Journal articles on the topic 'The relative independence of space'
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Marcon, Eric, Florence Puech, and Stéphane Traissac. "Characterizing the Relative Spatial Structure of Point Patterns." International Journal of Ecology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/619281.
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We generalize Ripley’sKfunction to get a new function,M, to characterize the spatial structure of a point pattern relatively to another one. We show that this new approach is pertinent in ecology when space is not homogenous and the size of objects matters. We present how to use the function and test the data against the null hypothesis of independence between points. In a tropical tree data set we detect intraspecific aggregation and interspecific competition.
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Rappaport, Alexander. "Why architectural theory is not developing." проект байкал 19, no. 72 (July 31, 2022): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.72.1998.
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This article is devoted to the problem of architecture’s relative independence from its theory. From the 18th to the 20th century, architects followed scientists in inventing theories using numbers, formulas and figures. They tried to comprehend architecture with the help of space and time categories, applying biological and linguistic theories to architecture. The author states that the phenomenon of architectural theory can only be explained from the postulate of its independence as a form of human culture.
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Robertson, A. Guyan. "Multiplicativity of the uniform norm and independent functions." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 42, no. 1 (August 1990): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700028264.
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It has long been known that there is a close connection between stochastic independence of continuous functions on an interval and space-filling curves [9]. In fact any two nonconstant continuous functions on [0, 1] which are independent relative to Lebesgue measure are the coordinate functions of a space filling curve. (The results of Steinhaus [9] have apparently been overlooked in more recent work in this area [3, 5, 6].)
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Bates, Robert H., John H. Coatsworth, and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "Lost Decades: Postindependence Performance in Latin America and Africa." Journal of Economic History 67, no. 4 (December 2007): 917–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000447.
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Africa and Latin America secured independence from European colonial rule a century and half apart: most of Latin America by the 1820s and most of Africa by 1960. Despite the distance in time and space, they share important similarities. In each case independence was followed by political instability, violent conflict, and economic stagnation lasting for about a half-century. The parallels suggest that Africa might be exiting from a period of postimperial collapse and entering one of relative political stability and economic growth, as did Latin America almost two centuries ago.
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Kohlberg, Elon, and Philip J. Reny. "Independence on Relative Probability Spaces and Consistent Assessments in Game Trees." Journal of Economic Theory 75, no. 2 (August 1997): 280–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeth.1997.2295.
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Shao, Hong Xiang, and Xiao Ming Duan. "Video Vehicle Detection Method Based on Multiple Color Space Information Fusion." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.721.
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A detection method which selective fuses the nine detection results of RGB, YCbCr and HSI color space according to the image color space relative independence of each component and complementarities is approached in order to improve vehicle video detection accuracy. The method fuses three different detection results in nine components by the value of H when the value of both S and I are higher and does another three detection results when the value of both S and I are smaller. Experiments show that the method compared to the traditional method using only the detection results of the brightness component improved substantial, reduced empty of the detected vehicle a large extent and increased traffic information data accuracy depending on the detection result.
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Chen, Zhitang, Kun Zhang, Laiwan Chan, and Bernhard Schölkopf. "Causal Discovery via Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space Embeddings." Neural Computation 26, no. 7 (July 2014): 1484–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00599.
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Causal discovery via the asymmetry between the cause and the effect has proved to be a promising way to infer the causal direction from observations. The basic idea is to assume that the mechanism generating the cause distribution p(x) and that generating the conditional distribution p(y|x) correspond to two independent natural processes and thus p(x) and p(y|x) fulfill some sort of independence condition. However, in many situations, the independence condition does not hold for the anticausal direction; if we consider p(x, y) as generated via p(y)p(x|y), then there are usually some contrived mutual adjustments between p(y) and p(x|y). This kind of asymmetry can be exploited to identify the causal direction. Based on this postulate, in this letter, we define an uncorrelatedness criterion between p(x) and p(y|x) and, based on this uncorrelatedness, show asymmetry between the cause and the effect in terms that a certain complexity metric on p(x) and p(y|x) is less than the complexity metric on p(y) and p(x|y). We propose a Hilbert space embedding-based method EMD (an abbreviation for EMbeDding) to calculate the complexity metric and show that this method preserves the relative magnitude of the complexity metric. Based on the complexity metric, we propose an efficient kernel-based algorithm for causal discovery. The contribution of this letter is threefold. It allows a general transformation from the cause to the effect involving the noise effect and is applicable to both one-dimensional and high-dimensional data. Furthermore it can be used to infer the causal ordering for multiple variables. Extensive experiments on simulated and real-world data are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Oknyansky, V. L., V. I. Shenavrin, N. V. Metlova, and C. M. Gaskell. "The Relative Wavelength Independence of IR Time Lags in NGC 4151 during the Years 2010–2015." Astronomy Letters 45, no. 4 (April 2019): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063773719040066.
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Ignatavičius, Česlovas. "INVESTIGATION OF DAMPNESS DAMAGE IN THE HOUSE OF THE LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE SIGNATORIES/LIETUVOS NEPRIKLAUSOMYBĖS SIGNATARŲ NAMŲ GEDIMŲ, SUSIJUSIŲ SU DRĖGME, NATŪRINIAI TYRIMAI." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2001): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531731.
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After the reconstruction of the House of the Lithuanian Independence Signatories the microclimate of its basement is damp, mycelium microorganisms, salt efflorescence occur on the enclosure wall surfaces, efflorescence and bubbles form on the facing of the walls and ceiling and an unpleasant smell appears in the building. Full-scale tests performed show that the protection of the basement exterior walls from damp is insufficient. On one spot of the outside ground the drained storm water penetrated through the basement exterior walls and streamed into the building after three hours from the beginning of the storm-water drainage. No water streams inside the building were observed at an other two storm-water drainage spots but the plaster humidity in the basement exterior walls inside the building was increased after the storm- water drainage on the outside ground. This dampness favoured the efflorescence of various salts on the facing of the basement walls and other building structures. Testing the basement air humidity showed that the relative air humidity in the middle of the basement space was 75.4–85.2%. It exceeds the maximum normative relative air humidity of 60%. The relative air humidity near the surfaces of the walls and floor was 95.3–100%. It exceeds the maximum normative relative air humidity of 80%. Such a high relative air humidity favoured the development of various mycelium microorganisms. Temperature analyses of the basement space showed that its air temperature differed from that of the wall and floor surfaces by up to 5.2°C and by up to 5.3°C, respectively. These temperature differencies exceed the maximum normative temperature difference of up to 2°C and up to 3°C for wall and floor surfaces, respectively. Such significant temperature differencies cause a great thermal discomfort. On the basis of the investigation results presented, it can be stated that the basement in the House of the Lithuanian Independence Signatories is unsuitable for a public building.
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Wang, Wei. "Design of Public Building Space in Smart City Based on Big Data." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (August 25, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4733901.
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In order to improve the geometric form space composition and color planning analysis ability of smart city public buildings, a big data based smart city public building space design method is proposed. The method of combining computer vision detection and remote sensing detection is adopted to realize the detection of big data characteristics of spatial combination at the aesthetic level of building structure, and the difference distribution model of spatial composition parameters of building geometry is constructed. Extract the feature quantity of urban architectural integration form elements, and build the big data GIS information base of spatial combination at the aesthetic level of architectural structure according to the analysis results of intelligent parameters, so as to realize the spatial design of the intelligent urban public buildings. The test shows that the application of this method improves the geometric form space composition and color planning ability of smart city public buildings and can realize high-precision spatial combination big data extraction of architectural structure aesthetics in a large area. At the same time, this method can ensure the relative independence of space and meet the requirements of use and management.
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Reegen, P., M. Gruberbauer, L. Schneider, and W. W. Weiss. "CINDERELLA: Comparison of INDEpendent RELative least-squares amplitudes." Astronomy & Astrophysics 484, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078855.
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Kostyra, Karolina. "Szafa marzeń. Dziecięce kryjówki w E.T. Stevena Spielberga." Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 27, no. 36 (December 15, 2020): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2020.36.03.
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The filmmakers made efforts to present reality from a child’s viewpoint. Among the strategies applied for this purpose, we find a detailed approach to grasping the atmosphere of children’s bedrooms. The wardrobe, intimate lighting, cozy nooks and child’s props allow the creation of a space of autonomy and the uncanny effect, which slips away from adults’ perception. The author uses works on the anthropology of place, the psychoanalysis of dreams, film studies analyses of E.T. and also the history of cinematic representation of children’s worlds in order to describe the specificity of domestic space in Spielberg’s movie. At the same time, the author proposes that E.T. can be interpreted as a movie about the relative independence of children’s worlds in relation to the overpowering and stiflingAmerican suburbs. If we follow the proposed interpretation, then the popular judgment of E.T. as a conservative and family narration from Reagan’s days would seem to be too one-sided.
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Hay, Brian. "The independence referendum in Scotland: a tourism perspective on different political options." Journal of Tourism Futures 2, no. 2 (September 12, 2016): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-05-2015-0030.
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Purpose During the 2014 independence referendum in Scotland, there was much debate about the future broader political direction of the country but little discussion about its impact on Scottish tourism. The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss the impact of the different future political options from a tourism perspective. Design/methodology/approach From the literature, four main political drivers were identified, and using Scotland as a reference, they were used in discussions with six experts to explore how tourism could develop under different political options. The outcomes from these discussions were combined by the researcher to develop in conjunction with the experts an agreed discussion note. This discussion note formed the basis for the exploration of the impact on tourism under four different future political options. Findings Of the four political options (devolution limited, devolution plus, devolution max/fiscal autonomy/federation and full independence), it is clear that all options had different positive and negative impacts for tourism. The devolution max option, however, was perceived as most damaging to tourism, because tourism would not be considered a priority, relative to other policy issues. The study concludes with six key lessons that destination management organisations (DMOs) should contemplate when considering the impacts of different political futures. Research limitations/implications Being focussed on one country with a strong political party whose raison d'être is independence makes it difficult to extrapolate the results. Nevertheless, given the strong commonality of agreement of the impacts within the experts consulted, this study suggests that DMOs can and should engage in political debates about the future of tourism in their destination. Originality/value The 2014 independence referendum in Scotland failed to achieve its primary aim of independence for Scotland, but it did provide space for other political options to be explored. This paper provides a perspective on how tourism could develop under different political options, and so help raise its profile in any future debates, both in Scotland and other destinations.
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Jia, Xiaoxu, Ming'an Shao, and Xiaorong Wei. "State-space prediction of soil respiration time series in temperate, semi-arid grassland in northern China." Soil Research 50, no. 4 (2012): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12068.
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The prediction of soil respiration (Rs) has traditionally been studied using classical statistical methods. These methods do not consider temporal/spatial coordinates and assume independence between samples. The aim was to determine the primary factors influencing Rs and to develop a state-space model able to predict soil respiration. This study was conducted during one growing season, from July to October 2010, in temperate, semi-arid grassland. Data were collected for Rs, air temperature, soil surface temperature, soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm, soil moisture, air pressure, and relative humidity. Additionally, a novel autoregressive state-space method was used to simulate and predict Rs based on primary factors, and the quality of prediction was compared with the quality of prediction using classical statistics. Soil surface temperature and soil moisture were identified as primary factors affecting Rs. The state-space model that included soil surface temperature was a simple but effective model, accounting for 95% of the variation in Rs. The classical statistical models, however, represented only 39–69% of the variation in Rs. Furthermore, the quality of prediction of the state-space models was consistently much better than the quality from the classical statistical methods. State-space analysis is an effective tool for studying the temporal relationships between soil respiration and influencing factors. Additionally, the state-space method is recommended for predicting soil respiration using soil surface temperature in semi-arid grassland in northern China.
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Polishchuk, Andrii. "ECONOMIC SPACE IN MODERN SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE." Proceedings of Scientific Works of Cherkasy State Technological University Series Economic Sciences, no. 62 (September 27, 2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24025/2306-4420.62.2021.241826.
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The article is devoted to the study of the definition of economic space in modern scientific discourse. The urgency of the article is substantiated by the necessity to improve the methodology and practice of regional governance due to the global markets’ trends. Also the actuality of the work is determined by the specific of Ukraine regional management and necessity to modernize its methodological bases due to needs for the development of the economic space of Ukraine in terms of global competition. The aim of the study is to generalize, critically analyze and develop theoretical bases for defining the concept of "economic space". The study has used dialectical, monographic and analytical methods, and also the method of comparative analysis, system and process approaches. The comparative and critical analysis of existing theories of productive forces development has been made. Various definitions of economic space have been systematized and analyzed. It is substantiated that the system approach is the most suitable for use in the process of defining the concept of economic space. Economic space is a territory in which economic agents operate and interact within the available resource, institutional, social, infrastructural and other constraints. The concept of economic space reflects the functioning of the system, in which the object of management for a certain period keeps the structure and properties unchanged. The region is defined as a stable set of elements interconnected by socio-economic conditions, common interests, strategic goals and a single value system. The development of this system is provided by available resource potential, cross-sectoral and interregional cooperation, and active participation of public institutions in regional socio-economic processes. The relative independence of the region as a system is determined by its socio-economic unity with the national economy (quasi-state). At the same time region is a system with competitive advantages and the ability to self-development (quasi-corporation). It isn’t only a territorial unit; also it is a social basic unit of economic space due to the fact that the population, differentiated by demographic and socio-economic characteristics, is the central element of the territorial system and a single territorial community.
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Elosmani, Aissa Omar, Djillali Bouagada, and Mohammed Chadli. "Graph-theoretic approach for structural controllability of two-dimensional linear systems." IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 36, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 763–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamci/dny003.
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Abstract The aim of this work is to present some criteria of structural-controllability relative to a certain structural two-dimensional linear systems. The most important property of two-dimensional systems is that the information is spread in two independent directions. To study their structural-controllability, we considered a new structural digraph associated with the different structural two-dimensional linear systems. The construction of this structural digraph is based on the disjoint-union graph notion, which translates the independence of the two dynamics, and consider separately the horizontal and vertical part of the state space model representation of two-dimensional systems. We define the two-dimensional disjoint-union digraph of structural Givone–Roesser model, and determine the two-dimensional disjoint-union digraph of structural Fornasini–Marchesini model, finally we derive a criteria based on the two-dimensional disjoint-union digraph.
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Ball, Kenneth, Nima Bigdely-Shamlo, Tim Mullen, and Kay Robbins. "PWC-ICA: A Method for Stationary Ordered Blind Source Separation with Application to EEG." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9754813.
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Independent component analysis (ICA) is a class of algorithms widely applied to separate sources in EEG data. Most ICA approaches use optimization criteria derived from temporal statistical independence and are invariant with respect to the actual ordering of individual observations. We propose a method of mapping real signals into a complex vector space that takes into account the temporal order of signals and enforces certain mixing stationarity constraints. The resulting procedure, which we callPairwise Complex Independent Component Analysis(PWC-ICA), performs the ICA in a complex setting and then reinterprets the results in the original observation space. We examine the performance of our candidate approach relative to several existing ICA algorithms for the blind source separation (BSS) problem on both real and simulated EEG data. On simulated data, PWC-ICA is often capable of achieving a better solution to the BSS problem than AMICA, Extended Infomax, or FastICA. On real data, the dipole interpretations of the BSS solutions discovered by PWC-ICA are physically plausible, are competitive with existing ICA approaches, and may represent sources undiscovered by other ICA methods. In conjunction with this paper, the authors have released a MATLAB toolbox that performs PWC-ICA on real, vector-valued signals.
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Freeman, Claire, Aviva Stein, Kathryn Hand, and Yolanda van Heezik. "City Children’s Nature Knowledge and Contact: It Is Not Just About Biodiversity Provision." Environment and Behavior 50, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 1145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517732108.
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Much attention has been directed at the perceived decline in city children’s contact with nature. We used a child-centric approach to assess neighborhood nature knowledge in 187 children aged 9 to 11 years, from different socioeconomic and ethnic groups in three New Zealand cities. We evaluated the relative importance of social (independence, gender, social connections, deprivation, age) and environmental factors (biodiversity) in explaining variation in knowledge at a scale relevant to each child’s independent movements. Our biodiversity evaluation reflected the natural dimensions of the habitats where children interacted with nature. Generalized linear modeling identified ethnicity as having the strongest association with nature knowledge. Within each ethnic group, social factors were most important (independence, social connections, deprivation) except for Pākehā/NZ European children, where local biodiversity was most important. Enhancing biodiversity values of private green spaces (yards) would be effective in facilitating opportunities to experience nature, which is fundamental to supporting nature contact.
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Pizzamiglio, L., C. Bergego, P. Halligan, V. Homberg, I. Robertson, E. Weber, B. Wilson, P. Zoccolotti, and G. Deloche. "Factors Affecting the Clinical Measurement of Visuo-Spatial Neglect." Behavioural Neurology 5, no. 4 (1992): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/279869.
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The present study examined a battery of tests to evaluate unilateral spatial neglect; the tests included different tasks involving several modalities of spatial exploration mapping perceptual, motor, attentional and personal or extrapersonal space dimensions. The subjects, 121 right-brain-damaged patients with unilateral neglect, were studied in seven laboratories in four European countries. Relationships among the various tests were examined by correlations, a cluster analysis and by an analysis of individual cases. Different sensitivity was found among various tests for detecting neglect performances. Both the cluster analysis and the single case analysis clearly showed a segregation between personal and extrapersonal neglect. Analysis of the large cluster, including a variety of tests of extra personal neglect, together with the study of single cases, suggests the possibility of differentiating the various manifestations of spatial neglect which can be interpreted on the basis of the descriptions of other individual cases previously reported in the literature. Finally, the present study indicated the relative stability of neglect following the acute phase and its independence from age.
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Kosewska, Bernadetta. "A person with ASD and their family in the process of becoming independent. Assisted housing." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 613, no. 8 (October 31, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0741.
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The article addresses the issue of a person with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their family in the process of becoming independent. The road to adulthood is a challenge for a person with ASD, but it is also a challenge for their loved ones. Independence is possible through the creation of assisted housing. The family of the person with ASD should contribute to the success of their implementation into assisted housing. The relatives create readiness in themselves and in their adult children to undertake such activities. Their knowledge, care and commitment are the basis for optimal cooperation. On the other hand, families coming out of social isolation, thanks to gaining space and time for themselves, have a chance for social integration, a break from the current, constant care for a person with ASD. In cooperation with self-reliance trainers, psychologists, and other specialists, a person with ASD has a chance to adapt to a new situation, and their relatives gain time for themselves in a formal or less formal way. The project “Azymut – Samodzielność” [en. “Azymut – Independence”] (2018–2022) perfectly shows, step by step, how to create assisted housing in theory and practice, here targeted at people with ASD and their families.
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Vasudevan, Anupama, James W. Choi, Georges A. Feghali, Stuart R. Lander, Li Jialiang, Jeffrey M. Schussler, Robert C. Stoler, Ravi C. Vallabhan, Carlos E. Velasco, and Peter A. McCullough. "Event dependence in the analysis of cardiovascular readmissions postpercutaneous coronary intervention." Journal of Investigative Medicine 67, no. 6 (January 18, 2019): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2018-000873.
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Recurrent hospitalizations are common in longitudinal studies; however, many forms of cumulative event analyses assume recurrent events are independent. We explore the presence of event dependence when readmissions are spaced apart by at least 30 and 60 days. We set up a comparative framework with the assumption that patients with emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) will be at higher risk for recurrent cardiovascular readmissions than those with elective procedures. A retrospective study of patients who underwent PCI (January 2008–December 2012) with their follow-up information obtained from a regional database for hospitalization was conducted. Conditional gap time (CG), frailty gamma (FG) and conditional frailty models (CFM) were constructed to evaluate the dependence of events. Relative bias (%RB) in point estimates using CFM as the reference was calculated for comparison of the models. Among 4380 patients, emergent cases were at higher risk as compared with elective cases for recurrent events in different statistical models and time-spaced data sets, but the magnitude of HRs varied across the models (adjusted HR [95% CI]: all readmissions [unstructured data]—CG 1.16 [1.09 to 1.22], FG 1.45 [1.33 to 1.57], CFM 1.24 [1.16 to 1.32]; 30-day spaced—CG1.14 [1.08 to 1.21], FG 1.28 [1.17 to 1.39], CFM 1.17 [1.10 to 1.26]; and 60-day spaced—CG 1.14 [1.07 to 1.22], FG 1.23 [1.13 to 1.34] CFM 1.18 [1.09 to 1.26]). For all of the time-spaced readmissions, we found that the values of %RB were closer to the conditional models, suggesting that event dependence dominated the data despite attempts to create independence by increasing the space in time between admissions. Our analysis showed that independent of the intercurrent event duration, prior events have an influence on future events. Hence, event dependence should be accounted for when analyzing recurrent events and challenges contemporary methods for such analysis.
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Sahlin, Eskil, and Bertil Magnusson. "Expression for uncertainty intervals handling skewness when the relative standard uncertainty is independent of the measurand level." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 27, no. 4 (July 16, 2022): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-022-01506-x.
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AbstractUncertainty intervals for many measurement results are typically reported as symmetric intervals around the measured value. However, at large standard uncertainties (> approx. 15 %–20 %), it is necessary to consider asymmetry of the uncertainty intervals. Here, an expression for calculating uncertainty intervals handling asymmetry when the relative standard uncertainty is independent of the measurand level is presented. The expression is based on implementation of a power transformation ($${x}^{B}$$ x B ) for transformation of measurement results in order to achieve results that have a symmetric and approximate normal distribution. Uncertainty intervals are then calculated in the transformed space and back-transformed to the original space. The transformation includes a parameter, B, that needs to be optimized, and this can be based on real results, modelling of results, or on judgement. Two important reference points are B equal to 1 that corresponds to an approximate normal distribution of the original measurement results, and B approaching 0 that corresponds to an approximate log-normal distribution of the original measurement results. Comparisons are made with uncertainty intervals calculated using other expressions where it is assumed that measurement results have a normal distribution or a log-normal distribution. Implementation of the approach is demonstrated with several examples from chemical analysis.
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Novikov, Andrey V., Vladimir Sh Urazgaliev, and Mikhail V. Titkov. "Prospects for the Formation of a Global Natural Gas Market: Price Analysis of European, Asian, American Gas Markets." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 07044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219207044.
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Research background: Natural gas markets are facing an ongoing process of diffusion of natural gas liquefaction (LNG) technology. High mobility and relative ease of LNG use predetermine a huge potential for globalization of gas markets and the formation of a single price space similar to the oil world market. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is determining the degree of gas markets convergence and offering an assessment of the prospects for gas globalization. Methods: The authors conducted a comparative analysis of statistics on historical prices in the gas markets, reviewed the scientific and practice-oriented literature on this topic. The authors developed a brief forecast model based on statistical methods to develop their own assessment of the prospects for the development of a single global gas market. Findings & Value added: The paper contains the most relevant comparative assessments of the three key gas markets (Europe, Asia, USA) and descripts an authors’ assessment of the potential for the emergence of a global gas market. On the one hand, the authors revealed a fairly high correlation between LNG prices worldwide, on the other hand, LNG supplies are not the only form of gas supplies. In addition, regional pricing features lead to the relative independence of the three markets among themselves. Moreover, the current global crisis may slow down the development of global gas market due to restrictions on the profitability of potentially new LNG projects.
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Kubiatko, Milan. "HOW TO ELIMINATE THE GAP BETWEEN THE WORLD OF ACADEMICIANS AND TEACHERS?" Problems of Education in the 21st Century 67, no. 1 (October 25, 2015): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/15.67.05.
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I would like to thank the editor for the space to share my ideas about the selected problems of education. One of them is relative independence of college world and the world of elementary and high schools. There are in brief form described relative problems and suggested the possibilities how to solve them. What is the importance of research studies focused on the education for teachers or for future teachers? It is a very actual question, because the activity of researchers on education should also aim on the teachers and future teachers. But in many countries the world of academicians (in this case we are focused on the academicians working in the faculties of education) is detached from the world of teaching and problems of teachers. So, there is another question. Why the cooperation between academicians and teachers in some countries is functional and in some countries these two worlds are living separately? The mistake could be found in the activity of academicians. Their activity should also be focused on the improving of learning and teaching. The academicians have got many activities. They are teaching, predominantly future teachers, they are writing manuscripts (as we all are hoping), they are attending conferences, where they are changing kinds of information with their colleagues from other faculties. They are writing proposals of grants. They are working administrative and other kinds of jobs for department and other activities.
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CRONIN, THOMAS W., JAYGOPAL N. NAIR, ROBERT D. DOYLE, and ROY L. CALDWELL. "Ocular Tracking of Rapidly Moving Visual Targets by Stomatopod Crustaceans." Journal of Experimental Biology 138, no. 1 (September 1, 1988): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.138.1.155.
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1. Ocular tracking in two species of stomatopod crustaceans, Squilla empusa (Say) and Gonodactylus oerstedii (Hansen), was studied by presenting animals with small targets moving to their right and left. 2. Squilla empusa showed no indication of ocular movement responses synchronized with the target's motion, whereas Gonodactylus oerstedii often tracked the target through large angular amplitudes. 3. The region of visual fixation in G. oerstedii is probably the ommatidial patches in line with the eyecup axis. This is suggested by the arrangement of ommatidial axes on the eye's circumference, and by the alignment of the eyes and the rotational motions they make as they observe an approaching target. 4. Tracking is irregular, probably because the animal pays attention to the target only intermittently. Targets are most stimulatory as they move nearly in front of an animal. Eye tracking responses become larger, more frequent and more accurate with increasingly anterior target positions. 5. During visual tracking, the eyes perform both smooth and saccadic tracking movements. Eye movements in the size range 7.5°–15° are made to near the position of the target at movement onset, but are less accurate relative to the target's position at the end of the movement. 6. During visual tracking, the two eyes apparently act with complete independence. Movements of one eye are uncorrelated with movements of the other, both for extreme and central locations of the moving target. 7. The existence of ocular independence during smooth pursuit and saccadic tracking in G. oerstedii may be possible because of the redundancy of visual fields existing in each eye, which could permit monocular measurements of distance to a viewed object. If so, each eye is capable of providing a complete description of the location of a target in space.
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Marcos, Encarni, Satoshi Tsujimoto, and Aldo Genovesio. "Independent coding of absolute duration and distance magnitudes in the prefrontal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00245.2016.
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The estimation of space and time can interfere with each other, and neuroimaging studies have shown overlapping activation in the parietal and prefrontal cortical areas. We used duration and distance discrimination tasks to determine whether space and time share resources in prefrontal cortex (PF) neurons. Monkeys were required to report which of two stimuli, a red circle or blue square, presented sequentially, were longer and farther, respectively, in the duration and distance tasks. In a previous study, we showed that relative duration and distance are coded by different populations of neurons and that the only common representation is related to goal coding. Here, we examined the coding of absolute duration and distance. Our results support a model of independent coding of absolute duration and distance metrics by demonstrating that not only relative magnitude but also absolute magnitude are independently coded in the PF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Human behavioral studies have shown that spatial and duration judgments can interfere with each other. We investigated the neural representation of such magnitudes in the prefrontal cortex. We found that the two magnitudes are independently coded by prefrontal neurons. We suggest that the interference among magnitude judgments might depend on the goal rather than the perceptual resource sharing.
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Wagner, Jenny. "Generalised model-independent characterisation of strong gravitational lenses." Astronomy & Astrophysics 620 (December 2018): A86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834218.
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Based on the standard gravitational lensing formalism with its effective, projected lensing potential in a given background cosmology, we investigated under which transformations of the source position and of the deflection angle the observable properties of the multiple images remain invariant. These observable properties are time delay differences, the relative image positions, relative shapes, and magnification ratios. As they only constrain local lens properties, we derive general, local invariance transformations in the areas covered by the multiple images. We show that the known global invariance transformations, for example, the mass-sheet transformation or the source position transformation, are contained in our invariance transformations, when they are restricted to the areas covered by the multiple images and when lens-model-based degeneracies are ignored, like the freedom to add or subtract masses in unconstrained regions without multiple images. Hence, we have identified the general class of invariance transformations that can occur, in particular in our model-independent local characterisation of strong gravitational lenses.
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Benson, Andrew J. "The origin of the orbital parameter distribution of merging haloes." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 505, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 2159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1413.
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ABSTRACT We describe a simple model that explains the qualitative and (approximate) quantitative features of the distribution of orbital velocities of merging pairs of dark matter haloes. Our model considers a primary dark matter halo as a perturber in a background of secondary haloes with velocities described by linear theory. By evaluating the ensemble of secondary haloes on orbits within the perturbing halo’s ‘loss cone’ we derive the distribution of orbital parameters of these captured haloes. This model is able provide qualitative explanations for the features of this distribution as measured from N-body simulations, and is in approximate quantitative agreement with those measurements. As the velocity dispersion of the background haloes is larger on smaller scales our model predicts an overall increase in the characteristic velocities of merging haloes, relative to the virial velocities of those haloes, in lower mass systems. Our model also provides a simple explanation for the measured independence of the orbital velocity distribution function on redshift when considered at fixed peak height. By connecting the orbital parameter distribution to the underlying power spectrum our model also allows for estimates to be made of the effect of modifying that power spectrum, for example by including a truncation at large wavenumber. For plausible warm dark matter models, we find that this truncation has only a small effect on the predicted distributions.
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Lange, Johannes U., Alexie Leauthaud, Sukhdeep Singh, Hong Guo, Rongpu Zhou, Tristan L. Smith, and Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine. "On the halo-mass and radial scale dependence of the lensing is low effect." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 502, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 2074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab189.
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ABSTRACT The canonical Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model makes precise predictions for the clustering and lensing properties of galaxies. It has been shown that the lensing amplitude of galaxies in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) is lower than expected given their clustering properties. We present new measurements and modelling of galaxies in the BOSS LOWZ sample. We focus on the radial and stellar mass dependence of the lensing amplitude mismatch. We find an amplitude mismatch of around $35{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ when assuming ΛCDM with Planck Cosmological Microwave Background (CMB) constraints. This offset is independent of halo mass and radial scale in the range Mhalo ∼ 1013.3−1013.9h−1 M⊙ and $r=0.1\!-\!60 \, h^{-1} \mathrm{Mpc}$ ($k \approx 0.05\!-\!20 \, h \, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$). The observation that the offset is both mass and scale independent places important constraints on the degree to which astrophysical processes (baryonic effects, assembly bias) can fully explain the effect. This scale independence also suggests that the ‘lensing is low’ effect on small and large radial scales probably have the same physical origin. Resolutions based on new physics require a nearly uniform suppression, relative to ΛCDM predictions, of the amplitude of matter fluctuations on these scales. The possible causes of this are tightly constrained by measurements of the CMB and of the low-redshift expansion history.
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Ducret, Jean-Eric. "Addressing the two-step scenario of high-energy ion collisions with 136Xe + p and 136Xe +12 C at 1 A.GeV in inverse kinematics, at the SPALADiN setup of GSI." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1643, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1643/1/012083.
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Abstract We have measured at GSI-Darmstadt (Germany) the reactions 136 Xe + p and 136 Xe +12 C, using the inverse-kinematics technique at 1 A.GeV and the large acceptance SPALADiN setup. The combination of both provides a very good coverage of the phase-space of the excited system decay channels, allowing the study of the relative importance of those decay channels, as well as a very efficient filter to reject from the detection the particles and nuclear fragments of high energy in the projectile centre-of-mass frame, essentially produced in the first-instant nucleon-nucleon collisions, prior to the decay of the excited nuclear system. Our analysis in the two-step scenario permits one to estimate on an event basis E*/A, the excitation energy per nucleon of the decaying nuclear system, and to study the E*/A dependence of the different decay channels. The E*/A range of overlap of the 136 Xe + p and 136Xe+12 C reactions is large and allows for an extensive comparison between both reactions, and therefore provides a strong test bench of the entrance-channel-independence hypothesis of the excited-system decay. We address the two-step-scenario assumption in the light of our data and their comparison with different up-to-date models.
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Liu, Yong, Shenggen Ju, Junfeng Wang, and Chong Su. "A New Feature Selection Method for Text Classification Based on Independent Feature Space Search." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 12, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6076272.
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Feature selection method is designed to select the representative feature subsets from the original feature set by different evaluation of feature relevance, which focuses on reducing the dimension of the features while maintaining the predictive accuracy of a classifier. In this study, we propose a feature selection method for text classification based on independent feature space search. Firstly, a relative document-term frequency difference (RDTFD) method is proposed to divide the features in all text documents into two independent feature sets according to the features’ ability to discriminate the positive and negative samples, which has two important functions: one is to improve the high class correlation of the features and reduce the correlation between the features and the other is to reduce the search range of feature space and maintain appropriate feature redundancy. Secondly, the feature search strategy is used to search the optimal feature subset in independent feature space, which can improve the performance of text classification. Finally, we evaluate several experiments conduced on six benchmark corpora, the experimental results show the RDTFD method based on independent feature space search is more robust than the other feature selection methods.
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Danilov, A. D. "Long-term trends of <i>fo</i>F2 independent of geomagnetic activity." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 5 (May 31, 2003): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1167-2003.
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Abstract. A detailed analysis of the foF2 data at a series of ionospheric stations is performed to reveal long-term trends independent of the long-term changes in geomagnetic activity during the recent decades (nongeomagnetic trends). The method developed by the author and published earlier is used. It is found that the results for 21 out of 23 stations considered agree well and give a relative nongeomagnetic trend of -0.0012 per year (or an absolute nongeomagnetic trend of about -0.012 MHz per year) for the period between 1958 and the mid-nineties. The trends derived show no dependence on geomagnetic latitude or local time, a fact confirming their independence of geomagnetic activity. The consideration of the earlier period (1948–1985) for a few stations for which the corresponding data are available provides significantly lower foF2 trends, the difference between the later and earlier periods being a factor of 1.6. This is a strong argument in favor of an anthropogenic nature of the trends derived.Key words. Ionosphere (ionosphere-atmosphere interactions; ionospheric disturbances; mid-latitude ionosphere)
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Wetherill, G. W., and G. R. Stewart. "Formation of Planetary Embryos: Effects of Fragmentation, Low Relative Velocity, and Independent Variation of Eccentricity and Inclination." Icarus 106, no. 1 (November 1993): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1166.
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Koruba, Dorota, Jerzy Zbigniew Piotrowski, Robert Piekoszewski, and Włodzimierz Grochal. "Indoor air in autonomous building." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900058.
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The paper describes the use of renewable energy sources in an autonomous home in the aspect of sustainable development. The work contains an analysis of the results of the quality parameters of the internal microclimate (carbon dioxide concentration and relative humidity), mycological cleanliness of the enclosed spaces in the study was taken into account, the immediate proximity of the pond as a biological treatment plant, which is also an integral part of the ecosystem with a closed cycle of organic matter and influences independence energy of the tested object. Parameters of the microclimate were taken from the BMS (Building Management System) installed in the facility, while mycological purity tests were carried out using the sedimentation and collision method. Based on the conducted analyses, conclusions have been drawn that can be used in the design of autonomous objects.
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Schmit, Roberto. "PRICES AND EARLY INFLATION IN BUENOS AIRES DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY (1824–1850)." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 38, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610919000351.
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ABSTRACTIn the present work we study the evolution of the prices of the most representative goods of the Buenos Aires market in the decades after independence from the Spanish empire. The paper analyses the evolution of import, export and local prices in Buenos Aires for the first half of the 19th century and intends to contribute to a more accurate estimate of the intense process of price inflation and changes in relative prices that occurred in Buenos Aires during this period. We also aspire to be able to analyse the relationships between the increases in prices and the institutional effects of commercial blockades, the issuance of paper money and changes in the demand for goods that occurred in the commercial interaction of Buenos Aires. An attempt is also made to compare the dynamics of various baskets of goods, allowing us to evaluate the differentiated effects in local, regional and overseas supply and demand. With this in mind we analyse both general price indexes, with their main changes, and also aim to integrate a variety of products in baskets that represent as accurately as possible the diverse demands of the commercial space offered by the Buenos Aires market. Finally, we reexamine the effects of the price variations of the baskets of prices on various social sectors and regions linked to the significant interregional plaza represented by the Buenos Aires market.
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Mohr, Erich, Jules J. Claus, and Pim Brouwers. "Basal Ganglia Disease and Visuospatial Cognition: Are There Disease-Specific Impairments?" Behavioural Neurology 10, no. 2-3 (1997): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/428549.
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Visuospatial deficits in basal ganglia disease may be a non-specific function of the severity of dementia or they could reflect disease-specific impairments. To examine this question, Huntington (HD) patients, demented and non-demented Parkinson (PD) patients and healthy controls were examined with neuropsychological tests emphasising visuospatial abilities. Global intellectual function and general visuospatial cognition were less efficient in the two demented patient groups relative to both controls and non-demented PD patients and they did not differ significantly between non-demented Parkinsonians and controls nor between demented PD and HD patients. However, HD patients but not demented PD patients were impaired on a test of person-centred spatial judgement compared to non-demented subjects while demented PD patients scored significantly lower than HD patients on a test of field independence. Factor analysis yielded a factor reflecting general visuospatial processing capacity which discriminated between demented and non-demented PD patients but not between demented PD and HD patients. A unique factor associated with the manipulation of person-centred space discriminated between demented PD and HD patients. These results suggest general visuospatial processing is impaired as a non-specific function of dementia presence in HD and PD. Abnormalities in circumscribed aspects of visuospatial function, on the other hand, may differentiate between HD and PD, suggesting differential involvement of the basal ganglia in the respective illnesses.
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YE, JIEPING, RAVI JANARDAN, and SONGTAO LIU. "PAIRWISE PROTEIN STRUCTURE ALIGNMENT BASED ON AN ORIENTATION-INDEPENDENT BACKBONE REPRESENTATION." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 02, no. 04 (December 2004): 699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021972000400082x.
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Determining structural similarities between proteins is an important problem since it can help identify functional and evolutionary relationships. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to align two protein structures. Given the protein backbones, the algorithm finds a rigid motion of one backbone onto the other such that large substructures are matched. The algorithm uses a representation of the backbones that is independent of their relative orientations in space and applies dynamic programming to this representation to compute an initial alignment, which is then refined iteratively. Experiments indicate that the algorithm is competitive with two well-known algorithms, namely DALI and LOCK.
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Yunyk, Tetiana, and Mykola Tsarev. "Soundtrack in Modern Cinema." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Audiovisual Art and Production 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2617-2674.4.1.2021.235086.
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The purpose of the research is to analyze popular examples of modern cinema music to determine the features of its interaction with various elements of screen text, taking into account the applied nature and applying various relevant approaches to the study of soundtracks. The research methodology consists in the application of a set of methods for theoretical analysis of film music, their interaction with internal and external factors of influence on the formation of the viewer’s image-emotional sphere in conditions of purposeful perception of the storyline of modern cinema. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the peculiarities of the music functioning in modern cinema were analyzed, the main trends in the development of film music in the socio-cultural conditions of our time were revealed, and film music from the perspective of the viewer as a “non-ideal” evaluator of soundtracks in modern cinema was also considered. Conclusions. The article, using various methodological approaches, has proved that film music in the framework of interaction with screen text manifests itself as a significant tool, expanding the artistic space of the film. Film music can go beyond direct acoustic information, reflecting the narrative and conceptual components of the work of art as a whole. A practical example of the manifestation of modern film music is the use of timbral colours as an instrument for revealing the context of events, time, and the image of a hero; leitmotif; experiments with the technical side of sound through the expansion of the imaginary space of the screen. The main trends in the development of film music in the socio-cultural conditions of our time are due to the release of soundtracks beyond the boundaries of a practical film instrument. The modern soundtrack occupies a significant part of the cultural space of music and culture in general. This position is facilitated by the composer’s conceptual approach, the style integrity of the work and the relative independence of the soundtrack in the general cultural space. The rating of soundtracks is given by the audience and depends on their aesthetic preferences and the level of musical “experience”. Soundtracks must meet the requirements of modern cinema and common cultural space, which contributes to the success of the film.
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Serban, Radu, and Edward J. Haug. "Globally Independent Coordinates for Real-Time Vehicle Simulation." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1289389.
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Models of the dynamics of multibody systems generally result in a set of differential-algebraic equations (DAE). State-space methods for solving the DAE of motion are based on reduction of the DAE to ordinary differential equations (ODE), by means of local parameterizations of the constraint manifold that must be often modified during a simulation. In this paper it is shown that, for vehicle multibody systems, generalized coordinates that are dual to suspension and/or control forces in the model are independent for the entire range of motion of the system. Therefore, these additional coordinates, together with Cartesian coordinates describing the position and orientation of the chassis, form a set of globally independent coordinates. In addition to the immediate advantage of avoiding the computationally expensive redefinition of local parameterization in a state-space formulation, the existence of globally independent coordinates leads to efficient algorithms for recovery of dependent generalized coordinates. A topology based approach to identify efficient computational sequences is presented. Numerical examples with realistic vehicle handling models demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed approach, relative to the conventional Cartesian coordinate formulation, yielding real-time for vehicle simulation. [S1050-0472(00)00404-9]
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Dundon, Samantha E. R., Shyr-Shea Chang, Abhishek Kumar, Patricia Occhipinti, Hari Shroff, Marcus Roper, and Amy S. Gladfelter. "Clustered nuclei maintain autonomy and nucleocytoplasmic ratio control in a syncytium." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 13 (July 2016): 2000–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0129.
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Nuclei in syncytia found in fungi, muscles, and tumors can behave independently despite cytoplasmic translation and the homogenizing potential of diffusion. We use a dynactin mutant strain of the multinucleate fungus Ashbya gossypii with highly clustered nuclei to assess the relative contributions of nucleus and cytoplasm to nuclear autonomy. Remarkably, clustered nuclei maintain cell cycle and transcriptional autonomy; therefore some sources of nuclear independence function even with minimal cytosol insulating nuclei. In both nuclear clusters and among evenly spaced nuclei, a nucleus’ transcriptional activity dictates local cytoplasmic contents, as assessed by the localization of several cyclin mRNAs. Thus nuclear activity is a central determinant of the local cytoplasm in syncytia. Of note, we found that the number of nuclei per unit cytoplasm was identical in the mutant to that in wild-type cells, despite clustered nuclei. This work demonstrates that nuclei maintain autonomy at a submicrometer scale and simultaneously maintain a normal nucleocytoplasmic ratio across a syncytium up to the centimeter scale.
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Lewis, Micah A., and Samir Trabelsi. "Performance Comparison of Three Density-Independent Calibration Functions for Microwave Moisture Sensing in Unshelled Peanuts during Drying." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 5 (2020): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13703.
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HighlightsReal-time, free-space transmission measurements of relative complex permittivity in unshelled peanuts during dryingDynamic application: temperature, density and moisture content changing during dryingThree density-independent calibration functions evaluated for accuracy in real-time moisture content determinationReal-time moisture content determination with standard error of performance (SEP) = 0.55% moisture content for all calibration functionsCalibration function most commonly used with microwave moisture sensor was determined to be most accurate; SEP = 0.448% moisture contentAbstract. A microwave moisture sensor, developed within USDA ARS, has been used to determine moisture content in unshelled peanuts during drying. Relative complex permittivities of the peanuts obtained from free-space transmission measurements at 5.8 GHz are used for the moisture determination. Due to variations in density caused by drying, it is advantageous to estimate moisture content independent of bulk density. Therefore, moisture content was estimated with three density-independent calibration functions to assess which one provided optimal accuracy. One of the functions is based on the measured attenuation and phase shift, and the other two are permittivity based (one of which is commonly used with the microwave moisture sensor). The sensor was calibrated for peanut pod moisture content determination over a temperature range of 10°C to 40°C and a moisture content range of 6.5% to 19% wet basis (w.b.). Statistical analysis showed high coefficients of determination (r2), = 0.97 for the calibration with each function. Peanut pod moisture content was determined with the sensor in real-time as peanuts dried, and estimated moisture content was compared to the reference oven drying method. While the standard error of performance (SEP) for the three functions was = 0.55% moisture content, the calibration function most commonly used with the microwave sensor was observed to be the most accurate (SEP = 0.448% moisture content). Microwave sensing is a viable solution for nondestructive, real-time determination of moisture content in peanuts in dynamic situations such as drying. Keywords: Complex permittivity, Dielectric properties, Free-space measurements, Microwave sensing, Moisture content, Peanut drying.
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Slyuschynskyi, Bogdan. "Communications and systems in the period socio-cultural modernization of society." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: Philosophy, culture studies, sociology 10, no. 19 (2020): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-19-133-139.
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The article examines the communication links without which society cannot exist, but they are constantly changing, depending on various factors, including the social structure of society, social space, level of socio-economic development, government and governance, democracy and current laws that constantly affect the modernization of society. The history of mankind is 35-40 thousand years old. In each historical period, society was at a certain stage of development, which created the appropriate socio-cultural level, which in one way or another influenced the communication in society, because without communication society can not exist. It should be noted that the socio-cultural level depends on the social structure of society, and is determined by the social space and level of cultural development in this historical time, as well as the political and economic development of the country and its environment by other countries. Society is a set of all means of interaction and forms of association of people, formed historically, having a common territory, common cultural values and social norms, characterized by socio-cultural the identity of its members. Social space was understood as a set of points on an imaginary continuum that has a given number of axes of measurement (coordinates) that describe the structure of society. Points in the social space are called statuses." There are constant information connections (communications) between the statuses. It is these communicative connections that create a certain system through which society develops. Well-known foreign scientists such as T. Hobbes, F. Ratzel, G. Simmel, E. Durkheim, R. Park, P. Sorokin, and others worked on the problem of "social space". This topic remains relevant today, because a certain historical period creates certain conditions for certain social phenomena. This topic remains relevant today, because a certain historical period creates certain conditions for certain social phenomena. Thus, the purpose of this article is to try to understand the communication changes that are taking place in society today and identify the factors that affect them. As you know, in society there are constant processes of socialization, people are constantly trying to learn about the environment: both natural and social. Especially a person tries to know and understand himself, because until you understand yourself, you will not be able to understand others. In Ukraine, it is planned to create a post-traditional socio-cultural space in which modernization takes place under the sign of traditional symbols. But in our society, "community-like" psychology is combined with urbanism and technical progress, traditional, post-traditional and modern coexist with some relative independence of culture. All this creates certain communicative features. Important features of the new socio-cultural reality are beginning to be outlined in Ukraine today.
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Gotlih, Karl, and Inge Troch. "Base invariance of the manipulability index." Robotica 22, no. 4 (August 2004): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574704000220.
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The manipulability index suggested by Yoshikava is an important tool for the design of mechanisms and their control. It represents a quantitative measure of the functionality and the ability for realizing some tasks or groups of tasks. This index is some kind of performance measure and should be taken into consideration in the design phase of a mechanism and also in the design of control algorithms.In this paper two important properties of the manipulability index are investigated. The first part of the present work demonstrates that manipulability of a mechanism is independent of task space coordinates. In the second part, a proof of the independency of the manipulability index on the first DOF is given.This invariance is important for simplification of the mechanism's Jacobian matrix and gives excellent insight into the dependences of configuration space coordinates on this index. Moreover, it proves that the manipulability index is determined only by relative positions of the mechanism itself and by the mechanism's geometry.Finally, the properties of the manipulability index are illustrated by some examples for fundamental open kinematical chain structures.
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Careglio, Davide, Fernando Agraz, and Dimitri Papadimitriou. "A Multicast Routing Scheme for the Internet: Simulation and Experimentation in Large-Scale Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 8645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188645.
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With the globalisation of the multimedia entertainment industry and the popularity of streaming and content services, multicast routing is (re-)gaining interest as a bandwidth saving technique. In the 1990’s, multicast routing received a great deal of attention from the research community; nevertheless, its main problems still remain mostly unaddressed and do not reach the acceptance level required for its wide deployment. Among other reasons, the scaling limitation and the relative complexity of the standard multicast protocol architecture can be attributed to the conventional approach of overlaying the multicast routing on top of the unicast routing topology. In this paper, we present the Greedy Compact Multicast Routing (GCMR) scheme. GMCR is characterised by its scalable architecture and independence from any addressing and unicast routing schemes; more specifically, the local knowledge of the cost to direct neighbour nodes is enough for the GCMR scheme to properly operate. The branches of the multicast tree are constructed directly by the joining destination nodes which acquire the routing information needed to reach the multicast source by means of an incremental two-stage search process. In this paper we present the details of GCMR and evaluate its performance in terms of multicast tree size (i.e., the stretch), the memory space consumption, the communication cost, and the transmission cost. The comparative performance analysis is performed against one reference algorithm and two well-known protocol standards. Both simulation and emulation results show that GCMR achieves the expected performance objectives and provide the guidelines for further improvements.
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Shadrin, Nikolay Semyonovich. "THE SYSTEM OF CATEGORIES OF PSYCHOLOGY AND THE CONCEPTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL, SUBJECT OF ACTIVITY AND PERSONALITY: SOME LESSONS OF THE CONCEPTS OF KANT, FICHTE, HEGEL AND SARTRE." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Psychology, no. 1 (June 17, 2020): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2410-6364.2020.1.24-36.
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The categories of psychology are understood as the limit generalizations of various classes of psychical phenomena, including both the corresponding groups of particular concepts and the phenomena not yet subjected to final conceptual identification. They can be understood as the basic determinants of the psychic, having a socio-cultural nature (at the level of the subject of activity and personality) or bio-logical nature (at the level of the individual).
The individual, the subject of activity and the personality, not being forms of “psychic”, should nev-ertheless possess special levers of regulation (or self-regulation) of such basic determinants of psyche, as motive, image, communication and action (that indirectly assumes also regulation of all vital activity of the individual subject of life).
Not limited to the formula “personality as a transformed individual”, the author reveals the genetic continuity of the levels of the individual, the subject of activity and personality in the aspect of increasing of the degree of manifestation of the generic essence and “essential forces” of man in his individual exis-tence.
At the same time, analyzing multilevel human activity from the point of view of “spatial” paradigm (in the aspect of human integration into different spheres of living space), the author finds the key to the relative independence of these levels and to the constant transitions from one of these levels of life activ-ity to another.
The justification of the proposed provisions is given on the complex of the corresponding ideas of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and Sartre, taking into account the continuity between them.
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Salguero-Gómez, Roberto, Owen R. Jones, Eelke Jongejans, Simon P. Blomberg, David J. Hodgson, Cyril Mbeau-Ache, Pieter A. Zuidema, Hans de Kroon, and Yvonne M. Buckley. "Fast–slow continuum and reproductive strategies structure plant life-history variation worldwide." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 1 (December 22, 2015): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506215112.
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The identification of patterns in life-history strategies across the tree of life is essential to our prediction of population persistence, extinction, and diversification. Plants exhibit a wide range of patterns of longevity, growth, and reproduction, but the general determinants of this enormous variation in life history are poorly understood. We use demographic data from 418 plant species in the wild, from annual herbs to supercentennial trees, to examine how growth form, habitat, and phylogenetic relationships structure plant life histories and to develop a framework to predict population performance. We show that 55% of the variation in plant life-history strategies is adequately characterized using two independent axes: the fast–slow continuum, including fast-growing, short-lived plant species at one end and slow-growing, long-lived species at the other, and a reproductive strategy axis, with highly reproductive, iteroparous species at one extreme and poorly reproductive, semelparous plants with frequent shrinkage at the other. Our findings remain consistent across major habitats and are minimally affected by plant growth form and phylogenetic ancestry, suggesting that the relative independence of the fast–slow and reproduction strategy axes is general in the plant kingdom. Our findings have similarities with how life-history strategies are structured in mammals, birds, and reptiles. The position of plant species populations in the 2D space produced by both axes predicts their rate of recovery from disturbances and population growth rate. This life-history framework may complement trait-based frameworks on leaf and wood economics; together these frameworks may allow prediction of responses of plants to anthropogenic disturbances and changing environments.
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Aghaie, Kamran Scot. "Why did Qajar elites become such enthusiastic patrons of ta'zīyah? A simple question with a complex answer." Performing Islam 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pi_00004_1.
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Abstract The Qajar elites of Iran used various Shi'i religious rituals to bolster their legitimacy, but ta'zīyah was the Qajar ritual par excellence. This article argues for the key role played by the following factors. First, the relationship between the Qajar elites and the elite ulamā was often contentious. Second, since the ulamā controlled most religious spaces and rituals, it was difficult for the Qajar elites to sponsor rituals independently of the ulamā, and third, since the ulamā had conflicting and ambivalent attitudes towards certain Shi'i rituals, because of the practices of dressing up and representing holy Shi'i persons (including males dressing up as female characters), and because of the injurious aspects of rituals like qamah zanī and zanjīr zanī. Finally, hierarchies of status within the ulamā developed throughout the Qajar period, following the victory of the Ūsūlīs over the Akhbārīs in Iraq and Iran. A combination of these factors meant that the highest-ranking ulamā typically did not sponsor rituals like ta'zīyah, which provided a unique opportunity for Qajar elites to promote their legitimacy, with relative independence from the elite ulamā.
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Jua, Nantang. "The Mortuary Sphere, Privilege and the Politics of Belonging in Contemporary Cameroon." Africa 75, no. 3 (August 2005): 325–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2005.75.3.325.
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AbstractConcern with new modes of accountability has foregrounded the politics of belonging, giving prominence to the concepts of autochthony and allogeny. In Cameroon, this has provoked a shift in policy-making from an earlier distinction between the disciplined citizen and the subject. Despite this distinction, all Cameroonians were considered rights-bearing citizens in the early post- Independence era and as such could settle anywhere in the country and not be discriminated against. This has been rolled back as a result of overcoding and the assigning of a code to a people and a people to a territory is now in vogue. This has far-reaching policy implications. It problematizes the question of identity and has engendered the argument that this can be resolved only at death – identity should be determined by where one is buried. The centrality of overcoding, especially its extension into the mortuary realm, has enabled confusion, both legal and symbolic, which is instrumentalized and manipulated by the state, traditional authorities and relatives of the dead to serve varying and varied interests. Death, though a private affair, has now been thrust into the public space. Focusing on the burial of four ‘big men’, this paper shows how these interests are negotiated and fought over. Since space, power and tradition impact on this process, outcomes cannot be determined a priori. It is this impossibility that has given renewed relevance to the question: ‘Whose corpse it anyway?’
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Li, Nannan, Hongbin Ma, Qing Fei, Hao Zhou, Shaoke Li, and Sunjie Chen. "Motion Control of 6-DOF Manipulator Based on EtherCAT." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 22, no. 4 (July 20, 2018): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2018.p0415.
Full textAbstract:
We introduce a real-time motion control system that uses the EtherCAT protocol and apply it to a manipulator with six degrees of freedom. The complexity of a multi-joint manipulator leads to higher requirements for synchronous and real-time performance. EtherCAT technology can greatly improve the performance in terms of accuracy, speed, capability, and band width in industrial control, which is crucial in our robot projects. In this paper, we discuss a servo motion control system based on EtherCAT using IgH as the open-source master station. A Linux operating system is adopted because of the advantages of open-source, high-efficiency, and high-stability operation as well as multi-platform support, which provide more flexibility, freedom, and extendability to developers. Considerable research has been conducted to explore EtherCAT technologies, completely implementing home-made codes with the aid of open-source libraries, debugging the master-slave communication process, and testing the resulting motion controller running on Linux or POSIX-compatible operating systems. To improve the real-time response of servo control, a real-time Xenomai kernel has been compiled, adopted, and tested, and it showed significant enhancement of the real time of a servo motion control system. Furthermore, we explore trajectory planning and inverse kinematic solutions. A trajectory planning method based on B-spline interpolation of three degrees, which makes each part of the trajectory planning curve have relative independence and continuity, is proposed for the kinematic trajectory planning problem in Cartesian space. A coordinate system is established using the modified D-H parameters method to obtain the inverse kinematics of the manipulator. The simulation and experimental results show that the calculation speed of inverse solutions is excellent and the motion of the manipulator is continuous and smooth.
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Polanía, Luisa F., Raja Bala, Ankur Purwar, Paul Matts, and Martin Maltz. "Skin Chromophore Estimation from Mobile Selfie Images using Constrained Independent Component Analysis." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 14 (January 26, 2020): 357–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.14.coimg-357.
Full textAbstract:
Human skin is made up of two primary chromophores: melanin, the pigment in the epidermis giving skin its color; and hemoglobin, the pigment in the red blood cells of the vascular network within the dermis. The relative concentrations of these chromophores provide a vital indicator for skin health and appearance. We present a technique to automatically estimate chromophore maps from RGB images of human faces captured with mobile devices such as smartphones. The ultimate goal is to provide a diagnostic aid for individuals to monitor and improve the quality of their facial skin. A previous method approaches the problem as one of blind source separation, and applies Independent Component Analysis (ICA) in camera RGB space to estimate the chromophores. We extend this technique in two important ways. First we observe that models for light transport in skin call for source separation to be performed in log spectral reflectance coordinates rather than in RGB. Thus we transform camera RGB to a spectral reflectance space prior to applying ICA. This process involves the use of a linear camera model and Principal Component Analysis to represent skin spectral reflectance as a lowdimensional manifold. The camera model requires knowledge of the incident illuminant, which we obtain via a novel technique that uses the human lip as a calibration object. Second, we address an inherent limitation with ICA that the ordering of the separated signals is random and ambiguous. We incorporate a domain-specific prior model for human chromophore spectra as a constraint in solving ICA. Results on a dataset of mobile camera images show high quality and unambiguous recovery of chromophores.