Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The Pyramid Texts'

The 5th and 6th Dynasty Pyramid Texts are the earliest extensive Egyptian religious texts from a royal mortuary context. This is our earliest evidence for the Eye of Horus; the aim of this study is to establish exactly what can be learned about its early usage as a symbol and to seek any hints about its origins. The spells mentioning the Eye of Horus are grouped by theme in the sections in Part One (eg. offering spells, ascension spells); references to the eyes of the king and other divine eyes are included for comparative purposes. There is a translation and commentary for each text; the grammar and context are evaluated. The chapters in Part Two contain discussions of the Eye of Horus' symbolism in the thematic groups. The Eye of Horus is supreme as a ritual, symbol for offerings presented to the läng by his son, Horus. The powers that the king gains from the Eye are the restoration of his faculties, transfiguration to a blessed spirit (3b) and a god; these are the general aims of the whole mortuary scenario. The king is also involved in the mythical fate of the Eye of Horus, namely its injury and restoration, as part of his ascension and integration into the afterlife. The role of other divine eyes in the PT and the significance attached to the king's eyes suggest strongly that the symbolic singular Eye of a god could be a succinct and transferable expression of his power. The many cross-cultural parallels of the eye as a source of power support this origin of divine eye symbolism in Egypt. The royal stature of Horus suggests why his Eye, in particular, achieved such prominence

À partir des premiers corpus funéraires de l’Égypte ancienne (Textes des Pyramides et Textes des Sarcophages), cette étude propose une nouvelle approche de la conception de la personne dans la pensée égyptienne, par le truchement de la notion de corps. De fait, parmi l’ensemble des éléments connus pour composer la personne (le ka, le ba, le ib, le nom, l’ombre…), le corps est le seul à pouvoir être désigné par différents termes, à savoir Haw, XA.t ou D.t. Ceci implique donc que le corps connaît plusieurs états, chacun entretenant des relations distinctes avec l’un ou l’autre des composants de la personne. Celle-ci n’étant pas considérée comme une somme d’éléments constants dans le temps et dans l’espace, l’étude de la notion de corps et de ses différents aspects permet ainsi d’appréhender la personne dans sa globalité, qu’il s’agisse de celle de l’homme ou des dieux. Dans cette perspective, l’intérêt des textes funéraires considérés est de présenter la personne du défunt, évoquant ainsi à la fois ses caractéristiques terrestres et divines. Cette recherche est envisagée selon deux axes, avec dans un premier temps une analyse lexicographique des termes Haw, XA.t et D.t. Une seconde partie est ensuite consacrée à l’analyse anthropologique, visant à détailler le système de représentation de la personne en déterminant les différences entre la personne humaine ou divine, mais également à travers les transformations subies par le défunt
Founded on the early funerary literature of Ancient Egypt (Pyramids Texts and Coffin Texts), this research intend to offer a new approach on the concept of person in the egyptian thinking through the notion of body. Indeed, among all the components of the person (ka, ba, ib, name, shadow…), the body is the only one which can be designated by different words, namely Haw, XA.t or D.t. therefore, it suggests that the body can have different states of being, each one having distinctive relationships with one or the other element. As the person is not considered as a sum of different permanent components in time and space, the study of the notion of body and of its various aspects allow us to grasp the concept of person as a whole, in human context as well as divine. Thus, from this viewpoint, the interest of the funerary literature is to present the person of the deceased, with his characteristics of both kinds. This study is led in two ways, with first a lexicological analysis of the words Haw, XA.t and D.t. Then a second part presents the anthropological analysis, aiming at detail the system of representation of the person in the Egyptian way of thinking by defining the differences between human and divine person, and through the transformations endured by the deceased

Les Textes des Pyramides empruntent au répertoire de la vie quotidienne des Anciens Egyptiens bon nombre de vocables, faisant de ces objets a priori profanes des attributs divins ou encore des éléments d’un viatique funéraire accompagnant le défunt lors de son « ascension ». Le cas des artefacts textiles (vêtements et habits) est particulièrement riche.En reprenant l’identification de chaque item, d’un point de vue tant iconographique que lexicographique, et en tenant compte du contexte d’utilisation, il est possible de comprendre ce qui motiva sa présence : traditions institutionnelles héritées des premières dynasties, significations théologiques ou simples préoccupations fonctionnelles
The Pyramid Texts borrow from the daily life of Ancient Egyptian a lot of words,making those objects a priori profane to divine attributes or components of funeraryequipment accompanying the deceased during his ascension. The case of textile artifacts(clothes and garments) is particularly affluent.By resuming the identification of each item, on a point of view so iconographical aslexicographical, and to take account of used context, it is able to understand what wasthe motivation of its : institutional lore inherited from first dynasty, theological senses orprivate functional preoccupations

Los Textos de las Pirámides aparecen documentados por primera vez en las paredes de las cámaras de la pirámide de Unis, último rey de la dinastía V. Desde finales del Reino Antiguo, estos textos empiezan a aparecer en las tumbas y en los ataúdes de los altos funcionarios y sacerdotes de las distintas necrópolis de Egipto. Por ello, podríamos considerar que fue un corpus “vivo” ya que fue objeto de transmisión durante toda la historia del antiguo Egipto por sus especiales características. El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de un grupo de recitaciones que forma parte de este corpus. En concreto, las denominadas “formulas de protección contra las serpientes y otros animales dañinos” o “recitaciones apotropaicas”. Desde su primera aparición, las recitaciones apotropaicas se han transmitido durante diversos períodos. Durante el Reino Antiguo formaban parte de los programas textuales de las pirámides de los reyes y de algunas esposas reales de la dinastía VI. Durante el Reino Medio, fueron utilizadas y una parte de las mismas pasaron a formar parte de las inscripciones en el interior de las tumbas, en paredes interiores de los ataúdes en varias necrópolis de Egipto para, posteriormente, silenciarse hasta el reaparecer con fuerza durante la dinastía XXVI, de forma especial en la necrópolis menfita. El estudio de esta transmisión de estas recitaciones se realiza a través del método de la crítica textual que es el sistema utilizado en la egiptología en la investigación de la transmisión de los textos funerarios. Con este análisis podremos establecer sus rutas de transmisión, la adaptación de los textos a las especiales características de cada una de las necrópolis y sus variantes textuales. Asimismo, se realiza un análisis histórico de las implicaciones religiosas que implica la transmisión de estas recitaciones durante cerca de dos milenios.
The Pyramid Texts are first documented on the walls of the chambers of the pyramid of the last V Dynasty king, Unis. Since the ending of the Old Kingdom, these texts began to appear in the high officials and priests coffins and tombs of different necropolis in Egypt. Thus, it could be considered that they were an “alive” corpus because they were transmitted through all the history of the Ancient Egypt due to their special characteristics. This work focuses on the study of a group of recitations that are in this corpus. It is specifically focused on the “spells of protection against snakes and other noxious entities” or “apotropaia spells”. Since their first appearance, these “apotropaia spells” have been transmitted along different periods. During the Old Kingdom, they were part of the pyramid text programs of the kings and some wives of the VI Dynasty. During the Middle Kingdom they were also used. Some of them became part of the inscriptions inside the tombs and the inner sides of the coffins in some necropolis of Egypt. They disappeared up until the XXVI dynast, when they strongly reappeared, especially in the memphite necropolis. The study of the transmission of these recitations is done with the Textual Criticism, which is the method that is used in Egyptology to investigate the transmission of the funeral texts. With this analysis the routes of transmission can be established as well as the adaptation of these texts according to the special characteristics of every necropolis and the text variants. Moreover, an analysis of the religious implications of the transmission of these recitations for about two millennia is also done.

This thesis investigates how the burial chamber of the 8th Dynasty pyramid of king Qakare Ibi at Saqqara in Egypt (c. 2109-2107 B.C.) was inscribed. It uses a holistic approach to focus on the textual programme and its unusual aspects in comparison to older pyramids. In doing so, it addresses issues of textual transmission and of scribal practice in the process of inscribing the walls of subterranean chambers in pyramids. The aim is to contextualise the texts of Ibi within the Memphite tradition of Pyamid Texts and the development of mortuary literature on different media from the late third millennium BCE Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom in the early second millennium BCE. The first chapter presents the background to this research and information on king Ibi and his pyramid. The second chapter treats research on the arrangement of the texts on the walls of subterranean chambers of royal pyramids of kings and queens and compares the layout of the texts in the pyramid of Ibi with older pyramids. It then discusses in detail one section on the east wall of Ibi, where the order of spells diverges from other transmitted sequences. The unusual combination of spells and the practice of shortening spells is investigated further in the third chapter, where two sections of texts on the south wall are analysed. The fourth chapter explores garbled texts and discusses processes of copying and inscribing the texts onto the walls of pyramids. The fifth chapter analyses the modifications of the writing system in pyramids, especially the mutilation of hieroglyphs, and how this practice relates to the tradition of altering signs in pyramids. Finally, the sixth chapter synthesises the results of the preceding chapters in two sections. The first section summarises the process of inscribing pyramids and contextualises aspects of scribal practices within it. The second section concludes the thesis with a discussion of the features of the textual programme of Ibi and of how it relates to the broader transmission of mortuary literature.

Cette thèse est une étude diachronique des deux divinités ophidiennes Nâou et Néhebkaou, essentiellement centrée sur les Textes des Pyramides et les Textes des Sarcophages. Les textes mettent en avant leur lien avec Héliopolis ainsi qu'avec le créateur Rê-Atoum et les autres figures de la théologie locale. Leur rôle dans le jugement des défunts est évident et bien attesté. Néhebkaou est chargé de donner des kaou au défunt, une fois que ce dernier a été prononcé juste. Ce concept, attesté dès la IIe dynastie, semble désigner à la fois l'offrande funéraire et les défunts qui en bénéficie.

Ce travail vise à démontrer le caractère essentiel du référent de la naissance dans les croyances funéraires de l’Égypte ancienne, ainsi que les modalités de sa mise en œuvre. Les grandes compositions funéraires égyptiennes, depuis les Textes des Pyramides jusqu’aux livres royaux du Nouvel Empire, sont riches d’allusions à une destinée post-mortem envisagée comme une seconde naissance, calquée plus ou moins fidèlement sur le processus biologique de la première. Roi ou particulier, le mort est porté en gestation par une ou plusieurs mères divines, puis est remis au monde dans l’au-delà, son cordon ombilical est coupé, il est lavé, allaité et soigné à l’image d’un nouveau-né. À ces aspects pragmatiques se mêlent de nombreux éléments mythiques, le modèle biologique étant parfois largement réinterprété, ce qui témoigne de l’interpénétration du plan individuel et du domaine cosmique. Grâce à ce procédé cyclique, le défunt accède non seulement à l’autre monde, mais il y est aussi vivant éternellement
This work aims at demonstrating that referring to birth and its practical modalities is an essential aspect of Ancient Egypt’s funeral beliefs. From the Pyramid Texts to the royal books of New Kingdom, the great funeral writings of Egypt are full of allusions to post mortem fate viewed as a second birth, the latter copying more or less exactly the biological process of the first. Be he king or ordinary man, the dead is carried in gestation by one or several divine mothers and is born again in the other world ; there, his umbilical cord is cut, he is washed, fed and cared for like a new born child. Numerous mythical elements add to the purely practical, however, thus reinventing the biological model and showing the intermingling of both the worldly and cosmic levels. Thanks to this cyclical process, the dead not only reaches the other world but, also, accesses to eternal life

La premiere partie de ces recherches porte sur l'etude de l'architecture des dernieres pyramides de l'ancien empire d'egypte, celles des rois ounas, teti, pepi 1er, merenre et pepi ii (fin de la cinquieme et sixieme dynastie, environ 2355-2160 av. J. C. ). La seconde partie analyse la construction interne de ces monuments pour tenter de mieux en saisir la fonction. On voit se stabiliser une architecture symbolique, qui, associee desormais aux "textes des pyramides" correspond a l'aboutissement des tentatives menees par les architectes-theologiens depuis le debut de la troisieme dynastie (environ 2640 av. J. C. ) pour assurer au tombeau royal le maximum d'efficacite spirituelle. Les nouvelles donnees archeologiques revelees par l'etude des enterrements royaux suggere une approche historique plus nuancee, notament sur la duree des regnes
THE FIRST PART OF THESE RESEARCH INDUCE AN ARCHITECTURAL STUDY OF THE LAST PYRAMIDS OF THE EGYPTIAN OLD KINGDOM, THOSE OF THE KINGS UNIS, TETI, PEPI THE IST, MERENRA AND PEPI THE IIND (END OF THE FITH AND SIXTH DYNASTY, CIRCA 2355-2160 B. C. ). THE SECOND PART ANALYSE THE INTERNAL BUILDING OF THE MONUMENTS IN ORDER TO TRY AN UNDERSTANDING OF ITS FONCTION. FROM NOW ON AND IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE "PYRAMID TEXTS", A MORE SYMBOLIC ARCHITECTURE BECOMES STABLE, AS A FULFILMENT OF THE ATTEMPS CARRIED BY THE ARCHITECTS THEOLOGISTS SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRD DYNASTY (CIRCA 2640 B. C. ), TO SECURE THE ROYAL TOMB WITH A MAXIMUM OF SPIRITUAL EFFICIENCY. THE NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA, REVELED BY THE STUDY OF THE ROYAL BURIALS, SUGGEST A DIFFERENT HISTORICAL APPROACH SPECIALY FOR THE length OF THE REIGNS

La conception des structures multi-échelle s’appuie sur des modélisations expérimentales et prédictives. Pour accéder à des niveaux de précision élevés, ces modélisations reposent sur des campagnes expérimentales nombreuses et des développements prédictifs sophistiqués analytiques ou numériques qui intègrent des connaissances sur les paramètres d’intérêt. L’intégration de connaissances diminue l’incertitude sur les grandeurs d’intérêt et impacte de façon significative le coût de modélisation des structures multi-échelle, facteur majeur du coût de conception. Le concepteur doit alors être en mesure de maîtriser la pertinence de l’intégration de connaissances pour la prédiction des grandeurs d’intérêt et son impact sur le coût de modélisation. Les recherches menées sont structurées autour du développement d’une méthodologie d’aide à la conception sous incertitudes permettant au concepteur de choisir des combinaisons de modèles prédictifs et expérimentaux, appelées chemins de modélisation, présentant des compromis différents entre le coût de modélisation et l’incertitude sur les paramètres d’intérêt. Le travail se base sur une représentation pyramidale des modélisations expérimentales et prédictives. Les incertitudes aléatoires et épistémiques liées aux matériaux, aux modèles ainsi qu’aux tolérances géométriques sont agrégées et propagées dans la pyramide jusqu’aux grandeurs d’intérêt de la structure. Une méthode adaptative d’estimation du coût de modélisation, basée sur la logique floue, a été proposée. Le problème multi objectif visant à minimiser les incertitudes sur les paramètres d’intérêt et le coût de modélisation est résolu au moyen d’un algorithme « NSGA-II » permettant l’identification de chemins optimisés robustes. Les travaux sont appliqués au cas d’un réservoir composite épais destiné au stockage d’hydrogène. La méthodologie proposée démontre qu’il est possible de rationaliser les modélisations expérimentales et prédictives menées pour obtenir la pression d’éclatement du réservoir avec une précision maîtrisée. Dans un second temps, la méthodologie est utilisée pour obtenir des solutions de reconception sur des réservoirs présentant des volumes plus importants ou plus faibles et atteignant des pressions cibles différentes. Les chemins de modélisations robustes obtenus délivrent des solutions de dimensionnement adaptées aux exigences de reconception présentant un coût de modélisation et un niveau d’incertitude maitrisés
The design of multi-scale structures is based on predictive and experimental modelling. To achieve a high level of precision, modelling rest on a high number of experimental tests and sophisticated analytical and numerical developments integrating all possible knowledge about the quantity of interest. Adding knowledge into models diminishes the uncertainty on quantities of interest and significantly impacts the cost of modelling, a high impact factor on the design cost. The designer must be able to control the suitability of the integration of knowledge into the prediction of quantities of interest and its impact on the cost of modelling. The research carried out in this work is structured around the development of a methodology of assistance to the design under uncertainties allowing the designer to choose combinations between several predictive and experimental models, called modelling paths, presenting different compromises between the cost of modelling and the uncertainty on quantities of interest. The work is based on a pyramidal representation of experimental and predictive modelling. Random and epistemic uncertainties related to materials, models and geometrical tolerances are aggregated and propagated in the pyramid up to the quantities of interest of the structure. An adaptive method based on fuzzy logics for estimating the cost of modelling has been proposed. The multi objective problem aiming to minimizing the uncertainties on the quantities of interest and the cost of modelling is solved by means of the « NSGA-II » genetic algorithm, allowing to identify robust optimized modelling paths. This methodology is applied to a thick composite vessel for hydrogen storage. The proposed methodology demonstrates the possibility of rationalization of experimental and predictive models carried out to obtain the burst pressure of the vessel with a controlled precision. In a second step, the methodology is used to redesign the vessel considering larger or smaller volumes and with different burst pressure targets. Robust modelling paths obtained deliver design solutions adapted to the redesign requirements with a controlled modelling cost and a managed level of uncertainty

Dès les premières dynasties, le pictogramme fut dans l’écriture le prolongement des représentations figuratives naturalistes, logogrammes dans les palettes funéraires décorées protodynastiques. Ce constat nous porte à les mettre en correspondance avec l’art pariétal du néolithique nubien, le prédynastique égyptien, et celui des aires culturelles périphériques. La reconsidération des pétroglyphes en tant que symboles et idéogrammes, c’est-à-dire des mythogrammes autant que des logogrammes-phonogrammes polysémiques permet de dégager un système structurel de représentations symboliques universel dans la vallée du Nil. Essentiellement funéraire, il est organisé autour d’une nouvelle lecture en relation aux mythes fondateurs de l’Œil d’Horus/solaire, s’exprime dans des rites primitifs de revivification, de renaissance, néolithiques et prédynastiques, explicités ensuite durant les premières dynasties sur des tablettes, des sceaux-cylindres votifs, et l’onction du mort avec les sept huiles canoniques et, enfin, dans les Textes des Pyramides. Contrairement à l’idée commune d’opposition des notions de Nature-Culture, il est question de les conjuguer, de réconcilier la dualité non binaire et de voir, par exemple, les fonctions héliotrope et/ou héliophore des animaux du bestiaire soudanien, avec Sokar le faucon funéraire, les garants bienveillants des métamorphoses et de renaissance du soleil/des défunts, par ailleurs, félidés, canidés, antilopes…, investis du numineux des divinités tutélaires. À la lueur d’une nouvelle lecture du mythe “osirien” primitif de métamorphose, nous reconsidérons les conceptions sur le sacrifice animal sur des bases d’anthropologie religieuse. Loin d’une maîtrise et soumission de la nature, et d’un diffusionnisme, l’interculturalité de la pensée mythique archaïque première dans la vallée nubiano-égyptienne et des régions périphériques multiethniques implique, vis-à-vis du monde naturel et des forces spirituelles numineuses, la transculturalité des conceptions solaires et le partage pluriculturel, transhistorique des croyances résurrectionnelles polycycliques. Ainsi, les pétroglyphes d’animaux, les scènes de chasse animale, les représentations de barques, de sandales, etc., sont de nature funéraire votive, apotropaïque
Since the beginning of the first dynasties, the pictogram in writing was the extension of naturalistic figurative representations, logograms in the decorated funerary protodynastic palettes. This statement carry us to link them with the parietal art of Neolithic Nubia, the egyptian Predynastic, and peripheral cultural areas. We have reconsidered the petroglyphs as polysemic symbols and ideograms, i.e. mythograms as well polysemic logograms-phonograms, allowing us to draw up a structural system of symbolic representations, universal in the Nile valley. Basically funerary, the system is organised around a new reading in connection with the founding of the ‘Eye of Horus’/solar myths, and express itself in primitive Neolithic and Predynastic rites of revivification, rebirth, more explicit afterwards during the first dynasties on labels, votive cylinder-seals, and anointing the deads with the seven holy canonical oils, finally in the Pyramid Texts. Contrary to the common idea which opposite the Nature-Culture notions, there is some question to combine them, to reconcile the non-binary duality and to see, for example, the heliotrope functions and/or heliophore animals of the sub-Saharan bestiary, with Sokar the funerary hawk, the benevolent guarantors for the rebirth and metamorphosis of the sun/deads; otherwise felids, canids, antelopes…, invested by the numinous of the protecting divinities. In consequence of a new reading of the primitive ‘osirian’ myth of metamorphosis, we have reconsidered the conceptions about animal sacrifice on the basis of religious anthropology. Far from bringing under control and submission of nature, and diffusionnism, the intercultural (cross-cultural) of the first archaic mythic thought in the multi-ethnic nubian-egyptian valley and associated neighbouring areas involves, towards the natural world and the numinous spiritual strengths, the cross-cultural of solar conceptions and multicultural, trans-historic sharing of the polycyclic resurrectional believes. Thus, the animal petroglyphs, cynegetic scenes, boats and sandals representations, etc., are of funerary votive, apotropaic nature

Cette recherche porte sur les Textes des Pyramides gravés dans les appartements funéraires de la pyramide du roi Téti, premier pharaon de la VIe dynastie (vers 2350-2330 av. J. -C). Les appartements funéraires des pyramides à textes se composent notamment d'un couloir, d'une antichambre, d'une chambre contenant le sarcophage et d'une petite pièce anépigraphe nommée « serdab ». Les murs nord et sud de l'antichambre et de la chambre funéraire de Téti, ainsi que les murs est et ouest du couloir, ont été retrouvés complètement détruits. Le premier objectif était de procéder à la restitution au 1/5e de ces parois à partir de l’établissement des fac-similés des fragments retrouvés lors de l'ouverture de la pyramide en 1881 par Gaston Maspero, puis lors des différentes campagnes de fouille postérieures. La plupart de ces blocs sont conservés dans un magasin de fouilles, à Saqqâra. La restitution des textes s’appuie à la fois sur l’étude des blocs conservés, celle du système graphique interne à la pyramide, et sur la comparaison avec les neuf autres pyramides à textes actuellement recensées. Pour les textes encore en place sur les autres parois, relevés épigraphiques et photographiques sont nécessaires en vue d'une publication complète des textes. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail consistait à confronter le programme d’inscription de cette pyramide avec celui des autres pyramides à textes, notamment la précédente (Ounas) et la suivante (Pépy Ier). Ce second volet met en lumière un certain nombre de principes adoptés par les concepteurs égyptiens
This study revolves around the pyramid texts engraved in the funerary apartments of the King Teti pyramid, first pharaoh of the 6th dynasty (around 2350-2330 B. C. ). These funerary apartments of the text pyramids consist namely of a corridor, an antechamber, a sarcophagus chamber and a small anepigraphic room called “serdab”. The northern and southern walls of the antechamber and the funerary chamber of Teti, in addition to the ones to the east and west of the corridor were found completely destroyed. The primary goal was to carry out a restitution to the 1/5th of these walls through assessing the facsimiles of the fragments found during the opening of the pyramid in 1881 by Gaston Maspero, and during the various excavation campaigns carried out later on. Most of the blocks were kept in an excavation warehouse in Saqqara. The restitution of texts is based both on the study of the conserved blocks, that of the internal diagrammatic system of the pyramid, and on a comparison with the nine other pyramids with texts known today. As per the texts still present on the other walls, epigraphic and photographic surveys are necessary in sight of a complete publication of the texts. The second objective of this work consisted in comparing the inscription programme of this pyramid with that of the other text pyramids, namely the one prior to it (Unas) and the next one (Pepy I). This second section sheds the light on a number of principles adopted by the Egyptian designers

The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the role of the god Thoth in the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, a corpus of funerary literature found most prominently in the underground chambers of the pyramids of the kings and queens of the 5th and 6th dynasty. Following the division made by H. M. Hays, the topic is treated in two parts: the first is concerned with Thoth in the personal texts, where he is presented as a lunar deity and a transition figure, the second with the sacerdotal texts, studying his position in the myth of Osiris and Horus. The function of the god in both is shown to stem from his role as a mediator betwen the various elements of the divine world, mainly through a number of particular findings with regard to the individual motifs in which Thoth is found in the Pyramid Texts. The work concludes with a summary of these findings and an outline of Thoth's nature in the corpus.

The thesis focuses on the group of deities with solar aspects in the period of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2592-2118+25 BC). For this research, five gods were selected: Atum, Shu, Kheprer, Nefertum and Weneg. They were either linked to the sun cycle and light (Atum and Kheprer, evening and morning sun respectively, Shu), or to some particular plants (Nefertum to water lily and Weneg to the so-called wng-plant). Some of the deities under survey also represented a part of the so- called Heliopolitan cosmogony and cosmology. A number of Old Kingdom sources (Pyramid Texts, tomb decoration and burial equipment with special focus on the funerary domains and offering formulae, royal names and epithets, personal names, royal annals and administrative sources, namely seals and sealings, papyri from Wadi el-Jarf, Gebelein and Abusir, and titles) are analysed, taking into consideration the attestations for the individual gods and the information concerning the links of the deities to the sun and their solar aspects. Likewise, the roles and functions of these divinities, and their relation to other divine beings are studied. Further research questions are in which social spheres these gods appeared and where they were venerated, if exclusively in Heliopolis and its vicinity, or if there were diverse sanctuaries...

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
99
Along with the advance in technology, video data transferring becomes more and more convenient. Therefore, text detection researches for video images have received increasing attention. In this thesis, a new approach for detecting texts from video images is presented. Due to the different background complexity, font sizes and colors, it is difficult to detect the text regions from video images. We adopt a pyramidal method to solve these problems. First, we generate two downsized image by using bilinear interpolation method from the input image. Then, the maximum gradient difference images of each pixel in the three different size gradient images, which convert from the input image, have been calculated separately. Next, the K-means algorithm is applied to each maximum gradient difference image to separate all the pixels into two clusters: text and non-text, and the results of the K-means clustering are combined to form the text regions. After that, the projection profile analysis is applied to the Sobel edge map of the text regions to determine the text candidate boundaries. Finally, we identify each text candidate by using two phase verification. Text candidates are verified based on their geometrical properties and textures in the first phase. In the second verifying phase, statistic features of the phase one verified text candidates are computed through discrete wavelet transform, and principal component analysis is further employed to reduce the dimensions of these features. Then, we apply the optimal decision function of the support vector machine that is obtained from sequential minimal optimization to verify the text candidate whether they contain texts or not. Experimental results show that our method is effective for detecting texts in images with different font sizes and colors, languages and background complexity; moreover, the text candidate features reduction, which can also promote the system performance in the phase two verification.

abstract: With the advent of Internet, the data being added online is increasing at enormous rate. Though search engines are using IR techniques to facilitate the search requests from users, the results are not effective towards the search query of the user. The search engine user has to go through certain webpages before getting at the webpage he/she wanted. This problem of Information Overload can be solved using Automatic Text Summarization. Summarization is a process of obtaining at abridged version of documents so that user can have a quick view to understand what exactly the document is about. Email threads from W3C are used in this system. Apart from common IR features like Term Frequency, Inverse Document Frequency, Term Rank, a variation of page rank based on graph model, which can cluster the words with respective to word ambiguity, is implemented. Term Rank also considers the possibility of co-occurrence of words with the corpus and evaluates the rank of the word accordingly. Sentences of email threads are ranked as per features and summaries are generated. System implemented the concept of pyramid evaluation in content selection. The system can be considered as a framework for Unsupervised Learning in text summarization.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Computer Science 2015