Academic literature on the topic 'The Long Gestation'
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Journal articles on the topic "The Long Gestation"
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Zer, Shiran, Tamar Wainstock, Eyal Sheiner, Shayna Miodownik, and Gali Pariente. "Identifying the Critical Threshold for Long-Term Pediatric Neurological Hospitalizations of the Offspring in Preterm Delivery." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 2919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132919.
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We opted to investigate whether a critical threshold exists for long-term pediatric neurological morbidity, and cerebral palsy (CP), in preterm delivery, via a population-based cohort analysis. Four study groups were classified according to their gestational age at birth: 24–27.6, 28–31.6, 32–36.6 weeks and term deliveries, evaluating the incidence of long-term hospitalizations of the offspring due to neurological morbidity. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to control for confounders. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to compare the cumulative neurological morbidity incidence for each group. A total of 220,563 deliveries were included: 0.1% (118) occurred at 24–27.6 weeks of gestation, 0.4% (776) occurred at 28–31.6 weeks of gestation, 6% (13,308) occurred at 32–36.6 weeks of gestation and 93% (206,361) at term. In a Cox model, while adjusting for confounders, delivery before 25 weeks had a 3.9-fold risk for long-term neurological morbidity (adjusted HR (hazard ratio) = 3.9, 95% CI (confidence interval) 2.3–6.6; p < 0.001). The Kaplan–Meier survival curve demonstrated a linear association between long-term neurological morbidity and decreasing gestational age. In a second Cox model, adjusted for confounders, infants born before 25 weeks of gestation had increased rates of CP (adjusted HR = 62.495% CI 25.6–152.4; p < 0.001). In our population, the critical cut-off for long-term neurological complications is delivery before 25 weeks gestation.
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Christopoulos, Panagiotis, Anna Eleftheriades, George Paltoglou, Eleni Paschalidou, Emmanouil Kalampokas, Lina Florentin, Chrysanthi Billi, and Makarios Eleftheriades. "Familial Aggregation of a Novel Missense Variant of COL2A1 Gene Associated with Short Extremities: Case Report and Review of the Literature." Children 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9081229.
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We present two cases of family members (first cousins) with short extremities caused by a novel variant of COL2A1 gene (NM_001844.5). Case 1 description: A 29-year-old woman presented in her first pregnancy for a second trimester anomaly scan at 23 weeks of gestation. Fetal long bones were measured below the third centile for gestational age. Follow-up scans revealed fetal long bone growth deceleration. Initial genetic work-up was negative and the rest of the maternal follow-up was unremarkable. A male baby weighing 3180 g was delivered at 39 weeks and 4 days of gestation. Case 2 description: A 33-year-old pregnant woman presented for a routine second trimester anomaly scan at 20 weeks and 4 days of gestation. All fetal measurements were appropriate for the gestational age. The routine growth scan performed at 32 weeks showed fetal long bone measurements below the third centile for gestational age, while the follow-up growth scan at 36 weeks and 4 days of gestation revealed consistent, below the third centile, fetal long bone growth. Given that the fetuses of these two cases were related (first cousins), whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on Case 2. WES revealed a novel heterozygous missense variant c.1132G>A (p. Gly378Ser) of COL2A1 gene (NM_001844.5). Subsequently, targeted genetic sequencing for the variant was performed on Case 1 and the same novel variant was found. Targeted sequencing revealed the same variant in the mother of Case 1 and the father of Case 2 (siblings). A female baby weighing 3200 g was delivered at 40 weeks and 4 days of gestation.
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Prahlada, Prahlada. "Knowledge management in long gestation projects." International Journal of Information Technology and Management 2, no. 3 (2003): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijitm.2003.003477.
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Yudin, Mark H., Elizabeth V. Asztalos, Ann Jefferies, and Jon F. R. Barrett. "The Management and Outcome of Higher Order Multifetal Pregnancies: Obstetric, Neonatal and Follow-up Data." Twin Research 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.1.4.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to describe current obstetric, neonatal, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of higher order multifetal gestations (≥ 3 fetuses) in the 1990s. We also intended to identify a target gestational age at which neonatal and neurodevelopmental morbidities are low. Records from all multifetal pregnancies (≥ 3 viable fetuses ≥ 20 weeks gestation) delivered at the two perinatal centers in Toronto, Ontario, Canada during the study period (January 1, 1990–December 31, 1996) were reviewed. Data were collected on obstetric, neonatal, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Follow up data were gathered regarding the presence of a severe deficit in four categories (vision, hearing, cognition, and motor skills). Statistical analysis was performed to determine a gestational age at which a significant decrease in deficit occurred. During the study period 165 multifetal pregnancies were delivered. This resulted in 511 fetuses, of which 496 were live births. Of these 496 infants, 453 survived to discharge. Follow up data were obtained on 332 (73.3 per cent) infants. Infant survival increased with gestational age, and was approximately 90 per cent or greater at 26 weeks or more. Of all infants followed, the proportion of those without deficit increased with increasing gestational age, such that the per cent without deficit was 96.9 at 31 weeks or greater. Of all infants followed, 301 (90.7 per cent) had no deficit. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in long-term neurodevelopmental outcome between infants born before and after 28 weeks gestation. The incidence of a major deficit was 44.1 per cent for those born earlier than and 5.4 per cent for those born later than this gestational age (p = 0.001). In our cohort, survival figures were high. Even in lower gestational groupings, survival was high, but not without serious concerns about severe morbidity. This information is useful when counseling parents of higher order multifetal pregnancies.
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Furse, Samuel, Sara L. White, Claire L. Meek, Benjamin Jenkins, Clive J. Petry, Matias C. Vieira, Susan E. Ozanne, David B. Dunger, Lucilla Poston, and Albert Koulman. "Altered triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism predates the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in obese pregnancy." Molecular Omics 15, no. 6 (2019): 420–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9mo00117d.
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Imterat, Majdi, Tamar Wainstock, Jacob Moran-Gilad, Eyal Sheiner, and Asnat Walfisch. "The association between gestational age and otitis media during childhood: a population-based cohort analysis." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 10, no. 02 (September 18, 2018): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174418000685.
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AbstractOtitis media (OM) carries a tremendous global health burden and potentially severe long-term consequences. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of birth at different gestational ages on the incidence of childhood OM.A population-based cohort analysis was conducted. All singleton deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a regional tertiary medical center were included. Gestational age on delivery was divided into six subgroups: early (<34 weeks gestation; 0 out of 7) and late (34 weeks gestation; 0 out of 7 to 36 weeks gestation; 6 out of 7) preterm, and early (37 weeks gestation; 0 out of 7 to 38 weeks gestation; 6 out of 7), full (39 weeks gestation; 0 out of 7 to 40 weeks gestation; 6 out of 7), late (41 weeks gestation; 0 out of 7 to 41 weeks gestation; 6 out of 7) and post (⩾42 weeks 0 out of 7) term deliveries. Rates of OM-related hospitalizations up to 18 years of age were assessed. Weibull parametric hazards model was used to study the association between gestational age at birth and the risk for OM-related hospitalizations while controlling for potential confounders.During the study period, 238,622 deliveries met the inclusion criteria. OM-related hospitalizations of the offspring (n=4724) were significantly more common in the preterm (early 3.6%, late 2.4%) and early-term born children (2.2%) and decreased gradually across the full (1.9%), late (1.7%) and post (1.6%) term groups (χ2-test for trends P<0.001). In the Weibull regression model, early preterm, as well as early-term deliveries exhibited an independent association with pediatric OM (adjusted hazard ratios: 1.67 and 1.09, respectively, P<0.02).Deliveries occurring at preterm and early term are associated with higher rates of pediatric OM-related hospitalizations, which decrease gradually as gestational age advances.
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Simons, Noor E., Emilie V. J. van Limburg Stirum, Aleid G. van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, Martijn J. J. Finken, Cornelieke S. H. Aarnoudse-Moens, Jaap Oosterlaan, Anneloes van Baar, et al. "Long-term follow-up of children exposed in-utero to progesterone treatment for prevention of preterm birth: study protocol of the AMPHIA follow-up." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e053066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053066.
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IntroductionPreterm birth is one of the main problems in obstetrics, and the most important cause of neonatal mortality, morbidity and neurodevelopmental impairment. Multiple gestation is an important risk factor for preterm birth, with up to 50% delivering before 37 weeks. Progesterone has a role in maintaining pregnancy and is frequently prescribed to prevent (recurrent) preterm birth and improve pregnancy outcomes in high-risk patients. However, little is known about its long-term effects in multiple gestations. The objective of this follow-up study is to assess long-term benefits and harms of prenatal exposure to progesterone treatment in multiple gestations on child development.Methods and analysisThis is a follow-up study of a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial (AMPHIA trial, ISRCTN40512715). Between 2006 and 2009 women with a multiple gestation were randomised at 16–20 weeks of gestation to weekly injections 250 mg 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate or placebo, until 36 weeks of gestation or delivery. The current long-term follow-up will assess all children (n=1355) born to mothers who participated in the AMPHIA trial, at 11–14 years of age, with internationally validated questionnaires, completed by themselves, their parents and their teachers.Main outcomes are child cognition and behaviourAdditional outcomes are death (perinatal and up to age 14), gender identity, educational performance and health-related problems. We will use intention-to-treat analyses comparing experimental and placebo group. To adjust for the correlation between twins, general linear mixed-effects models will be used.Ethics and disseminationAmsterdam UMC MEC provided a waiver for the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (W20_234#20.268). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and summaries shared with stakeholders, patients and participants. This protocol is published before analysis of the results.Trial registration numberNL8933.
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Wilson, E. Nicole, Steve Mabry, Nataliya Rybalchenko, Rachel Engelland, Oluwadarasimi Fadeyibi, Oluwatobiloba Osikoya, Spencer Cushen, Styliani Goulopoulou, and Rebecca Lynn Cunningham. "Long-Term Effects of Late Gestation in Utero Hypoxic Stress on Neurodegeneration: Sex and Age Differences." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A751—A752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1528.
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Abstract Introduction: In utero insults have been proposed to lead to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases later in life, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). In utero hypoxia is associated with a multitude of conditions, such as maternal sleep apnea, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and maternal hypertension. Exposure to in utero hypoxia may impact male progeny more than female progeny, which may underlie the male biased sex differences in PD. It is currently unknown whether late gestational hypoxic stress has a long-term effect on brain regions associated with PD, such as the nigrostriatal pathway. We hypothesized that exposure to late gestational hypoxia will result in nigrostriatal impairment in adult male progeny compared to adult female progeny. Methods: Timed pregnant female Long-Evans rats were exposed to five days (gestational days: 15-20) of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) or room air (normoxia - 21% O2) for 8 hours during their sleep phase. Each CIH cycle was 6 min of 3 min hypoxia (10% O2) and 3 min normoxia (21% O2) for a total of 10 CIH cycles/hour. Gestational age at delivery was recorded and neonate’s body weights were measured within 12-16 hours from birth. At weaning (postnatal day, PND 28), progeny was pair-housed with a conspecific of the same sex and similar weight. To examine PD, we focused on PD associated characteristics of oxidative stress in the nigrostriatal pathway and behavioral impairments of motor (open field activity and ultrasonic vocalizations) and cognitive (spatial memory) function during puberty (PND 40-45) and young adulthood (PND 60-65). Results: Gestational CIH had no effect on the duration of gestation, litter size, and neonatal weight at birth. Gestational CIH did not impact circulating oxidative stress, regardless of sex or age of progeny. Offspring gross motor function (open field activity) and cognitive (Morris Water maze) function were unaffected by gestational CIH. In contrast, gestational CIH impaired ultrasonic vocalizations in adult male progeny. Gestational CIH increased the latency to vocalize and decreased the loudness of the vocalizations in adult male progeny. Conclusion: Exposure to CIH during gestation resulted in nigrostriatal impairment in adult male progeny, as evidenced by impaired ultrasonic vocalizations that require a functional nigrostriatal pathway. In utero hypoxia during late gestation may increase the risk for PD in males.
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Pixley, John S., Jessica L. Skopal-Chase, Alireza Torabi, Mihai C. Cenariu, Anupama Bhat, David S. Thain, Nicole M. Frederick, Daria M. Groza, and Esmail D. Zanjani. "Immune Ontogeny and Engraftment Receptivity in the Sheep Fetus." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3493.3493.
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Abstract The therapeutic application of in utero hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation (IUHSCT) is theoretically attractive for definitive treatment of congenital disease states. Investigating this technique in sheep, we have previously shown long-term engraftment and expression of both allogeneic and xenogeneic donor cells without cytoablation and, under appropriate conditions, without GVHD. The theoretical basis for IUHSCT is the well-recognized immune receptivity of the fetus to engraftment of donor cells. Engraftment and long-term expression of donor human and allogeneic sheep HSC reliably occur in the fetal sheep model if the IUHSCT is performed prior to day 71 of gestation (term: 145 days), during the period of presumed immuno-naïveté. Investigations using alternate animals have also noted that gestational age at transplantation is critical to achieving long-term engraftment, presumably as a result of inducing durable immune tolerance to the donor. Despite this presumption, however, the biologic explanation for fetal receptivity to donor engraftment and subsequent long-term tolerance following transplantation early in gestation is not known. In the present studies, we investigated the role fetal immune ontogeny plays in the induction of tolerance following IUHSCT in sheep. To this end, we performed parallel experiments examining engraftment receptivity of fetal sheep to allogeneic and xenogeneic HSC and the appearance of immune phenotypes in fetal sheep lymphoid organs at varying gestational ages (days 39 to birth), attempting to draw correlations between the appearance/absence of specific immune cells and the ability to achieve durable engraftment and immune tolerance. Engraftment receptivity was determined 60 days post-transplantation at different time points in sheep fetal gestation, while immune phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry using commercially available antibodies to immune cell surface markers. Our results indicate that the fetus is largely non-receptive to engraftment of both allogeneic and xenogeneic donor HSC prior to day 52 gestation and possesses a peak in engraftment receptivity between days 64–71 of gestation, which rapidly declines thereafter. With respect to the developing fetal immune system, the period of peak engraftment receptivity was associated with the expression of CD45 on all cells in the thymus. Double-positive and single-positive CD4 and CD8 cells began appearing in the thymus just prior (day 45 of gestation) to the beginning of the engraftment window, while single-positive CD4 or CD8 cells did not begin appearing in peripheral organs until late in the engraftment period, suggesting deletional mechanisms predominate during this time. In a similar fashion, surface IgM (sIgM)+ cells in the thymus were the first to express CD45, commencing expression around day 45 of gestation, with a comparable delay in the appearance of IgM+/CD45+ cells in the peripheral blood and spleen until late in the engraftment window. These findings support a central role for the thymus in multilineage immune cell maturation during the period of fetal transplantation receptivity. Further, they suggest that fetal engraftment receptivity/long-term engraftment and expression following IUHSCT is due to gestational age-dependent deletional tolerance. Further, our findings suggest that IUHSCT in humans may be more successful if performed during the comparable period in human gestation.
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Schierding, William, Jisha Antony, Ville Karhunen, Marja Vääräsmäki, Steve Franks, Paul Elliott, Eero Kajantie, et al. "GWAS on prolonged gestation (post-term birth): analysis of successive Finnish birth cohorts." Journal of Medical Genetics 55, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104880.
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BackgroundGestation is a crucial timepoint in human development. Deviation from a term gestational age correlates with both acute and long-term adverse health effects for the child. Both being born preterm and post-term, that is, having short and long gestational ages, are heritable and influenced by the prenatal and perinatal environment. Despite the obvious heritable component, specific genetic influences underlying differences in gestational age are poorly understood.MethodsWe investigated the genetic architecture of gestational age in 9141 individuals, including 1167 born post-term, across two Northern Finland cohorts born in 1966 or 1986.ResultsHere we identify one globally significant intronic genetic variant within the ADAMTS13 gene that is associated with prolonged gestation (p=4.85×10−8). Additional variants that reached suggestive levels of significance were identified within introns at the ARGHAP42 and TKT genes, and in the upstream (5’) intergenic regions of the B3GALT5 and SSBP2 genes. The variants near the ADAMTS13, B3GALT5, SSBP2 and TKT loci are linked to alterations in gene expression levels (cis-eQTLs). Luciferase assays confirmed the allele specific enhancer activity for the BGALT5 and TKT loci.ConclusionsOur findings provide the first evidence of a specific genetic influence associated with prolonged gestation. This study forms a foundation for a better understanding of the genetic and long-term health risks faced by induced and post-term individuals. The long-term risks for induced individuals who have a previously overlooked post-term potential may be a major issue for current health providers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The Long Gestation"
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Sarr, Ousseynou. "Impact de la nutrition protéique précoce sur le développement à court et long termes du tissu adipeux chez le porc." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S003.
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L'objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer les mécanismes moléculaires, cellulaires et métaboliques à l'origine ou associés à l'adaptation à court terme des tissus adipeux à l'exposition aux régimes déséquilibrés en protéines pendant la gestation ou l'allaitement, puis d'établir les conséquences phénotypiques de cette adaptation sur la fonctionnalité des tissus adipeux au stade péripubertaire. Les porcelets nouveau-nés dont les mères ont reçu un régime hypoprotéique (LP) ou hyperprotéique (HP) pendant toute la gestation se caractérisent principalement par une augmentation de l'abondance des protéines impliquées dans le métabolisme du glucose et lipidique dans le tissu adipeux sous-cutané (TASC). A 186 jours d'âge, la masse du TASC est augmentée chez les animaux LP. Par ailleurs, la consommation d'une formule d'allaitement enrichie en protéines (HPa) chez le porcelet induit à 28 jours une diminution de l'abondance des protéines liées au métabolisme du glucose dans le TASC et une réduction du potentiel d'activité lipogénique au niveau du tissu adipeux périrénal et du TASC. La consommation de cette formule HPa jusqu'à 28 jours suivie d'un régime hyperlipidique en post-sevrage diminue l'utilisation du glucose pour la synthèse lipidique par les adipocytes des tissus adipeux à 160 jours d'âge. Ces résultats démontrent qu'une restriction protéique in utero altère le métabolisme glucidique et lipidique du tissu adipeux à la naissance aboutissant à son développement accru à plus long terme. En revanche, le régime hyperprotéique postnatale précoce induit une réduction transitoire du développement du tissu adipeux et modifierait la physiologie du tissu adipeux à plus long termeA better understanding of the mechanisms leading to adipose tissue expansion is essential for human health and farm animal production. The objective of the current work was to investigate the molecular, cellular and metabolic mechanisms underlying short-term adaptation of adipose tissue to early exposure to diets with contrasted proteins levels. The phenotypic consequences of this adaptation on the functionality of adipose tissue at peripubertal stage have been also established. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) from newborn piglets of sows fed a low protein diet (LP) or high protein diet (HP) throughout gestation are characterized mainly by an increase in the abundance of proteins involved in lipid and glucose metabolisms. These proteins changes do not persist at 186 days of age despite a greater SCAT mass in LP pigs at this stage. Conversely, the consumption of a high protein neonatal formula (HPa) in small piglets during sucking led to decreased abundance in proteins related to glucose metabolism in SCAT at day 28, and lower lipogenic activities in both perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissues. When followed by a post-weaning high fat diet, the consumption of the HPa formula during sucking did not change body adiposity but altered glucose utilization in perirenal and subcutaneous adipocytes at 160 days of age. Taken together, these results demonstrated that in utero protein feed restriction increases adipose tissue glucose and lipid metabolisms at birth, favoring fat development in the mid-term. In contrast, early postnatal high protein intake induces a transient reduction of adipose tissue development, and alters adipose tissue physiology in the longer term
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Wariyar, Unni K. "Outcome of delivery at 24-31 weeks gestation in the Northern Region in 1983 (together with an analysis of all births of 1500g or under)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309033.
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Picone, Olivier. "Influence de l’alimentation hyperlipidique hypercholestérolémique sur l’expression génique embryonnaire et le développement de maladies à long terme : etudes sur le modèle lapin." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T025/document.
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Les problèmes de santé liés à l’alimentation hyperlipidique chez l’humain sont en constante progression. Or, une perturbation de l’environnement fœtal induit chez la descendance une susceptibilité plus grande à développer des maladies à l’âge adulte (DOHad : Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). L’objectif de ce travail de Thèse est d’évaluer, chez le lapin, les conséquences d’une alimentation hypercholestérolémique et hyperlipidique sur le développement embryonnaire, fœtal, et la survenue de troubles métaboliques à long terme.Nous avons nourri des lapines ad libitum avec un régime hypercholéstérolémique (0,2%) et hyperlipidique (8%) (HH) ou un régime témoin (C) à partir de l'âge de 10 (expérience 1) ou de 18 semaines (age de la mise à la reproduction, expérience 2). A la naissance, les portées ont été équilibrées et des croisements effectués pour différencier l'effet de l'alimentation de la mère pendant la gestation et pendant la lactation. Ainsi des lapereaux nés de mères HH ont été allaités par des mères C (groupe HH-C) ou HH (groupe HH-HH) et des lapereaux nés de mère C ont été allaités par des mères C (groupe C-C) ou HH (groupe C-HH). Au cours de l’expérience 1, un retard de croissance intra utérin (RCIU) significatif a été mis en évidence dès 9 jours de gestation par échographie dans le groupe HH (P<0,05). A la naissance, les laperaux étaient significativement plus légers (P<0,05). En raison d’un rattrapage pondéral rapide, il n’existait plus de différence significative au sevrage. Tous les lapins ont alors reçu un aliment témoin distribué ad libitum. A J176, il n’y avait pas de différence de poids entre les groupes HH-HH et HH-C, mais les animaux de ces deux groupes étaient significativement plus lourds que les groupes C-C and C-HH (P<0.05). De plus, la tension artérielle était plus élevée dans le groupe HH-HH par rapport à tous les autres groupes (P<0.05). Au cours de l’expérience 2, de tels effets physiologiques n’ont pas été observés. Les effets physiologiques n'ayant été observés que lorsque le régime avait été commencé avant la gestation, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'environnement maternel précoce avait été modifié, entrainant une perturbation du développement embryonnaire à l'origine des conséquences à long terme. l’expression des gènes au moment de la mise en route du génome embryonnaire a été étudié à l’aide d’une puce dédiée. L’analyse transcriptomique a permis de suggérer que certains transcrits étaient présents en quantités différentes. Nous avons montré par qRT-PCR que le régime HH induit une augmentation transitoire de la quantité de transcrit de l’adipophiline (présente à J2 mais pas à J5,5). L’analyse immunohistochimique montre une quantité plus importante de gouttelettes lipidiques localisées près du noyau dans les embryons issus de mères nourries par le régime HH à J5,5 comparé aux témoins. Ces résultats illustrent l’importance de la nutrition avant et pendant la gestation pour la determination de la croissance in utero et postnatale, ainsi que pour le développement de maladies métaboliques à long terme. La nutrition maternelle avant la gestation peut engendrer des modifications d’expression de gènes au moment de la transmission materno embryonnaireThe prevalence of human health problems associated with high-fat diets continues to rise, as does the number of such problems known to be associated with this diet. Disruption of the fetal environment induces in progeny a greater susceptibility to developing diseases in adulthood (DOHad: Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). The objective of the work for this thesis was to assess in rabbits the consequences of a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet on embryonic and fetal development and on the onset of metabolic disorders in the long term.We fed rabbits ad libitum with a high-cholesterol (0.2%) and high-fat (8%) (HH) diet or a control (C) diet, starting at the age of 10 (experiment 1) or 18 weeks (age at which reproduction began, experiment 2).The litters were balanced at birth, and crossings were performed to differentiate the effect of the mother's food during gestation and during lactation. Accordingly, rabbits born to HH mothers were nursed by C (HH-C group) or HH (HH-HH) mothers and those born to C mothers were nursed either by C (C-C) or HH (C-HH) mothers. During experiment 1, ultrasound clearly showed significant intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) beginning at 9 days of gestation in the HH group (P<0.05). At birth, these rabbits weighed significantly less than their C counterparts (P<0.05). Because of their rapid weight catch-up, the significant difference had disappeared at weaning. All the rabbits thereafter received control food distributed ad libitum. At D176, there was no difference in weight between the HH-HH and HH-C groups but the animals in both these groups were significantly heavier than those in the C-C and C-HH groups (P<0.05). Moreover, blood pressure was higher in the HH-HH group than in any of the other groups (P<0.05). These physiological effects were not observed during experiment 2. Because the physiological effects were observed only when the diet began before gestation, we hypothesized that the early maternal environment been modified, a change that resulted in disruption of embryo development with long-term consequences. We then used a specially designed chip to study gene expression at the maternal to embryonic transition. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that some transcripts were present in different quantities. We showed with qRT-PCR that the HH diet induced a transient augmentation in the quantity of adipophilin transcripts (present at D2 but not at D5.5). The immunohistochemical analysis on D5.5 showed a higher quantity of lipid droplets localized near the nucleus of embryos from mothers fed with the HH diet than in embryos of control mothers. These results illustrate the importance of nutrition before and during pregnancy in the determination of in utero and postnatal growth as well as in the development of metabolic diseases over the long term. Maternal nutrition before conception can engender modifications in gene expression at the moment of the maternal to embryonic transition
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Picone, Olivier. "Influence de l'alimentation hyperlipidique hypercholestérolémique sur l'expression génique embryonnaire et le développement de maladies à long terme. : etudes sur le modèle lapin." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718829.
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Les problèmes de santé liés à l'alimentation hyperlipidique chez l'humain sont en constante progression. Or, une perturbation de l'environnement fœtal induit chez la descendance une susceptibilité plus grande à développer des maladies à l'âge adulte (DOHad : Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). L'objectif de ce travail de Thèse est d'évaluer, chez le lapin, les conséquences d'une alimentation hypercholestérolémique et hyperlipidique sur le développement embryonnaire, fœtal, et la survenue de troubles métaboliques à long terme.Nous avons nourri des lapines ad libitum avec un régime hypercholéstérolémique (0,2%) et hyperlipidique (8%) (HH) ou un régime témoin (C) à partir de l'âge de 10 (expérience 1) ou de 18 semaines (age de la mise à la reproduction, expérience 2). A la naissance, les portées ont été équilibrées et des croisements effectués pour différencier l'effet de l'alimentation de la mère pendant la gestation et pendant la lactation. Ainsi des lapereaux nés de mères HH ont été allaités par des mères C (groupe HH-C) ou HH (groupe HH-HH) et des lapereaux nés de mère C ont été allaités par des mères C (groupe C-C) ou HH (groupe C-HH). Au cours de l'expérience 1, un retard de croissance intra utérin (RCIU) significatif a été mis en évidence dès 9 jours de gestation par échographie dans le groupe HH (P<0,05). A la naissance, les laperaux étaient significativement plus légers (P<0,05). En raison d'un rattrapage pondéral rapide, il n'existait plus de différence significative au sevrage. Tous les lapins ont alors reçu un aliment témoin distribué ad libitum. A J176, il n'y avait pas de différence de poids entre les groupes HH-HH et HH-C, mais les animaux de ces deux groupes étaient significativement plus lourds que les groupes C-C and C-HH (P<0.05). De plus, la tension artérielle était plus élevée dans le groupe HH-HH par rapport à tous les autres groupes (P<0.05). Au cours de l'expérience 2, de tels effets physiologiques n'ont pas été observés. Les effets physiologiques n'ayant été observés que lorsque le régime avait été commencé avant la gestation, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'environnement maternel précoce avait été modifié, entrainant une perturbation du développement embryonnaire à l'origine des conséquences à long terme. l'expression des gènes au moment de la mise en route du génome embryonnaire a été étudié à l'aide d'une puce dédiée. L'analyse transcriptomique a permis de suggérer que certains transcrits étaient présents en quantités différentes. Nous avons montré par qRT-PCR que le régime HH induit une augmentation transitoire de la quantité de transcrit de l'adipophiline (présente à J2 mais pas à J5,5). L'analyse immunohistochimique montre une quantité plus importante de gouttelettes lipidiques localisées près du noyau dans les embryons issus de mères nourries par le régime HH à J5,5 comparé aux témoins. Ces résultats illustrent l'importance de la nutrition avant et pendant la gestation pour la determination de la croissance in utero et postnatale, ainsi que pour le développement de maladies métaboliques à long terme. La nutrition maternelle avant la gestation peut engendrer des modifications d'expression de gènes au moment de la transmission materno embryonnaire.
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Lepelletier, Francois-Xavier. "Effets à long terme d'une exposition prénatale au méthylphénidate chez le rat." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR3804/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le MPH est le médicament le plus prescrit pour le traitement du trouble déficitaire de l'attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H). Sa prescription de l’enfance à l’âge adulte et notamment chez les femmes en âge de procréer soulève des questions sur les effets à long terme d’un tel traitement sur le cerveau en développement. À ce jour, aucune information n’est disponible concernant la présence ou non de modifications neurobiologiques à l’âge adulte consécutives à une exposition prénatale au MPH. Nous avons utilisé un modèle d'exposition prénatale au MPH chez le rat pour étudier les conséquences d'un tel traitement sur le fonctionnement du cerveau adulte. L'imagerie scintigraphique a été réalisée pour comparer les profils métaboliques cérébraux des rats exposés en prénatal au MPH vs témoins. L'aspect structural de leur système dopaminergique a été évalué avec un immunomarquage de la TH et l'aspect fonctionnel à l'aide de microdialyse in vivo et d'immunohistochimie c-Fos dans des conditions basales et après stimulation dopaminergique. Parallèlement, l'évaluation comportementale de ces animaux vis-àvis de récompense naturelle ou synthétique ainsi que leur réactivité vis-à-vis de l'effet locomoteur de la cocaïne a été étudiée. Les animaux exposés en prénatal au MPH affichent des altérations neurobiologiques structurales et fonctionnelles associées au système dopaminergique et à sa réactivité suite à une administration de cocaïne. Nos résultats montrent aussi que ces animaux présentent une altération de la préférence et de la motivation au sucre (renforçateur naturel) alors qu'aucune différence de motivation pour s'auto-administrer de la cocaïne (renforçateur synthétique) n'a été décelée. Cependant, ces animaux montrent une baisse de sensibilité aux effets locomoteurs de la cocaïne. À notre connaissance, notre étude préclinique est la première qui rapporte des modifications neurobiologiques à long terme après une exposition prénatale au MPHMPH is the gold standard medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD). MPH extended prescription to adult patients raises the question of MPH's long-term effects during brain development when it is administered to ADHD women of childbearing age. There is still no information regarding the neurobiological modifications consecutive to a prenatal exposure to MPH. We used a rat model of prenatal exposure to MPH to investigate the consequences of such treatment on adult brain functioning. Rats prenatally exposed to MPH displayed structural and functional neurobiological alterations related to dopaminergic system and its reactivity to cocaine administration. Furthermore, these animals showed behavioral changes towards natural or synthetic rewards. To our knowledge, this is the first preclinical study reporting long-lasting neurobilogical modifications after a prenatal exposure to MPH
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OGLIARI, ELENA. "NO SHONEEN: GAELIC GAMES AND THE ATHLETIC HERO IN THE IRISH PERIODICAL PRESS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/622981.
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Attraverso il filtro della letteratura periodica destinata ai ragazzi, questa tesi esamina alcuni aspetti della cultura sportiva irlandese per come venne a delinearsi durante la “Lunga Gestazione” dell’indipendenza dell’Irlanda, ovvero nel periodo precedente alla creazione dello Stato Libero d’Irlanda nel 1922. Un periodo, vale la pena ricordarlo, che vide il rinascimento della cultura gaelica, lo scoppio della Sollevazione della Settimana Santa nel 1916 e il trionfo del partito Sinn Féin sui Redmonditi nelle elezioni del 1918. Concentrandosi su questo tipo di genere editoriale, infatti, è possibile far affiorare una rete complessa di immagini, simboli e discorsi relativi alla cultura sportiva irlandese.
La tesi è suddivisa in due parti. La prima è dedicata alla presentazione degli obiettivi di questo studio, dello stato dell’arte, del corpus preso in esame e della metodologia. L’analisi testuale, seppur in maggior parte rivolta ai testi di fiction e agli articoli dei periodici, si estende ad altri generi di scrittura, quali le corrispondenze private, i dibattiti parlamentari, i rapporti governativi. La giustapposizione di testi dalla natura così multiforme permette di cogliere gli atteggiamenti prevalenti e le usanze socioculturali dell’epoca, nonché le implicazioni politiche e culturali insite nell’ascesa del sistema sportivo in Irlanda.
La seconda parte di No Shoneen: Gaelic Games e Athletic Hero nella Irish Periodical Press invece, descrive nel dettaglio le tappe che hanno portato all’emergere di un sistema sportivo irlandese e come i giochi di matrice gaelica divennero significanti culturali, segnalando la specificità dell’Irlanda in patria e all’estero. Questa sezione tratta altresì delle ragioni sottostanti la comparsa, all’inizio del Ventesimo secolo, di una figura che si potrebbe definire dell’“Atleta-Eroe”. Gli ultimi due capitoli di questo lavoro, infatti, espongono la connessione tra l’ascesa del sistema sportivo irlandese e l’investimento politico e culturale sui giovani irlandesi per dimostrare come i giochi gaelici aiutassero gli irlandesi nella formazione di un nuovo ideale di fanciullezza. Più specificamente, laddove il quarto capitolo si concentra sulla concezione del giovane atleta come artefice dell’indipendenza irlandese e pietra angolare di una nuova comunità – una concezione a sua volta imperniata sulla nozione di pratica sportiva come forma di preparazione militare –, l’ultimo capitolo delinea i contorni di tale mascolinità idealizzata e incarnata dal giovane atleta gaelico. L’obiettivo è mostrare come il corpo vigoroso dell’atleta sia stato opportunamente rappresentato ed esaltato in modo da neutralizzare le caratterizzazioni stereotipate degli irlandesi come inferiori e “bisognosi” del dominio anglosassone.Through the filter of the periodical literature intended for juveniles, especially boys, this thesis examines some facets of the Irish sporting culture as it emerged during the “Long Gestation” of Ireland’s independence, i.e. the period prior to the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, which witnessed the Gaelic cultural revival, the outbreak of the Easter Rising in 1916 and Sinn Féin’s triumph over the Redmondites in the 1918 election. By focusing on this kind of publishing genre, indeed, it is possible to raise a complex network of images, symbols and discourses related to Irish sporting culture. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to presenting the aims and objectives of this study, the literature review, the corpus being analysed, and the methodology. Textual analysis, if mostly focused on the fictional and non-fictional content of the story papers, extends to other bodies of writing: private correspondence, parliamentary debates, government reports, and periodical criticism. The juxtaposed analyses of texts of such a multifarious nature enabled me to understand the prevailing attitudes and socio-cultural mores of the time as well as the political and cultural implications of the rise of a sport system in Ireland. The second part of No Shoneen: Gaelic Games and the Athletic Hero in the Irish Periodical Press thus details the steps that led up to the emergence of an Irish sport system and how Gaelic games came to be cultural signifiers pointing to Ireland’s specificity at home and abroad. Moreover, in this section, I also discuss why the early twentieth century saw the emergence of what can be termed “Athletic Hero” as the last two chapters of this work expound the connection between the rise of the Irish sport system and the political and cultural investment on the youths of Ireland to demonstrate how Gaelic games assisted the Irish in the formation of a new ideal of boyhood. More specifically, whereas the fourth chapter focuses on the conception of the young athlete as the maker of Ireland’s independence and the cornerstone of a new community – a conception revolving around the notion of sporting practice as a form of military preparedness –, the last chapter traces the contours of the idealised masculinity embodied by the young Gaelic athlete. The objective is to show how the athlete’s vigorous body was aptly represented and extolled so as to counteract the stereotypical characterizations of the Irish as inferiors in need of Anglo-Saxon domination.
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Dawson, Shelagh I. "Gestational glucose intolerance : the long-term implications." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU142009.
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During pregnancy glucose tolerance in the mother is affected. Glucose tolerance in pregnancy, as in the non-pregnant state is a continuum, represented by a distribution curve shifted to the right, with no clear divide between normal and abnormal. Many of the problems associated with overt diabetic pregnancies can be seen in infants of GDM pregnancies, such as macrosomia, neural tube defects, neonatal hypocalcemia, birth trauma and subsequent childhood and adolescent obesity. Impaired glucose intolerance (IGT) in pregnancy is also a major risk factor for the development of NIDDM (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) and IGT in later life and is associated with not only an increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) disease but also many other morbidities and mortalities associated with overt diabetes. The problem remaining to be resolved is the precise level of glucose intolerance in pregnancy that poses a significant risk for the later health of the mother. Nor is increased gestational glucose intolerance the only reproductive event that has been linked with future NIDDM risk. Other factors have been known to predispose pregnant women to the risk of future diabetes (e.g. BMI, age and weight change). The findings of the present study suggest that the association of glucose intolerance during pregnancy, with the subsequent incidence of diabetes and certain co-morbidities in the mother, is continuous throughout the range of glucose concentrations studied. The risk of future diabetes is also affected by certain maternal characteristics (BMI at index pregnancy and at follow-up, weight change).
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Ijäs, H. (Hilkka). "Gestational diabetes:metformin treatment, maternal overweight and long-term outcome." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526208596.
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Abstract Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as disturbed glucose metabolism first recognized during pregnancy. Untreated GDM increases the risk of obstetric and neonatal complications, such as fetal overgrowth (macrosomia). The first-line treatment of GDM includes diet therapy and the self-monitoring of blood glucose concentrations and, if needed, pharmacotherapy, which is most commonly accomplished with insulin. Oral anti-diabetic agents such as metformin have recently been under investigation. GDM increases the risk of developing overt diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metformin vs. insulin therapy on pregnancy and neonatal outcome as well as on later growth and development of the infant and to investigate the independent and concomitant effects of GDM and maternal overweight/obesity on pregnancy outcome and maternal long-term risks. In a randomized study of 100 women, metformin therapy was not associated with an increased risk of pregnancy or neonatal complications when compared with insulin treatment. However, 32% of the women treated with metformin needed additional insulin in the achievement of normoglycaemia. The need of additional insulin was associated with maternal obesity, an earlier need of pharmacotherapy and fasting hyperglycaemia in OGTT. Infants exposed to metformin were taller and heavier at the age of 18 months compared with infants exposed to insulin. There was no difference in the motor, social or linguistic development between these children when assessed at the age of 18 months. In an epidemiological study of 24,565 pregnancies, normal-weight women with GDM did not have an increased risk of macrosomia or Caesarean delivery when compared with normal-weight women without GDM. GDM was an independent risk factor of neonatal morbidity, especially hypoglycaemia. Maternal overweight and obesity were independent risk factors of macrosomia and obesity was also an independent risk factor of Caesarean delivery and neonatal morbidity. In a follow-up study (n = 116), women with a history of insulin-treated GDM had an increased risk of metabolic syndrome when compared with women without GDM 19 years after index pregnancy. However, maternal pre-pregnancy overweight as such was a stronger risk factor as regards the development of metabolic syndrome than previous GDMTiivistelmä Raskausdiabetes on ensimmäisen kerran raskauden aikana ilmaantuva glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan häiriö. Hoitamattomana raskausdiabetes lisää raskaana olevan ja vastasyntyneen komplikaatioriskiä, erityisesti sikiön liiallista kasvua (makrosomiaa). Raskausdiabetestä hoidetaan ruokavaliolla, veren glukoosipitoisuuksien omaseurannalla sekä tarvittaessa lääkehoidolla, joka on useimmiten insuliinihoitoa. Muita diabeteslääkkeitä, kuten metformiinia, on tutkittu viime vuosina paljon. Raskausdiabetes lisää myöhemmällä iällä riskiä sairastua diabetekseen, metaboliseen oireyhtymään sekä sydän- ja verisuonisairauksiin. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää metformiinihoidon tehoa ja turvallisuutta verrattuna insuliiniin raskausdiabeteksen hoidossa. Lisäksi selvitettiin raskausdiabeteksen ja ylipainon itsenäistä vaikutusta raskauskomplikaatioiden esiintyvyyteen sekä naisen myöhempään sairastuvuuteen. Satunnaistetussa tutkimuksessa (n = 100) metformiini ei lisännyt vastasyntyneen makrosomian eikä vastasyntyneen tai raskauskomplikaatioiden riskiä verrattuna insuliiniin. Metformiinilla hoidetuista naisista 32% tarvitsi lisäksi insuliinia normaalin glukoositasapainon saavuttamiseksi. Lisäinsuliinin tarvetta ennustivat äidin lihavuus, varhainen lääkehoidon tarve sekä kohollaan olevat glukoosin paastoarvot sokerirasituksessa. Metformiinille altistuneet lapset olivat sekä pidempiä että painavampia 18 kuukauden iässä kuin insuliinille altistuneet lapset, mutta heidän motorisessa, sosiaalisessa tai kielellisessä kehityksessään ei ollut eroja. Epidemiologisessa tutkimuksessa (n = 24,565) normaalipainoisen naisen raskausdiabetes ei lisännyt keisarileikkauksen tai sikiön makrosomian riskiä verrattuna normaalipainoisiin naisiin, joiden sokeriaineenvaihdunta oli normaali. Raskausdiabetes lisäsi itsenäisesti vastasyntyneen sairastavuuden ja hypoglykemian riskiä. Äidin ylipaino ja lihavuus lisäsivät itsenäisesti makrosomian riskiä ja lihavuus myös keisarileikkauksen ja vastasyntyneen sairastuvuuden riskiä. Seurantatutkimuksessa (n = 116) insuliinihoidettujen raskausdiabeetikoiden riski sairastua 19 vuotta raskauden jälkeen myöhempään metaboliseen oireyhtymään oli lisääntynyt verrattuna terveisiin verrokkeihin. Raskautta edeltävä ylipaino oli vahvempi riskitekijä metabolisen oireyhtymän kehittymiselle kuin aiempi raskausdiabetes
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Radler, Theresa. "LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR HISPANIC WOMEN." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610593.
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical
complications that occurs during pregnancy, and has both immediate and long-term
effects. It occurs in about 2-5% of all pregnancies. Hispanic Americans are
at 1.9 times greater risk of type 2 diabetes than non-Hispanic whites of similar
age. Hispanic women have higher rates of GDM than non-Hispanic white
women. The purpose of this project was to describe long-term outcomes of the
gestational diabetes education component of the Santa Cruz Collaborative
Diabetes Project. The program, established in 1997, provides diabetes
education and diabetes screening to residents of Santa Cruz County by
physicians, nurse practitioners and RNs to increase awareness of and to prevent
or delay the onset of diabetes and/or complications attributed to the disease in
the Hispanic population. Data gathered in this project indicated that self-care and
lifestyle behaviors learned during the gestational period were not all sustained in
the long-term. Awareness about diabetes and its complications was evident,
however, was insufficient to translate into behaviors to lower risk factors. All
participants acknowledged an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes,
however, this risk was related to family history. There was no mention of GDM as
a risk factor. A continued relationship with the GDM clients is recommended to
ensure ongoing concern, knowledge and self-care practices that would decrease
the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in these clients.
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Virasith, Helene. "Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron status in infants of gestational diabetic mothers." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86758.
Full textAbstract:
Arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and iron are important nutrients for infants and are hypothesized to be compromised in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). The objective of this study was to compare AA, DHA and iron status in IDM with those measured in infants of non-diabetic mothers born both appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and large for gestational age (LGA); and to determine if infants that have compromised AA and DHA status also have a compromised iron status. Analyses of covariance between AA, DHA and iron revealed that AA in infants was positively correlated with iron status overall, but this was not the case for DHA. In IDM, the relationship between iron and AA status was more pronounced. These data suggest iron is linked to AA status in all infants and that IDM are at higher risk for low AA status and consequently impaired development.L'acide arachidonique (AA), l'acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) et le fer sont d'importants nutriments pour le nouveau-né. Il semblerait que leurs niveaux sont compromis chez les enfants de mères diabétiques (EMD). L'objectif de cette étude est de comparer les niveaux d'AA, de DHA et de fer chez les EMD avec ceux mesurés chez les enfants de mères non diabétiques qui sont nés avec un poids moyen ou gros pour l'âge gestationnelle pour déterminer si les niveaux de gras insaturés à longues chaînes et de fer sont tous les deux amoindris chez l'enfant. L'analyse de covariance entre le fer et les gras insaturés a montré que le niveau de fer est positivement corrélé avec le niveau d'AA mais pas avec celui de DHA. Chez les EDM, le lien entre le fer et l'AA est encore plus marquant. Ces résultats suggèrent que le niveau de fer est relié avec le niveau d'AA chez tous les nouveau-nés et qu'il y a un plus grand risque chez les EDM d'avoir un niveau d'AA amoindri et par conséquent de souffrir de problèmes de croissance.
Books on the topic "The Long Gestation"
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Maume, Patrick. The long gestation: Irish nationalist life, 1891-1918. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
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The Long Gestation. Gill & Macmillan, 1999.
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The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life 1891-1918. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
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TEASDALE. Blue Whale Plan : Long-Gestation, High-: Blue Whale Plan. Practical Inspiration Publishing, 2022.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Exercise and physical activity in pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0029.
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Exercise has many beneficial effects for pregnant women and their offspring, reducing insulin resistance and blood pressure and supporting angiogenesis, while also helping to maintain a healthy weight and body composition. Exercise/physical activity also been reported to reduce the risks of large for gestational age/small for gestational age babies and of preterm birth. Moderate exercise of 30 minutes or more on most days is recommended. Reasonable goals of aerobic conditioning in pregnancy should be to maintain a good fitness level throughout pregnancy without trying to reach peak fitness level or train for athletic competition. However, extreme exercise in late gestation is cautioned against, as it is associated with lower birth weights and the possibility of long-term adverse consequences on the offspring.
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Gann, Kyle. The Story of the Concord Sonata, 1911–1947. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040856.003.0001.
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Ives first conceived the Concord Sonata while on vacation at Elk’s Lake in 1911, based in part on pieces he had already been working on. He claimed to have been able to play the piece by 1915, though it wasn’t written out in publishable form until 1919. After publication he came to regret having simplified the piece somewhat, and he continued tinkering with it until a second edition finally appeared in 1947. This extraordinarily long gestation period creates unusual textual problems for performers of the work.
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Shrock, Dennis. Johannes Brahms – Ein deutsches Requiem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190469023.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 begins with historical precedents, including Brahms’s appointments as a choral conductor during his early professional life, his interest in and performance of works by J. S. Bach, and his association with Robert Schumann—of short duration but of profound influence. Substantial discussion is also given to the texts about life suffering that Brahms chose for most of his sacred choral compositions. The Requiem is discussed in terms of its long gestation, unification through use of musical motifs, and balanced and mirror structures. Performance practice issues include timbre and vibrato, metric accentuation, disposition of performers on stage, and tempo fluctuation.
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. The premature newborn. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0004.
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General principles 38Parenteral nutrition 39Enteral feeding 40Developments in care for the premature newborn have lead to increasing survival (50% of infants born at 24 weeks gestation) and an increased awareness of the importance of nutrtional support. Many have difficulty tolerating enteral nutrition in the early weeks of life until gastrointestinal motility has matured. Some develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) which carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality, and may be regarded as a failure of adaptation to postnatal life. Optimum nutrition should allow adequate growth in the short term, free of metabolic and other complications, with long-term fulfilment of both genetic growth and developmental potential....
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Spaliaras, Joanne. Myelomeningocele. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0017.
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Spina bifida is a defect in which the vertebral arch of the spinal column is either incompletely formed or absent. Failure of closure of the neural tube during the third week of gestation leads to the constellation of defects observed in patients with meningomyelocele or open spina bifida. Myelomeningocele is the most common neural tube defect and the most severe birth defect compatible with long-term survival. It is associated with several characteristic central nervous system anomalies. Leak of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is commonly observed. The major indication for early operative repair (within 48 hours of delivery) is prevention of infection. Protection of the exposed neural tissue from trauma and drying is essential. An understanding of the pathophysiology and associated conditions of myelomeningocele helps guide anesthetic management of these patients.
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McDonald, Peter D. ‘Independence, Dependence, and Interdependence Day’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725152.003.0004.
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This chapter begins by reflecting on various reactions Joyce’s Finnegans Wake provoked during its long gestation, looking in detail at H. G. Wells, T. S. Eliot, Eugene Jolas, and C. K. Ogden. After explaining why it is important to consider the Wake’s place in intellectual history, it focuses on three traditions from which Joyce derived inspiration: the political thinking of the late nineteenth century, reflected in the writings of the Russian anarchist Léon Metchnikoff (1838–88); the linguistic thinking of the early twentieth century, as manifest in the work of the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (1860–1943); and the philosophical thinking also of the early twentieth century, associated with the Austro-Hungarian journalist, novelist, and philosopher Fritz Mauthner (1849–1923). The chapter concludes by considering the Wake’s various lessons in reading, the centrality it accords to writing, and the bearing this has on how we think about language, culture, community, and the state.
Book chapters on the topic "The Long Gestation"
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Bhaumik, Jaydip, and S. K. Giri. "Follow-Up of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: How Often and How Long." In Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, 147–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4878-3_17.
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Zabransky, Siegfried. "Prevention and Long-Term Care." In Caring for Children Born Small for Gestational Age, 295–96. Tarporley: Springer Healthcare Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-90-6_23.
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Verhoeven, Marieke O., Henrike E. Peters, and Cornelis B. Lambalk. "Obstetric and perinatal outcomes using a gestational carrier." In Long Term Safety of Assisted Reproduction, 141–47. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003052524-14.
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Dabelea, Dana. "The Diabetic Intrauterine Environment: Short and Long-Term Consequences." In Gestational Diabetes During and After Pregnancy, 227–39. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-120-0_16.
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Lauenborg, Jeannet, Elisabeth R. Mathiesen, and Peter Damm. "Long-Term Consequences of Gestational Diabetes mellitus." In Frontiers in Diabetes, 2005, 310–19. Basel: KARGER, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000087431.
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Freinkel, Norbert, and Boyd E. Metzger. "Gestational Diabetes: Problems in Classification and Implications for Long-Range Prognosis." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 47–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1850-8_4.
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Patel, Nashita, and Lucilla Poston. "Maternal Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain as Determinants of Long-Term Health." In Parental Obesity: Intergenerational Programming and Consequences, 33–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6386-7_3.
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"Stevens and New York: The Long Gestation." In Wallace Stevens, New York, and Modernism, 37–52. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203121931-8.
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"The Long “Gestation Period” of Tenement Buildings:." In At the Edge of the Wall, 83–100. Berghahn Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2tsx900.10.
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Papazovska Cherepnalkovski, Anet, Vesna Pavlov, Ivanka Furlan, and Marija Bucat. "The Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant." In Caesarean Section [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96921.
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Extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW) are defined by birth weight of less than 1000 g and are frequently born at 27 weeks’ gestation (GW) or younger. The neonatologists’ efforts focused on improvement of intact survival rate, especially for those born at the frontiers of viability at 22/23 GW. Survival rates of >80% for the advanced gestations and > 50% for 23–24 GW have been reported. Higher gestational age and birth weight, female gender, better maternal education, and white race have been recognized as significant predictors of decreased morbidity in ELBW infants. Although the mortality rate has significantly contracted for this group with improved technology and better understanding of pathophysiology, the proportion of surviving infants without sequelae, has not improved as noticeably. We review the short and long-term morbidities in ELBW infants and compare own and literature data. We analyze some of the specific immediate problems for this group such as: respiratory problems, infection, thermoregulation, impaired glucose homeostasis and disturbed cardiovascular and excretory functions as well as late morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, late-onset infections, central nervous system occurrences, retinopathy and anemia of prematurity. We also deal with preventive and therapeutic strategies for improved outcome in this sensitive group of patients.
Conference papers on the topic "The Long Gestation"
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Amitai, Nofar, Patrick Stafler, Huda Mussaffi, Meir Mei Zahav, Hannah Blau, and Dario Prais. "Long term effect of palivizumab immunization on children born before 29 weeks gestation." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa2081.
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Coghlan, G., D. Westera, and K. Ritzema. "The Long Gestation Of A Small, Stranded Gas Discovery In The Dutch Sector, North Sea." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/166208-ms.
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Nye, Kevin S., M. Sean Esplin, and Kenneth L. Monson. "Umbilical Cord Artery Mechanical Properties in Pre-Term Neonates at Various Ages." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80484.
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Premature and very low birthweight (VLBW) infants are susceptible to numerous injuries during, and after parturition. If these injuries are neurological in nature, they can result in long-term cognitive and motor skill deficiencies. Cerebral hemorrhaging is a disease that has disastrous consequences on preterm and VLBW infants, and the mechanism for this type of hemorrhaging is currently not known. Bleeding in the ventricle region of the brain is termed intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and occurs in 32% of infants with birth weights less than 1500 grams and born prior to 32 weeks gestation[1]; 75% of these will experience long-term neurological disabilities[2]. A lack of tissue structure of the cerebral vasculature in early stages of development is a possible underlying cause for such high occurrences of IVH[3,4,5]. Mechanical characterization of neonatal vasculature could show structural underdevelopment as the underlying cause of IVH and provide valuable insight into neonatal vascular development. We previously characterized the mechanical properties of whole umbilical cord arteries and found a correlation between vessel stiffness and gestational age[6]. Considerations of the helical structure of late term umbilical cord vessels prompted a revisit of the characterization of the vessels with altered testing methods. To negate the effects of the vessels’ tortuous structure on stiffness values, we tested axial and circumferential small strips of human umbilical cord artery at various gestational time.
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Suryani, Lilis. "Birthing Ball Therapy on the Long-Term Maternal and Labor Pain Among Primigravida Mother in Private Practice Midwives, Madiun, East Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.08.
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ABSTRACT Background: Childbirth is a physiological process which is the process of releasing the product of conception from the uterus. Normal delivery occurs at 37 – 42 weeks of gestation, where the fetus is mature. Labor cannot be separated from labor pain. Several studies have shown that in primitive societies, labor is longer and painful, whereas in advanced societies 7-14% give birth with minimal pain and most (90%) are accompanied by pain and unavoidable pain. The birth ball is a physical therapy ball that helps the delivery of the first stage to help labor progress. A physical therapy ball that helps labor progress and can be used to share positions. One of the movements is to sit on the ball and shake it to comfort and help labor progress. This study aimed to examine the birthing ball therapy on the long-term maternal and labor pain among primigravida mother in private practice midwives, Madiun, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Madiun, East Java. The total of 40 pregnant women were divided into 20 mothers with birthing ball therapy and 20 mothers without birthing ball therapy. The dependent variables were length of the first period of labor and intensity of labor pain. The independent variables were birthing ball therapy. Data were collected using an observation sheet. The data were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression. Results: The use of birth ball was positively associated with the length of the first period of labor (OR = 5.19; 95% CI= 1.06 to 25.4; p = 0.042) and intensity of labor pain (OR = 7.57; 95% CI= 1.53 to 37.3; p = 0.013) and they were statistically significant. Conclusion: The use of birth balls is proven to be effective in shortening stage 1 and reducing pain intensity. Keywords: birthing ball therapy, labor pain, maternal delivery Correspondent: Lilis Suryani. Academy of Midwifery Muhammadiyah Madiun. Jl. Lumbung Life No. 2A Ex. Ngegong Kec. Manguharjo, Madiun City. Email: lsuryani784@gmail.com. Mobile: 08125954726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.08
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Lonergan, Hamish. "Explicitly Tacit: Polanyi’s “Tacit Knowledge” in the Architectural Theory of Charney and Rowe." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4003p7gqw.
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The scientist and philosopher Michael Polanyi coined the term “tacit knowledge” in 1958 to describe a type of unconscious, embodied and social knowledge that could not be explicitly taught through rules or rote-learning. He argued, instead, that some knowledge relied on practice, critique, socialisation and personal biography. In this sense, something like tacit knowledge has long played an important role in architectural education — where skill is acquired through (re)drawing, writing and model-making, reviewed by teachers and peers — even before Polanyi named it. Yet, for all the affinities between design education and tacit knowledge, Polanyi’s epistemology has rarely been directly addressed in architectural theory. This paper considers two exceptions in the writing and pedagogy of Melvin Charney and Colin Rowe in the 1970s. Both figures used Polanyi’s philosophy to propose alternatives to the “ultra” positions of Modernism. Charney argued that Quebecois vernacular architecture reflected a tacit, collective building culture that was inseparable from the embodied construction practices of craftspeople. This could not be made explicit in construction manuals or histories; students had to discover it through drawing and building themselves. Meanwhile, Rowe credited Polanyi’s Beyond Nihilism (1960) in the gestation of Collage City (1978, with Fred Koetter). Polanyi’s essay argued that individual freedom was important in making new discoveries, but that individuals still had a responsibility to go beyond themselves by conforming to collective norms and standards. This, too, found a parallel in Rowe and Koetter’s rejection of Modernist utopianism. At the same time, a close reading of these minor encounters reveals certain continuities and misalignments between Rowe and Charney’s interpretation and Polanyi’s own position as a prominent anti-Communist and contributor to early neoliberalism. Ultimately, this paper aims to clarify the role of tacit knowledge in the theory of these two architect/educators and, in doing so, simultaneously clarify the relationship between tacit knowledge and architectural pedagogy more broadly.
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Freitas, Pedro Corvelo, Beatriz Mira, António Guimarães, Ana Opinião, Hugo Nunes, Ana Francisca Jorge, Fátima Vaz, and António Moreira. "520 Long term follow up after diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease." In ESGO SoA 2020 Conference Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-esgo.176.
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Soni, Abhishek, Nupur Bansal, A. K. Dhull, Vivek Kaushal, and A. K. Chauhan. "Pure primary non gestational choriocarcinoma ovary – diagnostic dilemma and treatment intricacy." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685331.
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Introduction: Germ cell tumors of the ovary include all neoplasm derived from primordial germ cells of the embryonal gonad. Five percent of germ cell tumors are malignant, representing three to five per cent of all ovarian carcinomas of which pure primary non-gestational ovarian choriocarcinoma accounts for less than one per cent of ovarian tumors. Primary choriocarcinoma of ovary could be gestational or nongestational in origin. They pose diagnostic challenges in reproductive age group patients because of elevated human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Non-gestational choriocarcinoma (NGCO) is resistant to single agent chemotherapy, requiring more aggressive combination chemotherapy post surgery. Due to the rarity of the disease, this article reviews the treatment protocol for NGCO. Methods: All the articles related to choriocarcinoma of ovary at Pubmed, Google scholarly article and Scopus were assessed and reviewed and their references were also reviewed and included in this article. Discussion: Clinical diagnosis of NGCO is often challenging because the clinical symptoms are often nonspecific and can mimic other, more common conditions that occur in young women, such as a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, tuboovarian abscess, ovarian torsion, and ectopic pregnancy. The symptoms of vaginal bleeding, elevated hCG level, pelvic pain, and an adnexal mass often lead to incorrect diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, threatened or incomplete abortion, cervical polyp, or other types of malignancy. Non-gestational choriocarcinomas have been found to be resistant to single agent chemotherapy, have a worse prognosis, and therefore require aggressive combination chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy with the EMA (etoposide 100mg/m2, methotrexate 100mg/m2, actinomycin-D 0.5mg) regimen may be given, for six to nine courses at seven days interval. Studies suggest that the disease responds well to the combination of surgery and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. However, long term effects of such therapy should be further studied with more cases. Conclusion: Because of the small number of patients with pure ovarian choriocarcinoma, a consensus on the treatment regimen including surgery and chemotherapy is lacking. Surgery with adjuvant combination chemotherapy is the standard treatment of choice.
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Dighe, Manjiri, Yun Jung Kim, Sharmishtaa Seshamani, Ania I. Blazejewska, Susan Mckown, Jason Caucutt, Christopher Gatenby, and Colin Studholme. "Regional placental blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) changes with gestational age in normally developing pregnancies using long duration R2* mapping in utero." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Barjor Gimi and Andrzej Krol. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2217137.
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Gandhi, Krati, and Pushpa Dahiya. "A rare case of invasive mole following evacuation of molar pregnancy and its management." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685366.
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Introduction: Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of abnormal growth and proliferation of trophoblasts that continue even beyond the end of pregnancy. It comprises of hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site tumor. Invasive mole (Choreoadenoma destruens) comprises about 5-8% of all GTD. It has invasive and destructive potentialities. Case Report: We report a case of 22 yr old female, G3P0A2, with 3 months amenorrhea with c/o pain abdomen since 4 days with no c/o bleeding p/v, with raised level of β hcg after two spontaneous abortions. On clinical examination vitals were stable. P/A ut 16-18 wks, doughy feel, slight tender. P/V os closed, ut 16-18 wks, bpv+. Ultrasonography shows multicystic lesion in cervix and vagina with loss of fat planes with UB. β hcg level was more than 5,00,000. Suction evacuation was done and products sent for histopathology. MRI Pelvis was also done in which invasive mole was diagnosed. 4 doses of inj. Methotrexte f/b folinic acid was given but β hcg levels did not fall by log 10. On histopath there was no evidence of invasive mole but 2nd line chemotherapy (EMACO) was started on the basis of MRI findings. Patient has received 5 cycles of EMACO REGIME with β hcg level being followed and is on decreasing trend, has reached to 5.90 mIU/ml. Conclusion: Patient of molar pregnancy should be followed regularly for early diagnosis of persistent gestational trophoblastic disease and adequate management as loss to follow up patients may land up into complications.
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Araldi, Bianca Barbosa, Victor Hugo Gomes, Bruno Ludvig Vieira, Klesia Adayani Rodrigues, Andressa Gabrieli da Silva, Leticia Scolari, Gabriela Vasconcellos Santana, Jessica Marafiga, Maria Paula Carvalho, and Heloise Helena Siqueira. "Effects of multiple sclerosis in pregnant and post-birth: particularities of the disease activity." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.704.
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Introduction: Demyelinating diseases are a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases related to autoimmunity whose representative is Multiple Sclerosis (MS). It is characterized by an immune-mediated demyelination of the central nervous system, with a typical outbreak and remission clinic. During pregnancy, a reduction in disease activity was noted due to immunomodulatory effects, and an increase in outbreaks in the puerperium. Thus, our goal is to demonstrate the relationship between pregnancy and MS. Methods: This is a systematic bibliographic review based on searching the SCIELO, PUBMED and UPTODATE databases using the words “Multiple Sclerosis”, “Pregnancy”, “Demyelinating diseases” and “Neurological Disorders”. Discussion: Pregnancy is responsible for numerous changes in the maternal body resulting from hormonal changes with an immunological and neuroprotective effect. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was considered a risk factor or precipitator of outbreaks in these patients. In 1950, Tillmann et al. questioned him and concluded that pregnancy reduces the risk of outbreaks of the disease and that relapses were more associated with postpartum. The question is still raised by several authors, due to their interest in the search for intricate protective factors in the genesis and cure of the disease. It is believed that immunological changes in pregnancy tend to suppress the maternal immune system preventing fetal rejection, and together with gestational hormones, they are able to make neuronal tissue more resistant to inflammatory aggression and greater capacity for cell repair. In the puerperium, there was an increase in outbreaks of the disease, probably associated with a reduction in hormone levels, the effects of which are lost after the elimination of the fetus. Breastfeeding is not associated with the prevention or risk of new MS outbreaks. The frequency of outbreaks before conception is the only independent predictor of new post-term episodes. There is no consensus regarding the therapeutic approach in these pregnant women. Conclusion: Evidence supports the association between pregnancy, reduced activity of MS and increased activity in the 3 months postpartum, due to the probable loss of neuroprotective effects associated with hormones. Recommendations regarding the use of immunomodulator are suspended before conception (“washout”) until term. New evidence did not associate the use of interferon-β with abortion, cesarean section or low birth weight. There was a benefit of long-term parity with a cumulative effect on the patient’s immunohumor modulation.
Reports on the topic "The Long Gestation"
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Velonis, Heather. Predicting Parturition in a Long-Gestating Species: Behavioral and Hormonal Indicators in the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus). Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5905.
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Spencer, Thomas E., Elisha Gootwine, Arieh Gertler, and Fuller W. Bazer. Placental lactogen enhances production efficiency in sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586543.bard.
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The key objectives of this BARD project were to: (1) study long-term effects of immunization of prepubertal ewes against recombinant ovine placental lactogen (roPL) on subsequent birth weights of their lambs and their milk production; (2) optimize the anti-roPL immunization protocol using adjuvant preparations acceptable to producers and regulatory agencies; and (3) determine the physiological mechanism(s) whereby immunization against oPL increases fetal growth and development and mammogenesis. These objectives were based on key findings from a previous BARD project that: (a) immunization of ewes against roPL increased lamb birth weight and ewe milk production during lactation; (b) roPL and recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) increased the proliferation and differentiated function of endometrial glands that, in turn, would enhance uterine secretions necessary for fetal and placental growth; and (c) exogenous roPL and roGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk production during lactation. The BARD projects address central problems in sheep production, including reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality, low birth weight of lambs especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which affect neonatal survival. The sheep placenta secretes both lactogenic (oPL) and somatogenic (oGH) hormones. The receptors for those hormones are present in the fetus and placenta as well as maternal uterus, and mammary gland. Our research has focused on determining the biological role of these placental hormones in development and differentiation of the uterus during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Studies conducted in the current BARD project indicated that the effects of anti-roPL immunization were variable in ewes and that commercially available and widely acceptable adjuvant preparations were not effective to produce high anti-roPL titers in pre-pubertal ewes. In the non-prolific Rambouillet ewe in Texas and in the Awassi and the Assaf in Israel, anti-roPL immunization increased lamb birth weight; however, the magnitude of this effect and the inherent variability precluded our ability to determine the physiological mechanism of how the immunization increases fetal growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-roPL immunization is not currently feasible as an easy and efficacious tool for the producer to increase flock reproductive and production efficiency. The variability in response of individual ewes to anti-roPL immunization likely includes modifying the recombinant hormone and the type of adjuvant used for the immunization. In particular, the oPL may need to be modified to ensure maximum antigenicity in a broad range of breed types. Nonetheless, the investigators continue to collaborate on identifying fundamental mechanisms that can be improved by genetics or management to enhance the efficiency of uteroplacental function and, in turn, fetal growth and development. High prolificacy is a desirable trait in intensive sheep production systems. One of the main limitations of using prolific breeds of sheep is that increased litter size is associated with low birth weights and increased mortality of lambs. Further, low birth weight is associated with an increased propensity for adult diseases and decreased production efficiency. Indeed, our recent studies find that the birth weights of lambs born in large litters can be improved by both genetics and management. Future cooperative research will continue to focus on reproductive efficiency of sheep that have broader implications for improving production efficiency in all types of ruminant livestock.
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Splitter, Gary, and Menachem Banai. Microarray Analysis of Brucella melitensis Pathogenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7709884.bard.
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Original Objectives 1. To determine the Brucella genes that lead to chronic macrophage infection. 2. To identify Brucella genes that contribute to infection. 3. To confirm the importance of Brucella genes in macrophages and placental cells by mutational analysis. Background Brucella spp. is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that infects ruminants causing abortion or birth of severely debilitated animals. Brucellosis continues in Israel, caused by B. melitensis despite an intensive eradication campaign. Problems with the Rev1 vaccine emphasize the need for a greater understanding of Brucella pathogenesis that could improve vaccine designs. Virulent Brucella has developed a successful strategy for survival in its host and transmission to other hosts. To invade the host, virulent Brucella establishes an intracellular niche within macrophages avoiding macrophage killing, ensuring its long-term survival. Then, to exit the host, Brucella uses placenta where it replicates to high numbers resulting in abortion. Also, Brucella traffics to the mammary gland where it is secreted in milk. Missing from our understanding of brucellosis is the surprisingly lillie basic information detailing the mechanisms that permit bacterial persistence in infected macrophages (chronic infection) and dissemination to other animals from infected placental cells and milk (acute infection). Microarray analysis is a powerful approach to determine global gene expression in bacteria. The close genomic similarities of Brucella species and our recent comparative genomic studies of Brucella species using our B. melitensis microarray, suqqests that the data obtained from studying B. melitensis 16M would enable understanding the pathogenicity of other Brucella organisms, particularly the diverse B. melitensis variants that confound Brucella eradication in Israel. Conclusions Results from our BARD studies have identified previously unknown mechanisms of Brucella melitensis pathogenesis- i.e., response to blue light, quorum sensing, second messenger signaling by cyclic di-GMP, the importance of genomic island 2 for lipopolysaccharide in the outer bacterial membrane, and the role of a TIR domain containing protein that mimics a host intracellular signaling molecule. Each one of these pathogenic mechanisms offers major steps in our understanding of Brucella pathogenesis. Strikingly, our molecular results have correlated well to the pathognomonic profile of the disease. We have shown that infected cattle do not elicit antibodies to the organisms at the onset of infection, in correlation to the stealth pathogenesis shown by a molecular approach. Moreover, our field studies have shown that Brucella exploit this time frame to transmit in nature by synchronizing their life cycle to the gestation cycle of their host succumbing to abortion in the last trimester of pregnancy that spreads massive numbers of organisms in the environment. Knowing the bacterial mechanisms that contribute to the virulence of Brucella in its host has initiated the agricultural opportunities for developing new vaccines and diagnostic assays as well as improving control and eradication campaigns based on herd management and linking diagnosis to the pregnancy status of the animals. Scientific and Agricultural Implications Our BARD funded studies have revealed important Brucella virulence mechanisms of pathogenesis. Our publication in Science has identified a highly novel concept where Brucella utilizes blue light to increase its virulence similar to some plant bacterial pathogens. Further, our studies have revealed bacterial second messengers that regulate virulence, quorum sensing mechanisms permitting bacteria to evaluate their environment, and a genomic island that controls synthesis of its lipopolysaccharide surface. Discussions are ongoing with a vaccine company for application of this genomic island knowledge in a Brucella vaccine by the U.S. lab. Also, our new technology of bioengineering bioluminescent Brucella has resulted in a spin-off application for diagnosis of Brucella infected animals by the Israeli lab by prioritizing bacterial diagnosis over serological diagnosis.