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Kent, Russell Hathaway. "The prophetic role of the judges." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.
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Örmander, Emelie. "International Judges and Prosecutors : And their role in Kosovo." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-23172.
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International judges and prosecutors are today present in various places around the world. They are supposed to function as a complement to the national judiciary and help in the up-building of rule of law. However, there are various problems and questions regarding the work they accomplish, which will be discussed throughout this thesis. Kosovo has been chosen as an example since it has a long experience of international judges and prosecutors. Further on it has been debated if the international personnel in the Kosovar judicial system contribute to the capacity-building or not. The following text also brings up several types of courts where the international judges and prosecutors are present. The reason for this is to give an idea of the various forms of international involvement that exists, but also to discuss where justice should be done. The aim of the thesis has been to find some key problems regarding international judges and prosecutors in national legal systems to be able to make better in the future. During the analyse of those questions various materials have been used, such as regulations, reports and previous research. The conclusion that has been drawn is that international judges and prosecutors can play an important role in the building of rule of law in national legal systems. However, the cooperation among internationals and nationals has to be deeper. Therefore some questions regarding for example salary and language problems must be solved so that the cooperation has the possibility to grow stronger in the future.
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FAGGION, VINICIUS DE SOUZA. "WHAT JUDGES MUST DO?: AN ANALYSIS OF THE JUDICIAL ROLE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27249@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O papel dos juízes é tipicamente relacionado à função de respeitar e aplicar o direito. Acredita-se que há uma obrigação de fidelidade entre juízes e seus respectivos sistemas jurídicos, vinculando-os a obedecer aos ditames do direito positivo. Alguns argumentos, como o juramento, a autoridade prática do direito, a obrigação política judicial, e a contensão dos erros de julgamento, são invocados para justificar esse vínculo de fidelidade. Mas e nos casos cuja aplicação dos padrões jurídicos institucionalizados parece insatisfatória? Quando se ater ao direito implica um resultado evidentemente injusto que pode ser corrigido pelo juiz? Esses casos desafiam a obrigação de fidelidade entre juízes frente suas ordens jurídicas. Parece que o juiz nessa posição tem razões morais para ignorar as regras e atingir a solução mais justa. Mas seguir e aplicar essas razões morais é parte do papel do juiz? Ele deve fazê-lo? Outro conjunto de concepções do papel judicial pretende responder afirmativamente a essas duas questões. De acordo com elas, o papel judicial é composto por outras funções além do dever de seguir apenas padrões legais. Minha hipótese é que uma dessas concepções está correta.
The role of the judges is typically related to the function to respect and apply the law. It is believed that there is an obligation of fidelity between judges and their respective legal systems, binding them to obey the dictates of positive law. Some arguments, like the oath, the practical authority of law, the judicial political obligation, and the containment of errors of judgment, are invoked to justify this loyalty bond. But what about the cases whose application of the institucionalized legal standards seems unsatisfactory? When adhering to the law implies an obviously unfair result which can be corrected by the judge? These cases challenge the obligation of fidelity between judges towards their legal systems. It seems that the judge in this position have moral reasons to ignore the rules and achieve the fairest solution. But following and applying these moral reasons is part of the role of the judge? He should do it? Another set of conceptions of the judicial role intends to answer affirmatively these two questions. According to them, the judicial role consists of other functions besides the duty to follow only legal standards. My hypothesis is that one of these views is correct.
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Chanhuwa, Mildred Kudzanai. "An analysis on role of judges in interpreting tax legislation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4289.
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This thesis focusses on the role of judges as interpreters of tax legislation. It examines the role of judges by analysing how the perceptions of judges can impact on how they interpret legislation. It also analyses various other factors that play a role when judges interpret legislation, in an effort to answer the question to what extent do philosophical theories and interpretative approaches explain the role of judges as interpreters? Jurisprudential theories such as the natural law theory, positivist theories, and American realist theories are used to analyse how judges interpret and how theorists think judges should play their interpretational role. It is noted that in pre-constitutional South Africa the courts followed a positivist paradigm; as a result, the judges used a strict literal approach to interpretation. The new Constitution brought a change in the jurisprudential paradigm accepted in South Africa and has transformed how judges perceive and carry out their role as interpreters of legislation. Judges have now adopted the purposive value-laden approach as authoritative. As custodians of the Constitution, judges should interpret provisions against the values imposed by it. The purposive value-laden interpretational approach allows judges to take into account more considerations and to weigh a provision against the constitutional values. Other issues discussed pertain to how institutional guidelines such as the doctrine of precedent and separation of powers, to a lesser extent, play a role in how judges interpret the law. It is demonstrated that the doctrine of precedent does not limit the role of judges but rather contributes to maintaining certainty, predictability and coherence in the legal system. It is also noted that judicial discretion is the mechanism by which judges use extra-legal factors such as public policy and moral considerations to assist in interpreting legislation.
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Smith, Bethany. "The role and influence of District Judges in the magistrates' courts." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30111.
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The judicial responsibility for dealing with over one million defendants in the magistrates' courts each year is currently shared between over 30,000 volunteer lay magistrates, usually sitting in panels of two or three, and 281 legally qualified, state paid, District Judges (Magistrates' Courts) and Deputy District Judges (Magistrates' Courts), who sit alone.;District Judges (or stipendiary magistrates as they were previously entitled) were traditionally considered an anomalous feature of the magistrates' courts system. However, the last 10 years has seen the greatest expansion in their numbers and the consolidation of their role, status and organisation. Two main factors have contributed to these developments: the pressure for efficiency that has been brought to bear on the criminal justice process over the last twenty years, most recently embodied in the ethos of New Public Management and the marked shift towards professionalisation of the magistrates' courts. The combination of these factors, and the resultant growth in the numbers and role of District Judges, has led to the resurgence of familiar debates surrounding the fundamental values and functions of the magistrates' courts.;The objectives of this study were to assess the role of District Judges in terms of the assumptions made in respect of the skills and benefits they bring to the magistrates' courts and to determine the extent of their influence upon the conduct of court business. It is argued that District Judges exert the greatest influence in the micro arena of the courtroom. The combination of their status as legal professional and decision-maker transformed the dynamics of working relationships. However, they had little direct impact upon the general administration or non-judicial work of the court. It was found that their assumed quality in terms of speed was reflected in the largely pragmatic judicial role they undertook in the courts. However, it was also apparent that District Judges tended to be allocated a greater proportion of the 'more serious' types of cases in defence to their professional status. Finally, it is argued that, as 'expert' decision-makers within a system historically based on 'amateur community justice' the increased presence of District Judges has both led to, and been emblematic of, a subtle shift in the underlying values of the magistrates' courts.
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Figueroa, Gutarra Edwin. "Separation of powers and constitutional judges: an approach of corrective roles." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116750.
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An approach of corrective roles of judges within the constitutional interpretation demands a number of parameters that must necessarily be made compatible with the principles, values and guidelines pursuant to contemporary legal systems. This study covers the dimensions of these corrective roles in the attempt to set reference lines on the delicate task of the constitutional judges in the defense of the effective exercise of the fundamental rights and the regulations’ primacy of the Constitution. Finally, this study investigates if there is a jurisdictional government and to what extent the neoconstitutionalism turns out to be a relevant matter in the interpretation of the Constitution.Un enfoque de roles correctores de los jueces en la interpretación constitucional demanda una serie de parámetros que necesariamente deben ser compatibilizados con los principios, valores y directrices que informan los ordenamientos jurídicos contemporáneos. El presente estudio abarca las dimensiones de esos roles correctores en la pretensión de establecer líneas referenciales sobre la delicada labor de los jueces constitucionales en la defensa de la vigencia efectiva de los derechos fundamentales y de la primacía normativa de la Constitución. Indaga finalmente, si acaso existe un Estado jurisdiccional y en qué medida el neoconstitucionalismo resulta ser un elemento material relevante en la interpretación de la Carta Fundamental.
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Rondu, Julie. "L'individu, sujet du droit de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA015.
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Cette thèse vise à analyser l’émergence de l’individu comme un sujet du droit de l’Union européenne s’affirmant face à l’État membre. Elle défend l’idée selon laquelle le droit de l’Union connaît un processus de « subjectivisation fonctionnelle », de source essentiellement juridictionnelle, qui se manifeste par la reconnaissance des droits, des intérêts et de la situation subjective de l’individu, de façon à placer ce dernier au service de la réalisation du projet d’intégration européenne. Prenant une portée constitutionnelle, ce mouvement s’inscrit dans une double logique de protection et d’instrumentalisation de l’individu par l’Union, dialectique inhérente à l’ordre juridique incomplet que constitue l’UnionThis dissertation aims at describing the emergence of the individuals as subjects of European Union law, asserting themselves against the Member State. It upholds the idea that European Union law undergoes a “functional subjectivation” process, mostly based on case-law, materialized by the recognition of the individuals’ rights, interests and subjective situation, in order to make them agents of the European integration project realization. This movement, taking on a constitutional dimension, is part of both a protective and instrumental approach of the individual by the European Union, dialectic inherent to the European Union incomplete legal order
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Rondu, Julie. "L'individu, sujet du droit de l'Union européenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA015.
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Cette thèse vise à analyser l’émergence de l’individu comme un sujet du droit de l’Union européenne s’affirmant face à l’État membre. Elle défend l’idée selon laquelle le droit de l’Union connaît un processus de « subjectivisation fonctionnelle », de source essentiellement juridictionnelle, qui se manifeste par la reconnaissance des droits, des intérêts et de la situation subjective de l’individu, de façon à placer ce dernier au service de la réalisation du projet d’intégration européenne. Prenant une portée constitutionnelle, ce mouvement s’inscrit dans une double logique de protection et d’instrumentalisation de l’individu par l’Union, dialectique inhérente à l’ordre juridique incomplet que constitue l’UnionThis dissertation aims at describing the emergence of the individuals as subjects of European Union law, asserting themselves against the Member State. It upholds the idea that European Union law undergoes a “functional subjectivation” process, mostly based on case-law, materialized by the recognition of the individuals’ rights, interests and subjective situation, in order to make them agents of the European integration project realization. This movement, taking on a constitutional dimension, is part of both a protective and instrumental approach of the individual by the European Union, dialectic inherent to the European Union incomplete legal order
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Julian, Robert F. "The role of the judge and jury in complex trials." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28172.
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This thesis examines the mode of trial concerns in the U.S.A., New York State, California, England and Wales and Canada --specifically the ability of the jury to comprehend complex cases and the perception/reality that bench trials may not be as fair as jury trials. Defining complex cases as those involving serious fraud indictments, capital murder trials, and lawsuits or indictments against corporations and their managers, the thesis examines problems associated with jury trials in such cases. It evaluates the comparative law and customs and practices regarding the use of juries, emphasizing problems with jury selection, deficits in jury deliberation and post trial problems associated with jury verdicts. The thesis also evaluates the judge only trial, attempting to determine whether a state imposed non jury trial in a criminal case as is presently proposed in the England and Wales Parliament creates an unfairness to the defendant because bench trials significantly differ from jury trials in the application of the rules of evidence and in the role of the judge. The thesis reports on the results of a survey of New York State trial judges, a like survey of New York State lawyers, and the opinions of nine England and Wales judges authorized to try serious fraud cases who were interviewed regarding these issues. The surveys and interviews finds that there is a high degree of support for jury verdicts expressed by the judges, examines evidentiary and pretrial practices in both modes of trial and attempts to evaluate whether claims of procedural flaws and prejudice in bench trials by respected academics are accurate. The thesis concludes by affirming the competence of juries to try complex cases, proposing modifications to post jury verdict procedures to evaluate jury misconduct and advocating that the bench trial evidentiary rules and conduct rules become comparable to the jury trial. The thesis recommends that mode of trial choices be given to the defendant, advocates that when a bench trial is selected that peremptory challenges of the trial judge be permitted and postulates that these reforms will make the bench trial a more attractive alternative to the jury trial in complex cases.
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Hsieh, Hungpin Pierre. "The Mediator, the Negotiator, the Arbitrator or the Judge? Translation as Dispute Resolution." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30562.
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Metaphors have long shaped the way pure translation studies describe and justify the translation phenomenon by discovering and consolidating underlying principles. Ultimately, by means of metaphor, something that dwells on the interaction of two seemingly distinct things, translation theorists have obtained a better understanding of the category of translation.
Human beings are gregarious, and disputes are inevitable in every society, ancient or modern, primitive or civilized. In fact, conflict is one iron law of life that mankind has had to improvise ways of resolving, from such formal ones as litigation to private ones such as self-help. We may not be able to eliminate dispute altogether, but we can, however, resolve it through creative and civilized means. Translation can be approached in a similar context, except it concerns a metaphorical dispute between cultures and/or languages—and probably on a more intangible and subtle platform. Disparate cultures, religions and languages in a clash can be brought closer to each other with skillful translation, and hence, translation is a variation of dispute resolution.
That never went totally unnoticed. Over the years, countless translation metaphors have been constructed and exploited with very different results, which indicates how interdisciplinary a subject translation studies really is. Yet, apparently, translation is most often metaphorized as mediation and negotiation but rarely as arbitration or litigation, and one cannot but wonder whether this happened out of sheer coincidence or because of some misunderstanding.
Thus, much as I appreciate what theorists have accomplished with translation metaphors, in regard to didactics and heuristics, my primitive observation is that translation theorists and practitioners have never made full use of metaphorization in that they might have had an incomplete idea of dispute resolution theory in general. After all, a metaphor is, ideally, meant to facilitate active learning and full integration of new knowledge, but there still remains a missing piece that is part and parcel of our metaphorization of translation. Specifically, translators have always embraced the amicable terms of negotiation and mediation, distancing themselves from non-mainstream ones such as arbitration and litigation. To that end, in my thesis, I will explore and examine translation through slightly renewed lenses, demonstrating how and why our metaphor schema and mapping should originate in dispute resolution, and why litigation, and perhaps even arbitration as dispute resolution mechanisms, would serve as good a metaphor—if not a better one—for translation. It is my resolute belief that the translator is more qualified as a judge, a respectable professional vested with immense judicial power, than as a mediator, who is but a third-party neutral facilitating dialogue between two disputants. Only in this way can metaphors do translation theory a great service by furnishing it with a renewed and objective description of translation.
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Jesseman, Rebecca. "The role of risk assessment in pre-sentence reports: Perceptions and experiences of judges and probation officers." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26934.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the opinions of judges and probation officers on the inclusion of risk assessment information in pre-sentence reports. This thesis analyzes data related to opinions on risk obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and pre-sentence reports. This data was collected within a national project examining the overall use of pre-sentence reports in Canada. The introduction also provides a brief overview of the role of pre-sentence reports in the Canadian judicial system, the role of risk in criminal justice, and experience in England and Wales, New Zealand, and Australia relating to the implementation of guidelines for the use of actuarial risk assessments by probation offices.
Results indicate that both judges and probation officers strongly endorse the importance of information on an offender's risk of recidivism in the sentencing process, particularly in cases involving violence. Both judges and probation officers also expressed a preference for a narrative assessment process in interviews. However, actuarial assessments were used and identified as important in the majority of pre-sentence reports examined.
Despite agreement as to its importance, there is currently a great deal of variation in the presentation of risk information across Canada. This thesis concludes with recommendations on how to improve the use of risk information in pre-sentence reports.
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Zollner, Barbara Helga Elfriede. "Hasan Isma il al-Hudaybi's role in the Muslim brotherhood. A contextual analysis of 'Preachers not Judges'." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405646.
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Summers, Alicia. "The role of expertise in legal decision making in juvenile dependency cases comparing judges to mock jurors /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3355639.
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Johnson, Elizabeth K. "The Role of Facial Attractiveness in Borderline Cases of Dental Attractiveness Judged by IOTN." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1457515181.
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Xu, Yaliang. "Judicial independence in the People's Republic of China : an analysis of the historical and current role of Chinese judges." Thesis, University of West London, 2009. https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1081/.
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The aim of this research is to examine the criminal justice system in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to illustrate the role of judges, and to describe the current scale of judicial independence within the realm of Chinese legal culture and the current political system. The importance of this research is to collect evidence which defines the nature of policy debate on China's judicial reform project to promote greater independence. The thesis begins with an overview of the current Chinese judicial system. Chapter One takes account of the considerable problems of the judiciary and the debate over reform which is addressed in existing literature, including the most recent policy guidelines of judicial reform announced in late 2007. According to the policy, it is clear that judicial reform is ongoing; what the Chinese Communist government requires is a mature, realistic and overarching reform program that promotes justice, ensures rule of law, and serves to engender political and social stability in China. Put simply, judicial reform towards greater independence must be compatible with the characteristics of Chinese society. Based upon such a background, the research questions and methodology are introduced in Chapter Two. This thesis focuses on two research questions: Question One - How can ‘Chinese characteristics’ be understood in relation to judicial reform? Question Two - What are the current factors that have limited judicial independence? Three methods were employed to obtain data relevant to my research. Firstly, I employed content analysis of secondary data, whereby I reviewed Chinese constitutional and criminal legal codes, and literature on Chinese judicial culture, independence and reform. Secondly, I generated primary empirical data, and employed a structured interview with 60 judges in order to understand judges’ feelings regarding judicial independence. Thirdly, I undertook participant observation, in which I acted as a lawyer's assistant involved in a criminal case, in which a suspect had pleaded not guilty. During this period, I conducted unstructured interviews with five lawyers and one county-level Chief-Prosecutor. Chapter Three aims to answer the first research question by illustrating ‘Chinese characteristics’ relevant to judicial reform. On considering Chinese characteristics, according to the most recent CPC guideline policy, judicial reform invokes relationships with legal culture, contemporary political and economic circumstances. Therefore, an analysis of relevant literature is made in order to understand Confucian legal traditions, Marxist and Maoist legal ideology, current political principles and economic conditions. At the end of this chapter, a brief of analysis of the significant relationship between rule of law and economic growth is made in order to explain why China needs greater judicial independence. Chapter Four, Five, Six and Seven form the core of the dissertation, and answer the second research question, intended to provide an overview of the extent of existing judicial independence in China, and highlight the major factors that could influence judges’ decisions. I have analysed judges’ responses regarding the current constitutional and institutional design, and on the recommendation of some judges, selected some additional evidence to highlight influences over the judiciary from other government bodies. In Chapter Four, findings from the interviews with judges concerning their occupational environment are analysed, to give a picture of the judge's position in China today. Chapter Five explores the Congress’ lawful power of supervising judicial decisions on individual cases. This presents one of the core Socialist constitutional configurations, whereby all state organs are answerable to the Congress. Following this, findings are given from the participant observation of a criminal trial in which a suspect pleaded not guilty. These findings are analysed in Chapter Six in order to provide a detailed examination of the links between the executive and the judicial branches. Chapter Seven analyses the relationship between the Communist Party and judges, which is the most sensitive, yet unavoidable topic regarding judicial reform in China. Chapter Eight brings the findings of the two research questions together to engage in a comprehensive debate of policy and draft possible judicial reform suggestions which may promote judicial independence within the parameters of established ‘Chinese Characteristics’.
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Leary, Scott Paul. "Affect and cognition as antecedents of intergroup attitudes the role of applicability and judged usability /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9107.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Psychology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Charité, Maxime. "Excès de pouvoir législatif et excès de pouvoir administratif : Etude comparée de l'office des juges constitutionnel et administratif français." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE0001.
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En France, le contentieux des normes générales se décline aujourd’hui en deux ensembles principaux, le recours pour excès de pouvoir dirigé contre les actes réglementaires et le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois. Partageant un certain nombre de propriétés, ces derniers s’analysent non seulement comme des « contentieux objectifs », mais également comme des « contentieux d’annulation ». C’est ainsi qu’afin d’accomplir leur office, les juges constitutionnel et administratif français doivent tous les deux, d’abord, établir un rapport de norme à norme, puis, le cas échéant, annuler l’acte juridique contraire à une norme juridique qui s’impose à lui. Ces propriétés communes contrastent avec les conditions différentes dans lesquelles les deux juges du Palais-Royal sont appelés à statuer. Cette tension permanente entre les propriétés qu’ils partagent et les conditions différentes dans lesquelles ils s’accomplissent fait que les rapports entre l’office du Conseil constitutionnel et celui du juge de l’excès de pouvoir oscillent entre l’unité et la dualité. Précisément, la présente étude comparée, intitulée « Excès de pouvoir législatif et excès de pouvoir administratif » par référence à l’étude pionnière du doyen Vedel dans la première livraison des Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel, a pour objet de démontrer qu’au fur et à mesure du déroulement des étapes du contentieux, la démarche du Conseil constitutionnel et celle du juge administratif se rapprochent au point de s’identifier. L’inscription de cette comparaison dans le cadre d’une théorie des contraintes juridiques nous permet ainsi de montrer que si, dans la recherche de l’excès de pouvoir, l’office des juges constitutionnel et administratif français est dominé par la dualité, il est, dans la sanction de l’excès de pouvoir, marqué par une profonde unitéIn France, general norms litigation is nowadays divided into two main groups, the actions for abuse of power directed against the normative acts and the control of constitutionality of the laws. Sharing a certain number of similarities, they are analyzed not only as "objective litigation", but also as "cancellation litigation". Thus, in order to fulfill their role, French constitutional and administrative judges must both, first, establish a norm-to-norm report and, if necessary, cancel the general legal act contrary to a superior legal norm. These similarities contrast with the different conditions in which the two judges of the Palais-Royal are called to judge. This permanent tension between the similarities they share and the different conditions in which they are called to judge makes the relationships between the role of the Constitutional Council and that of the abuse of power’s judge oscillate between unity and duality. Precisely, the present comparative study, named "Abuse of legislative power and abuse of administrative power" after the study of Dean Vedel in the first numbers of Constitutional Council Review, aims to demonstrate that, as the stages of litigation progress, the approach of the Constitutional Council and that of the administrative judge get closer to the point of identifying. The inscription of this comparison in the framework of a theory of legal constraints allows us to show that if, in the search for abuse of power, the role of French constitutional and administrative judges is dominated by duality, it is, in the sanction of abuse of power, marked by a deep unity
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Echols, Charles L. "The eclipse of God in the Song of Deborah (Judges 5) : the role of Yahweh in the light of heroic poetry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614867.
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Rampazzo, Camilla <1997>. "THE ROLE OF FEMALE JUDGES IN INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND A GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN PROMOTING JUDICIAL LEGITIMACY AND DIVERSITY ON THE BENCH." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21963.
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In the international arena gender parity is one of the main goals that institutions and organizations pursue in many sectors. Sometimes we take it for granted despite there is still a huge disparity between women and men due to traditional patterns and stereotypes that are still strong deepen in our culture and hardly disappear. One of the main challenges in international judicial system is to assure equal gender participation in benches in order to promote legitimacy and transparency among international courts. By analyzing data and resolutions that promote gender balance on the list of candidates, the thesis provides a different perspective to look at the issue of the underrepresentation of women in international bodies since it undermines judicial integrity. It first examines the history of the representation of women in different international courts, such as International Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights and others, explaining the mechanism of the election process and the effects and consequences that such failure has in the system. It then explores the precarious situation of female afghan judges who were bound to move out Afghanistan after the Taliban invasion and how this affects the judicial system in the country. Finally, with a conclusive chapter on the development of international law and the international law commission, it shows a positive change on the international judicial system promoting the integration of women since they can bring a different perspective that helps the progressive development of international law. Women constitute half of the world population, so why on earth should they not represent this part of the international community?
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Gregory, Shannon Therese. "The role of the judge in civil trials : a comparison of German and Australian processes /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18532.pdf.
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Roos, Lee Raymond. "The appointment of guardians, procurators and advocates in matrimonial cases a role for the judge? /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Nellis, Ezra. "Ordre public textuel et ordre public virtuel : étude de droit international privé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR035.
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En droit international privé, l’ordre public est un outil de la justice conflictuelle dont la mission est de défendre le corpus juridique et la cohésion sociale de l’État requis. Pour ce faire, l’ordre public international repose sur un mécanisme dont les deux composantes sont les lois de police et l’exception d’ordre public. Dans les contentieux témoignant d’un élément d’extranéité, l’ordre public international peut s’opposer à l’application d’une loi étrangère pour trancher un litige ou faire obstacle à la circulation d’un acte public étranger en raison des atteintes qu’ils pourraient porter aux valeurs fondamentales du for. En droit français, l’ordre public international trouve un fondement textuel dans l’article 6 du Code civil qui dispose qu’« [o]n ne peut déroger, par des conventions particulières, aux lois qui intéressent l'ordre public et les bonnes mœurs ». Cela signifie qu’en théorie, si l’ordre public international défend l’axiologie du for, il faut que le législateur ait au préalable déterminé la substance de l’ordre public international ; le cas échéant, le principe d’ordre public consacré par le Code civil resterait lettre morte. Effectivement, le juge national ne peut pas créer du droit. Pourtant, en matière d’ordre public international, c’est au juge qu’est revenu la mission de déterminer les normes juridiques, principes et valeurs devant intégrer l’ordre public international. Ce constat fut l’occasion de formuler plusieurs remarques. Dans le système légaliste français, le juge n’a pas la légitimité nécessaire pour être le seul décisionnaire en la matière et l’ordre public international virtuel est souvent critiqué par les juristes pour sa variabilité et son imprévisibilité. En outre, la Constitution française, qui détermine le processus d’élaboration de la norme, habilite exclusivement le législateur à produire un discours normatif. Enfin, le juge n’est pas le porteur de la vox populi qui ne peut s’exprimer, d’après le contrat social, qu’à travers la règle de droit adoptée par le législateur en sa qualité de représentant du Peuple. À l’aune de ces considérations, il ressort qu’un décalage entre l’« être » et le « devoir-être » du système juridique affecte l’organisation sociétale française a fortiori en droit international privé. À ce titre, la première partie de l’étude a été consacrée à l’exposition de la relativité des présupposés et dogmes sur lesquels reposent la construction de l’ordre public international textuel. Cela nous a permis de mettre en exergue l’importance de la complémentarité de la textualité et de la virtualité de l’ordre public international, mais plus encore, l’impossibilité de considérer avec absoluité l’objectif de parvenir à édicter un ordre public international textuel. A contrario, nous avons mis en lumière la rationalité intrinsèque du phénomène de la virtualité en droit, qui en la matière est motivé par une démarche constructive initiée par le juge au service du système juridique français. La virtualité de l’ordre public international participe à l’édification de la Nation en préservant les règles les plus structurantes pour les individus sur le territoire du for. La deuxième partie de l’étude s’est attelée à démontrer l’existence de l’influence psychique de l’individu sur le système juridique, mais aussi le fonctionnement et la mission de l’ordre public international. Les besoins motivationnels des individus et les mécanismes conscients comme inconscients de la vie mentale des personnes physiques ont une résurgence sur la finalité de l’ordre public international. Cela fut l’occasion de mettre en perspective la multiplicité des fonctions de l’ordre public international et de s’intéresser à leur utilité dans le contexte juridique contemporain. In fine, c’est au profit d’une approche pluridisciplinaire et éclectique que nous sommes parvenu à faire émerger la rationalité des fonctions de l’ordre public international et de sa dimension virtuelleIn private international law, public policies are a tool of conflict laws, whose mission is to defend the legislative corpus and the social cohesion of the required State. In order to do so, international public policies rely on a mecanism made out of two main components: mandatory laws and public policies’ exceptionality. When an extraneous element is present in a given case, international public policies can go against the application of a foreign law in order to settle a case or to oppose the traffic of a foreign public act going against the founding values of the forum. In French law, international public policies are based on article 6 of the Code civil, which states that "one cannot, through specific conventions, go against the laws of public policies and good morals". This means that, in theory, if international public policies defend the forum’s axiology, the lawmaker must previously have determined international public policies’ substance; if it is so, the principle behind public policies sanctionned in the Code civil would be held in abeyance. Indeed, a national judge cannot create law. However, when it comes to international public policies, judges have ended up with the responsibility to determine legislative norms, principles and values meant to become international public policies. This observation presents an opportunity to elaborate on a few points. In the French legal system, the judge does not have the necessary legitimacy to be the sole decision-maker on this topic and international public policies are often criticized by legal practitioners for their changeability and unforseeable nature. What is more, the French Constitution, which determines the process through which norms are drawn up, only authorizes the law maker to produce prescriptive discourse. Finally, the judge is not the vox populi’s herald: according to the social contract, the rule of law is its sole expression as it stems from the proper representative of the People, the law maker. From these observations, one can conclude that a discrepancy exists between the legal system’s being and its duty, which affects the French social organisation, especially when it comes to private international law. This has allowed us to stress the importance of the balance between the written and virtual aspects of private international law, and more than that, the impossibility of considering in absolutes the aim of creating written international public policies. On the other hand, we have brought to light the intrinsic rationality of virtual law, motivated in this case by a constructive approach initiated by the judge in service of the French legal system. The written nature of international public policies takes part in the edification of the Nation by preserving the most structuring rules for individuals within the territory of the forum. The second part of our study shows an existing psychological influence on the legal system as well as on international public policies’ operating and objectives. People’s motivational needs and the mechanisms, both conscious and unconscious, that drive their mental lives have an impact on international public policies’ aim. Once again, this was an opportunity to put into perspective the many functions of international public policies and to delve into their use in a contemporary legal context. Ultimately, it is through a multidisciplinary and eclectic approach that we have managed to bring to the surface the rationale behind international public policies’ functions, and its virtual characteristic
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Sarel, Roee [Verfasser]. "The impact of appeal systems on incentives of judges and potential criminals / Roee Sarel ; Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH." Frankfurt am Main : Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1168673747/34.
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Dolgin, Anthony Shane. "The expanding role of the United States Senate in Supreme Court confirmation proceedings." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37201.pdf.
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Sermsilatham, Pramote. "Le rôle du juge pénal : étude comparative en France et Thaïlande." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1048.
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En France comme en Thaïlande, le juge apparaît comme un intervenant incontournable du procès pénal. Alors que traditionnellement la procédure pénale française était qualifiée d’inquisitoire où le juge joue un rôle actif et la procédure pénale thaïlandaise était qualifiée d’accusatoire où le juge joue un rôle passif, aujourd’hui, la procédure pénale dans les deux systèmes emprunte aux deux conceptions qui est manifestement mixte. Cependant le système mixte dans les deux pays loin de présenter un visage uniforme, la procédure pénale dans les deux pays se différencie selon la dose d’inquisitoire ou d’accusatoire qui le caractérise. En effet, le rôle du juge en France reste différent de celui en Thaïlande, d’où l’intérêt et le défi de la comparaison. La première partie de la thèse a pour objet l’étude comparative du cadre général de l’organisation judiciaire. Cette étude concerne tout d’abord les organisations des juridictions pénales et la composition des juridictions. Nous étudierons ensuite les règles relatives aux modalités de recrutement, puis le statut du juge dans les deux systèmes. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’étude comparative du rôle du juge judiciaire dans la procédure pénale. La comparaison porte d’abord sur le rôle du juge dans la phase préparatoire ensuite le rôle du juge dans la phase décisoire. Tout au long de cette recherche, nous étudierons également les nombreuses réformes apportées aux structures judiciaires dans les deux pays. Cette étude comparée des systèmes français et thaïlandais relative au rôle du juge pénal aboutit à un échange d’expériences entre les deux différents systèmes juridiquesIn France, similar to Thailand, the judge appears as a key role in a criminal trial. Traditionally, the French criminal procedure was described as an inquisitorial system where the judge plays an active role whereas the Thai criminal procedure was depicted as an adversarial system where the judge plays a passive role. Presently, the concepts of the criminal proceedings in these two systems have seemingly mingled. However, the somewhat mixed system is still far from presenting a uniformity in criminal proceedings between the two countries due to the difference between inquisitorial and adversarial system which characterizes it. Indeed, the role of the judge in France is distinct from that in Thailand, thus, induced to the interest and the challenge of the comparison.The first part of this thesis is to study the comparative framework of the judiciary. This study firstly relates to the organizations of criminal courts and composition of the courts. We then study the rules on recruitment procedures and the status of judges in the two systems. The second part is devoted to the comparative study on the role of the judge in the criminal proceedings. This comparison focuses on the judge's role in stages both before and after trial. Throughout this research, we will also study a number of law reforms regarding the judiciary structures of both countries.This comparative study of French and Thai systems on the role of criminal court judge leads to an exchange of experiences between the two different legal systems
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Reddish, Michael John. "An historical study of the role of the judge in contemporary Japan with special reference to the judicial interpretation of Article 9." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406804.
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Jurado, M. Carolina. "Weaving Loyalties in Charcas: The Role of the Second Visita and Land Composition Judge in the Threads of Viceregal Favor, 1594-1600." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/121595.
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The economy of favor was an essential mechanism in the construction of monarchical and colonial power, encouraging the loyalty of subjects and a more effective control of the territory. Through an analysis of the residencia of don Pedro Osores de Ulloa, this article aims to examine the role of Charcas’s second visita and land composition judge in the exercise of colonial favor. The research suggests that land and the assignment of its property, mediated by Osores de Ulloa, formed the basis of loyalty and patronage relationships that strengthened viceregal power in Charcas and articulated different layers of power.La economía de la gracia era un mecanismo esencial en la construcción del poder monárquico y virreinal, al fomentar la lealtad de los súbditos y el control efectivo del territorio. A partir de la residencia de don Pedro Osores de Ulloa, este artículo examina el rol del segundo juez de visita y composición de tierras charqueñas en el ejercicio de la dádiva virreinal. En ese sentido, se postula que la tierra y la cesión de los derechos a su propiedad, mediatizadas por Osores de Ulloa, constituyeron la base de relaciones de lealtad y patronazgo que afianzaron el dominio virreinal sobre los vecinos charqueños al tiempo que articularon las distintas esferas jurisdiccionales del poder.
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Shackleford, Caroline Sara. "The fate of Heath's special investigation unit : an evaluation in terms of the separation of powers doctrine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53119.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a response to the judgment of the Constitutional Court in South African Personal Injury Lawyers v Heath, in which certain provisions of the Special Investigating Units and Special Tribunals Act were subjected to constitutional review. The outcome of the case was the striking down of certain provisions of the Act as unconstitutional, and the removal of Judge Willem Heath from his position as head of the Unit. The provisions were said to infringe upon the principle of separation of powers, an implicit term of the Constitution of South Africa. This principle affects the extent of the judicial power because of its influence on determining the acceptability of extra-judicial functions. The doctrine of separation of powers is therefore considered in its historical and theoretical context, with particular reference to the way in which it tends to limit or define the role of judges. Following this analysis, the status of institutions supporting constitutional democracy is examined, and the legislation governing Special Investigating Units is compared with that which regulates the office of the Public Protector. As a result, some alternative legislative means of achieving the ends of the Units, namely the combating of state corruption and maladministration, are suggested.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis volg op die uitspraak van die Grondwetlike Hof in South African Personal Injury Lawyers v Heath, waarin sekere bepalings van die Wet op Spesiale Ondersoekeenhede en Spesiale Tribunale aan grondwetlike hersiening onderwerp is. Die uitkoms van die saak was dat sekere ongrondwetlike bepalings van die Wet ongeldig verklaar is, en dat Regter Willem Heath van sy posisie as hoof van die Eenheid onthef is. Dit is bevind dat die bepalings die beginsel van skeiding van magte, 'n implisiete term van die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet, geskend het. As gevolg van sy invloed op die bepaling van aanvaarbaarheid van buite-juridiese funksies, beïnvloed dié beginsel die omvang van die juridiese mag. Die skeiding van magte leerstuk word dus in sy historiese en teoretiese konteks oorweeg, met spesifieke verwysing na die manier waarop dit neig om die rol van regters te beperk of te omskryf. Na hierdie analise word die status ondersoek van instellings wat grondwetlike demokrasie ondersteun, en die wetgewing wat die Spesiale Ondersoekeenhede beheer, vergelyk met dié wat die Openbare Beskermer reguleer. Op grond hiervan word sekere alternatiewe wetgewende metodes voorgestelom die doeleindes van die Eenhede, naamlik die bekamping van staatskorrupsie en wanadministrasie, te bereik.
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Paiusco, Sara. "Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the Role of Foreseeability in the European Human Rights Protection System. A European approach to the problem of judge-made law in Criminal Law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/253554.
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The aim of this research is investigating nullum crimen sine lege as European principle. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) interpretation of this principle. The approach of this work is top-down. Since the research question is the role of foreseeability assessment in ‘Europeanised’ Criminal Law and its possible relevance at the European and national level, when and if necessary, the chosen approach is to look first at the European perspective, in order to analyse it in depth in its own specificities and then try to link it to the national perspective.
With regards to ECHR law, the autonomous definition of law and the application of foreseeability (one of the ‘qualities’ of the law) as main parameter to assess legality, both in light of retroactivity and legal certainty, are investigated. In particular, special attention is given to the role of judge-made law in the interpretation of Art. 7 ECHR. Hence, the research focuses on the role of foreseeability, milestone of European legality, as a means to find a solution to the legality issues raising from judge-made law in criminal law. The origin, rationale and application of the concept of foreseeability in ECtHR case-law are scrutinised, trying to extract its main development paths. Subsequently, the current solutions that civil law States adopt to try solving the problem of case-law in criminal law are analysed, with reference to Italy and Germany, also with regards to the traditional rationales of nullum crimen and its theoretical foundations. Moreover, the role of foreseeability and legality in the European Union legal order is considered, as an example of an effectiveness-oriented and de-formalised legal order. In the end, future perspectives for the implementation of the principle of foreseeability are analysed, with particular regard to the Italian legal order.
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Paiusco, Sara. "Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the Role of Foreseeability in the European Human Rights Protection System. A European approach to the problem of judge-made law in Criminal Law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/253554.
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The aim of this research is investigating nullum crimen sine lege as European principle. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) interpretation of this principle. The approach of this work is top-down. Since the research question is the role of foreseeability assessment in ‘Europeanised’ Criminal Law and its possible relevance at the European and national level, when and if necessary, the chosen approach is to look first at the European perspective, in order to analyse it in depth in its own specificities and then try to link it to the national perspective.
With regards to ECHR law, the autonomous definition of law and the application of foreseeability (one of the ‘qualities’ of the law) as main parameter to assess legality, both in light of retroactivity and legal certainty, are investigated. In particular, special attention is given to the role of judge-made law in the interpretation of Art. 7 ECHR. Hence, the research focuses on the role of foreseeability, milestone of European legality, as a means to find a solution to the legality issues raising from judge-made law in criminal law. The origin, rationale and application of the concept of foreseeability in ECtHR case-law are scrutinised, trying to extract its main development paths. Subsequently, the current solutions that civil law States adopt to try solving the problem of case-law in criminal law are analysed, with reference to Italy and Germany, also with regards to the traditional rationales of nullum crimen and its theoretical foundations. Moreover, the role of foreseeability and legality in the European Union legal order is considered, as an example of an effectiveness-oriented and de-formalised legal order. In the end, future perspectives for the implementation of the principle of foreseeability are analysed, with particular regard to the Italian legal order.
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Makolo, N'kashama Stéphane. "Le rôle du juge dans la résolution du contrat pour inexécution en droits français et anglais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILD003.
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Dans quelle mesure, aujourd’hui, la réforme du droit français a-t-elle rapproché deux institutions, la résolution du contrat pour inexécution du droit français et la termination for breach of contract du droit anglais ? À quel point la réforme a-t-elle affecté en profondeur le rôle du juge dans la résolution du contrat pour inexécution, à la lueur du droit anglais ? Si la réforme opérée par l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 est destinée à rendre le droit français de la résolution des contrats plus attractif, elle entend pour cela jouer sur le rôle du juge, un juge répulsif qui invite les parties à user avec parcimonie, raison et modération de la résolution extrajudiciaire qui lui est octroyée, à anticiper sur l’intervention du juge. À défaut, les parties s’exposeront aux foudres d’un juge qui, sans arbitraire, dispose cependant d’une palette d’instruments tellement importante qu’elle déjouera toute prévision des parties. Dans ce contexte, le juge français demeure omniprésent et omnipotent dans la résolution. Par contraste en effet, le juge anglais, intervenant à la marge, peut difficilement adopter la même posture, et c’est plutôt le créancier qui se trouve en position de force et qui limite en pratique l’appréciation du juge à un contrôle des abus criants. Aussi en vient-on à considérer en droit anglais que le créancier est véritablement titulaire d’un droit à la résolution, contrairement à la position admise en droit français. On conçoit aisément que le rôle du juge in fine ne soit pas le même dans les deux ordres juridiques, français et anglais. Le juge français remplit un rôle très interventionniste dans le contrat alors que celui du juge anglais est non-interventionniste. De façon mécanique, le juge français intervient pour insuffler davantage la justice contractuelle, le juge anglais pour garantir la sécurité juridique et l’efficacité économique. En somme, ce qui est alors mis en lumière dans cette étude, c’est bien l’étendue des pouvoirs que le juge est susceptible d’exercer dans la résolution en droits français et anglais, son emprise, sa mainmise, sa tutelle. Quoique l’actuelle réforme du droit des contrats ait fait évoluer la conception de la résolution du contrat en la rapprochant de la termination du droit anglais, elle attise le débat entre le rôle du juge et celui des parties dans le contratTo what extent, today, the reform of French Contract Law has brought two institutions closer together, the résolution du contrat pour inexécution under French law and the termination for breach of contract under English law; to what extent has the reform profoundly affected the role of the judge in the résolution du contrat pour inexécution, in the light of English law? If the reform carried out by the order of February 10, 2016 is intended to make French contract résolution more attractive, it intends to play on the role of the judge, a repulsive judge who invites the parties to use sparingly, reason and moderation of the résolution extrajudiciaire granted to it, to anticipate the intervention of the judge. Failing this, the parties will expose themselves to the wrath of a judge who, without being arbitrary, nevertheless has such a wide range of instruments at his disposal that it will thwart any predictability of the parties. In this context, the French judge remains omnipresent and omnipotent in the termination. By contrast, the English judge, intervening at the margins, can hardly adopt the same posture; it is rather the creditor who finds himself in a position of strength and who in practice limits the judge's assessment to a control of blatant abuses… We therefore come to consider in English law that the creditor truly holds a right to resolution, contrary to the position accepted in French law. It is easy to understand that the role of the judge ultimately is not the same in the two legal orders, French and English. The French judge fulfills an overly interventionist role in the contract while that of the English judge is non-interventionist. Mechanically, the French judge intervenes to further instill contractual justice, the English judge to guarantee legal certainty and economic efficiency. In short, what is highlighted in this study is the extent of the powers that the judge is likely to exercise in the resolution in French and English law, his influence, his control, his supervision. Although the current reform of contract law has evolved the concept of termination of contract by bringing it closer to the termination of English law, it fuels the debate between the role of the judge and the parties in the contract
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Montana, Riccardo. "Between crime-fighter and judge : a study of the legal and cultural influences on the pre-trial role of the Italian prosecutor with particular reference to the definition of the crime problem." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54785/.
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The Anglo-Saxon literature on Italian prosecutors (and the Italian criminal justice system in general) is limited. Moreover, the literature using a socio-legal approach and trying to understand what prosecutors do in practice is almost inexistent. This study seeks to fill, partially, this gap. Legal actors are, obviously, an extremely important focus for those who intend to study criminal justice and criminal procedure. Legal systems are applied and interpreted (translated to use Langer's words) according to different legal cultures. Amongst the judicial actors who appear to be, legally, in the position to determine the way the legal system works there are prosecutors. Prosecutors carry out many functions and, in Italy, they are involved from the beginning of the investigation till the end of the trial. In other words: Italian prosecutors play a very important part during both the pre-trial and trial phase. We will concentrate on the former trying to answer one main question: what prosecutors do in practice In particular, this is a study of the legal and cultural influences on the role and function of Italian prosecutor with particular reference to their gate-keeping role. In this sense the thesis brings out the distinctive impact of both the legal framework and prosecutors' professional culture and identity on the prosecutors' capacity to mediate of 'crime control' policies. While we will study this we will also analyze Italian prosecutors' legal and professional culture and their relationship with the police. This will be crucial to understand the way prosecutors take gate keeping decisions. The analysis of the Italian case seems to be very important. It shows that, when it comes to definition of the crime problem, prosecutors still play an important and distinct role. Important because their decisions still influence the definition of priorities (i. e. they do not seem to be mere executors of anticrime policies). Distinct because prosecutors appear to be able to mediate the impact of external influences. So. they have a (partially) different idea of priorities compared to the dominant political culture. This puts them in a different (distinct) position. To sum up: in Italy the prosecutors' role during the pre-trial phase of being 'between' crime fighter and judge is visible. There is room for prosecutors' choices and decisions. To corroborate this thesis we used the examples of street crime, immigration and the impact of moral panics on prosecutors' decisions. These are all issues which concern very much the "fight against insecurity" which is considered, in the western capitalistic countries, a crucial problem for the central state, the public and the media. We will try to demonstrate that, although Italian prosecutors are affected by the "problem of security" and, certainly, can not block the evolution (or involution) of the criminal justice system, they are in the position to limit the impact of these external influences.
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Meurant, Cédric. "L'interprétation des écritures des parties par le juge administratif français." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3026.
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En vertu de la règle du principe dispositif qui s’applique au procès administratif, le litige est la chose des parties : la matière de l’instance est fixée par les écritures que les parties rédigent et qu’elles soumettent au juge administratif. L’essence de l’office de ce juge consiste à trancher le litige en répondant juridiquement aux prétentions et à l’argumentation développées par les parties dans leurs écritures. L’étendue de son intervention est donc tributaire de la formulation des écritures qu’il devrait se borner à interpréter littéralement, et ce même lorsqu’elles sont maladroitement rédigées. Pourtant, le juge s’autorise à les interpréter extensivement ou restrictivement. Les raisons qui président à ce choix sont incertaines. L’un des enjeux de cette recherche est de les clarifier. Elle doit aussi déterminer l’étendue de ce pouvoir, et notamment son caractère – est-ce une faculté ou une obligation ? –, les éléments des écritures susceptibles d’être interprétés, les parties dont les écrits peuvent être appréciés, les méthodes mobilisées, ou encore ses limites et les contrôles auxquels il est soumis. Mais, à cause du rôle central des écritures dans le procès administratif, leur interprétation peut avoir d’importantes conséquences sur cette instance. Certaines interprétations peuvent même la déstabiliser. La recherche doit donc envisager les mécanismes permettant de corriger ces déséquilibres. En interprétant les écritures des parties, le juge participe à la fixation de la matière de l’instance. Dès lors, cette étude doit, plus fondamentalement, contribuer à déterminer l’auteur de cette substance : les parties ou le juge ?According to the principle of party autonomy that rules the administrative trial, the litigation is the thing of the parties: the disputed matter is set out in the contentious writings the parties submit to the administrative judge. The essence of the office of this judge is to settle the disputed by legally answering the claims and arguments developed by the parties in their written pleadings. The scope of his intervention is therefore dependent on the wording of the contentious writings, which the judge should confine himself to literally interpreting, even when they are badly written. However, he allows himself to interpret them extensively or restrictively. The reasons for this choice are uncertain. One of the stakes of this research is to clarify them. It must also determine the scope of that power, and in particular its character - is it a possibility or an obligation? -, the elements of the written submissions likely to be interpreted, the parties whose writings can be assessed, the methods used, or its limits and the controls to which it is subject. But, because of the central role of the written pleadings in the administrative process, their interpretation can have important consequences on this instance. Some interpretations can even destabilize it. This research should therefore consider ways to correct such imbalances. In interpreting the parties’ written submissions, the judge participates in the determination of the disputed matter. Consequently, this study must, more fundamentally, contribute to determining the author of this matter: the parties or the judge?
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Miranda, Federica. "La femme dans le procès romain." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020075/document.
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Le rôle de la femme dans le procès peut être ramené à trois domaines : le témoignage, la défense judiciaire et la condition de défendeur.Selon l’opinion commune, la femme ne pouvait être témoin. Toutefois, cela ne coïncide pas avec la lettre des Digesta (22.5.18 ; 22.5.3.5). Ils attestent une capacité testimoniale générale de la femme, à moins qu’elle n’ait pas été condamnée en tant qu’adultère.En dépit du fait que la femme était exclue moribus des officia dits virilia (D. 50.17.2 pr.-1), il y a des témoignages de mulieres qui ont discuté des causes pro se aut pro aliis. Celles-ci sont considérées avec dédain par les auteurs anciens car l’in iudicis tacere était le seul comportement approprié à la condicio naturae de la femme.Évidemment, il n’y avait pas de place dans le monde romain pour des femmes juges. Et il est intéressant que Cassius Dion (h. R. 50.5.4) emploie cette exclusion pour démontrer à quel point la reine Cléopâtre était lointaine des mœurs romaines.La casuistique la plus large est celle des femmes défendeurs. Le modèle féminin idéal dans l’imaginaire romain est celui de la bonne épouse et mère, sobre dans les mœurs, modérée dans la parole, affable, pudique, obéissante. Sur un arrière-plan social ainsi esquissé, les crimes féminins les plus courants sont alors l’empoisonnement, l’adultère et les relations sexuelles avant le mariage. Il faut par ailleurs remarquer le crime résultant de la consommation de vin, à savoir une infraction qui est considérée comme telle seulement si son auteur est une femme. Puisque la mulier pouvait être jugée avec le système en vigueur au moment du procèsThe woman’s role in the trial can substantially be brought back to three areas: the evidence, the legal aid and the guilt.It is generally accepted that the woman could not be a witness. However this does not what come out from the Digest, where is deduced a general witness ability unless the woman has not been condemned for adultery.Even though the woman was excluded moribus from the officia virilia (D. 50.17.2 pr.-1), in addition to the position of witness, there are testimonies of mulieres that discussed cases pro se aut pro aliis. This women are judged by the ancient authors with indignation (because the in iudicis tacere was the only appropriate behavior for the female condicio naturae). They are extraordinary exempla, that must be handed down as negative examples.Of course, there was no place in the Roman world for women judges. It is interesting how Cassius Dio (h. R. 50.5.4) uses this foreclosure, to demonstrate how much Queen Cleopatra was far from the Roman customs.The largest range of cases is the one of mulieres reae. The Idealtypus of the woman for the Romans is the one of a good wife and a good mother, sober, reliable, silent. In this social background, the female crimes more perpetrated are therefore veneficium, adulterium, stuprum and probum. It is particular also the crime of wine drinking, a hypothesis of crime that is punished only if it is made by a woman. The mulier was – within the limits of her status – cives and she could be tried with every trial system. But, some characteristics have distinguished the trial against men from the trial against women
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Valle, Dirceu Augusto da Câmara. "Bem jurídico e competência no Processo Penal Militar: efetividade da justiça e dignidade do jurisdicionado." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6665.
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Previous issue date: 2014-12-19The research investigates the role of the legal criminal assets in setting the criminal procedural competence in the military sphere. Due to this, it is developed a relationship of implication between the substantive law and the especial instrumental law. Analyzes the constitutional legitimacy of the military criminal proceedings from an interpretive retelling of military criminal procedure code in order to establish, above all, more democratic precise contours, paying attention to the existing constitutional vectors, applying the principle of natural justice in military courts, highlighting the Inter-American court decisions of human rights. Examines the condition of allocation of criminal legal interests tied to hierarchy and discipline in order to establish whether or not the jurisdiction of special courts.It is discussed the social role of the agent as a fixation element of competence, looking away literal and isolated interpretations from the castrense repressive statute as a whole. The problems encountered throughout the text reverberate in access to criminal justice, and particularly in the context of execution of criminal due process, the constitutional guarantee, all contributing to a better assessment of the criteria involve setting the natural judge, with projections guidelines for conflicts of jurisdiction submitted to the higher courts, and also the issues that plague both the military justice courts as courts of justice
A pesquisa investiga o papel do bem jurídico-penal na fixação da competência processual penal na esfera militar. Para tanto, desenvolve-se uma relação de implicação entre o direito material e o direito instrumental especial. Analisa-se a legitimidade constitucional do processo penal castrense a partir de uma releitura interpretativa do Código de Processo Penal Militar, a fim de estabelecer contornos mais precisos e, sobretudo, democráticos, atentando aos vetores constitucionais vigentes, à aplicação do princípio do juiz natural na Justiça Militar, com destaque para decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Examina-se a condição de afetação de bens jurídicos penais atados à hierarquia e à disciplina, a fim de estabelecer, ou não, a competência da justiça especializada. Aborda-se o papel social do agente, como elemento de fixação da competência, procurando-se afastar interpretações literais e isoladas do estatuto repressivo castrense, mas desprendidas quando cotejadas com o ordenamento como um todo. As problemáticas enfrentadas ao longo do texto repercutem no acesso à justiça penal e, particularmente, no âmbito de efetivação do devido processo legal, cara garantia constitucional, tudo a contribuir para uma melhor aferição dos critérios a envolver a fixação do juiz natural, com projeções orientadoras para os conflitos de competência submetidos às Cortes Superiores e, também, às questões que atormentam tanto os Tribunais de Justiça Militar como os Tribunais de Justiça
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Martin, Anaëlle. "L'instrumentalisation du principe de subsidiarité, un révélateur de la nature juridique de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAA001.
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Du fait de son ambiguïté fondatrice, de ses connotations politiques et de son caractère relativement récent, le principe de subsidiarité, expressément consacré dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne par le traité de Maastricht, fait l’objet d’une instrumentalisation par de nombreux acteurs à des fins souvent contradictoires mais néanmoins cohérentes avec la nature juridique de l’Union. Si à l’évidence, sa consécration dans le droit primaire visait, à l’instar de celle du principe de proportionnalité, à rassurer les États membres et les citoyens européens de ce que l’action de l’Union se limiterait au strict nécessaire, le principe de subsidiarité était cependant porteur d’une charge quelque peu subversive en raison de sa dynamique potentiellement ascendante et de sa signification implicitement fédérale. Appliquer la subsidiarité, pour les institutions européennes qui sont les gardiennes de son respect, revient presque toujours à justifier l’intervention de l’Union au regard des objectifs de l’action envisagée et, partant, à disqualifier l’action des échelons inférieurs. Pour autant, et de façon assez paradoxale, l’instrumentalisation de la subsidiarité ne s’inscrit pas tant dans une dimension fédérale que fonctionnelle tant il est vrai que le fédéralisme cherche à promouvoir des valeurs comme l’autonomie et la diversité, ce que la subsidiarité, malgré les apparences, ne permet pas de garantir. Présentée comme un instrument de fédéralisation de l’Union européenne, la subsidiarité n’est, en réalité, qu’un instrument d’intégration puisqu’elle n’a jamais su s’extraire de la matrice fonctionnaliste qui caractérise la construction européenne depuis toujoursDue to its founding ambiguity, its political connotations and its relatively recent character, the principle of subsidiarity, expressly enshrined in the legal order of the European Union by the Treaty of Maastricht, is being instrumentalized by many actors for purposes that are often contradictory but nevertheless consistent with the legal nature of the European Union. While its consecration inprimary law, like that of the principle of proportionality, was obviously intended to reassure Member States and European citizens and ensure that the Union's action would be limited to what is necessary, the principle of subsidiarity was nevertheless some what subversive because of its potentially ascending dynamic and its implicitly federal content. Applying subsidiarity, for the European institutions which are the guardians of its observance, almost always means justifying the Union's intervention with regard to the objectives of the envisaged action and, therefore, disqualifying action by the lower levels of government. Paradoxically, however, the instrumentalization of the principle of subsidiarity is not so much « federal » as « functional », since federalism seeks to promote values such as autonomy and diversity, which subsidiarity, despite appearances, does not guarantee. Usually presented as an instrument of federalization of the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is in reality an instrument of integration since it has never been able to extricate itself from the functionalist matrix that has always characterized the construction of Europe
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Sánchez, Escobar Cathalina. "Le rôle du juge en Amérique Latine au XIXe siècle : entre tradition latino-américaine et influences étrangères." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1062.
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En Amérique latine le XIXe siècle se caractérise par l'indépendance des anciennes colonies espagnoles, par le processus de formation des État-Nation et par la reconstruction des ordres juridiques des nouveaux États. Une fois le modèle républicain adopté, il fallait créer des institutions juridiques nouvelles et un système normatif qui régule le destin des nouvelles sociétés en concordance avec la réalité locale et, surtout, le plus différent possible de l'ancien régime colonial. Dans toutes ces transformations les hommes de loi (avocats, juges, juristes, bureaucrates) ont joué un rôle important. En tant que propriétaires du savoir juridique et politique ils étaient les personnages idoines, pour effectuer la tâche d'organisation de l'État. Parmi ces tâches, la structuration de la justice était essentielle pour les nouveaux États. Montrer l'implication du juge dans ce processus de consolidation, est une des finalités de ce travail. D'autre part, la construction de l'imaginaire juridique latino-américain s'est réalisée sous l'influence des modèles juridiques étrangers, dont la France, l'Angleterre, les États-Unis. Dans un classicisme juridique particulier, la réception et la transformation de ces modèles a créé une conscience juridique locale originale et très différente du modèle initial en combinant l'exégèse française avec le conceptualisme allemandThe nineteenth century in Latin America is characterized by the independence of the former Spanish colonies, the formation process of nation-state and the reconstruction of legal systems of the new states. Once the republican model adopted, it was necessary to create new legal institutions and a legal system to regulate the destiny of new societies according to the local reality and, above all, as different as possible from the old colonial regime. In all these transformations the jurists (lawyers, judges, jurists, bureaucrats) have played an important role. As owners of legal and politic knowledge, they were the ones suitable to organize the state. Among this organization task, structuring the justice was essential for the new states. To show the implication of judges in this consolidation process is one of the purposes of this work. Besides, the construction of Latin American legal imaginary was carried out under the influence of foreign legal models, like France, Britain and the United States. In a special legal classicism, the reception and transformation of these models has created a proper legal consciousness, innovative and very different from the original model, combining French exegesis with German conceptualism
En América Latina, el siglo XIX se caracteriza por la independencia de las antiguas colonias españolas, el proceso de formación de los Estados-Nación y la reconstrucción de los ordenamientos jurídicos de los nuevos Estados. Una vez adoptado el modelo republicano, fue necesario la creación de instituciones jurídicas nuevas y un sistema normativo que regulara el destino de las nuevas sociedades conforme a la realidad local y, sobre todo, lo más distante posible del antiguo régimen colonial. En todas estas transformaciones, los hombres de ley (abogados, jueces, juristas y burócratas) tuvieron un papel importante ; como proprietarios del saber jurídico y político, fueron los personajes idóneos para realizar la tarea de organización del Estado. Dentro de esa tarea, la estructuración de la justicia fue fundamental para los nuevos Estados. Una de las finalidades de este trabajo es demostrar la implicación de los jueces en ese proceso de consolidación. Además, la construcción del imaginario jurídico latinoamericano se llevó a cabo bajo la influencia de modelos jurídicos extranjeros dentro de los cuales se destacan Francia, Alemania y Estados Unidos. La recepción y tranformación de dichos modelos dentro de un clasicismo jurídico particular, que combinaba la exégesis francesa y el conceptualismo alemán, generó una conciencia jurídica local original y muy diferente del modelo inicial
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Ouedraogo, Bawindsomde Patrick. "Le statut juridique du fonctionnaire international sous l'angle des fonctionnaires de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et des fonctionnaires des Comunautés européeenes : contribution à l'actualité de la notion de "fonctionnaire international"." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0016/document.
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Conçu dans la période postérieure aux guerres révolutionnaires européennes, renforcé à la veille des relations internationales contemporaines, le fonctionnaire international, plus qu’un concept, témoigne de la dynamique qui est née et qui caractérise les relations interétatiques. Mieux appréhendé par leurs interactions dans de multiples arènes (économie, consultations, études, diplomatie, politique, actions de terrains), les fonctionnaires internationaux sont définis par un nouveau type d’organisations par le biais desquelles ils incarnent et réalisent leurs buts. Ils caractérisent ainsi tant les agents des organisations internationales dites “traditionnelles” (Société des Nations, Organisation des Nations Unies, Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord, Union Africaine, Conseil de l’Europe) que celles “spécifiques” (Union Européenne, Communauté Economique des Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest, La Communauté Andine des Nations, le Marché du Cône Sud). De cette situation, le concept unique de fonctionnaire international a évidemment émergé par la systématisation de plusieurs auteurs. Il ne pouvait en être autrement, ce par la convergence des statuts juridiques (en matière de règles relatives au recrutement, de privilèges et d’immunités fonctionnels, droits acquis) de ceux qu’on considère comme les piliers de l’organisation, notamment les agents de l’Union européenne et ceux de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Toutefois, malgré cette première évidence, il est certain, et l’analyse comparative à laquelle cette étude s’élit en fournit les clefs, que le concept de fonctionnaire international unique ne soit pas approprié pour les agents que nous considérons archétypes de deux types d’organisations mues par des finalités complémentaires certes mais divergentes à plus d’un titre. A ces fins, l’étude de l’insertion institutionnelle des fonctionnaires et la loyauté, somme toute, cardinale qui en découle définitivement écarte toute prétention d’unité des fonctionnaires par l’érection d’un fonctionnaire extraétatique qui serait ce concept unifiant ces agents des gouvernants spéciauxCreated after the european revolutionary wars and reinforced in the run up of the contemporary international relations, the international civil servant more than a concept, testifies of dynamics that generated and which characterizes interstates relations. International civil servants are defined through new types of organizations they embody and through which they achieve their purposes. The different arenas in which they interact (economics, consultancies, studies, diplomacy, politics, and field actions) underline their function. They therefore represent both the agents of international organizations known as "traditional" (League of Nations, United Nations Organization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, African Union, Council of Europe) as well as those of the “specific" ones (European Union, Economic Community of West African States, Andean Community of Nations, Common Market of Southern Cone). From this situation a single concept for the international civil servant as emerged through the systemization of several authors. It could not be any other way, because of the similarities in the legal status (relating to recruitment rules, functional privileges and immunities, acquired rights) of those considered as the pillars of the organizations, in particular between the European Union and the United Nations Organization’s agents. However, despite this first conclusion, the present study obviously shows through a comparative analysis that a single (common) concept of the international civil servant is not appropriated for the agents we considere as archetypes of two types of organizations driven by purposes that are complementary but different for more than one reason. For those purposes, the study of the institutional insertion of the civil servants and the loyalty that derives from it definitely eliminates the theory of a single concept for civil servants through the institution of an extrastate civil servant, a concept meant to unify these special rulers’ agents
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Marcel, Aline. "L'office du juge civil quant au relevé des moyens de droit." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA012.
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L’office du juge quant au relevé des moyens de droit est régi par les dispositions des principes directeurs du procès civil et plus particulièrement par l’article 12 du code de procédure civile. Fruit de la réforme des années 1960 1970 qui visait à renforcer le rôle du juge, les ambiguïtés de sa rédaction n’ont que très difficilement permis au dessein des réformateurs de se réaliser. Après trente ans d’hésitation jurisprudentielle, l’assemblée plénière de la Cour de cassation a, en 2007, enfin fixé le principe selon lequel le juge n’a que la simple faculté de s’écarter du fondement juridique invoqué par les parties si celui-ci s’avère erroné. Cependant, les exceptions se multiplient en faveur de l’obligation sous l’influence de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne. En outre, le contexte procédural est différent de celui dans lequel est né la réforme. Des bouleversements sont intervenus quant aux exigences attendues des parties au regard du droit (principe de concentration des moyens) et l’architecture et l’objet des voies de recours est en pleine mutation (appel ; pourvoi en cassation). Le déséquilibre est flagrant entre office du juge et rôle des parties. Fort de ce constat, c’est en tenant compte des possibilités de censure du juge défaillant que la thèse propose des pistes en vue d’un renforcement raisonnable de l’office du juge de nature à offrir une meilleure garantie de leurs droits aux justiciablesThe function of the judge, as for raising pleas in law, is governed by civil trial’s leading principles, more specifically by article 12 of the French code of civil procedure. As a result of the 1960-1970 reform, which was intended to strengthen the role of the judge, the aim of the reformers has been difficult to achieve because of its writing ambiguities. After thirty years of a hesitant legal precedent, the Court of cassation in plenary assembly, in 2007, finally laid down the principle whereby the judge only has the ability to rule out the legal basis pleaded by the parties if it turns out to be incorrect. However, under the influence of the European Court of Justice case law, exceptions in favour of the obligation are increasing. Furthermore, the procedural context is different from the one in which the reform was passed. There have been upheavals regarding the requirements expected from the parties regarding the law (concentration of pleas’ principle) and the structure and purpose of legal remedies (appeal before the Court of appeal or the Court of cassation). The disparity between the function of the judge and the role of the parties is obvious. With this observation, by considering the censorship possibilities of the failing judge, this thesis proposes leads for a reasonable strengthening of the function of the judge to offer to the litigants a best guarantee of their rights
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Taffin, Géraldine. "Les juges et consuls au XVIIIe siècle : représentation et représentativité du milieu marchand." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30067.
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Les juges et consuls : que sont-ils ? Qui représentent-ils ? Qui sont-ils ? L’analyse d’une affaire survenue à Angers, au-delà d’une querelle de préséance, pose en réalité cette question d’état relative à leur définition et donc à leur importance dans la ville. Si l’arrêt intervenu en 1736 les reconnaît comme députés de la juridiction consulaire, le débat est sans cesse relancé, notamment lors de l’application de la réforme Laverdy. Car, élus par leurs pairs, pour une charge initialement annuelle, pour rendre la justice de l’ordre des marchands au nom du roi, ils sont concomitamment les mandataires d’une compagnie coutumière des anciens, qui se prétend de justice, d’un corps des marchands, sorte de fédération des différents ‘corps des marchands de’ dont les membres sont éligibles au consulat, et dans les grandes villes d’une « corporation des négociants libres ». En effet, les « ayant passé par les charges » s’instituent membres de droit du conseil d’administration de ce corps des marchands, tout en s’en estimant distincts car encore revêtus de la dignité de la judicature, et ce rôle ne leur est contesté que par les gardes de certaines communautés unies dont ils sont par ailleurs également issus en grande partie. Cette représentation multiple est clairement assumée dans un jeu de pouvoir avec la ville, notamment en raison d’une compétence partagée du service public économique. Ils évoquent l’édit de Cremieu pour s’imposer de droit dans les assemblées générales de la cité et pour s’autonomiser de liens originels ; par ailleurs, ils sont souvent membres de droit des chambres particulières de commerce et jouent un rôle non négligeable dans la désignation des députés du commerce. Défenseurs naturels du commerce, ils veillent à ce que les marchands, le plus souvent des membres de leur compagnie, soient élus au sein des différentes institutions de la ville. Issus d’une sanior pars différente selon les villes et évoluant selon un mouvement de pas chassé, ils veillent à ce que la survivance de la dignité de la judicature efface les qualités personnelles selon le principe intangible de l’ordre de la matricule. La désignation des membres de leur compagnie suit une logique’ d’oligarchisation’, parfois subie, maintenue par une parfaite maîtrise du processus électoral. Un noyau dur est formé par certains anciens bénéficiant d’un cumul des charges à la fois en interne et de manière essaimée, posant la question de la multi-appartenance et des conflits d’intérêtsJudges of the “juridictions consulaires”: what are they? Who do they represent? Who are they? A case occurred in Angers, beyond a quarrel over precedence, pose actually the question of their state and social and legal importance in the city. If the judgment reached in 1736 recognizes them as members of a jurisdiction, the debate is constantly revived, especially during the Laverdy reform. In fact, elected by their peers, initially for annual responsibility to render justice, they are simultaneously representatives of a customary former company that aspires to be of justice, of a united corporation of various “merchants of… communities” whose members are eligible for the Court, and in major cities of a “free trading community”. Indeed, “having passed through the charges” are established ex officio members of the board of these institutions, while considering themselves different because still dressed in the dignity of the judicature. This role is disputed to them by some unified communities guards. This multiple representation is clearly assumed in a power game with local authorities, mainly because of a shared competence of public economic service. They evoke the edit of Cremieu to impose themselves in the general assemblies of the city and to empower original links; moreover, they are often ex officio members in the “chambers of commerce” and they play a significant role in the appointment of the “députés du commerce”. Natural defenders of the business, they ensure that the merchants, most often members of their company, are elected in the various local institutions. Stemming from a different sanior pars according to cities and evolving to a movement of “pas chassés”, they ensure that their survival dignity of judicature erases the personal qualities according to the inviolable principle of the order of the roll. The elections of the members of their companies follow a logic of “oligarchisation”, sometimes suffered, maintained by a perfect control of the electoral process. A core is formed by some formers enjoying simultaneously loads, both internally and in a spray-out way, raising the question of multi-membership and conflicts of interests
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Brites, Alice Dantas. "Monitoramento dos efeitos ecológicos e socioeconômicos da comercialização de produtos florestais não madereiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-24032011-215203/.
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A comercialização de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) popularizou-se como atividade promotora do desenvolvimento socioeconômico de comunidades florestais com baixo impacto ambiental. Há evidências, contudo, de que a exploração possa produzir efeitos ecológicos e socioeconômicos negativos, sugerindo que é necessário monitorar tais iniciativas. A comercialização frequentemente ocorre em áreas remotas e em contextos de pobreza, como é o caso de muitas daquelas da Amazônia brasileira. Desta forma, é necessário que o monitoramento restrinja-se a avaliar os efeitos evidenciados como mais comuns em estudos anteriores. Este estudo revisa e sintetiza as evidências científicas dos efeitos da exploração de PFNMs sobre parâmetros ecológicos e socioeconômicos e, a partir daí, indica aqueles mais relevantes ao monitoramento. O estudo também levanta até que ponto o monitoramento é implementado no contexto da Amazônia brasileira e avalia quais os parâmetros importantes e viáveis de monitoramento neste caso específico. Para isso, foram realizadas revisões sistemáticas da literatura e a consulta a profissionais da área através do método Delphi. Os resultados indicam que efeitos ecológicos negativos são frequentes, principalmente quando se coletam folhas ou cascas. Alterações em órgãos ou processos fisiológicos e a taxa de sobrevivência dos espécimes explorados são parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, em particular quando se coletam frutos e partes vegetativas. Para todos os tipos de PFNMs, o tamanho e a estrutura populacional são parâmetros prioritários ao monitoramento. A riqueza de espécies da comunidade explorada merece atenção, principalmente quando se coletam frutos. Para os aspectos socioeconômicos, efeitos positivos foram mais frequentes que negativos. A contribuição da renda monetária obtida com o comércio na renda total, a regularidade de ingresso desta renda e o papel dos PFNMs como recursos de salvaguarda são parâmetros do capital financeiro prioritários ao monitoramento. Para o capital social, o empoderamento feminino, a coesão de grupo e o acesso aos benefícios gerados pela comercialização devem ser monitorados. Na Amazônia brasileira são poucas as iniciativas de implementação do monitoramento da comercialização de PFNMs. Embora este seja considerado importante, existem dificuldades que derivam principalmente da falta de apoio institucional, políticas de incentivo e de recursos financeiros. Os profissionais participantes do Delphi consideram que os parâmetros ecológicos mais importantes a monitorar neste contexto são o tamanho e a estrutura populacional do recurso explorado, o aumento da taxa de mortalidade, a quantidade total de recurso extraída e a técnica de coleta utilizada. Para os parâmetros econômicos, aspectos do mercado, como o preço pago ao coletor, a demanda e a qualidade do produto, bem como a renda monetária obtida pelos indivíduos são os parâmetros considerados mais importantes. Por fim, para os aspectos sociais, os efeitos na cultura, na qualidade de vida e na organização interna da comunidade foram priorizados. Os profissionais indicam que é viável estabelecer o monitoramento dos parâmetros levantados.Amazon, non-timber forest products, ecological effects, socioeconomic effects, monitoring.
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Wu, Pei-Hang, and 吳沛航. "A Study of Judges’ Role Expectation and Competence." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59345642935002474605.
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碩士世新大學
行政管理學研究所(含博、碩專班)
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Expectation on judge’s role and professional competence differs at different stages of social development. This study aims at understanding the development and social expectation on judge’s role, probing for the expectation and requirements of judge’s professional competence, and exploring the views of professionals with different background on judge’s role expectation and professional competence in contemporary social context. By conducting literature review, this study constructs different types of judge’s role expectation, and required professional competence for each role expectations. Based on the results of literature review, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted to interview professionals from judicial branch, academia, and press. By analyzing these interviews, this study hopes to construct the expectation on judge’s role, required professional competence of judge, and views of professionals with different background on judge’s role and professional competence. Four kinds of role expectations are discovered by this study. They include law spokesman, social engineer, judiciary educator, and neutral arbitrator. This finding means that there are multiple expectations on judge’s role, and these expectations continue to diversify and expand. This study further analyzes the competence of the judge based on three categories: knowledge, skills, and attitude. Based on the findings of this study, policy recommendations are formulated to facilitate dialogue and interaction in order to reach consensus on judge’s role expectation and professional competence. On the one hand, it is hoped that the findings of this study can become a basis of specifying judge’s code of behavior. On the other hand, it is hoped that by better understanding the role expectation of judges and professional competence required, social trust toward judicial courts and their ruling can be improved.
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MARSAN, RANVENTÓS Clara. "Recovering constituent power : the constituent role of judges in globalised states." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14525.
Full textAbstract:
Defence Date: 10 May 2010Examining Board: Prof. Neil Walker, University of Edinburgh (EUI Supervisor); Prof. Marise Cremona, European University Institute; Prof. Víctor Ferreres Comella, Pompeu Fabra University; Prof. Hans Lindahl, Tilburg University
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
We will devote the first two chapters to a more historical approach to constituent power. The first chapter deals with the early history of this notion in a time where the latter had not yet been coined. Through the Greek and Roman civilisations and until the decadence of the feudal system and the rise of the Westphalian state, we will look at the notions of authority, norm and society; and to the way they relate to one another, while looking for the traces of constituent power. It is then in chapter two that constituent power appears thanks to the political changes undergone through the English, American and French revolutions. At this stage, we will present in depth the meaning with which the notion was born and how it evolved (as we will see, not much) until the present day. As the thesis proceeds we will identify three different generations of constituent power. In this second chapter, we will have the opportunity to present the first two. The first form of constituent power has an exclusively political dimension; it is about who is the sovereign (the people and not the King). The second adds a socio-economic layer because it is no longer just about who is the sovereign but what it means to say that the people are sovereign (with their associated rights and obligations). Finally, this chapter will also allow us to present how constituent power as a metaphor of the people’s sovereignty has some paradoxes attached to its use. Chapter three is somewhat different because instead of presenting the third generation of constituent power, it offers us space to map globalisation, and thus to prepare the context in which constituent power has to be looked at today. By looking at global actors and global phenomena we will give shape to the globalised state and its globalised constituent power. It is then from this perspective that we can approach how we propose to conceive constituent power today. Chapter four, thus, deals with the third generation of constituent power; the proposed notion, we will argue, provides us with a good conceptual tool to identify the sovereign people in a world of overlapping multilevel authorities. This new constituent power, as it will be presented, occurs in multiple times and is borne by multiple actors of the constitutional state (as opposed to the image of constituent power as a constitutional assembly that exists only to perform one single act). In other words, whereas the first generation of constituent power answers who the sovereign is, and the second generation answers what to be sovereign is; the third generation reopens the two questions, for it argues that sovereignty is neither in the hands of one actor nor exercised in a particular manner. Although constituent power so understood will allow us to look inside and outside the state simultaneously, when narrowing down the specifics of this concept we will remain within the state framework. Here, justices provide us with an example of an institution with the capacity to act as a constituent power and it is such a dimension of the judiciary that will be scrutinised in chapter five. Finally, chapter six further concretises chapters four and five by providing three different scenarios (case studies) that enable us to see how constituent power and, particularly the judge as constituent power, is often performed within constitutional polities.
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Blehaut, Camille. "A comparison of the role of the judge in alternative dispute resolution in France and British Columbia." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8891.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses legal institutions which appear to be developing in a similar way and
reveals the significance of historical, legal and cultural backgrounds. ADR processes are
perceived and developed as international and necessarily standardized, or simply as culturally
neutral institutions. However, this analysis shows that alternative conflict resolution methods
remain culturally embedded. This analysis is based on the role of the judge in ADR in France
and B.C.
The comparative method seemed appropriate to conduct the analysis as it facilitates a
focus on cultural influences which reveals differences in the definition of the judge's role in ADR
in both jurisdictions. The first chapter examines comparative law - its nature and objectives, as
well as the potential pitfalls.
Courts have been chosen as the institutions on which to base our research of the cultural
element in ADR because they appear to be culturally embedded. The second chapter attempts to
trace historical evolution and political factors which shaped the judicial institution in both
jurisdictions. The role of the judge in proceedings is analyzed with particular emphasis on the
process of judging. The professional education of judges in both jurisdictions is also examined.
To frame the analysis two of the roles of judges which have often been used in the literature are
used, namely the role of dispute settlement and the role of policy maker.
A third chapter outlines the similar development of ADR in France and B.C. and explores
the reasons behind this.
Finally, a comparison of the intervention by the judge in enforcing settlement agreements,
enforcing arbitration agreements and conducting court mediation is made. The analysis relies on
the definition of judges' role as defined by the legislator, and the interpretation of that definition
by the courts.
It is concluded that, while no absolute pattern of the influence of cultural and historical
background on the shaping of the role of the judge in ADR can be identified, this influence exists
nonetheless. The similarities between, and the perceived unification of ADR institutions are
therefore superficial, as ADR is molded through institutions such as judges, influenced at the
same time by the cultural identity of the jurisdictions in which they operate.
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Wright, Neil Edward. "Role of Judge Danforth in Robert Ward’s The Crucible." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11616.
Full text
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Mikoláš, Alexander. "Komparace role soudců v mezinárodních soudních orgánech." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-323100.
Full textAbstract:
Comparative analysis of the role of judges in international judicial bodies Abstract The proximate topic of this thesis are two of the most prominent international judicial bodies: The Court of Justice of the European Union, in the narrow sense of the term, and the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO. The actual interest of the work however lies not in the history, normative underpinnings or operation of these institution per se, but rather in the general insights on judicial partiality, bias and relevant preventive mechanisms which can be gleaned from these two concrete examples. The thesis does initially provide a brief overview of the actual workings of both systems, in order to establish a factual background on which to base its subsequent theoretical analysis. The second segment of the work then predominantly focuses on two phenomena - the distribution of representation in the relevant bodies of the judicial institutions from the perspective of individual member entities of both organizations, and the related issue of partiality of judges and other judicial or quasi-judicial figures in these systems; in particular their propensity towards championing national interest of their home countries, in lieu of a disinterested due performance of their duties. The analysis initially examines the factual state of...
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Alfani, Bantea Roger. "The role of the Ruah YHWH in creative transformation : a process theology perspective applied to Judges 14." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4252.
Full textAbstract:
La Ruah YHWH joue un rôle important dans la transformation créative de l’univers et des entités actuelles; cependant, une réflexion concernant les modalités de ce rôle reste à développer. La théologie processuelle offre une plateforme à partir de laquelle sont examinées diverses facettes des rôles que peut jouer la Ruah YHWH dans un monde où le chaos semble dominer. L’objectif de ce mémoire est justement d’explorer la Ruah YHWH dans son rôle de transformation créative au service, ultimement de l’ordre, de la paix et de l’harmonie dans le monde, les communautés, la vie des entités actuelles, etc.
Le Chapitre 1 passe en revue des notions clés de la théologie processuelle. Le concept des “entités actuelles” est d’abord défini. Sont ensuite examinées les différentes phases du devenir d’une entité actuelle. Finalement, les concepts de “créativité” et de “transformation”, dans une perspective de la Ruah YHWH font l’objet d’observations attentives avant d’aborder « trois natures » de Dieu, à savoir primordiale, conséquente, et superjective. Le Chapitre 2 s’intéresse à la péricope centrale de ce mémoire : Juges 13:24-14:20. Le découpage de la structure de cette péricope est basé sur des critères de critique textuelle et d’analyse syntaxique. La première analyse s’attarde aux difficultés que le texte hébreu présente, alors que la deuxième met l’accent sur l’organisation structurelle des propositions grammaticales des versets. Les deux analyses me permettent ensuite de proposer une traduction du péricope. Le Chapitre 3 se veut une application de ce qui a été élaboré au Chapitre 1 sur la péricope analysée au Chapitre 2. Ce troisième chapitre permet de mettre en pratique une approche processuelle originale développée par Robert David dans son livre Déli_l’ ÉCRITURE. Dans la foulée des chapitres qui le précèdent, le Chapitre 4 propose quelques principes herméneutiques contemporains pouvant éclairer le rôle de la Ruah YHWH dans l’avancée créative du monde : vie, amour, et paix.The Ruah YHWH plays a key role in the creative transformation of both the universe and actual entities; however, that role has still to be developed. Process theology, of which I shall endeavour to define some important notions in Chapter 1, offers a platform I shall attempt to build upon in order to examine such an important role in a chaotic world. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the Ruah YHWH in Her role of creative transformation, which I argue to ultimately be that of bringing order, peace, and harmony in the world, communities, the life of actual entities, etc. Chapter 1 is an overview of some key notions of process theology: first, the concept of “actual entities” is defined. Secondly, I examine the phases of concrescence in the becoming of an actual entity. And finally, I look at the concepts of creativity and transformation in the perspective of the Ruah YHWH prior to examining the “three natures” of God, primordial, consequent, and superjective. Chapter 2 defines the pericope of this dissertation: Judges 13:24-14:20. The structure of the pericope is based upon the methods of textual criticism and syntactical analysis. While the first examination deals with some difficulties the original Hebrew text presents, the second deals with the structural organization of the verses grammatical propositions. The two examinations allow me to propose a translation of the pericope. Chapter 3 is an application of what was laid out in Chapter 1 on the pericope established in Chapter 2. In the course of the third chapter, I employ an innovative (original) processual approach developed by Robert David in his recent book Déli_ l’ÉCRITURE. Then, Chapter 4 proposes, out of the preceding chapters, some contemporary hermeneutical principles which enlighten the role of the Ruah YHWH in the creative transformation of the world: life, love, and peace.
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Alfani, Roger Bantea. "The role of the Ruah YHWH in creative transformation : a process theology perspective applied to Judges 14." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4252.
Full textAbstract:
La Ruah YHWH joue un rôle important dans la transformation créative de l’univers et des entités actuelles; cependant, une réflexion concernant les modalités de ce rôle reste à développer. La théologie processuelle offre une plateforme à partir de laquelle sont examinées diverses facettes des rôles que peut jouer la Ruah YHWH dans un monde où le chaos semble dominer. L’objectif de ce mémoire est justement d’explorer la Ruah YHWH dans son rôle de transformation créative au service, ultimement de l’ordre, de la paix et de l’harmonie dans le monde, les communautés, la vie des entités actuelles, etc.
Le Chapitre 1 passe en revue des notions clés de la théologie processuelle. Le concept des “entités actuelles” est d’abord défini. Sont ensuite examinées les différentes phases du devenir d’une entité actuelle. Finalement, les concepts de “créativité” et de “transformation”, dans une perspective de la Ruah YHWH font l’objet d’observations attentives avant d’aborder « trois natures » de Dieu, à savoir primordiale, conséquente, et superjective. Le Chapitre 2 s’intéresse à la péricope centrale de ce mémoire : Juges 13:24-14:20. Le découpage de la structure de cette péricope est basé sur des critères de critique textuelle et d’analyse syntaxique. La première analyse s’attarde aux difficultés que le texte hébreu présente, alors que la deuxième met l’accent sur l’organisation structurelle des propositions grammaticales des versets. Les deux analyses me permettent ensuite de proposer une traduction du péricope. Le Chapitre 3 se veut une application de ce qui a été élaboré au Chapitre 1 sur la péricope analysée au Chapitre 2. Ce troisième chapitre permet de mettre en pratique une approche processuelle originale développée par Robert David dans son livre Déli_l’ ÉCRITURE. Dans la foulée des chapitres qui le précèdent, le Chapitre 4 propose quelques principes herméneutiques contemporains pouvant éclairer le rôle de la Ruah YHWH dans l’avancée créative du monde : vie, amour, et paix.The Ruah YHWH plays a key role in the creative transformation of both the universe and actual entities; however, that role has still to be developed. Process theology, of which I shall endeavour to define some important notions in Chapter 1, offers a platform I shall attempt to build upon in order to examine such an important role in a chaotic world. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the Ruah YHWH in Her role of creative transformation, which I argue to ultimately be that of bringing order, peace, and harmony in the world, communities, the life of actual entities, etc. Chapter 1 is an overview of some key notions of process theology: first, the concept of “actual entities” is defined. Secondly, I examine the phases of concrescence in the becoming of an actual entity. And finally, I look at the concepts of creativity and transformation in the perspective of the Ruah YHWH prior to examining the “three natures” of God, primordial, consequent, and superjective. Chapter 2 defines the pericope of this dissertation: Judges 13:24-14:20. The structure of the pericope is based upon the methods of textual criticism and syntactical analysis. While the first examination deals with some difficulties the original Hebrew text presents, the second deals with the structural organization of the verses grammatical propositions. The two examinations allow me to propose a translation of the pericope. Chapter 3 is an application of what was laid out in Chapter 1 on the pericope established in Chapter 2. In the course of the third chapter, I employ an innovative (original) processual approach developed by Robert David in his recent book Déli_ l’ÉCRITURE. Then, Chapter 4 proposes, out of the preceding chapters, some contemporary hermeneutical principles which enlighten the role of the Ruah YHWH in the creative transformation of the world: life, love, and peace.
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Herz, Zach Robert. "Playing the Judge: Law and Imperial Messaging in Severan Rome." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8MD0GMM.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation analyzes the interplay between imperial messaging or self-representation and legal activity in the Roman Empire under the Severan dynasty. I discuss the unusual historical circumstances of Septimius Severus’ rise to power and the legitimacy crises faced by him and his successors, as well as those same emperors’ control of an increasingly complex legal bureaucracy and legislative apparatus. I describe how each of the four Severan rulers—Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Elagabalus, and Severus Alexander—employed different approaches to imperial legislation and adjudication in accordance with their idiosyncratic self-presentation and messaging styles, as well as how other actors within Roman legal culture responded to Severan political dynamics in their own work.
In particular, this dissertation is concerned with a particularly—and increasingly—urgent problem in Roman elite political culture; the tension between theories of imperial power that centered upon rulers’ charismatic gifts or personal fitness to rule, and a more institutional, bureaucratized vision that placed the emperor at the center of broader networks of administrative control. While these two ideas of the Principate had always coexisted, the Severan period posed new challenges as innovations in imperial succession (such as more open military selection of emperors) called earlier legitimation strategies into question. I posit that Roman law, with its stated tendency towards regularized, impersonal processes, was a language in which the Severan state could more easily portray itself as a bureaucratic institution that might merit deference without a given leader being personally fit to rule.
This dissertation begins by discussing the representational strategy of Septimius Severus, who deployed traditional imperial messaging tropes in strikingly legalistic forms. I then explore how this model of law as a venue for or language of state communication might explain otherwise idiosyncratic features of the constitutio Antoniniana, an edict promulgated by Septimius Severus’ son Caracalla that granted citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire. I next discuss two unusual features of the corpus of rescripts issued by Severus Alexander, the last Severan emperor: specifically, the relabeling of rescripts issued by Elagabalus, Alexander’s cousin and predecessor, as products of Alexander’s reign; and the idiosyncratic frequency with which rescripts issued under Alexander’s authority cite prior imperial (and particularly Severan) precedent. Finally, I discuss how jurists responded to Severan (and particularly late Severan) political and legal culture: late Severan jurists are particularly inclined to justify their legal decisionmaking in terms of the desirable consequences of a given decision’s universal promulgation, and similarly likely to justify their opinions by citing to an impersonal ‘imperial authority’ rather than to named figures. I argue that these changes reflect both state and scholarly attempts to wrestle with increasingly unstable imperial selection processes, and to articulate a vision of Roman governance that might function in the new world of the third century C.E.
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Ngandwe, Phazha Jimmy. "The role and impact of the judiciary in the law-making process in South Africa / Phazha Jimmy Ngandwe." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3119.
Full textAbstract:
There exists a lacuna in our legal system, the role of the judiciary in the lawmaking
process is not well defined. 'Historically, the judiciary has always claimed
that its duty was merely to interpret and apply the law and that it was not within
its province to legislate.'
Custom and practice on the other hand has revealed that. to some extent, this is
not entirely true. Because through precedents and pronouncements of statutes
unconstitutional and therefore, null and void, the former in that sense makes laws
and is practically involved in the law-making process. • Judicial discretion is
another means at the disposal of the judiciary by which the latter legislates."
Therefore, the notion that the province of the judiciary is only confined to the
interpretation and application of the law is overwhelmingly misleading. The role of
the judiciary in the law making process has to be clearly defined and not just to
be inferred so that there is left no middle ground or grey area between its
involvement and non-involvement. Once this is done, the problem of uncertainty
and inconsistency in so far as the judicial process is concerned will be remedied.
Since it is indeed the judiciary that decides the cases before them, from these
cases it is respectfully submitted that the interpretative process they adopt in
arriving at their decision itself amounts to law-making. It is trite law that when
courts interpret the law. they also make the law in that process. This reasoning
has long been accepted in our legal order and in foreign jurisdictions. The former
President of the United States of America, Roosevelt. precisely pointed out in his
message to the Congress of the United States on the 8th December 1908, thus:
The Chief lawmakers in our country may be. and often are,
the judges. because they are the final seat of authority.
Every time they interpret contract. property, vested rights,
due process of the law. liberty, they necessarily enact into
law parts of a system of social philosophy; and as such
interpretation is fundamental. they give direction to all lawmaking.
The decisions of the courts on economic and social
questions depend upon their economic and social
philosophy; and for the peaceful progress of our people
during the twentieth century we shall owe most to those
judges who hold to a twentieth century economic and social
philosophy and not to a long outgrown philosophy, which
was itself the product of primitive economic conditions. 1
Even though the above quote was said in the last century, it is still
applicable today because judges still do the job of interpreting and applying
the law. In doing so they are involved in the law-making process. It has
become manifest, as this study will reveal, that Ihe judiciary is involved in
the law-making process even though this has proven somewhat irksome to
1 PresidenlTheodore Roosevelt, Message to the Congress of the United States, 8th December
1908, 43rd Congressional Record ,Part 1, p.21 .
accept and appreciate, bearing in mind the overriding democratic principles
such as seoaration of DOwers and the independence of the judiciary ..
Therefore this study endeavours to interrogate the manner by which the
South African judiciary has been involved in the law-making process both
during the previous apartheid regime and in the present democratic
dispensation. Futhermore, this study also attempts to answer the question
as to how the judiciary will continue to legislate in the present judicial
transformation process without upsetting the imperatives of the doctrine of
separation of powers and the independence of the judiciary.Thesis (LLM)--North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2006.