes the country’s adoption of international principles attempting to protect Indonesian nurses that emigrate as well as the country’s own participation in a bilateral trade and investment agreement, known as the Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement that facilitates Indonesian nurse migration to Japan. Despite the potential trade and employment benefits from sending nurses abroad under the Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement, Indonesia itself is suffering from a crisis in nursing capacity and ensuring adequate healthcare access for its own populations. This represents a distinct challenge for Indonesia in appropriately balancing domestic health workforce needs, employment, and training opportunities for Indonesian nurses, and the need to acknowledge the rights of nurses to freely migrate abroad. Hence, this article reviews the complex operational and ethical issues associated with Indonesian health worker migration under the Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement. It also introduces a policy proposal to improve performance of the Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement and better align it with international principles focused on equitable health worker migration.
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Østergaard-Nielsen, Eva, and Irina Ciornei. "Making the absent present: Political parties and emigrant issues in country of origin parliaments." Party Politics 25, no. 2 (March 23, 2017): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068817697629.
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A growing number of countries have granted their emigrant citizens the right to vote in homeland elections from afar. Yet, there is little understanding of the extent to which emigration issues are visible in the subsequent legislative processes of policymaking and representation. Based on an original data set of parliamentary activities in Spain, Italy, France and Romania, this article analyses why political parties pay attention to emigrants. To that end, we propose a conceptual framework which draws on both theories of issue salience and substantive representation. Bridging these two frameworks allows us bring in both parties (salience) and constituencies (representation) in the analysis of the linkage between electorates and parliaments at a transnational level. We test a series of hypotheses and find that parties are more likely to focus on emigration issues the stronger their electoral incentives and in the context of electoral systems allowing the emigrants to elect special emigrant representatives.
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Vilcu, Alexandra. "Tendencies of High-Skilled Migration coming from Romania. Favourable Legislation and Social Policies." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p65-69.
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The external migration of a significant part of Romania's high-skilled population is a social phenomenon which became increasingly frequent starting from the 1990s, right after the fall of the communist regime. The basis for this phenomenon consists of several causes: globalization, the strengthening of international economic relations, and later on, Romania's adhesion to the European Union. Research has shown that of all high-skilled population, the professionals who emigrate more frequently consist of engineers, teachers, medical staff, scientific researchers, economists and architects. Besides, the chosen destinations have been variable throughout time. The first phase in time took place in the 1990s, when a large part of the high-skilled population chose to emigrate for professional purposes in countries such as The United States of America, Canada, Germany or Israel. The second important phase occurred after year 2000, when the focus was placed on EU countries, especially after Romania's integration. Apart from temporary unqualified migration, the number of high-skilled migrants and those who leave the country to continue their studies also soared. The chosen countries generally include Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, France and Austria. Given these differences in the tendencies of high-skilled migration, this paper will offer an insight on how the phenomenon evolved, and the factors that caused these variations in space and time. Most likely, some of the countries that were preferred have been facilitating the integration of high-skilled immigrants in society, as opposed to unqualified ones, through a selective set of laws and social policies which are meant to favour this social category. Therefore, we will discover and analyze various examples and benefits of legislation and social policies which offered social protection to high-skilledimmigrants in various countries. This paper is made and published under the aegis of the Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, as part of the programme co-funded by the European Union within the Operational Sectorial Programme for Human Resources Development, through the Project for Pluri and Interdisciplinarity in doctoral and post-doctoral programmes. Project code: POSDRU/159/1.5/S/141086
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Weintraub, Sidney. "Part III: New Perspectives on International Migration to Europe: International Comparisons and International Relations: North American Free Trade and the European Situation Compared." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 506–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600217.
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While both the EC and NAFTA are designed to provide trade preferences to the member countries, the two groupings differ markedly in other respects. The Treaty of Rome, establishing what is now the EC, consciously used economic means to foster political cohesion in Western Europe; whereas, the NAFTA negotiations seek free trade rather than more comprehensive economic integration precisely to minimize political content. The EC contains many social provisions absent from the NAFTA discussions, the most important of which is the right of migration from one EC country to another. However, migration between Mexico and the United States, both legal and undocumented, is more extensive than between any of the EC countries. This migration is unlikely to diminish in the near to medium term because of the great disparity that exists in the levels of income of the two countries. However, a reduction in the pressure to emigrate from Mexico over the long term requires sustained economic growth there, to which free trade with the United States can contribute.
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Garnier, Philippe. "International Trade in Services: A Growing Trend among Highly Skilled Migrants with Special Reference to Asia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 5, no. 4 (December 1996): 367–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689600500401.
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International trade in services gained worldwide recognition with the 1994 GATT Agreements in Marrakech. Its predominant role in international exchanges as well as its contribution to the development of a global economy is now widely acknowledged. An essential component of trade in services is cross-border movements of service providers. However, contemporary literature has focused on skilled migration in general without paying much attention to this major constituent and has resulted in confusion. On the one hand, there are international movements of skilled transients who emigrate for individual reasons in a long term perspective. On the other hand, there are skilled temporary migrants who perform services abroad without the intention or right to settle or seek employment in the host country. This study aims to clarify these differences using the example provided by the Asian Pacific region. Moreover, this study shows that the dynamics of skilled international migration is largely determined by the circulatory movement of skills of international service providers and has emerged as an essential component of economic development strategy of the countries in the region.
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Al Gharaibeh, Fakir M. "Understanding the needs and rights of Arab Muslim youth: The case of Jordan." International Social Work 60, no. 5 (July 8, 2016): 1169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872816655865.
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The purpose of this research is to understand the barriers that prevent Arab Muslim youth from fulfilling their needs. In total, 1078 Jordanians aged 18–24 years were asked to rate the importance of various barriers via a structured questionnaire. Barriers to economic needs were found to be ranked highest, followed by barriers in the political, social, educational and health domains. Women were more likely than men to perceive barriers, particularly in the economic and social domains. Participants who reported a stronger wish to emigrate were more likely to rate economic barriers highly. A rights-based approach is used to interpret the findings, in order to inform strategies to assist youth to address life challenges and enhance well-being.
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Liu, Shi. "Cultural connotations of the image of perception of emigrants in Chinese ethnic consciousness of the 20-40s of the 20th century based on the material of Chinese literature and publicism." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 25, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2020-25-4-671-681.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the interest of modern humanitarian knowledge in the study of the image of the alien, the study of the mechanisms of reception of the foreign and other ethnic world in the process of interethnic and intercultural interaction of the 20th century. The novelty is due to the involvement of the material of journalistic and artistic texts of the Chinese authors of the left and right wing in their correlation with the historical, political and linguocultural realities of the 20-40s of the 20th century. The research problem consists in the correlation of ethnocultural, ethnopsychological and socio-political connotations of the image of the perception of an emigrant in the Chinese ethnic consciousness. The aim of the research is to study the lexical and semantic transformations of the concept of emigrant in the context of Chinese ideology and Chinese literature of the 20-40s of the 20th century, as well as to identify the individual features of the artistic perception of an emigrant by Chinese writers. The research methodology is based on an imagological approach to the study of literature with the involvement of ethnopsychological observations. The work uses historical-literary, comparative-historical, lexical-semantic methods, as well as techniques of translation studies. It is discovered that in the Chinese fiction and journalistic texts of the 20-40s of the 20th century the negative artistic image of the perception of emigrants - white emigrants prevails. Thus, in the Chinese ethnic consciousness of the 1920s and 1940s, the cultural connotation of the concept of emigrant had negative semantics. On the one hand, it reflects the real situation of emigrant life and emigrant consciousness; on the other hand, it captures the complex socio-political and ethno psychological processes that have taken place in Chinese society, affecting the foundation of Chinese culture and Chinese ethnicity.
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Dönninghaus, V. "“We are not so Fuzzy to Build Riots and Rebellion...”: Attempt of Massive Exemption of German Population from the USSR to Canada in 1929." Problems of World History, no. 11 (March 26, 2020): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-11-4.
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The mass exodus of German peasants to Moscow in 1929 attracted international attention to the plight of Soviet Germans. The unexpectedly stubborn resistance of the German rural population to the policy of socialist transformations, his desire to leave the USSR for Canada, accompanied by appropriate calls for the West, reinforced the regime’s distrust of “disloyal” nationalities. As relations between the USSR and Germany worsened, prejudice grew in Moscow against the Germans as an extremely reactionary group of people that discredited the Soviet system in the eyes of the world community. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) paid great attention to the “emigrants” not only because the periphery was unable to cope with this problem, but also because it was a question of Western national minorities. Moreover, this group, which in an organized manner opposed the policy of the Soviet regime, did not fit into the “class” scheme, since among the German peasants who decided to emigrate from the USSR, there were mainly middle peasants and poor people. The opposition to the Soviet system was not a social, but a national group. The regime resolved this contradiction by ceasing to consider the German peasants engulfed by the “American fever” “neutral” and collectively transferring them to the category of “class enemies”. Against the background of forced collectivization, the Kremlin regarded the mass movement of Germans for leaving the USSR as direct support for the “right deviators”, which gave this movement an “anti-Soviet character”. The belonging of the fugitives and their many supporters to the Western minority prompted the organs of the OGPU to look for the organizers of the emigration movement on the other side of the border. Peaceful emigration of Germans from the USSR turned out to be a specific, but very effective way of protesting collectivization. Its avalanche-like character, as well as the appeal for help to Germany as a “historical homeland” was considered a manifestation of disloyalty to the USSR of the entire German population of the country. Germany’s protectorate policy aimed at protecting the life, property and fundamental rights of its “diaspora” was expressed both in diplomatic pressure on the Kremlin and in specific acts of assistance to Soviet Germans. Such patronage of the Germans in the USSR inevitably aroused fears among the Kremlin leadership that they, especially in the atmosphere of impending war, pose a threat to the security of the state.
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Ivanovitch, Kenzo, Pablo Soro-Barrio, Probir Chakravarty, Rebecca A. Jones, Donald M. Bell, S. Neda Mousavy Gharavy, Despina Stamataki, Julien Delile, James C. Smith, and James Briscoe. "Ventricular, atrial, and outflow tract heart progenitors arise from spatially and molecularly distinct regions of the primitive streak." PLOS Biology 19, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): e3001200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001200.
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The heart develops from 2 sources of mesoderm progenitors, the first and second heart field (FHF and SHF). Using a single-cell transcriptomic assay combined with genetic lineage tracing and live imaging, we find the FHF and SHF are subdivided into distinct pools of progenitors in gastrulating mouse embryos at earlier stages than previously thought. Each subpopulation has a distinct origin in the primitive streak. The first progenitors to leave the primitive streak contribute to the left ventricle, shortly after right ventricle progenitor emigrate, followed by the outflow tract and atrial progenitors. Moreover, a subset of atrial progenitors are gradually incorporated in posterior locations of the FHF. Although cells allocated to the outflow tract and atrium leave the primitive streak at a similar stage, they arise from different regions. Outflow tract cells originate from distal locations in the primitive streak while atrial progenitors are positioned more proximally. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrates that the primitive streak cells contributing to the ventricles have a distinct molecular signature from those forming the outflow tract and atrium. We conclude that cardiac progenitors are prepatterned within the primitive streak and this prefigures their allocation to distinct anatomical structures of the heart. Together, our data provide a new molecular and spatial map of mammalian cardiac progenitors that will support future studies of heart development, function, and disease.
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Kozielska, Joanna. "Adaptational difficulties of Polish economic emigrants in the context of globalisation processes." Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja 11, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kse.2017.11.13.
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Guaranteeing the availability of European labour markets constituted a very important element of the Polish foreign policy during the negotiation of conditions under which Poland would become a member of the European Union. At the time of the Polish accession, Poles as citizens of United Europe gained the right to take up legal work in other Member States. This opportunity was taken by Polish young people – “thirdgeneration emigrants” tempted by better earnings and prospects for the future. The proposed text is an attempt to capture migrants’ reality in the context of adaptative difficulties experienced by migrants with regard to globalisation-related transformations and the construct of a global teenager. The research results were obtained from two research projects carried out: (1) a research project carried out under the promotional grant in the years 2008-2012 (National Center for Science in Krakow – NN 106 348 140 (grant manager: Prof. Magdalena Piorunek, PhD) under the title: ‘Polish emigration and reemigration as an experience. Sociological and pedagogical aspect’, the results of which have been published in: Kozielska J., (2014) Post-accession migration. The theoretical and empirical context. Social support. The research sample in the quantitative analysis consisted of 174 persons who emigrated for at least one year and stayed in Poland for at least 6 months from the time of their return to the time of the research. The sample was targeted, and the target group consisted of return emigrants who emigrated during the pre-accession period and decided to stay in a European state rather than a “traditional” country of migration like the United States of America. The quantitative research was supplemented with a qualitative analysis of texts derived from hermeneutic methods, which included online forums (created by and for emigrants, both those who are still abroad and those who are planning to return or have already returned to Poland) and blogs containing fragments of emigrants’ biographies; (2) a research project carried out in London and Scotland under the POSTDOC scholarship of the Adam Mickiewicz University “Unique Graduate = Opportunities. An increase in the didactic potential of the Adam Mickiewicz University through proinnovative education in English, interdisciplinariness, e-learning, investment in human resources” under the title: ‘Transnational biographical counselling. A paradigm of qualitative research. An in-depth interview – 15 families with children (aged between 3 and 13 years) (2015-2017)’.
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Margheritis, Ana. "Political Rights Regulation by Deferral: Obstacles to External Voting in Uruguay." Latin American Politics and Society 64, no. 1 (February 2022): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2021.56.
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ABSTRACTWhy hasn’t Uruguay enfranchised emigrants yet? This study examines an underresearched case of nonenfranchisement and engages with debates on external voting, diaspora politics, and citizenship beyond borders. Building on qualitative and participatory methods, the analysis unveils the obstacles to franchise reform despite significant progress from 2004 to 2019. Although external voting was not enacted legally, emigrants’ voting rights were debated, formally acknowledged, and encouraged. It is not the lack of norm entrepreneurs but the cumulative effect of indecisive actions that perpetuates a counterproductive dynamic and de facto uneven access to this right. An unresolved debate simultaneously advances conversations but precludes compromises, turning resolution deferral into an implicit form of regulating emigrants’ political inclusion or exclusion. Presenting original evidence, this study expands existing accounts, highlights the interaction between institutional and social drivers of change, and invites further research on the role of policy diffusion, domestic politics, and timing.
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Pedroza, Luicy. "Los límites de la participación política en una democracia excepcional: migrantes en Costa Rica." Migraciones internacionales 11 (January 1, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.1740.
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In comparison to other countries in the Latin American region, especially in Central America, support for democracy in Costa Rica is high –despite ups and downs in recent years. Still, regarding the challenges that immigration poses for the principles of democratic inclusion and representation, Costa Rica lag behind 11 countries in Latin America –and 35 democracies in the world– where immigrant residents have the right to vote in local elections. In Chile and Uruguay, the only countries in the region where support for democracy tops that observed in Costa Rica, the right to vote of immigrant residents even reaches national elections. With such a comparative background, this article addresses the question: how to explain that this democracy ignores the tendency to give the right to vote to resident migrants? The study reveals a society in which the narrative of exceptionality with respect to other countries of the continent and the formal primacy of nationality to political citizenship, allow tolerating a clear inequality between the political rights of emigrants and immigrants.
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Inshyn, Mykola, and Olena Moskalenko. "Ensuring Freedom of Labor in Ukraine in the Context of Labor Emigration." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2018-0009.
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Abstract The article is devoted to substantiating the necessity of using existing tools and means of labor law science in certain aspects of labor migration, particularly, concerning the provision of labor freedom for Ukrainian workers - labor emigrants. The integrated approach to the development of methodological foundations for such provision and the development of relevant legal provisions at various stages of realization of a person’s right to labor, as well as in part of ensuring the prohibition of compulsory labor, can qualitatively raise the level of legal regulation of labor migration through the inclusion of labor law science. In support of its argument the article provides a wide range of statistical data on Ukrainian labor emigration. It is determined that the existing problems of Ukrainian labor emigration in the context of ensuring freedom of work can be systematized at the stages of their occurrence in the following way: 1) before the emergence of labor relations with a foreign employer, that is, as long as a Ukrainian citizen is still in Ukraine and acts for the purpose of employment abroad; 2) the emergence of labor relations with a foreign employer, that is, the legal registration of such relationships; 3) the actual beginning of labor relations outside Ukraine, the course of labor relations and the presence of a Ukrainian labor emigrant in them; 4) termination of labor relations of the Ukrainian labor emigrant and return to the territory of Ukraine. The emergence of labor disputes is the optional stage.
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Palmer, Susan J., Dilmurat Mahmut, and Abdulmuqtedir Udun. "Women in the Uyghur Advocacy Movement in Canada: The Making of a Political “Activist"." Journal of the Council for Research on Religion 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 13–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/jcreor.v3i1.69.
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This study analyzes the life stories of three female Uyghur political activists. Born and raised in East Turkestan/Xinjiang, all three chose to emigrate to the West. Today they live in Canada, advocating for the rights of Turkic peoples in their “Homeland” and raising public awareness of the CCP’s campaign against the Uyghurs, a campaign which is currently recognized as genocidal by seven countries as well as a number of human rights organizations. This study adopts a narrative analysis of these life stories, which were collected as a form of oral history. The narratives focus on the experiences of ethnic Uyghurs living, studying, and working in China in the 1980s–2000s during the ongoing crackdowns and “strike hard” campaigns in East Turkestan/Xinjiang. Through the techniques of narrative analysis, we investigate and analyze the tensions, turning points, and motivations which led to their personal transformations and decision to become publicly involved in creating social and political change for their community. While the political statements of Rukiye Turdush, Arzu Gul, and Raziya Mahmut have been widely circulated in Canadian government and media reports, this study focuses on their personal lives and the troubling, traumatic events in their youth which triggered their choice to leave China. We ultimately argue that a narrative analysis of their stories helps us perceive these narratives as a continuation of their activism.
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Palop-García, Pau, and Luicy Pedroza. "Beyond Emigrant Voting: Consultation as a Mechanism of Political Incorporation from Abroad OR not all Emigrant Consultative Bodies are Born the Same." Migration Letters 17, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i1.834.
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The scholarship on political transnationalism aims to understand how and why emigrants keep relevant political ties with their state of origin as well as cultivate new ones with their country of residence. Through the multiple formal shapes that such political ties can adopt, much has been written on the electoral channel, neglecting other important formal mechanisms of political participation from abroad. In this short paper we contribute to the study of one such mechanism: consultative bodies of emigrant affairs. Looking at an entire world region -Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)- we compare the creation of such consultative bodies to the adoption of electoral rights and account for the main characteristics of consultative bodies, creating a typology of them along on two dimensions: independence from governmental authorities and degree of entitlement in the policy-making process. This work aims to set the ground for and encourage further comparative large-N and in-depth case studies that will contribute to better understand the possibilities that emigrant consultative bodies open for emigrant participation.
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Wellman, Elizabeth Iams, and Beth Elise Whitaker. "Diaspora Voting In Kenya: A Promise Denied." African Affairs 120, no. 479 (March 29, 2021): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adab008.
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Abstract In 2010, Kenya extended voting rights to its estimated 3,000,000 citizens living abroad, thus joining a growing number of countries in Africa and around the world to recognize emigrant voting rights. Yet despite a politically engaged diaspora, intensive government outreach to emigrants, and high-stakes electoral competition, fewer than 3,000 Kenyans were permitted to vote from abroad in the 2013 and 2017 presidential elections. What explains the failure of the Kenyan government to implement diaspora voting on a broader scale? Drawing on original interviews and archival documents, this article analyses the tumultuous battle over the adoption and implementation of external voting in Kenya, focusing especially on legal, logistical, and political challenges. We argue that uncertainty about the number of Kenyan emigrants and their political preferences, paired with a highly competitive electoral climate, meant there was little political will to push for more widespread implementation of diaspora voting. Our analysis of external voting in Kenya has implications for diaspora participation in other competitive electoral contexts across the continent and beyond.
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Drews, Carlos. "Contexts and Patterns of Injuries in Free-Ranging Male Baboons (Papio Cynocephalus)." Behaviour 133, no. 5-6 (1996): 443–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00530.
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AbstractInjury in male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) was investigated as an indicator of damaging fights in order to provide a framework for analyses of conflict resolution and dynamics of agonistic competition in primates. The vast majority of wounds were canine slashes resulting from intraspecific face-to-face combat. Wounds were more common in males than females. In males they concentrated on the right side of anterior parts of the body, principally the head. Wounds took on average three weeks to heal. Aggressive conflicts represented 10% of all interactions between males. Less than 1% of aggressive contests led to injury. The individual rate of injury from fights with other males was on average once every 1.5 months. The winner of damaging fights was sometimes the wounded individual. The number of wounds per damaging fight was not related in a simple way to the presence of proceptive females or to recent immigration events. Four fights yielding the highest number of injuries, however, involved recent immigrations or attempts to immigrate by adult males in their prime. Contexts of male injury observed during infliction include challenges to the resident alpha male by newcomers, intertroop encounter, fights over proceptive females or unusual foods, redirected aggression, defense of a female and a fight unrelated to any obvious resource. This study and anecdotal reports from the literature point at various implications of injury to male baboons, including physical impairments which can constrain feeding efficiency, limit access to resting sites and safe retreats, cause a drop in dominance rank, jeopardize mating success and even result in death. Severely injured males typically reduce interaction rates, retreat to the periphery of the troop or emigrate temporarily. Although most wounds are small and heal well, the potentially high costs of injury probably exercise strong selection pressure on contestants for means of peaceful conflict resolution, given that during fights both baboons risk injury irrespective of their competitive abilities. The potential fitness consequences of inflicted injury can explain the evolution of the formidable canine weaponry of some male primates.
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Fuchs, Brigitte, and Husref Tahirović. "Rosa Einhorn (1872–1950): A Woman Pioneer in Medicine between Bosnia (1902–1913), New York, and Palestine." Acta Medica Academica 49, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.318.
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<p>This short biography details the life and medical activities of Rosa Einhorn, mariée Bloch (1872–1950), who practised as an Austro-Hungarian (AH) official female physician in Travnik in occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) from 1902 to 1904, and as a semi-official private physician from 1905 to 1912/13. Born in Hrodna district in the Russian Pale of Crescent, Einhorn had qualified and practised as a “<em>feldsheritsa</em>” in Russia and went to Switzerland to study medicine in 1896. Upon receiving her medical doctorate from the University of Lausanne in 1901, she became recommended as a particularly adequate candidate for the not-yet-created position of an AH official female physician in BH. After Einhorn functioned as a general practitioner for women and children in Travnik and the adjacent districts for two years, the AH public health authorities officially dismissed her due to her engagement and marriage to the AH judiciary Sigismund Bloch (1850–1927). However, she obtained a right to private practice in 1905 and was employed as a private physician in AH anti-syphilis campaigning. Struggling for her reinstatement as an official female physician in Travnik, she also strove for the accreditation of her Swiss diploma in Austria, though in vain. After two attempts to emigrate to the United States in 1904 and 1913, Rosa Einhorn finally left Europe to work as a physician in the United States and Mandatory Palestine/Eretz Israel in 1923. She died in New York on May 27, 1950.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Rosa Einhorn was employed as a provisory official female physician in Travnik in 1903/1904, the AH authorities accepting her only as a local private female physician after her marriage in 1905. Struggling in vain for her reinstatement, she finally left Bosnia in 1913.</p>
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Martínez-Schuldt, Ricardo D. "Mexican Consular Protection Services across the United States: How Local Social, Economic, and Political Conditions Structure the Sociolegal Support of Emigrants." International Migration Review 54, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 1016–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319901264.
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Scholars have increasingly examined the policies that states adopt to forge relationships with, deliver services to, and protect the rights of emigrants living abroad. Much of this research has focused on explaining the emergence and scope of emigrant policies. This article contributes to existing research by analyzing variation in the outcome of one particular emigrant policy: the Mexican state’s delivery of sociolegal consultations and support through its consular network in the United States. Specifically, I assess how the Mexican state’s provision of consular protection services diverges in frequency and form over time and within local contexts of reception. To address my research questions, I conducted a longitudinal analysis of data representing all 50 Mexican consulate districts in the United States (2010 through 2015). My dataset merges information from a variety of sources, such as the American Community Survey, with an administrative database that documents the Mexican state’s provision of sociolegal services in matters related to human rights, penal, migratory, labor, civil, or administrative issues. I find that the frequency of services across these issues varies in conjunction with the social, political, and economic characteristics of the administrative districts within which Mexican consulates operate. Furthermore, I argue that local contexts of reception can structure the frequency of sociolegal consultations between Mexican migrants living in the United States and the Mexican government through three pathways related to migrant incorporation experiences and vulnerabilities in receiving societies. Overall, my findings reveal how local receiving-society contexts can shape the support sending states provide to emigrants.
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Obatnina, Elena R. "The Writer in the Landscape of the Smenovekhovstvo: Remizov and Prishvin." Texts and History: Journal of Philological, Historical and Cultural Texts and History Studies 3 (2020): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2712-7591-2020-3-91-111.
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The article analyzes the ambiguous motives and reasons that in the early 1920s, both at home and in the diaspora, influenced the literary personality of the writer in such a way that it involuntarily acquired the features inherent in the Smenovekhovstvo movement. For the first two years in Germany, where he fled to escape the unbearable conditions of life in Russia, Alexey Remizov retained the right to return to Petrograd. Due to this voluntary position of a ”temporary” emigrant in the history of the literary process of the early 1920s, a number of events of his creative life was captured in the landscape of the Smenovekhovstvo. The article presents the first analysis of Remizov's essay ”The Hook. Petersburg’s Memory” (1922), which, at first glance, supports N. Ustryalov's program aimed at organizing the return of emigrants to their homeland. Individual perception of the Smenovekhovstvo ideologemes is discussed using the example of the behavior of two writers in a specific ideological situation. One is the case of Remizov as a “temporary” emigrant writer in 1921- 1923, the other is the case of Prishvin as a writer who, after the October coup, took the position of an “internal emigrant”. Based on Prishvin's diary, the article reveals the tragic story of the perception of Remizov's essay “The Hook” (1922) and the attitude of the two writers to the concept of ”patriotism”, one of the main motives of the “return home” movement. The article offers a new perspective on the history of the relationship between the two like-minded authors and restores the context of their unknown correspondence from 1922-1923, fragments of which have survived in Prishvin's diaries, and in one letter that was published as Prishvin's essay ”Sopka Mair ” (“The Hill Mair ”, 1922). The essay was addressed to Remizov and contained an ”answer ” to the essay ”The Hook”. This article is part of a study of Remizov’s works, viewed as a reflections of individual experience in the history of the first wave of Russian emigration.
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Jurić, Tado. "Medical Brain Drain From Southeastern Europe: Using Digital Demography to Forecast Health Worker Emigration." JMIRx Med 2, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): e30831. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30831.
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Background This paper shows that the tools of digital demography, such as Google Trends, can be used for determining, estimating, and predicting the migration of health care workers (HWs), in this case, from Croatia and the Western Balkans (WB) to Germany and Austria. Objective This study aims to test the usefulness of Google Trends indexes to forecast HW migration from Croatia and the WB to Germany and Austria. The paper analyzes recent trends in HW mobility in Europe and focuses specifically on mobility patterns among medical doctors and nurses using digital demography. Without increased emigration in the last 10 years, Croatia and the WB would have 50% more HWs today, and this staff is now crucial in the fight against a pandemic. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the increase in emigration. Methods A particular problem in analyzing the emigration of HCWs from Croatia and the WB is that there is no system for monitoring this process. Official data is up to 3 years late and exists only for persons deregistered from the state system. Furthermore, during the pandemic, the “normal” ways of data collection are simply too slow. The primary methodological concept of our approach is to monitor the digital trace of language searches with the Google Trends analytical tool. To standardize the data, we requested the data from January 2010 to December 2020 and divided the keyword frequency for each migration-related query. We compared this search frequency index with official statistics to prove the significance of the results and correlations, and test the model’s predictive potential. Results All tested migration-related search queries, which indicate HCWs’ emigration planning, showed a positive linear association between Google index and data from official statistics (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Serbia R2=0.3381, Bosnia and Herzegovina [B&H] R2=0.2722, Croatia R2=0.4515). Migration-related search activities such as “job application + nurses” from Croatia correlate strongly with official German data for emigrated HWs from Croatia, Serbia, and B&H. Decreases in Google searches were correlated with the decrease in the emigration of HWs. Thus, this method allows reliable forecasts for the future. Conclusions This paper highlights that the World Health Organization’s list of countries with HWs shortages should be updated to include Croatia and the countries from the WB. The issue of the European Union drawing HWs from the EU periphery (Croatia) and nearby countries (B&H, Serbia) clearly shows a clash between the EU freedom of movement and the right to health care and a need to ensure a health care workforce in all European regions. Understanding why HWs emigrate from Croatia and the WB, and the consequences of this process are crucial to enabling state agencies and governments to develop optimal intervention strategies to retain medical staff. The benefit of this method is reliable estimates that can enable a better response to a possible shortage of HWs and protect the functioning of the health system. The freedom of movement of workers in the EU must be supplemented with a common pension and health care system in the EU.
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Yungblyud, V., and D. Ilyin. "Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-2-71-7-39.
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The article is devoted to one of the key subjects of the detente period – the history of development and adoption of Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974. The significance of the human rights problem in the USSR, in particular – the right to emigrate, for the development of American-Soviet relations at the peak of detente is shown. Special attention was paid to trilateral negotiations between the Soviet leadership, Nixon and Ford administrations and the legislators headed by Senator Henry Jackson. The Amendment, adopted in December 1974, created serious obstacles for the development of trade and economic relations between the superpowers, and it had a number of negative political consequences also. The Amendment constituted the issue of human rights in the USSR as one of the important components of the U.S. foreign policy, created a negative background for the American-Soviet dialogue, which significantly complicated the outlined convergence of superpowers and contributed to the curtailment of detente.The political struggle around the Jackson-Vanik Amendment became the quintessence of detente. Each of the parties involved regarded the Amendment differently: Soviet leaders saw it as a rude interference in the internal affairs of the USSR; Kissinger saw it as an untimely and too radical in form and methods attempt to transform the Soviet system; Jackson saw it as a good way to increase his popularity by exploiting a popular in the post-Vietnam era theme that was naturally consistent with American national values and traditions. Both the Kremlin and Jackson had a fairly clear set of concessions that they could make. However, in the context of the systemic crisis of power caused by Watergate, the US administration did not have enough resources to bring them to a common denominator. The Soviet leadership soon also faced new economic and political challenges, and the problem of restoring trade relations with the United States ceased to be a priority.The Jackson-Vanik Amendment of 1974 became the watershed separating the “high détente” from its downward phase. Its real significance far exceeded its immediate meaning embedded in the arguments of its creators. It was not an accident that the Amendment was not canceled in 1987 after the USSR liberated its emigration policy. After the collapse of the USSR American leadership used it as a political leverage against Russian Federation. Boris Yeltsin appealed to Bill Clinton multiple times in 1993-1994 requesting removal of discrimination measures in trade and economic relations inherited from the soviet times. The Amendment was not cancelled it was only temporarily suspended. It was officially canceled only in 2012, but only in order to give way to a law that allows the United States, at its discre tion, to impose sanctions on individuals allegedly responsible for human rights violations in Russia (the so-called Magnitsky Act) and remains an obstacle to the development of equal Russian-American economic ties.
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Kyrchanoff, Maksym. "Iranian monarchic emigration as a critic of the political regime of the Islamic republic of Iran." Socium i vlast 1 (2022): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2022-1-37-46.
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Introduction. The author analyzes the features of the ideological confrontation and conflict between Iranian emigrant communities and the political elites of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The position of Iranian emigration is analyzed in the context of the activity of the Pahlavi dynasty representatives. The purpose of the article is to analyze the ideo- logical confrontation between the two projects of Iranian political identities in contexts of criticism of the clerical regime of Iran by representatives of the Iranian political emigration of Pahlavi dynasty. Methods. Methodologically, the article is based on the principles of analyzing intellectual communities with the elements of the universal method of his- toricism and a comparative approach, which make it possible to identify and systematize the main features of the process of ideological confrontation between the Iranian elites and their critics from the Iranian political monarchist emigration. Scientific novelty of the study. On the one hand, the article analyzes the ideological confrontation between the clerical political regime of Iran and its critics from the communities of monarchical emi- gration as a state of remote or delayed conflict. On the other hand, the author analyzes this ideological controversy as a conflict not between society and power, but between two versions of political power: if the Iranian regime controls the political discourse in the country in fact, then its monarchist oppo- nents in exile attribute to it symbolic legitimacy and continuity with the tradition of Iranian statehood. Results. The main directions and features of criticism of the regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran by Iranian political emigrants of a monarchist orientation are analyzed; features of political ideol- ogy are shown; the forecast of the development of the political activity of the Iranian emigration is presented. Conclusions. The author believes that 1) the mo- narchical Iranian emigration is one of the centers of attraction for emigrants from Iran in Western Europe and North America; 2) the ideologists and theorists of the monarchical emigration are consist- ent critics of the political regime established in Iran in 1979; 3) criticism of the clerical, anti-secular and undemocratic regime of Tehran, its accusations of violating human rights and freedoms in in the cen- tre of the political doctrine of the Iranian emigra- tion; 4) the political ideal of emigration is a secular and democratic Iran, where rights and freedoms are respected, and religious minorities have equal rights with the Shiite Iranian majority.
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Kyrchanoff, Maksym. "Iranian monarchic emigration as a critic of the political regime of the Islamic republic of Iran." Socium i vlast 1 (2022): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2022-1-37-46.
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Introduction. The author analyzes the features of the ideological confrontation and conflict between Iranian emigrant communities and the political elites of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The position of Iranian emigration is analyzed in the context of the activity of the Pahlavi dynasty representatives. The purpose of the article is to analyze the ideo- logical confrontation between the two projects of Iranian political identities in contexts of criticism of the clerical regime of Iran by representatives of the Iranian political emigration of Pahlavi dynasty. Methods. Methodologically, the article is based on the principles of analyzing intellectual communities with the elements of the universal method of his- toricism and a comparative approach, which make it possible to identify and systematize the main features of the process of ideological confrontation between the Iranian elites and their critics from the Iranian political monarchist emigration. Scientific novelty of the study. On the one hand, the article analyzes the ideological confrontation between the clerical political regime of Iran and its critics from the communities of monarchical emi- gration as a state of remote or delayed conflict. On the other hand, the author analyzes this ideological controversy as a conflict not between society and power, but between two versions of political power: if the Iranian regime controls the political discourse in the country in fact, then its monarchist oppo- nents in exile attribute to it symbolic legitimacy and continuity with the tradition of Iranian statehood. Results. The main directions and features of criticism of the regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran by Iranian political emigrants of a monarchist orientation are analyzed; features of political ideol- ogy are shown; the forecast of the development of the political activity of the Iranian emigration is presented. Conclusions. The author believes that 1) the mo- narchical Iranian emigration is one of the centers of attraction for emigrants from Iran in Western Europe and North America; 2) the ideologists and theorists of the monarchical emigration are consist- ent critics of the political regime established in Iran in 1979; 3) criticism of the clerical, anti-secular and undemocratic regime of Tehran, its accusations of violating human rights and freedoms in in the cen- tre of the political doctrine of the Iranian emigra- tion; 4) the political ideal of emigration is a secular and democratic Iran, where rights and freedoms are respected, and religious minorities have equal rights with the Shiite Iranian majority.
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Goggin, James E. "Emigrant Psychoanalysts in the USA and the FBI Archives." Psychoanalysis and History 6, no. 1 (January 2004): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2004.6.1.75.
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Interest in the fate of the German psychoanalysts who had to flee Hitler's Germany and find refuge in a new nation, such as the United States, has increased. The ‘émigré research’ shows that several themes recur: (1) the theme of ‘loss’ of one's culture, homeland, language, and family; and (2) the ambiva-lent welcome these émigrés received in their new country. We describe the political-social-cultural context that existed in the United States during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Documentary evidence found in the FBI files of three émigré psychoanalysts, Clara Happel, Martin Grotjahn, and Otto Fenichel, are then presented in combination with other source material. This provides a provisional impression of how each of these three individuals experienced their emigration. As such, it gives us elements of a history. The FBI documents suggest that the American atmosphere of political insecurity and fear-based ethnocentric nationalism may have reinforced their old fears of National Socialism, and contributed to their inclination to inhibit or seal off parts of them-selves and their personal histories in order to adapt to their new home and become Americanized. They abandoned the rich social, cultural, political tradition that was part of European psychoanalysis. Finally, we look at these elements of a history in order to ask a larger question about the appropriate balance between a liberal democratic government's right to protect itself from internal and external threats on the one hand, or crossover into the blatant invasion of civil rights and due process on the other.
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Yalovenko, Olha. "Specificity of Understanding the Problem of Gender Relations in Jhumpa Lahiri`s Writing." Fìlologìčnì traktati 12, no. 2 (2020): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2020.12(2)-15.
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The article deals with the specificity of understanding the problem of gender relations in Jhumpa Lahiri`s writing (the American writer of Bengali origin). The article`s aim is to explore the peculiarities of gender relations in the context of the transculture paradigm in Jhumpa Lahiri`s writing. Research methods: historical and typological (determining the specifics of themes, motifs, images, story features of the writer`s works), hermeneutic (interpretation of various aspects of the literary text), narratological analysis (specifics` analysis of J. Lahiri`s narrative manner). It is indicated that the study of gender issues is important in the modern literature discourse. The differences between the adaptation of men and women to the new cultural environment are clearly seen in Jhumpa Lahiri`s writing. Yes, men`s purpose is to realize their “American dream”, as most of them emigrate in search of a better life, scientific and academic goals (an example is the man from the story “Mrs. Sen`s”). Like Bengali families, men have every right to make all the important decisions in the family. The features of Indian women's adaptation to the new culture, which are seen not only in overcoming the language barrier, but are traced in everyday life and in relations with men, are analyzed. Women have completely different adaptation experiences. The problem of gender relations is traced to the identity crisis of the Indian woman in America, who balances between cultures and lives in two worlds: wants to be American and at the same time not forget her “desh” (literally “homeland” in Bengali). A stereotyped image of an Indian woman who “sacrifices” herself and remains in despair within the American apartment`s walls is portrayed in Jhumpa Lahiri`s works. Gender specificity is seen in the role of “invisible existence”: heroines are associated with maids who can cook dinner and wash socks only. Women seek refuge in the past and avoid the present. Unlike men, the assimilation process is much more difficult for women. It is mentioned that J. Lahiri shows the material dependence of women on men. The problem of gender relations that is also associated with the decline of family values, where marriage becomes a temporary matter, is no less important.
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Ngjela, Juventina, Edvaldo Begotaraj, and Natalja Qana. "POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND MIGRATION AS A TREND: THE CASE O OF ALBANIA." Journal of Balkan Studeis 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51331/a020.
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Migratory movements are part of the early history of human migration and nowadays there are still many migrations from one country to another. Albanian migration after the 1990s has attracted the attention of many different scholars and academics. According to experts, migration has become a key survival strategy but also constitutes an important feature of the Albanian economy and society. This study will investigate the reasons of migratory movements in Albania, and if the expectations of people who migrate have been met or not. Current problematics migrants might have will be analyzed, thoughts and arguments will be considered, whether they would like to stay in the destination country, or if they will try to move to another country or will return to their country of origin. Based on the data obtained, recommendations will be given to the right institutions in Albania, considering eventual measures, to avoid the permanent departure of qualified and educated individuals or to promote temporary migration, or more specifically, the circular migration. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between employment, economic situation of families, the integration in the destination country, the achievements in the destination country and their influence on the motivation to emigrate, creating a new life away from the country of origin, as well as in the decision to stay temporarily or permanently in the country of destination or to move to a new destination country. The study focused on collecting information from the answers received from an online survey with questions about people motives to migrate, addressed to individuals from Albania who have had as their experience the phenomenon of migration. 308 people participated in the study. The study showed that the main reasons for living their country were the level of employment, the economic level of the families, the integration in the country of destination, the purpose achieved in the country of destination. The study concluded that a high percentage of respondents, mostly in EU, confirmed they have adapted to living in the destination country. They are adapted to the language of the host country, to the culture of the country of destination but without neglecting the cultural elements of the country of origin.
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Na, Hye-Sim. "Korean Nursing Women who emigrated to Germany and the 68th Movement." Korea Association of World History and Culture 62 (March 31, 2022): 221–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.03.62.221.
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The process of immigration and settlement of Korean nursing women in Germany in the 1960s and 1970s was a process in response to the various social changes that were going on in German society. Their period of living in Germany mostly overlaps with the period of the 68th Movement and the social changes that resulted from it. The social changes caused by the 68th movement have an impact on some of Korean women's recognition of their identity as migrant women workers from the Third World. It was not simply a passive learning process, but an active self-discipline process. Based on the self-identity learned in this process, women play a central role in leading the struggle for the right to stay in 1977-78 to success. They revealed their identity as women from the Third World who live as transnational beings in German society. The awakening of its identity led to an organized new social movement and led to solidarity with various underprivileged people living outside the boundaries.
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Yang, Xiaohui, and Huiying Zhang. "Intellectual property rights, migrants and competitiveness." International Journal of Development Issues 16, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-05-2016-0029.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the moderating effect of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on the relationship between migrants and competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach This study explores how IPR protection in the sending country stimulates domestic competitiveness by creating the right environment for migrants who want to return to their home country. Findings The authors found that IPR protection has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between migrants and competitiveness. This impact decreases as the technology of the home country approaches frontier technology. Focusing on female migrants, the authors find that this impact exists and exhibits a U-shaped relationship over the course of economic development. Originality/value First, this is the first empirical analysis focusing on the influence of returned emigrants on competitiveness. Second, the moderating effect of IPR varies with economic development. Third, this study focuses on female migrants and finds that there is an impact, and this impact exhibits a U-shaped relationship over the course of economic development.
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Ferziger, Adam S. "“Outside the Shul”: The American Soviet Jewry Movement and the Rise of Solidarity Orthodoxy, 1964–1986." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 22, no. 1 (2012): 83–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2012.22.1.83.
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AbstractConcern for the plight of Soviet Jewry grew steadily from the early 1950s. The rise of this issue to the forefront of American Jewish consciousness, however, was driven by the broader protest movement that emerged in the mid-1960s. Its central goal was to ensure civic and religious rights for Jewish residents of the Soviet Union, with a particular emphasis on the ability to emigrate. The movement's peak impact was in the 1970s. This decade witnessed the proliferation of grassroots organizations throughout the United States, along with the adoption of a more activist orientation by large segments of the American Jewish establishment.To date, minimal attention has been paid to the place of the Soviet Jewry movement in the religious history of American Judaism. The article's investigation of American Orthodoxy's role is intended to confront this lacuna and describes the central role played by Orthodox Jews in the rise and development of the Soviet Jewry movement. Through their actions, the members of this segment of American Jewry experienced a role reversal in which they helped to redefine the nature of the Jewish relationship to the public sphere. Simultaneously, such activism sharpened the internal divide between Modern Orthodoxy and its traditionalist counterparts who opposed demonstrations, encouraged quiet diplomacy, and were loathe to work in unison with the broader Jewish community. Through their involvement in a core Jewish activity that entailed partnership with non-Orthodox Jews in efforts for their common brethren, a generation of Modern Orthodox leaders arose that made Jewish solidarity a central expression of their Orthodox religious identities.
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Huang, Haifeng. "From “the Moon Is Rounder Abroad” to “Bravo, My Country”: How China Misperceives the World." Studies in Comparative International Development 56, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-021-09322-z.
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AbstractFor a long time, since China’s opening to the outside world in the late 1970s, admiration for foreign socioeconomic prosperity and quality of life characterized much of the Chinese society, which contributed to dissatisfaction with the country’s development and government and a large-scale exodus of students and emigrants to foreign countries. More recently, however, overestimating China’s standing and popularity in the world has become a more conspicuous feature of Chinese public opinion and the social backdrop of the country’s overreach in global affairs in the last few years. This essay discusses the effects of these misperceptions about the world, their potential sources, and the outcomes of correcting misperceptions. It concludes that while the world should get China right and not misinterpret China’s intentions and actions, China should also get the world right and have a more balanced understanding of its relationship with the world.
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Ippolitov, Sergei Sergeevich. "Russian Emigration of the First Wave in Germany: Humanitarian and Legal aspects of Adaptation, 1917-1920s." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 1 (January 2020): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31909.
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The article discusses the activities of Russian humanitarian, professional and public organizations in determining the legal status of Russian migrants in Europe and providing legal assistance to refugees and Russian legal entities in exile in 1917 - 1920s, as well as the trade unions of Russian lawyers in exile and their activities of legal assistance to their compatriots. The author examines the foreign policy of different states concerning the legal discrimination of Russian refugees and the geopolitical context in which the legal integration of Russian emigration took place in the societies of host countries. The study views the Russian humanitarian and legal activity as a factor in preserving the civic identity of these emigrants. The methodological basis on which this research is based is the principles of historicism and systematicity, which imply the application of the chronological method in the research process, as well as the methods of retrospection, periodization and actualization. The article explores for the first time in historiography the little-studied page in the history of Russian emigration: the creation in Germany in the 1920s of an effective system of humanitarian and legal assistance to Russian refugees aimed at clarifying their legal status and restoring the legal existence of Russian commercial enterprises in exile. For the first time in historiography, the author examines the ability of the emigrant community to self-organize in order to assert its rights in a foreign language and foreign culture society.The factors that significantly complicated the Russian emigrants' humanitarian and legal status, thereby also hindering their integration into European society, included: the long irresolution of their legal status; the significant number of legal obstacles; the ineffectiveness of officials with respect to the refugees' actual lack of rights; the legal conflict in international law that arose with the emergence of the Russian emigration phenomenon; and the unprecedented humanitarian and legal crisis of the post First World War period in Europe. Under these conditions, the Russian emigrant community nonetheless managed to develop effective mechanisms to help its compatriots in the legal sphere.
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Foroohar, Manzar. "Palestinians in Central America: From Temporary Emigrants to a Permanent Diaspora." Journal of Palestine Studies 40, no. 3 (2011): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2011.xl.3.6.
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This survey of the understudied topic of the Palestinian diaspora in Central America, based on existing documentation and interviews, focuses mainly on Honduras and El Salvador, the areas of greatest Palestinian concentration. Two waves of immigration are studied: the first and largest, in the early decades of the 20th century, was mainly Christian from the Bethlehem area in search of economic opportunities and intending to return; the second, especially after 1967, came as a permanent diaspora. The article describes the arrival from Palestine, the factors behind their considerable success, the backlash of discrimination, and finally assimilation. Palestinian involvement in Central American politics ( Right and the Left) is also addressed. The article ends with a discussion of identity issues and renewal of ties with Palestine.
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challis, Harry. "‘Innovate or emigrate’." Production Engineer 64, no. 4 (1985): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/tpe.1985.0096.
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Phat, Huynh Pham Dung, and Kim Hai Van. "Comparing the level, income and the contribution to houseold economy between non-emigrate laborers and emigrate laborers in the eastern ecomic zone of Tien Giang province." Tạp chí Khoa học 15, no. 5 (September 20, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.15.5.124(2018).
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In term of the level and income non - emigrate labor is lower than emigrate labor but the contributions to household economy is opposite. This article compares the current state of emigration, compare the level, incomes and the contributions to household economy between non-emigrate laborers and emigrate laborers in the Eastern economic zone of Tien Giang province in 2015, and thereby proposes some measures to improve the quality of labor in the area.
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JOPPKE, CHRISTIAN. "Citizenship between De- and Re-Ethnicization." European Journal of Sociology 44, no. 3 (December 2003): 429–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975603001346.
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This article discusses some contemporary transformations of citizenship across Western states, with a special emphasis on Europe. It is argued that citizenship is subject to countervailing “de-” and “re-ethnicization” pressures, the first pushing toward incorporating immigrants, the second toward retaining ties with emigrants abroad. While grounded in the dual nature of the modern state as a territorial and ethnic unit, and reinforced by contemporary globalizing and transnationalizing processes, de- and re-ethnicization are identifiable projects of the political left and right, respectively. Which trend prevails is then a simple function of who has the political majority.
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Sprengel, Peter. "Nicht für den Kladderadatsch geeignet: ein ‚kleindeutsches‘ Ghasel Georg Herweghs von 1859." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0002.
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AbstractAustria’s defeat in the Sardinian War of 1859 triggered renewed debates about the right path to German unification as well as a satirical campaign in Berlin’s Kladderadatsch in which the emigrant Herwegh also tried to participate. However, a ghazel written by him for this campaign proved to be too complex even for the taste of the editorial staff. The poem’s coded statement in opposition to the Austrian government and in support of Duke Ernst II of Coburg-Gotha, or rather, for the Deutsche Nationalverein is made comprehensible here for the first time on the basis of historical documents.
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Miller, Karen, Charmaine Haskell, and Andrew Thatcher. "The Relationship between Intention to Emigrate and Organisational Commitment." South African Journal of Psychology 32, no. 3 (December 2002): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630203200303.
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South Africa is currently experiencing one of the highest periods of emigration in its history. However, this phenomenon has received little research attention. This study examined the issue of emigration from an organisational psychology perspective by exploring the relationship between intention to emigrate and organisational commitment. To achieve this an Intention to Emigrate scale was developed in order to assess individuals' behavioural intentions with regard to leaving the country. Thereafter, the relationship between intention to emigrate and organisational commitment was examined. The sample consisted of 105 employees from a single organisation. The Intention to Emigrate was found to be reliable and some evidence for the validity of the scale was also established. A significant relationship between intention to emigrate and organisational commitment, measured by the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire, was established. In addition, the results indicated that people are more likely to emigrate if they have a university qualification and/or friends that have settled abroad.