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Journal articles on the topic 'The Municipal Police'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Kubás, Jozef, Viktor Šoltés, and Zuzana Štofková. "THE OPTIMIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ACTIVITIES OF A MUNICIPAL POLICE." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 25, 2018): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1167.

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Public administration in Slovakia is organized on three levels, one of which is self-government. A local self-administration is defined as a territorial self-government, which is lower on the hierarchy than a regional government. In the Republics of Slovak and Czech, local self-government consists of municipals of privileged entities or incorporations that are attempting to achieve the most secure environment for their citizens. Obtaining this status is possible with a sufficient local budget to form and use services of municipal police. The municipal police force is a disciplinary unit within an area of its territory. In study is the possibility of improving the municipal police of the Slovak Republic. To identify limitations, the Slovak municipal police force is compared with that of another nation exercising activities under similar conditions. For this purpose, the municipal police force of the Czech Republic is compared with that of the Slovak Republic using various indicators. The results show several weaknesses of the municipal police force of Slovak Republic and recommendations are provided to improve its effectiveness.

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2

Soltes, Viktor, Jozef Kubas, Andrej Velas, and David Michalík. "Occupational Safety of Municipal Police Officers: Assessing the Vulnerability and Riskiness of Police Officers’ Work." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 5605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115605.

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The municipal police agencies increase the safety of a municipality’s citizens and thus increase their quality of life. When performing interventions, municipal police officers may endanger their safety and health. This paper deals with the analysis of the riskiness of municipal police officers working in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic from 2004 to 2019 and the assessment of their occupational safety. The risk analysis was carried out on the basis of a risk matrix and calculations of the probability of attack and injury to municipal police officers. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the dependence between the selected variables was investigated. The reliability of this dependence was examined by the determination coefficient. The main result of the paper is the determination of the riskiness category of municipal police officer work based on the assessment of the occupational health protection of officers through statistical indicators of their activities and risk matrix. The results will serve as part of the explanatory memorandum for the proposal of legislative changes in order to increase the occupational health protection of municipal police officers.

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3

Kim, Jong-Soo, and Seung-Gyoon Shin. "Policy of Personnel Recruiting in the Korean Municipal Police System." Journal of the Korea Contents Association 8, no. 7 (July 28, 2008): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2008.8.7.182.

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4

Kubás, Jozef, and Zuzana Štofková. "The effectiveness of finances used for safety by the local government." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 6, no. 2 (November 4, 2016): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v6i2.1383.

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One of the institutions, which directly reports to the city and participates on tasks influencing the security, is the municipal police. The cities spend their finances for the program of safety, which main purpose is to ensure a safe city. The contribution will be primarily focused on subprogram's budget of public order and security dedicated to the safeguarding of public order, property and health of inhabitants. In this subprogram are the funds of the municipal police. It is very important that the municipal police use these funds effectively in order to try to increase the quality and effectiveness of the provided services. This paper deals with the activities of the municipal police in the local government and its results in a certain period of time. We also include the amount of finances allocated in certain period of time and how the municipal police use them. Keywords: Municipal police, private security service, government, security;

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5

Kulesh, Elena Aleksandrovna, and Elena Nikolaevna Likholet. "To the question of prospects for creation and functionality of municipal branches of protection of public order." Административное и муниципальное право, no. 1 (January 2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0595.2020.1.30643.

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The subject of this article is the current legislation of the Russian Federation pertaining to establishment and potential implementation of the norms on the functions of protection of public order by the municipal authorities. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors determine problematic issues in legal regulation of application of these norms, explore foreign experience in the sphere of protection of public order, and consider the prospects for application of this experience in the Russian Federation. The main conclusions of the study consist in proposals on creation of an independent institution of municipal police, prospects for further work within the framework of development of the project of Federal Law “On Municipal Police in the Russian Federation”, taking into account delineation of authority of municipal police and the centralized apparatus of police sub-branches of internal affairs departments; complete transfer of the police patrol functions to the municipal authorities on protection of public order; formation of the mechanism of interaction between the internal affairs authorities and municipal police. The original conclusions made in this research are aimed at helping in preparation of the normative legal framework pertaining to legal position and organization of the work of municipal authorities on protection of public order, as well as formation of the mechanism of interaction between the internal affairs authorities and municipal police.

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6

Schwester, Richard W. "Examining the merits of municipal police contracting." Journal of Public Procurement 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-11-01-2011-b004.

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The touted benefits of inter-governmental contracting are cost savings and simplicity when compared to shared service agreements. Some managers and public officials resist contracting given the assumption that there may be a drop-off in service quality. However, inter-governmental contracting introduces market forces which theoretically would improve performance while keeping costs per unit of output low (Boyne, 1998). This paperexamines municipal police contracting in the State of New Jersey, the purpose of which is to determine if there are statistically significant differences in non-violent crime rates among municipalities that maintain their own police force versus those that contract with neighboring municipalities for police services. Contracting costs are also explored. While summary statistics indicate lower non-violent crime rates among municipalities that maintain their own police force compared to those that contract for police services, multiple regression results indicate that contracting does not predict higher non-violent crime rates at the .05 level. Therefore, contracting for police services should be explored as an alternative municipal policing model.

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7

McCarty, William P., and Stacy Dewald. "Sheriff’s deputies and police officers: comparing their views." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2016-0110.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare views of the community, views of the organization head, and perceptions of organizational justice between deputies working in sheriff’s offices and officers working in municipal police departments. Design/methodology/approach This study used surveys of 2,012 sworn deputies representing 19 full-service county sheriff’s offices and 10,590 sworn officers representing 70 municipal police departments. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the three dependent variables between sheriff’s offices and municipal police departments. Findings Deputies in sheriff’s offices expressed more positive views of the community and organization head, and more favorable perceptions of organizational justice than officers in municipal police departments. Regression analyses indicated that views of the organization head and perceptions of organizational justice remained significantly more positive in sheriff’s offices than municipal departments, even after controlling for agency size and concentrated disadvantage. Research limitations/implications The sample of agencies should not be considered as a representative of all sheriff’s offices and municipal police departments in the USA. The number and scope of agency-level variables included in the regression models were limited. Practical implications The results suggest the importance of ensuring more equitable systems of rewards and organization heads taking steps to communicate more effectively with sworn personnel, especially in municipal departments. Originality/value By its focus on sheriff’s offices, the study broadens knowledge of law enforcement agencies and sworn personnel, which is usually based on studies of municipal police departments and officers.

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8

Tikhaleva, Elena Yu. "THE MUNICIPAL POLICE INSTITUTION ABROAD: DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES." State power and local self-government 11 (November 27, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1247-2019-11-45-49.

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9

Griffiths, Curt Taylor. "Chief Janis Gedusevs, Riga municipal police, Latvia." Police Practice and Research 5, no. 4-5 (September 2004): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1561426042000281837.

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10

Bourne, Major K. M. "The Shanghai Municipal Police: Chinese Uniform Branch." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 64, no. 3 (July 1991): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x9106400308.

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11

Matusiak, Matthew C. "Environmental Predictors of Municipal Police Agency Goals." Police Quarterly 22, no. 1 (August 30, 2018): 112–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611118797068.

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Applications of organizational theory to police organizations frequently employ the framework of structural contingency or institutional theories. The current study seeks to evaluate the impact of both technical and institutional environmental aspects of policing on the goals of municipal police agencies. The influence of a combination of environmental contingencies and chiefs’ ratings of institutional sectors is explored to assess which theory better explains chiefs’ emphasis on police agency goals. Relying on ordinary least squares regression models, the impact of two competing theoretical frameworks is assessed. Findings suggest that chiefs’ demographics (control variables) and legitimacy (institutional) factors have a greater impact than technical (structural contingency theory) elements on the goals that chiefs emphasize within their agencies. Potential theoretical advancement employing public sector agencies is also presented.

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12

KUYKENDALL, JACK. "THE MUNICIPAL POLICE DETECTIVE: AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS." Criminology 24, no. 1 (February 1986): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00382.x.

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13

최병일. "A Comparative Study on Police System Pattern for Establishing Municipal Police System." Korean Journal of Local Government & Administration Studies 24, no. 1 (June 2010): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18398/kjlgas.2010.24.1.19.

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14

Furuhagen, Björn. "The Police as a Municipal or State Agency." Nordisk politiforskning 4, no. 02 (November 2, 2017): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn.1894-8693-2017-02-02.

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15

P. McCarty, William. "Gender differences in burnout among municipal police sergeants." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 36, no. 4 (November 4, 2013): 803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2013-0026.

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16

Hirsch, Werner Z., and Anthony M. Rufolo. "Economic effects of residence laws on municipal police." Journal of Urban Economics 17, no. 3 (May 1985): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(85)90055-5.

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17

Guillamón, Ma Dolores, Francisco Bastida, and Bernardino Benito. "The electoral budget cycle on municipal police expenditure." European Journal of Law and Economics 36, no. 3 (October 14, 2011): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-011-9271-6.

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18

Hoffman, István, and János Fazekas. "The Nature of the “Quasi” – Municipal Policing in Hungary with International and Historical Outlook." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 15, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 541–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/15.3.541-558(2017).

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The article reviews the legal status, the organisation and the tasks of Hungarian municipal policing, and the transformation of this system. Firstly, theoretical and international backgrounds of the topic are shown. Secondly, the article presents the changing roles of Hungarian municipal policing. Here, a tendency of nationalisation can be observed, but from the 1980s the framework of the municipal policing has evolved. Thirdly, the mixed nature of the Hungarian municipal policing is analysed which system can be characterise as a “quasi police” system because of the similarities and differences of the municipal and state police authorities.

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19

Nam, Jae-Sung. "Direction for Legislative Supplementation of「The Act on the Organization and Operation of National Police and Municipal Police」for Enforcement of Desirable Municipal Police System." Korean Police Studies Review 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 69–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.38084/2021.20.1.4.

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20

Mardhiah, Ainal, Eddy Purnama, and Mahdi Syahbandir. "Analisis Terhadap Aturan Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja dan Wilayatul Hisbah Aceh di Kabupaten/Kota." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 2, no. 2 (August 17, 2018): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v2i2.11628.

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Permendagri Nomor 95 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perangkat Daerah Aceh tidak mengatur secara detail tentang Satpol PP dan WH. Satpol PP dan WH diatur dengan Qanun Aceh/Qanun Kabupaten/Kota atau Peraturan Gubernur/Peraturan Bupati/Walikota. Karena tidak ada aturan dari pemerintah pusat yang mengatur khusus tentang Satpol PP dan WH, mengakibatkan adanya perbedaaan struktur organisasi tata kerja, penyebutan nomenklatur dan standar operasional prosedur baik provinsi dengan kabupaten/kota maupun antara sesama kabupaten/kota. Untuk itu perlu aturan khusus yang bersifat nasional atau aturan dari pusat yang mengatur tentang Satpol PP dan WH di Aceh. Kepada Pemerintah Aceh dan Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota diharapkan dapat mendorong Pemerintah Pusat melakukan upaya agar melahirkan regulasi yang bersifat nasional yang mampu mengakomodir kepentigan Satpol PP dan WH di Aceh dan terus melakukan review terhadap aturan yang sudah ada maupun yang akan dilahirkan nantinya. The Internal Affair Ministry Regulation Number 95, 2016 regarding Aceh Official Structure does not mention detailed regarding the organizational structure of the Municipal Police and the Sharia Police. The Governor or Head of Region/Major Regulation is only rule on the Municipal Police and the Sharia Police. Hence it has impact on the different structures of working unit organization, the wording and the standard operating procedure either provincial or local or between regions. It is recommended that it is necessary to enact special law, which is nationally ruling on the municipal and Sharia Police in Aceh. In addition, the government of Aceh and the Regional/municipal Government should encourage the central government to enact national laws on the interest of the polices in Aceh and these should be reviewed.

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21

이훈재. "A Study on the Municipal Police System in Canada." Police Science Journal 5, no. 2 (November 2010): 419–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.16961/polips.2010.5.2.419.

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22

Lindsay, Mark S., and David Lester. "Suicide in a Northeastern Police Department." Psychological Reports 88, no. 1 (February 2001): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.1.226.

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23

Johnson, Richard R. "Minimum Requirements for Police Chiefs in the USA." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 78, no. 2 (June 2005): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2005.78.2.103.

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In the USA police chiefs of municipal police departments are usually selected by the mayor or city council, and often recruited from outside the local police department. To date no study has evaluated the minimum employment qualifications required by municipalities for their police chiefs. The present study involved a content analysis of 162 municipal police chief job advertisements in order to determine the minimum requirements needed in order to compete for the position of police chief. The study also attempted to determine if community characteristics such as population size, density, racial diversity, and economic affluence were correlated to the specific minimum requirements communities sought in their chiefs.

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24

KIM SEONG HOON. "A Study of Two Korea’s Police Integration Based on Local Municipal Police System." Journal of Peace and Unification Studies 11, no. 2 (December 2019): 399–446. http://dx.doi.org/10.35369/jpus.11.2.201912.399.

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25

Crank, John P. "Police style and legally serious crime: A contextual analysis of municipal police departments." Journal of Criminal Justice 20, no. 5 (January 1992): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(92)90076-l.

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26

원소연 and 홍의표. "A Study on the Issue for the Introduction of the Municipal Police System: With a Case of Jeju Municipal Police System." Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences ll, no. 36 (August 2012): 161–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17939/hushss.2012..36.006.

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27

Dolan, L. W., J. Wolpert, and J. E. Seley. "Dynamic Municipal Allocation Analysis." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 1 (January 1987): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190093.

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Distributional studies of municipal service provision which do not make allowances for population losses and relocation as well as for austerity impacts can make serious inferential errors about intended beneficiaries. In this study, the relocation of fire, police, library, and school facilities are examined in the context of New York City's rapid population change and service retrenchment in the 1960 – 1984 period. The findings demonstrate a continuing spatial disequilibrium of services. Shortages persist in some neighborhoods and underutilization in others as population shifts more rapidly than the services can relocate.

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28

Park, Junny. "Thinking about the Pitfalls of Korean Municipal Police System." Korean Association of Police Science Review 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24055/kaps.20.5.6.

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29

Lovrich, Nicholas P., Brent S. Steel, and David Hood. "Equity versus Productivity: Affirmative Action and Municipal Police Services." Public Productivity Review 10, no. 1 (1986): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3380316.

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30

Zhao, Jihong, and Nicholas Lovrich. "Determinants of minority employment in american municipal police agencies." Journal of Criminal Justice 26, no. 4 (July 1998): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(97)00081-0.

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31

Vena, John E., John M. Violanti, James Marshall, and Roger C. Fiedler. "Mortality of a municipal worker cohort: III. Police officers." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 10, no. 4 (1986): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700100406.

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32

Giblin, Matthew J., and Jeffrey S. Nowacki. "Organizational Decline and Fiscal Distress in Municipal Police Agencies." Police Quarterly 21, no. 2 (November 28, 2017): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611117744523.

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In late 2007, the United States entered one of the most significant recessions in recent memory. While the consequences to individuals have been well documented, less attention has been paid to the effects on state-sponsored organizations such as police agencies. The current study examines fiscal distress (e.g., layoffs, hiring freezes) in a sample of large municipal law enforcement agencies. According to a framework proposed by Levine, departments should be most vulnerable to fiscal distress when the jurisdiction experiences economic shocks (environmental entropy), the demand for police services declines (problem depletion), the political system becomes less supportive of police agencies (political vulnerability), and the organization becomes more structurally complex (organizational atrophy). Structural equation modeling results suggest that fiscal distress is driven by the local economic context, changing crime rates, and organizational size. This research has implications for helping organizations address future economic declines.

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33

King, William R. "Time, Constancy, and Change in American Municipal Police Organizations." Police Quarterly 2, no. 3 (September 1999): 338–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109861119900200305.

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34

Gyimah-Brempong, Kwabena. "Demand for factors of production in municipal police departments." Journal of Urban Economics 25, no. 2 (March 1989): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(89)90038-7.

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35

Wilson, Franklin T., and Howard Henderson. "The Criminological Cultivation of African American Municipal Police Officers." Race and Justice 4, no. 1 (January 2014): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368713517396.

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36

Bromley, Max L., and Brian A. Reaves. "Comparing campus and municipal police: the human resource dimension." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 21, no. 3 (September 1998): 534–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639519810228813.

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37

Cieślak, Ilona, Aleksandra Kielan, Dominik Olejniczak, Mariusz Panczyk, Mariusz Jaworski, Robert Gałązkowski, Jakub R. Pękala, et al. "Stress at work: The case of municipal police officers." Work 65, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-193067.

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38

Won Jung Kim. "An Improvement Plan of Agreement Related Business between Jeju Municipal Police andJeju Provincial Police." Local Government Law Journal 11, no. 1 (March 2011): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.21333/lglj.2011.11.1.013.

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39

Alda, Erik, Victor Giménez, and Diego Prior. "Does a complex environment affect police efficiency: an examination on municipal police in Mexico." Applied Economics Letters 27, no. 14 (October 17, 2019): 1220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2019.1676378.

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40

Kim, Young-Sik. "Study on the distribution of the policing affairs between national police and municipal police." Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia services convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2017.01.54.

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41

Šoltés, Viktor, Jozef Kubás, Anna Cidlinová, and Roman Štědrý. "Bezpečnosť príslušníkov obecných polícií." Krízový manažment 19, no. 2 (2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/krm.c.2020.2.46-52.

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In the context of the occupation of any profession, it is essential to emphasize the level of safety and health at work. Employees performing specific professions who are at increased risk of an accident at work also require a specific approach to safety and health at work. As part of their work, members of the municipal police face a variety of situations in which their safety and health may be compromise. In order to increase the level of safety and health at work at work of members of the municipal police, it is necessary to examine and assess the current state of their safety. The aim of the paper is to analyse the position and evaluate the activities of members of the municipal police, and thus create the conditions for increasing their safety and health.

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42

Wilson, Jeremy M., and Justin A. Heinonen. "Police Workforce Structures." Police Quarterly 15, no. 3 (August 31, 2012): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611112456691.

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Research has long focused on the size of police agencies, giving little attention to the composition of the workforce itself. Literature in fields such as the military, healthcare, organizational psychology, and business, highlights the importance of workforce structures in meeting both organizational and staff needs. Using data from a national survey, we examine personnel cohorts (i.e., distribution of junior, midlevel, and senior sworn staff) as an element of workforce structure in the largest, U.S. municipal police organizations. We describe the importance of cohort structures for enhancing performance (meeting both organizational and individual needs) and assess variation in cohort structures. We discuss the cohorts in light of their effects on personnel management, and highlight the importance of existing cohort structures when considering major personnel decisions such as hiring freezes, furloughs, layoffs, and buyouts. We summarize future research that could advance theory and policy regarding workforce structures in police and other criminal justice organizations.

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43

Worrall, John L. "Administrative Determinants of Civil Liability Lawsuits Against Municipal Police Departments: An Exploratory Analysis." Crime & Delinquency 44, no. 2 (April 1998): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128798044002007.

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Most contributions to the police civil liability literature have described trends in the incidence of suits, the outcomes of actual cases, or the impact litigation has on police departments. This article outlines a predictive model of administrative determinants of civil litigation against police. Specifically, it asks: Do police administrators influence trends in litigation? Data drawn from the 1993 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey and from a 1996 survey of 248 police departments suggest that interest in minority recruitment, method of civilian review, and commitment to community-oriented policing affect the incidence of suits. Potential problems with research in this area are discussed.

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44

Hwang, Mungyu. "A Critical Review of the criticism on the Jeju Municipal Police." Police Science Journal 10, no. 2 (July 2015): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.16961/polips.2015.10.2.213.

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45

조계표. "A Study on the Change of the Police System and the Types of Municipal Police." Journal of Association for Korean Public Administration History 42, no. ll (April 2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15856/jakpah.2018.42..1.

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46

McCulloch, Michael. "Most Assuredly Perpetual Motion." Articles 19, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 100–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017678ar.

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This paper examines the evolution of the structure and function of Quebec City's police force. Originally conceived as an instrument of British authority, it was remodelled along Utilitarian lines. Provincial and municipal authorities disputed its control; both levels of government, however, shared the same professional and disciplined model of a force detathced from the people. This ideal did not become a reality. The structure of Quebec society and the limitations of municipal power ensured that the police force was more concerned with routine 'service' functions than with social control. The conditions in the city played a larger role in shaping the force than the theories of police reformers.

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47

Steel, Brent S., and Nicholas P. Lovrich. "Fiscal Stress, Competing Values and Municipal Governance: What Fate Befell Affirmative Action in Municipal Police Departments?" Journal of Urban Affairs 8, no. 3 (June 1986): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1986.tb00145.x.

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48

Mattson, Jeremy. "Relationships between Density and per Capita Municipal Spending in the United States." Urban Science 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5030069.

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The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between land use, particularly density, and per capita spending levels in cities across the United States. A model was developed using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances to estimate the impacts of population-weighted density and other factors on per capita municipal spending. This study focused on municipal spending for eight categories that theoretically could be influenced by land use development: fire protection, streets and highways, libraries, parks and recreation, police, sewer, solid waste management, and water. Density was found to be negatively associated with per capita municipal expenditures for the following cost categories: operational costs for fire protection, streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, solid waste management, and water; construction costs for streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, and water; and land and existing facility costs for police, sewer, and water. Results were insignificant for other cost categories, and a positive relationship was found for police operations costs. In general, results support the conclusion that increased density is associated with reduced per capita municipal spending for several cost categories.

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Friedman, Ruth. "Municipal Liability for Police Misconduct: Must Victims Now Prove Intent?" Yale Law Journal 97, no. 3 (February 1988): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796413.

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Siegel, Gilbert B., and Richard A. Sundeen. "Volunteering in Municipal Police Departments: Some Hypotheses on Performance Impacts." Public Productivity Review 10, no. 2 (1986): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3380454.

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