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Academic literature on the topic 'The professional risk'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "The professional risk":

1

Homayoun, Saeid, Vahid Molla Imeny, Mahdi Salehi, Mahdi Moradi, and Simon Norton. "Which Is More Concerning for Accounting Professionals-Personal Risk or Professional Risk?" Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 15452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215452.

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Personal and professional risks have been considered separately in research. However, these two concepts have not so far been investigated in research together. In this study, we first tested the importance of these two risks for Iranian accounting professionals through trade-off scenarios. The analysis of data gathered from an online survey of 487 Iranian accounting professionals shows that accounting professionals in Iran prefer to avoid personal risk rather than professional risk when facing a choice between personal and professional risk. Iranian accountants and auditors are personal risk averters and professional risk lovers, even though they think they are not risk-averse in their personal lives and not risk takers in their professional lives. Therefore, there is a gap between Iranian accounting professionals’ thoughts about their personal and professional risk aversion and their personal and professional risk aversion in practice. Furthermore, we found significant relationships between accounting professionals’ gender, religiosity, welfare, and personal risk aversion. In addition, there are significant relationships between accounting professionals’ gender and personal and professional risk aversion.
2

Marcheva, Polina E. "Genesis and Essence of Concepts: “Risk”, “Professional Risk”, “Professional Risk in Advocacy”." Общество: политика, экономика, право, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/pep.2024.1.17.

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Improvement of society, scientific and technological progress, efficient use of limited natural resources and formation of human being as an important capital are the basis for emergence of new risks and development of existing ones. In addition, it is an ongoing process that is difficult to put into any framework. Therefore, the task of science is to analyze the nature of various risks and to develop protective mechanisms. Increasingly, new risks are being linked to human activities. The author of the article studied the history and essence of the concepts of “risk” and “professional risk”, analyzed the concepts regarding the nature of risk, and also formulat-ed the definition of “professional risk in advocacy”. Currently existing risks faced by advocates in the course of their professional activities negatively affect the quality of legal assistance, which is ultimately received by the citizens of our country. These circumstances make it necessary to study and comprehend professional risks in advocacy in order to find ways to minimize them.
3

Garmashov, A. S., N. I. Akinin, and N. O. Melnikov. "Assessing Professional Risk." Coke and Chemistry 62, no. 10 (October 2019): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x19100053.

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Tiernan, John. "Risk management: have we got it right?" Faculty Dental Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/204268510x12888692447067.

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The subject of risk management and patient safety is common in the newspapers and other forms of media in 2010. The increasing publicity surrounding professional error is not just confined to the UK. Healthcare professionals are under increased scrutiny and different risk management strategies are required to those that existed previously. This article suggests some key principles and strategies to help dental healthcare professionals reduce their risk of a professional challenge.
5

Prusakova, Aleksandra. "ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL RISK." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2021-1-1-268-269.

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Prusakova, Aleksandra. "ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL RISK." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2024, no. 1 (April 22, 2024): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2024-1-282-283.

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Povolotskaya, Nataliya, and Elena Shkatova. "ANALYZING PREVALENCE OF MAIN RISK FACTORS AMONG HEALTH PROFESSIONALS." Social Aspects of Population Health 69, no. 5 (2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2071-5021-2023-69-5-12.

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Significance of the topic of the performed study is substantiated by the fact that activities of health professionals are determinative in providing high-quality specialized medical care. Analysis of risk factors among health professionals and their prevalence are of great importance in terms of developing measures to minimize them and, as a result, determine the quality of health care provided. The purpose of the study is to analyze risk factors among health professionals while performing their professional duties. Material and methods: survey of health professionals according to a specially developed questionnaire, and statistical processing of the results obtained. Results: the analysis determined frequency of the most typical risk factors among health professionals with due regard to individual characteristics (age, gender, professional experience). The most pronounced risk factors among health professionals included: high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, and low physical activity. Scope of application. Development of recommendations to reduce the impact of risk factors associated with professional activities of health specialists on well-being and health, which will indirectly affect the quality improvement of medical care.
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Byazrova, Viktoriya, Nina Steblina, Olga Sadovenko, and Nataliya Sukhonos. "PROFESSIONAL HAZARDS AS POSSIBLE RISK FACTORS FOR LUNG SARCOIDOSIS." UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0664-2020-2-1.

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Prusakova, Aleksandra, and Alena Ivanova. "PROFESSIONAL RISK AND ITS ASSESSMENT." Scientific Papers Collection of the Angarsk State Technical University 2018, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-7788-2020-191-197.

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Krasnova, Anzhela, and Ruslan Khaziev. "PROFESSIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF FIREFIGHTERS." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2022, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2022-1-263-264.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'The professional risk' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The professional risk":

1

Drawer, Scott. "Risk evaluation in professional football." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7542.

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Risk management is composed of three major elements viz., hazard identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation. The aim of hazard identification and risk estimation is to identify the outcomes from risk, the magnitude of the associated con&quences from risk, and the estimation of the probabilities of these outcomes. Previous work focused on hazard identification and risk estimation and identified the relatively high risks associated with playing professional football. By adhering to the risk management process, the aim of this thesis was to determine the significance of these high risks to football clubs and their players. A theoretical framework was designed to evaluate the influence of player injury on the financial and playing performance of professional football clubs. This framework was also used to assess, through use of cost benefit analysis, the practicalities of investing in suitable injury prevention strategies, to reduce the risks to football clubs and their players. Former professional footballers were surveyed to investigate the long-term medical and socioeconomic consequences associated with the high risks of playing professional football. The results identified the high financial costs associated with player injury on professional football clubs. Although the high risks of player injury have a relatively minor effect on teamperformance of the Premier League clubs, this effect still has a relatively major influence on the financial performance of the club. In contrast, the influence of player injury to teamperformance was relatively major for Division I and Division 2 clubs, but this had a relatively minor effect on financial performance. The application of cost benefit analysis to the investment of specialist personnel to reduce the risks of injury demonstrated that the proposals were practicable for Premier League and Division I clubs only. In addition, it was also demonstrated that the high risks associated with playing professional football have a significant influence on the long-term well-being of foriner players. One-third of former players had been medically diagnosed osteoarthritic in a lower limb joint. The majority of players also perceived that injury had a negative influence on their present and future welfare. The results demonstrate that the consequences associated with the relatively high acute injury risk also have a significant effect on the financial and playing performance of football clubs and the future welfare of their players.
2

Karlsson, Anders. "Investment Decisions and Risk Preferences among Non-Professional Investors." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : School of Business, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6841.

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Davidson, Erick. "Market and professional decision-making under risk and uncertainty." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196261774.

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Richardson, Clare Louise. "Structured professional judgement of risk in forensic psychiatric practice." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12067/.

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The central issue addressed in this thesis was the validation of a novel risk assessment system designed to meet the security requirements of a high secure forensic hospital. To this end, three research strands investigating the clinical, predictive and preventative utility of the system were pursued. This thesis reports the process of the development, adaptation and implementation of a system based on the HCR-20, called the Structured Clinical Judgement: Risk (SCJ: Risk). The first research strand involved investigation of the processes necessary implement a system of structured professional judgement. The conceptual and operational utility of the system were investigated, and successful implementation of the system within clinical practice was demonstrated by compliance of use by clinical teams. A survey was conducted, investigating the perceptions of clinicians in relation to the clinical utility and usability of the SCJ: Risk. Overall acceptance of the pilot and implementation phase of the system was demonstrated, and the system was perceived to assist clinical teams to structure and document risk-related decisions. The second research strand studied the validity of the SCJ: Risk in predicting intra-institutional behaviour. A prospective investigation of the application of the SCJ: Risk to a forensic population detained in conditions of high security was conducted and this demonstrated variation in the predictive utility of the system. The predictive accuracy of subscale items of the SCJ: Risk, and the individual risk factors comprising the subscales of the system were robust for behaviours relevant to violence and suicide/self-harm. However, prediction of behaviours relevant to escape/abscond, vulnerability to risk from others and subversion of security were not demonstrated. The third research strand involved exploration of the preventative utility of the system, specifically if the identification of a patient as high-risk would minimise the occurrence, or prolong the time to an incident of intra-institutional behaviour. Results illustrated the efficacy of the SCJ: Risk system in the identification of high risk individuals for behaviours relevant to any intra-institutional infraction, violence and self-harm. Patients identified as high-risk displayed a higher prevalence and earlier incidence of relevant intra-institutional behaviour. It is concluded that the system of Structured Clinical Judgement: Risk (as an adaptation of the HCR-20) contributes positively to the overall goals of clarity of risk communication, identification and management of high risk patients within forensic psychiatric practice. However, the extended risk assessment of the SCJ: Risk does not make a significant additional contribution to the parental system on which it is based.
5

Kristenson, Karolina. "Risk factors for injury in men´s professional football." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för samhällsmedicin, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-117170.

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This thesis includes four papers based on three different prospective cohort studies on injury characteristics in men’s professional football. The same general methodology was used in all papers. Time-loss injuries and player individual exposure was registered for match and training separately. The general aim was to investigate potential internal and external risk factors for injury, with a focus on age, playing position, time in professional football, playing surface (artificial turf and natural grass), changes between surfaces and climate; and to evaluate the study methodology. Paper I was based on data collected between 2001 and 2010 from 26 top professional clubs in Europe; the UCL injury study. In total, 6140 injuries and 797 389 hours of exposure were registered. A decreased general injury rate was observed for newcomers compared with established players (hazard ratio (HR), 0.77; 95% CI 0.61-0.99). Using goalkeepers as a reference, all outfield playing positions had significantly higher age-adjusted injury rates. Using players aged ≤ 21 years as a reference, the overall adjusted injury rate increased with age, with a peak injury rate among players aged 29 to 30  years (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.24-1.68). Paper II and Paper III are based on data collected during two consecutive seasons, 2010 and 2011, in the Swedish and Norwegian male first leagues. In total, 2186 injuries and 367 490 hours of football exposure were recorded. No statistically significant differences were found in acute injury rates on artificial turf (AT) compared with natural grass (NG) during match play (rate ratio, 0.98, 99% CI 0.79-1.22) or training (rate ratio 1.14, 99% CI 0.86-1.50) when analysing at the individual player level. However, when analysing at the club level, clubs with AT installed at their home arena had a significantly higher acute training injury rate (rate ratio 1.31, 99% CI 1.04-1.63) and overuse injury rate (rate ratio 1.38, 99% CI 1.14-1.65) compared to clubs with NG installed at their home venue. No association was found between frequent surface shifts and subsequent overuse injury risk (risk ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.91-1.12). Analyses on the total cohort showed no difference in injury rates between clubs in the two climate zones (total rate ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.92-1.10). Data included in Paper IV were collected during two consecutive seasons 2008 and 2009. During this period, two Norwegian elite football clubs were concurrently included in two research groups’ surveillance systems. The capture rate for match injuries was similar between the two audits, while the capture rate for training injuries was slightly higher with individual-based exposure recording. The inter-rater agreement in injury variable categorisations was in most aspects very high.
6

Bergin, Nicola. "Reconceptualising professional role reconfiguration in healthcare : institutional work and influences around professional hierarchy, accountability and risk." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38960/.

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This thesis explores the phenomenon of workforce modernisation through the reconfiguration of professional roles, which represents a policy priority in healthcare systems in the United Kingdom (UK) and globally. Heavily informed by conflict or power accounts of professionalism, the literature presents attempts to reconfigure professional roles as opportunities for the reallocation of professional knowledge and expertise and therefore power and status. Existing work emphasises the strategic, competitive activity of professionals to establish, extend and defend jurisdiction in the face of such change. Utilising an organisational neoinstitutional approach this thesis provides a novel theoretical interpretation of the opportunities and threats that the renegotiation of roles presents to the professional groups involved, adding complexity to the accounts that dominate the literature. The thesis draws upon work that describes the evolving nature and function of professionalism to demonstrate that in the contemporary organisational environment, focussed on accountability and risk management, attempts to reconfigure professional roles are understood not only in terms of the transfer of professional knowledge and expertise but the concurrent transfer of accountability for the management of risk. This represents a more complex commodity potentially associated with professional risk in the event of untoward incidents. Using the case of changes to the roles of consultant psychiatrists in the UK National Health Service (NHS) that propose the redistribution of clinical activity and responsibility from psychiatrists across the wider mental health workforce, the thesis demonstrates that rather than competing for jurisdiction associated with the management of significant risk, professionals carefully renegotiate their roles in a manner that ensures the protection, not just of their clients, but of the professionals involved. In this case, despite institutional work from professionals and managers to create change in established practice, concern with accountability for the management of risk drove adherence to traditional, readily accepted and organisationally sanctioned interprofessional boundaries, limiting the degree of change enacted. These findings have important practical implications for those involved in the management of change as well as theoretical implications for our understandings of professional role reconfiguration attempts and the nature of contemporary professionalism more broadly.
7

Bengtsson, Håkan. "Match-related risk factors for injury in male professional football." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för fysioterapi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-142788.

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Background: Injuries are common in professional football, especially during matches, and they cause suffering for players, in both the short and the long term. It is therefore important to try to prevent these injuries. One of the most important steps in injury prevention is to fully understand the different risk factors that contribute to these injuries. Aim: The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate several match-related factors that have been suggested to be important for the risk of sustaining injuries during professional football matches. Methods: The thesis consists of four papers, and all analyses are based on data gathered during a large-scale prospective cohort study that has been running since 2001: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. Medical teams from 61 clubs have been involved in this study, and they have prospectively gathered data about football exposure and injuries for their first team players. Associations between the following factors and injuries have been analysed: • Match characteristics in terms of match venue, match result, and competition • Match congestion, both short and long term, and at team and individual player level • Number of completed training sessions between return to sport after an injury and the first match exposure Results: All match characteristics studied were shown to be associated with injury rates, with higher injury rates during home matches compared with away matches, in matches that were lost or drawn compared with matches won, and in domestic league and Champions League matches compared with Europa League and other cup matches. It was also shown that injury rates, muscle injury rates in particular, were higher if the recovery time between matches was short. This association between match congestion and injury rates was shown when match congestion was considered at both team and individual player level. Finally, the odds of injury during the first match exposure after a period of absence due to injury was found to be higher if players had completed few training sessions between return to sport and their first match. Conclusion: There are several match-related risk factors that contribute to the injury rate during professional football matches. A better understanding of these risk factors will help teams to make better estimations of the injury risks to which players are exposed in different situations (e.g. during periods of match congestion and when players return to sport after an injury). Knowledge about risk factors will also offer the possibility of reducing the number of injuries for football teams by addressing them with appropriate measures.
8

Ward, Catherine. "Trainees' reflections on developing personal and professional skills through managing risk." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/52106/.

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The development of competency in personal and professional skills and values is likely to increase in importance as Clinical Psychologists in-training take on leadership and consultancy roles and work with greater complexity on qualification. However, the literature on how this competency develops and what helps and hinders this within Clinical Psychology training programmes is very limited. An understanding of the experience of Clinical Psychologists’ in-training development of this competency is important to inform teaching and supervisory practice and to promote development of self awareness, professional effectiveness and resilience. Given the lack of literature and the exploratory nature of the research question, a qualitative approach was undertaken which explored Clinical Psychologists’ in-training lived experience of developing personal and professional skills (PPD) through managing risk. A focus on such situations was chosen because managing risk is experienced by many trainees as taking them to the limits of their competence and to often demand interprofessional working. The research explored how the experience of managing such risks and complexity enhanced or diminished PPD learning. A systematic review of the extant literature was conducted and semi-structured qualitative interviews were pursued with ten Clinical Psychologists’ in-training across the UK, from a range of doctoral training programmes. An interpretative phenomenological approach was employed to analyse participants’ accounts. Four themes which interlinked to form a learning cycle: ‘event perception’, ‘managing the professional self’, ‘reflective practice’ and ‘identity’. The emergent themes were interpreted with reference to the literature on PPD in broader populations of health professionals. The findings have a range of implications for training programmes, supervisors, trainees, and for the British Psychological Society/The Committee of Training in Clinical Psychology accreditation criteria which is currently being revised. Implications of the findings for risk management in clinical practice and recommendations for future research are also presented.
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Whitehouse, Kerry. "Risk-taking and professional development : physical education teachers' narratives of experience." Thesis, University of Worcester, 2018. http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/7067/.

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This study adopted an interpretive qualitative approach, using narrative inquiry to understand the experiences of early career physical education (PE) teachers who took ‘risks’ during their training year, and who had been teaching in schools. Narrative interviews were conducted with nine PE teachers who had engaged with a Risk-Taking Professional Development Programme (PDP) during their training year and who had been teaching for between two months and five years. Interviews explored the meanings, definitions and influences that participants ascribed to risk taking from their memories of the training year and once they began teaching in schools. The focus of the study emerged because in my role as a PE teacher trainer, I designed the Risk-Taking PDP to challenge trainee PE teachers to reflect critically upon their teaching and pupil learning and, move beyond their comfortable practices. Inspiration was taken from the Office for Standards in Education outstanding descriptor at that time, to ‘Take risks when trying to make teaching interesting, be able to deal with the unexpected and grab the moment’ (Ofsted, 2008, p. 1). The Risk-Taking PDP became a core component of the PE Teacher Training course in one UK Higher Education Institution (HEI) and was delivered to over 100 PE trainee teachers. An interpretive analysis located overlapping and interlocking themes which closely represented illuminative epiphanies (Denzin, 2001). Findings revealed that risk-taking became a central component of teachers’ practice during the training year. It encouraged critical reflection and developed trainee confidence. Epiphanic moments experienced by participants highlighted that adaptation, negotiation and resilience formed over time as crucial aspects of risk-taking. Once qualified and teaching in schools, key influences affected PE teachers’ willingness to take risks. These included; performativity measures, time, pupil behaviour and the influence of the subject community. Risk-taking was found to support personal and professional growth and, when influences in schools were positive, engagement with innovation and creativity continued. This led to further growth and learning for both teachers and pupils. This study provides new knowledge to inform the continuation of the Risk-Taking PDP and offers new insights for PE Initial Teacher Education and Training (ITET) practices. Furthermore, this study reaffirms the views of Clandinin and Connelly (2000) who argue for narrative being a three-dimensional space where temporality, sociality and place (context) influence thinking and learning and also, those of Dewey (1938) where experience and learning is transactional and always in relation to others and the social context. This study proposes a fourth dimension to risk-taking, a visional dimension where teachers visualise an ‘ideal’ situation and, is represented through the abstract conceptualisation of risk-taking holding a four-dimensional metaphorical space. This is represented through a geometrical shape, the Tesseract. This study suggests that the Tesseract Model should be utilised in schools to support early career teacher professional development, build resilience and encourage collaborative engagement in subject communities. Likewise, insights from a methodological approach, of narrative inquiry, that has seen a limited application in the context of PE provides a different and invaluable viewpoint in positioning the researchers’ and participants’ stories centrally.
10

Parekh, Sanjay M. "The risk of knee pain and knee osteoarthritis in professional footballers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43010/.

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Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common complex disorder. Although previously believed to be degenerative, KOA is in fact a regenerative condition, compensating against insults sustained at the joint. However, a failure of this compensatory repair process, especially in the presence of constitutional and local joint factors, increases the risk of KOA and inevitably leads to joint-failure (Dieppe and Lohmander, 2005, Arden and Nevitt, 2006, Sandell, 2012). Diagnosis of KOA may be made via clinical presentation, imaging, or using clinical algorithms, which may be a combination both in addition to biochemical diagnostic tests (Brandt et al., 2003). Knee pain (KP) is the most common symptom, and in the general population its prevalence is 25% (Peat et al., 2001a). Patients may also experience early morning stiffness of the joint and reduced function. Physician-observed signs include crepitus, restricted movement, and bony and soft tissue swellings (Abhishek and Doherty, 2013). Although considered the gold standard to diagnose KOA, plain film radiography is not without its limitations (Wick et al., 2012). Clinicians, however, favour radiography because it can easily discern two key features of the condition: joint space narrowing (JSN), a surrogate of cartilage loss, and the formation of osteophytes on the joint margin (Roemer et al., 2014). Assessment of radiographs is most commonly undertaken using Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade verbal descriptors (Altman et al., 1986a). The prevalence of radiographic KOA (RKOA) may be higher than KP, but there is a discordance between people reporting symptoms and those with structural change (RKOA) (Peat et al., 2001a, Bedson and Croft, 2008). A plethora of constitutional risk factors and joint-specific biomechanical factors increase the risk of KOA, including joint injury and occupation (Suri et al., 2012, Silverwood et al., 2015). One such occupation, which has a greater risk of injury are professional footballers (Drawer and Fuller, 2002) and knee injuries account for 17% of all footballing injuries (Ekstrand et al., 2011). Football is one of the most common team sports worldwide, with over 265 million people worldwide play the game (FIFA, 2007a), and of these, 110,000 are male professional footballers (FIFA, 2007b). Although perceived that that footballers are at great risk of long-term consequences such as KOA, due to their high risk of injury, the current evidence supporting this is limited (Kuijt et al., 2012, Tran et al., 2016). The previous studies observing KOA in footballers are difficult to generalise to the wider football population. This is for a number of reasons, including recruitment of inadequate sample, absence of inappropriate control groups, and differing case definitions, all resulting in a large variation in prevalence of KOA. Thus, there exists a need for a comprehensive study to determine the true prevalence and risk of KOA in retired professional footballers compared to the general population. Aims: (1) To determine the prevalence and risk of KOA (measured as KP, RKOA and requirement for total knee replacement (TKR)) in retired professional footballers compared to the general population; (2) To determine the specific factors (constitutional, biomechanical and football-specific) that are associated with an increased risk of each of these outcomes (KP, RKOA and TKR) within footballers. Methods: The Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the Nottingham Research Ethics Committee (Refs 14/EM/0045; 14/EM/0015) approved this study, which was registered on the clinicaltrials.gov portal (NCT02098044; NCT02098070). This study design involved carrying out two cross-sectional studies. The Football Study involved distributing 4775 postal questionnaire surveys to retired professional footballers via multiple sources, including football clubs, their former players’ associations and the Professional Footballers Association (PFA). The Knee Pain and Related Health in the Community Study (KPIC) involved distributing 40,500 postal questionnaires, via 12 general practice surgeries, to both men and women in the East Midlands general population. However, only men formed the control group for this study. The inclusion criteria for both the footballers and control participants was the same: men aged 40 and older. The questionnaires, developed based on previously literature, were similar to capture detailed information about KP, undergoing a TKR and putative risk factors for KOA, including knee injuries, surgery and alignment. The questionnaires also gathered information regarding demographics, medical and occupational history, general health and current medication. Following this, footballers and controls who consented had radiographic assessments of both their knees, including weight-bearing semi-flexed posterior-anterior (PA) view using the Rosen template (Rosenberg et al., 1988) and a seated 30° flexion skyline view. A single observer (GSF) scored all the radiographs as a single mixed batch using HIPAX Dicom software. In addition to the KL grades, the Nottingham Line Drawing Atlas (NLDA) was used (Nagaosa et al., 2000) (Wilkinson et al., 2005), which scored composite joint space narrowing (JSN), composite osteophyte, and a combined global score for each knee. Primary outcomes observed were current KP, RKOA (measured using the NLDA) and TKR. Secondary outcomes observed were ever having KP (chronic), physician-diagnosed KOA, RKOA (measured using KL grades) and radiographic CC. Power calculations determined the sample size for the questionnaire survey and the radiographic survey. Categorical variables presented as frequency and percent and compared using a chi-squared test. Continuous variables presented as mean and standard deviation and compared using a t-test. The risk of KOA (measured for each outcome independently) in footballers compared to the controls was determined using a generalised linear model (GLM) with a Poisson distribution, and adjusted for known risk factors (including age, body mass index (BMI) and previous knee injury). The specific risk factors within footballers associated with outcomes of KOA (namely KP, RKOA and TKR) were determined using multivariate logistic regression. Results: 1207 footballers (response rate of 25.3%) and 4085 control men responded to the Football and KPIC studies respectively, which was far lower than studies previously conducted in both populations. Following this, 470 footballers and 500 men consented to undergoing radiographic assessment of their knees. For participants who returned the questionnaire (footballers and controls), characteristics were compared between those who underwent a knee radiograph and those who did not. Age and sustaining a knee injury were the main factors significantly difference in both. Footballers were significantly older (3.9 years) than the controls, but were gender-matched (males-only) and had a similar BMI. Footballers had a significantly greater number of injuries (64.5% v. 23.3%) compared to the controls. They also had significantly more body pain (74.7% v. 69.8%) and therefore took more pain-relief medication (61.9% v. 28.5%). However, footballers suffered from far fewer comorbidities compared to the controls (29.4% v. 45.7%). Footballers had a far greater prevalence of both primary and secondary outcomes. The prevalence of KP was almost twice as great in footballers (52.2%) compared to the controls (26.9%) and this increased prevalence was regardless of age. The peak prevalence of KP also occurred at least ten years earlier in footballers compared to the controls. Although the prevalence of physician-diagnosed KOA was much lower than the prevalence of KP in footballers (28.3%), it was more than double that of the controls (12.2%). Additionally, footballers (11.1%) had almost three times greater prevalence of TKR compared to the controls. Risk factors significantly associated with footballers who had undergone a TKR, included age [OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.07-1.11], being obese [OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.00-3.12] and having gout [OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.96-4.70]. Sustaining a significant knee injury [OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.94-4.99] and receiving an intra-articular knee injection [OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.76-3.73] were also significant risk factors for footballers who underwent a TKR. However, those footballers with a longer duration of playing the game [OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.98] had a reduced risk of TKR.
Conclusion: These findings show footballers have a greater risk of KOA compared to the general population, reporting up to three times higher prevalence of various outcomes (KP, RKOA, physician-diagnosed KOA and TKR). The age-prevalence of all outcomes of KOA, are greater in footballers compared to the controls. The high prevalence of injuries significantly account the risk of KOA in footballers compared to the controls (even following adjustment of other risk factors). Within footballers, knee injuries, together with subsequent investigations (specifically exploratory and interventional arthroscopy) and management (specifically intra-articular knee injections), were strongly associated with risk of KOA (KP, RKOA and TKR independently). Football’s governing bodies need to set out and implement strategies to reduce or even prevent the risk of serious injury (thus reducing the risk of subsequent investigation). This will reduce the risk of long-term consequences, such as KOA. However, whether the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council considers the risk of KOA in footballers an industrial compensable disease remains a question.
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Books on the topic "The professional risk":

1

Bennett, Bruce E., Brenda K. Bryant, Gary R. VandenBos, and Addison Greenwood. Professional liability and risk management. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11102-000.

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E, Bennett Bruce, ed. Professional liability and risk management. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association, 1990.

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John, Lemons, and National Association of Environmental Professionals., eds. Readings from The environmental professional. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science, 1995.

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Peterson, Marilyn R. At personal risk: Boundary violations in professional-client relationships. New York: Norton, 1992.

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Schneller, Jay. Psychosocial evaluation & threat risk assessment: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 2005.

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John, Lemons, and National Association of Environmental Professionals, eds. Natural resources: Readings from The environmental professional. [Washington, D.C.]: National Association of Environmental Professionals and Blackwell Science, 1995.

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Carol, Alexander, Sheedy Elizabeth, and Professional Risk Managers International Association., eds. The professional risk managers' guide to financial markets. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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Professional Risk Managers International Association., ed. The professional risk managers' guide to financial instruments. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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Markowitz, Jeffrey S. Mortality and Its Risk Factors Among Professional Athletes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77203-5.

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1929-, Nora Paul F., and American College of Surgeons. Professional Liability Committee., eds. Professional liability/risk management: A manual for surgeons. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "The professional risk":

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Hassell, Lewis A., Michael L. Talbert, and Jane Pine Wood. "Professional Liability Risk." In Pathology Practice Management, 209–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22954-6_16.

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Smirnova, Elena, and Nadejda Subbotina. "Modeling Professional Risk." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 933–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11051-1_96.

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Graskemper, Joseph P. "Risk Management." In Professional Responsibility in Dentistry, 89–104. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785584.ch14.

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Bunni, Nael G., and Lydia B. Bunni. "Professional indemnity insurance." In Risk and Insurance in Construction, 431–50. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003222514-15.

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Thompson, Neil. "Managing risk and resources." In The Professional Social Worker, 161–77. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60378-4_11.

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Kolari, James W., Wei Liu, and Seppo Pynnönen. "Net Long Portfolio Risk Analyses." In Professional Investment Portfolio Management, 169–89. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48169-7_9.

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Swanson, Charles. "Security risk management and strategic business awareness." In Professional Security Management, 28–46. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429323065-3.

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Brooks, David J., and Michael Coole. "Divergence of Safety and Security." In The Coupling of Safety and Security, 63–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47229-0_7.

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Abstract Safety and security have similar goals, to provide social wellness through risk control. Such similarity has led to views of professional convergence; however, the professions of safety and security are distinct. Distinction arises from variances in concept definition, risk drivers, body of knowledge, and professional practice. This chapter explored the professional synergies and tensions between safety and security professionals, using task-related bodies of knowledge. Findings suggest that safety and security only have commonalities at the overarching abstract level. Common knowledge does exist with categories of risk management and control; however, differences are explicit. In safety, risk management focuses on hazards management, whereas security focuses on threat mitigation. Safety theories consider health impacts and accidents, whereas security crime and crime prevention. Therefore, safety and security are diverging as distinct professions.
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Ozdemir, Yunus Emre, and Baris Kocaoglu. "Sports in Professional Athletes." In Injury and Health Risk Management in Sports, 31–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60752-7_5.

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Niv, Yaron, and Yossi Tal. "Medical Professional Liability Insurance." In Patient Safety and Risk Management in Medicine, 111–16. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49865-7_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "The professional risk":

1

Alekina, E. V. "Conceptual Model Of Professional Risk Management." In GCPMED 2018 - International Scientific Conference "Global Challenges and Prospects of the Modern Economic Development. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.159.

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Головкова, Н. П., Л. М. Лескина, and Н. А. Хелковский-Сергеев. "Professional health risk of the metallurgists." In Modern problems of occupational medicine: The all-Russian scientific-practical conference devoted to the 80th anniversary of academician N.H. Amirov. Kazan state medical University; FSBSI “RIOH”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-0-7-2019-1-54-57.

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Wain, L. J. "Risk assessment: an introduction." In IET Professional Development Course on Electric Traction Systems. IEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20080514.

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Nathwani, J., and N. Lind. "THE RATIONAL IMPERATIVE OF PROFESSIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT." In 4th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120113.4596.c1657.

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Федотова, И. В., И. А. Умнягина, and М. М. Некрасова. "Professional risk assessment for older truck drivers." In Modern problems of occupational medicine: The all-Russian scientific-practical conference devoted to the 80th anniversary of academician N.H. Amirov. Kazan state medical University; FSBSI “RIOH”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-0-7-2019-1-193-195.

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Wain, L. J. "Risk assessment - an introduction." In 9th IET Professional Development Course on Electric Traction Systems. IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20060207.

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Canning, A. A. "Risk and safety decision making." In IET Professional Development Course on Electric Traction Systems. IET, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2010.0195.

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Cretu, Ovidiu, Vlad Cretu, Terry Berends, and Robert Stewart. "Risk Based Estimate: Keep It Simple..." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39789.

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The project cost and schedule estimate is a very subtle effort that needs to be repeated throughout the entire project’s life. The relatively new method of including risk events into the project cost estimate makes this effort more sensitive to subtleness. The authors have noticed during their work with other professionals that it is a tendency to make the processes of cost risk analysis (Risk Based Estimate (RBE)) more complicated than they should be. The authors call this tendency as “professional sophistication” when the RBE includes too many activities, too many uncertainties, and too many risk events. The “professional sophistication” usually is detrimental to the entire cost and schedule risk analysis and it constitutes a significant source of the analysis’ failure. The paper presents few cases when so called “professional sophistication” led to the initial analysis failure and if not caught in time to the project cost and schedule misrepresentation. The paper presents the reasons why the “Keep It Simple Smarty (KISS)” principle is critical for a robust and reliable cost and schedule risk analysis. The papers evaluate the impact of having too many variables included into RBE. It makes recommendation about the optimum number of variable that may be incorporated in the cost risk analysis. The ultimate recommendation is about being sure that the Risk Based Estimate includes only the uncertainties or risk events that may change significant the project cost or schedule.
9

Понамарева, О. П., Ю. Ю. Горблянский, Н. В. Яковлева, and Е. П. Конторович. "Forecasting the risk of professional burnout among teachers." In The second international scientific Forum "Health and Safety at the Workplace". Encyclopedix, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-985-7153-46-6-2018-1-2-183-186.

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Kolpakova, Anna. "Professional risk management in a track engine station." In Теоретические и прикладные исследования: достижения, проблемы и перспективы развития. Санкт-Петербург: Научная общественная организация "Профессиональная наука", 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54092/9781471661877_17.

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Reports on the topic "The professional risk":

1

Radhakrishnan, H., and B. Windjack. The role of professional associations in disaster risk reduction. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330539.

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Chiavaroli, Neville, Kate Reid, Pru Mitchell, and Jenny Trevitt. Systematic review of the literature on professional education accreditation. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-711-3.

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This report is a critical and systematic review of the literature on professional education accreditation models, associated methods, and the effectiveness and impact of each model. The review was conducted to inform a review and update of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) standards of accreditation for veterinary degrees. The purpose of the study was to rapidly appraise the evidence for the effectiveness, impact, and feasibility of different accreditation approaches, in order to inform best practices for the accreditation of professional education programs. The study focused on accreditation for programs which produce practice-ready graduates, including for veterinary programs. The authors searched several databases for articles published from 2000 to 2020, using search terms identified during a scoping phase, and applied a rapid review methodology in line with contextual, time, and resource requirements. The full-text review included 32 articles, from which a clear transition in the literature was seen from input- and process-based models (pre- and early 2000s) to outcomes-based models (in the 2000s and early 2010s). Continuous quality improvement and targeted models (including risk-based and thematic) represent more recent approaches in accreditation practice. However the review identified limited empirical evidence for the relative effectiveness of different accreditation approaches in professional education, although evidence for the more recent accreditation approaches is emerging.
3

Lagutin, Andrey, and Tatyana Sidorina. SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL SELF-GOVERNMENT AMONG CADETS OF MILITARY INSTITUTES. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/self-government.

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When carrying out professional activities, officers of the VNG of the Russian Federation are often in difficult, stressful, emotionally stressful situations associated with the use of weapons as a particularly dangerous means of destruction. The right to use a weapon by an officer makes him responsible for its use. And therefore requires the officer to make a balanced optimal decision, which is associated with the risk and transience of events, and in which no mistake can be made, since the price of it can be someone's life. It is at such a moment that it is important that the officer has stable skills in making a decision on the use of weapons, and this requires skills not only in managing subordinates or the situation,but in managing himself. The complication of the military-professional activity, manifested in the need to develop the ability to quickly and accurately make command decisions, exacerbating the problem of social responsibility of an officer who has the management of unit that leads to an understanding of his singular personal and professional responsibility, as the ability to govern themselves makes it possible to achieve a positive result of the Department for the DBA. This characterizes the need for a commander to have the ability to manage himself, as a "system" that manages others. Forming skills of self-control, patience, compassion, having mastered algorithms of making managerial decisions, the cycle of implementing managerial functions, etc., a person comes to the belief: "before effectively managing others, it is necessary to learn how to manage yourself." The required level of personal and professional maturity can be formed in a person as a result of purposeful self-management, which determines the special role of professional and personal self-management in the training of future officers.
4

Barahona, Ricardo, and María Rodríguez-Moreno. Estimating the OIS term premium with analyst expectation surveys. Madrid: Banco de España, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36253.

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This paper estimates the euro area overnight index swap yield curve, which is considered to be the risk-free yield curve in the euro area, using an affine term structure model. We expand the Adrian, Crump and Moench (2013) procedure with survey data to dissect rates into short-term expectations and term premia. This approach reveals the market expectations of short-term interest rates and monetary policy, and gauges the premium demanded by risk-averse investors in uncertain interest rate environments. As compared to the simpler model, the use of survey information in our estimation yields estimates more aligned with professional expectations data. Our approach enables us to obtain daily forecasts of short-term rates for up to 10 years ahead which are aligned with professional surveys on interest rates. Our estimation of real-time information on short-term rate expectations proves valuable as it complements the survey data, which are typically available at longer intervals.
5

Marsden, Eric. Risk regulation, liability and insurance: literature review of their influence on safety management. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/337rrl.

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This document provides a short literature review on the complementarity (and antagonisms) between liability rules, safety regulation and insurance and their effect on safety management. It draws on a range of disciplines, with a focus on economic analysis of law and regulation theory. Some of the issues discussed are rather complex; this document attempts to provide simple explanations together with references to the professional literature for the interested reader. Some issues are the subject of ongoing debate between scholars; in such situations, we have attempted to present the various points of view. The document provides background information concerning the topics discussed during the NeTWork’2012 workshop, and draws on some of the contributions of workshop participants and the rich discussion which took place during the three days. The first chapter presents issues related to regulation, starting with the classical economic justifications for state intervention (presence of externalities, information failures and moral hazard). A number of obstacles to the effectiveness of safety regulation are presented. Finally, some alternatives or complements to regulation, including self-regulation, are briefly discussed. Chapter 2 presents an overview of liability law, starting with some introductory definitions. Factors which weaken the effectiveness of liability as an incentive to invest in prevention are discussed, as are negative effects of liability regimes on safety management. A number of case studies illustrating the liability of regulators are briefly presented. Chapter 3 discusses the impact of insurance and reinsurance on firms’ and individuals’ safety management. The last chapter briefly analyzes firms’ and individuals’ sources of motivation to take care.
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Dietrich, Amelia. Student Risk Report: Pilot Data from Education Abroad Programs, January 1 - June 30, 2023. The Forum on Education Abroad, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/r.2023srr.pilot.

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This pilot report is the result of the collective work of representatives from seven (7) education abroad provider organizations and The Forum on Education Abroad’s professional staff that served on Phase I of The Forum on Education Abroad’s Student Risk Task Force during the calendar year 2023. Over the course of 9+ months, the group worked together by discussing their internal systems of incident tracking in painstaking detail in order to reach a mutual understanding and develop a strategy for collecting and reporting data about student risk based on the following questions: What are the categories of incidents that pose significant risk to students’ health, safety, security, and well-being on education abroad programs? How do we define those incidents in a way that will permit us to report our organizations' incidents into a shared dataset in a consistent way? What information about the context and results of those incidents are we able to track and share? How do we define those factors? How can we analyze and interpret our shared incident data to better inform evidence-based practice in education abroad risk management and student preparation and support? United by a shared commitment to student well-being, transparency, and continuous improvement, the Task Force developed definitions and reporting templates, which they piloted with incidents reported by students participating in their education abroad programs between January 1 and June 30, 2023. The methods for data collection and insights into the type, frequency, and context of incidents that occurred during this period are included in the report that follows. The Forum is committed to continuing this initiative and plans to produce a second report, including additional data from the 2023 calendar year, in 2024.
7

Marsden, Eric, Noëlle Laneyrie, Cécile Laugier, and Olivier Chanton. La relation contrôleur-contrôlé au sein d’un réseau d’acteurs. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/933rrr.

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This document concerns the regulatory oversight and governance of high-hazard industrial activities. A complex set of laws, regulations and institutions contribute to the social control of these activities, reinforcing and serving as a complement to the risk prevention mechanisms put in place by operating companies. This document focuses in particular on the relationships between regulated firms, regulatory authorities and third party intermediaries who play a role in safety oversight (certification bodies, auditors, insurers, professional associations, etc.) and the impact of the quality of these relationships on industrial safety. The scope is the prevention of major accident hazards in different industry sectors (process industry, transport, energy), in France and at an international level. We focus our attention on different forms of “coregulation”, the act of enrolling the entities concerned by regulatory measures in their elaboration and the verification of their compliance, which is believed to improve their appropriation by private actors and thereby produce better oversight than classical command-and-control regulation. We analyze in particular the partial delegation of authority, internal risk control mechanisms and the use of third party intermediaries in the oversight process. This coproduction of regulation by public and private entities is increasingly used in different industry sectors, and leads to a more collaborative and interconnected regulatory process, based on a network of actors rather than a simple regulator-regulatee duopole.
8

Thomas, Sandy, Peter Gregory, Sarah O’Brien, Catriona McCallion, Ben Goodall, Chun-Han Chan, and Paul Nunn. Rapid Evidence Review 1 on the Critical Appraisal of Third-Party Evidence. Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.elm525.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) always seeks to ensure that itsrecommendations are made on the best-available evidence. Following a request from the FSA Chair, the Science Council have sought to provide a framework that can guide those seeking to submit uncommissioned evidence to the FSA on its scientific principles and standards.The Science Councils proposed framework is based on the principles of quality, trustand robustness. By being transparent about the FSA’s minimal expectations, we aim to help those who wish to submit evidence, typically in an effort to fill a perceived evidence gap orchange a relevant policy or legislation. The framework also seeks to provides assurance to others on the processes in place within the FSA to assess evidence it receives.When the FSA receives evidence, it will: be transparent about how the evidence is assessed and used to develop its evidence base, policy recommendations and risk communication; assess evidence in its proper context using the principles of quality, trust and robustness; seek to minimise bias in its assessments of evidence by using professional protocols, its SACs, peer review and/or multi-disciplinary teams be open and transparent about the conclusions it has reached about any evidence submitted to it.
9

Jenkins, J. Lee, Edbert B. Hsu, Anna Russell, Allen Zhang, Lisa M. Wilson, and Eric B. Bass. Infection Prevention and Control for the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforce. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb42.

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Objectives. To summarize current evidence on exposures to infectious pathogens in the emergency medical services (EMS) and 911 workforce, and on practices for preventing, recognizing, and controlling occupationally acquired infectious diseases and related exposures in that workforce. Review methods. We obtained advice on how to answer four Guiding Questions by recruiting a panel of external experts on EMS clinicians, State-level EMS leadership, and programs relevant to EMS personnel, and by engaging representatives of professional societies in infectious diseases and emergency medicine. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, and SCOPUS from January 2006 to March 2022 for relevant studies. We also searched for reports from State and Federal Government agencies or nongovernmental organizations interested in infection prevention and control in the EMS and 911 workforce. Results. Twenty-five observational studies reported on the epidemiology of infections in the EMS and 911 workforce. They did not report demographic differences except for a higher risk of hepatitis C in older workers and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in minorities. EMS clinicians certified/licensed in Advanced Life Support have a high risk for blood and fluid exposure, and EMS clinicians had a higher risk of hospitalization or death from SARS-CoV-2 than firefighters whose roles were not primarily related to medical care. Eleven observational studies reported on infection prevention and control practices (IPC), providing some evidence that hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and on-site vaccine clinics are effective. Research on IPC in EMS and 911 workers has increased significantly since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusions. Moderate evidence exists on the epidemiology of infections and effectiveness of IPC practices in EMS and 911 workers, including hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and vaccine clinics. Most evidence is observational, with widely varying methods, outcomes, and reporting. More research is needed on personal protective equipment effectiveness and vaccine acceptance, and better guidance is needed for research methods in the EMS and 911 worker setting.
10

Hanlon, W. Walker. The Rise of the Engineer: Inventing the Professional Inventor During the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29751.

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