Journal articles on the topic 'The Hut Central Valley'
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1
Lee, Yun-Young, and Richard Grotjahn. "California Central Valley Summer Heat Waves Form Two Ways*." Journal of Climate 29, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): 1201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0270.1.
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Abstract California Central Valley (CCV) heat waves are grouped into two types based on the temporal and spatial evolution of the large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) prior to onset. The k-means clustering of key features in the anomalous temperature and zonal wind identifies the two groups. Composite analyses show different evolution prior to developing a similar ridge–trough–ridge pattern spanning the North Pacific at the onset of CCV hot spells. Backward trajectories show adiabatic heating of air enhanced by anomalous sinking plus horizontal advection as the main mechanisms to create hot lower-tropospheric air just off the Northern California coast, although the paths differ between clusters. The first cluster develops the ridge at the west coast on the day before onset, consistent with wave activity flux traveling across the North Pacific. Air parcels that arrive at the maximum temperature anomaly (just off the Northern California coast) tend to travel a long distance across the Pacific from the west. The second cluster has the ridge in place for several days prior to extreme CCV heat, but this ridge is located farther north, with heat anomaly over the northwestern United States. This ridge expands south as air parcels at midtropospheric levels descend from the northwest while lower-level parcels over land tend to bring hot air from directions ranging from the hot area to the northeast to the desert areas to the southeast. These two types reveal unexpected dynamical complexity, hint at different remote associations, and expand the assessment needed of climate models’ simulations of these heat waves.
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Yang, Yan, Jiwen Fan, L. Ruby Leung, Chun Zhao, Zhanqing Li, and Daniel Rosenfeld. "Mechanisms Contributing to Suppressed Precipitation in Mt. Hua of Central China. Part I: Mountain Valley Circulation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 3 (February 15, 2016): 1351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0233.1.
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Abstract A significant reduction in precipitation in the past decades has been documented over many mountain ranges such as those in central and eastern China. Consistent with the increase of air pollution in these regions, it has been argued that the precipitation trend is linked to the aerosol microphysical effect on suppressing warm rain. Rigorous quantitative investigations on the reasons responsible for the precipitation reduction are lacking. In this study, an improved Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with online coupled chemistry (WRF-Chem) is applied and simulations are conducted at the convection-permitting scale to explore the major mechanisms governing changes in precipitation from orographic clouds in the Mt. Hua area in central China. It is found that anthropogenic pollution contributes to a ~40% reduction of precipitation over Mt. Hua during the 1-month summertime period. The reduction is mainly associated with precipitation events associated with valley–mountain circulation and a mesoscale cold-front event. In this paper (Part I), the mechanism leading to a significant reduction for the cases associated with valley–mountain circulation is scrutinized. It is found that the valley breeze is weakened by aerosols as a result of absorbing aerosol-induced warming aloft and cooling near the surface as a result of aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI). The weakened valley breeze and the reduced water vapor in the valley due to reduced evapotranspiration as a result of surface cooling significantly reduce the transport of water vapor from the valley to mountain and the relative humidity over the mountain, thus suppressing convection and precipitation in the mountain.
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Karavaev, G. F., and S. V. Sudakov. "Hot electron plasma instability in semiconductors with a nonparabolic central valley." Soviet Physics Journal 32, no. 3 (March 1989): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00897380.
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Zhenhua, Ren, Zhou Xun, Yang Miaolin, Wang Xiaocui, Zheng Yuhui, Li Xiaolu, and Shen Ye. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation of the Madeng Hot Spring in Yunnan, China." Geofluids 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2368246.
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The Madeng hot spring emerges in the central river valley in the northeastern Lanping Basin in Jianchuan county of Yunnan Province in China. Quaternary sand and gravel occur in the valley which is underlain by the red beds consisting of sandstone and mudstone. The temperature of the hot spring is 42.1°C. The spring water has a pH value of 6.41, TDS of 3.98 g/L, F contents of 3.08 mg/L, and H2SiO3 of 35.6 mg/L. The hot water is of SO4•Cl-Na•Ca type. There is a slight hydrogen sulfide odor in the spring water. Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that the hot water is of meteoric origin. It is estimated that the elevation of the recharge area of the hot spring is approximately 3800 m, the age of the hot water is some 140 years, the temperature of the geothermal reservoir is 75°C–80°C, the mixture ratio of cold water is approximately 80%, and the circulation depth of the thermal groundwater is 1870 m. After receiving recharge from infiltration of precipitation in the mountainous recharge areas, the groundwater undergoes a deep circulation, obtains heat from the heat flow, flows upward along the fractured zone, and emerges as an upflow spring through the Quaternary sand and gravel in the central low-lying river valley.
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BAI, LIN, BRUCE MASLIN, and NIANHE XIA. "Senegalia propinqua (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a new species from the Yuanjiang dry-hot valley in south-central Yunnan Province, China." Phytotaxa 522, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.522.1.4.
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Senegalia propinqua (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a new species from the Yuanjiang dry-hot valley in south-central Yunnan Province, China is described and illustrated. It is compared with S. kunmingensis, S. macrocephala and S. teniana. A distribution map of the four species is provided.
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Stevens, D. R., and J. P. Garden. "Challenges facing the farmers of Central Otago." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (January 1, 2014): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2957.
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The Central Otago region, with its cold winters and hot summers, and valley floors with uplift mountains is definitely "a world of difference". At the NZGA conference in Alexandra in 1966 John Hercus stated "Central Otago has a lure which sets it apart from the rest of New Zealand. Its characteristics of geology, topography and climate, its history of occupation and exploitation, its scenery at once forbidding and yet strangely fascinating - these features combine to cast a spell which few who have been exposed, can ever fully escape" (Hercus 1966). The region and its high country have an iconic status epitomised by the "Southern Man" stereotype. This places Central Otago deep in the psyche of the nation. With this goes a unique and significant set of conditions under which farming must take place. Not only does the region have the biophysical challenges of soils, water and climate to contend with, but a wider set of values, often imposed from elsewhere. Fifty years after that first conference we remain challenged. What are the opportunities in front of us and how should we best accommodate the challenge of maintaining a viable enterprise and at the same time, respecting the intense public and customer interest in our use of land and livestock? Central Otago and the associated high country of the Lakes district and McKenzie basin can be divided into three farming types. These are the valley floor irrigable type, the flat and downland dryland regions, and the high country. Each of these has challenges that are at times unique, but often overlap with problems faced in other regions.
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Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M., Charles E. Meyer, Harry R. Bowman, N. Timothy Hall, Paul C. Russell, Marta J. Woodward, and Janet L. Slate. "Correlation of the Rockland Ash Bed, a 400,000-Year-Old Stratigraphic Marker in Northern California and Western Nevada, and Implications for Middle Pleistocene Paleogeography of Central California." Quaternary Research 23, no. 2 (March 1985): 236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90031-6.
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Outcrops of an ash bed at several localities in northern California and western Nevada belong to a single air-fall ash layer, the informally named Rockland ash bed, dated at about 400,000 yr B.P. The informal Rockland pumice tuff breccia, a thick, coarse, compound tephra deposit southwest of Lassen Peak in northeastern California, is the near-source equivalent of the Rockland ash bed. Relations between initial thickness of the Rockland ash bed and distances to eruptive source suggest that the eruption was at least as great as that of the Mazama ash from Crater Lake, Oregon. Identification of the Rockland tephra allows temporal correlation of associated middle Pleistocene strata of diverse facies in separate depositional basins. Specifically, marine, littoral, estuarine, and fluvial strata of the Hookton and type Merced formations correlate with fluvial strata of the Santa Clara Formation and unnamed alluvium of Willits Valley and the Hollister area, in northwestern and west-central California, and with lacustrine beds of Mohawk Valley, fluvial deposits of the Red Bluff Formation of the eastern Sacramento Valley, and fluvial and glaciofluvial deposits of Fales Hot Spring, Carson City, and Washoe Valley areas in northeastern California and western Nevada. Stratigraphic relations of the Rockland ash bed and older tephra layers in the Great Valley and near San Francisco suggest that the southern Great Valley emerged above sea level about 2 my ago, that its southerly outlet to the ocean was closed sometime after about 2 my ago, and that drainage from the Great Valley to the ocean was established near the present, northerly outlet in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay about 0.6 my ago.
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Lee, Yun-Young, and Richard Grotjahn. "Evidence of Specific MJO Phase Occurrence with Summertime California Central Valley Extreme Hot Weather." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 36, no. 6 (April 12, 2019): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-8167-1.
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Daci, A., G. Kaza, T. Deda, and S. Hoti. "The environmental impact of the Copper industry in the Fani River Valley (Repsi "Hot spot") Mirdita, Albania." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 3 (June 5, 2018): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16970.
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For more than 40 years, full cycle Copper industry has exercised its activity in central Mirdita, as one of the priorities for the economic development of this zone. Copper deposits have been discovered in many parts of the territory of central Mirdita, whereas the main activity of the mining and processing industry is located in the Fan iriver valley. The interruption of industrial activity after the years '90, could not stop the negative environmental impact. The presence of dumps in Fani river banks (as in Repsi, Rresheni and Rubiku) and numerous mining works· (addits) in Spaçi and Kodër Spaçi slopes, from which many acid waters drain, including also the natural leaching of surface outcrops of mineralized zones, make up a serious danger to the biodiversity of this area. Several recommendations to reduce the environmental impact of the tailings and copper ores in the dumps in Fani river valley are given in this paper
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Whitman, Christopher J. "STRAW BALES, A POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR HYGRO-THERMALLY COMFORTABLE DWELLINGS IN CHILE'S CENTRAL VALLEY: PHYSICAL TEST CHAMBERS AND IN SITU MEASUREMENTS." Journal of Green Building 9, no. 2 (July 2014): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.2.161.
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Dwellings in a Mediterranean climate, such as that of Chile's Central Valley, must provide hygro-thermal comfort both during the cold winters, and the hot days and cool summer nights. Straw, once a material common in Chile's indigenous and vernacular architecture, could meet these demands when coupled with sufficient thermal mass in the form of earth renders and floor finishes. This article presents measurements of dry bulb temperatures and relative humidity, both in physical test chambers and Chilean straw bale homes. The results of these measurements confirm that straw bale construction could provide hygro-thermal comfort with heating demands 28% less than those of constructions that meet the Chilean thermal building regulations. Straw bale, therefore, could provide a viable solution for comfortable, energy efficient, rural dwellings in Chile's Central Valley. Whilst over 40 private straw bale projects have been completed in Chile to date, restrictions applying to projects receiving government subsidies prevent this technology being available to those who need it most.
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Perkins, Sid. "Earth: California hit by irrigation drain: GRACE mission tracks drop in aquifers of Central Valley." Science News 177, no. 2 (January 5, 2010): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591770215.
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ABAURREA, J., J. ASIN, A. CEBRIAN, and A. CENTELLES. "Modeling and forecasting extreme hot events in the central Ebro valley, a continental-Mediterranean area." Global and Planetary Change 57, no. 1-2 (May 2007): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.005.
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Negash, Belete, Ferdu Azerefegn, and Gashawbeza Ayalew. "Insecticide resistance management against thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion in the central Rift Valley of Ethiopia." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 40, no. 4 (March 2, 2020): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00127-6.
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Abstract Two field experiments were conducted in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia in the hot and cool dry seasons of 2016/2017 with the objective to develop an insecticide resistance management program on thrips infesting onion. The first experiment dealt with the evaluation of four different insecticides namely profenofos, λ–cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and spinetoram in different sequences on thrips population and their effect on yield. The second experiment examined the effect of admixing the surfactant organosilicone with imidacloprid, spinetoram and dimethoate. A Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was used for both experiments. Data on number of thrips, bulb yield and economic returns were collected. The insecticide imidacloprid and spinetoram resulted in fewer numbers of thrips and higher yields than profenofos and λ –cyhalothrin. Application of the more effective insecticides when the thrips population was high followed by less effective insecticides resulted in better control and higher economic return. Surfactant added insecticides gave a fewer numbers of thrips and higher yields than the corresponding insecticides applied without surfactant. The sequential application of spinetoram and imidacloprid with less effective λ-cyhalothrin and profenofos by mixing with adjuvant are recommended for thrips control as an integral component of thrips management in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia.
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Werner, Vera, Kalliopi Baika, Anastasia Tzigounaki, Klaus Reicherter, Ioannis Papanikolaou, Kurt Emde, Peter Fischer, and Andreas Vött. "Extreme wave events recorded in sedimentary archives of the Geropotamos River (north-central Crete, Greece)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 62, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 63–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2019/0602.
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Recent tsunami events have shown that tsunamis may propagate far inland by entering rivers mouths and may cause massive damage along the river banks. However, so far, only a few studies have been conducted such a search for studying tsunami signals in incised valley systems along the Mediterranean coasts although the tsunami hazard is high. The island of Crete is known to have been affected several times by strong tsunamis, e. g., by the AD 365 and the Late Bronze Age (LBA) Santorini tsunamis. The narrow Geropotamos River valley, distinctly incised into local bedrock and located at the northern coast of Crete and fully exposed to the Cretan Sea, was selected as a promising natural setting to search for palaeotsunami signatures in fluvial sedimentary archives. Based on a multi-electrode geoelectrical survey and a set of sediment cores, we investigated the event-geochronostratigraphic record of both the Geropotamos River mouth area and the river valley ca. 1 km upstream by means of sedimentological, geo-chemical, geochronological, geomorphological, and micropalaeontological methods. The sedimentary environment towards the present-day river mouth is dominated by (fluvio-)lagoonal muds since the mid- Holocene. These lagoonal sediments are intersected by six coarse-grained sand layers each representing an extreme wave event (EWE). EWE layers are up to several decimetres thick and are characterized by an allochthonous foraminiferal assemblage comprising shallow marine to open marine species. Also ca. 1 km further upstream, the sedimentary record revealed grain size and microfossil evidence of two high-energy events showing a clear marine imprint. Based on this, we suggest inundation from the seaside that reached minimum 1 km inland and left EWE signatures in a presently inactive external bank position of the Geropotamos River. Considering the sedimentary characteristics, the local wind and wave climate of the Cretan Sea, and the overall geomorphological setting, we interpret these EWE layers as tsunami- related. A major hiatus identified in the Geropotamos River mouth sediments seems to be related to the LBA Santorini tsunami as can be inferred based on local age-depth relations. The LBA tsunami is known to have severely hit the northern coast of Crete. However, the hiatus may also reflect changes in the subsidence rate and the local accommodation space architecture. The youngest EWE signal in the Geropotamos River archive appears to have been caused by the AD 365 tsunami event. Candidate deposits for both tsunami deposits were identified ca. 1 km further inland. Evidence of EWE impact documents channelling and acceleration effects of intruding water masses caused by the narrow and steeply incised Geropotamos River valley in an upstream direction. Further geochronological studies based on OSL dating are necessary for a reliable age control of these EWE candidate layers.
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Whitman, Christopher J. "Heritage Earth Construction and Hygrothermal Comfort: The Challenge of Rebuilding in Central Chile." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.186.
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According to the latest official census of 2002, earth construction represented 5.5% of the Chilean building stock. These buildings of traditional construction techniques of unfired earth and straw blocks (adobe), rammed earth (tapial) or wattle and daub (quincha) form a large proportion of Chile’s National Monuments and heritage buildings. In addition to their heritage value, these buildings with their high thermal mass, respond well to the climate conditions of both the altiplano of northern Chile and the Central Valley, zones with high diurnal temperature oscillations, with typical daily temperature differences of up to 20°C. However following the 2005 earthquake in Tarapacá, northern Chile and that of the 27th February 2010 in Central Chile a serious rethink has been required as to the retention and restoration of adobe buildings. Public opinion has labelled earth construction as unsafe and most reconstruction to date has taken place with prefabricated timber solutions which lack the necessary thermal mass to respond well to the climatic conditions. At the same time research into the structural integrity, seismic resistance, maintenance and the living conditions provided by earth construction has been undertaken. In this wider context this paper presents the compilation of international and Chilean research into the hygrothermal properties of adobe construction, in addition to the authors insitu measurements of the temperature and relative humidity in two surviving adobe dwellings in the earthquake hit village of Chépica located in Chile´s Central valley. These measurements are compared with those of a dwelling rebuilt with straw bales and earth render in the same location. Based on this information the paper studies the challenge of rebuilding and restoring heritage buildings whilst providing occupants with the necessary levels of environmental comfort.
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Roberts, Warren G. "The University Arboretum, Univ. of California, Davis." HortScience 21, no. 3 (June 1986): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.3.346.
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Abstract The University Arboretum is located on the Davis campus of the Univ. of California. It occupies about 100 acres along the banks of ancient Putah Creek and is close to the middle of the Great Central Valley of California. The prevailing climate closely resembles that of the Mediterranean region, with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers in which a range of adapted plants will flourish. The extensive collections well illustrate the variety and brilliance of trees, shrubs, and perennials adapted to grow in such conditions.
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Gassmann, Guntram, and Andreas Schäfer. "Doubting radiocarbon dating from in-slag charcoal." Archeologické rozhledy 70, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2018.14.
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A Roman-Period bloomery smelting site had been excavated in the Lahn valley at Wetzlar-Dalheim in central Germany during 2006–2012. The production unit consisted of a big rectangular workshop pit with 13 slag pit-furnaces, two waste dumps and a small sunken hut. The stratigraphical sequence, along with abundant pottery and small finds, allows the dating of short-lived smelting activity to a time slot around the third quarter of the first century AD. As a first series of radiocarbon measurements from in-slag charcoal samples resulted in a bewildering date range from the Iron Age right back into the Neolithic, a second dating series has been undertaken. This time exclusively charcoal samples taken from the bottom of the furnace pits have been analysed. The resulting dates fit to the archaeologically derived dating. It is clear that the 14C content of the in-slag charcoal samples must have been altered already during the process in antiquity. With none of the analysed dates younger than the archaeologically fixed date of the bloomery production unit, it is obvious that a contamination with fossil carbon must have taken place. The wide and inconsistent date range suggests that fossil carbon has entered the metallurgical system within the furnace in an uncontrollable manner. The observed phenomenon has wide implications for other metallurgical sites with high temperature processes under strongly reducing conditions. Charcoal samples from such sites, especially from inside slags, might be contaminated to an unpredictable degree and produce seemingly older dates. A first review of previously published data series calls for a reconsideration of the reliability of radiocarbon dates from metallurgical slags.
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Potchter, Oded. "Climatic aspects in rural settlement development in hot, arid zones: A case study of the Central Jordan Valley." Energy and Buildings 11, no. 1-3 (March 1988): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(88)90024-2.
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Gabrekiristos, Endriyas, and Tola Demiyo. "Hot Pepper Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici): Epidemics, Characteristic Features and Management Options." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 10 (September 15, 2020): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n10p347.
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Hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is one of the important cash crops to Ethiopian smallholder farmers and an important agricultural commodity which contribute to export earnings. In Ethiopia, this high value crop is constrained by powdery mildew, Phytophthora leaf blight, Fusarium wilt, bacterial leaf spot, bacterial wilt, bacterial soft rot and pepper motile virus. Among this diseases, wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici (FOC) is one of the major pathogen that constrained production and productivity of hot pepper in Ethiopia mainly the Central Rift valley. In Ethiopia, hot pepper fusarium wilt is reported in all production regions in different magnitude. The highest wilt incidence due to fusarium is 90% in some Farmers association of Alaba districts in South Nation Nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia. The economic yield losses due to Fusarium wilt has been estimated at 68 to 71%. Infection and disease development in Fusarium wilt is favored by warm soil temperature, low soil moisture, susceptible host, virulent pathogen and 5.0 to 6.0 pH levels; are some of epidemic factors. Fusarium is reproduced by sexually by teleomorphs and asexually by microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospore. From the Central rift valley of Ethiopia, 49 FOC isolates were identified based on micro and macroscopic characteristics and the isolate having pink colony color, 3-5 septa forming conidia on potato dextrose agar, perform the most pathogenic ability to Mareko Fana Variety. This pathogen has an over wintering stage called chlamydospore which can exist in the soil for more than ten years without the host. Hot pepper fusarium wilt can be managed by host resistance, biological agent, botanicals and fungicide. In Ethiopia, pepper screening for resistant source, in vitro evaluation of bioagents and fungicides were done. In this review attempt has been made to summarize relevant scientific studies on this economically important crop, hot pepper fusarium wilt and associated factors in Ethiopia as well as its different disease management options, challenges and future prospects.
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Firmin, Akpo Ibidon, Tassou Zakari Filikibirou, Agani Oninkitan Francis, and Yabi Afouda Jacob. "Déterminants de la Productivité du Riz dans un Système de Production Utilisant l'Approche Smart Valley au Centre Bénin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 40 (December 31, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n40p42.
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L’insuffisance des connaissances sur la technique d’utilisation des nouvelles technologies et de financement limitent la productivité agricole au Centre Bénin. Cet article a analysé les déterminants de la productivité du riz dans un système de production utilisant l'approche Smart Valley comme une nouvelle technologie dans la Commune de Ouessè. Les données ont été collectées sur un échantillon de 100 ménages riziculteurs, choisi de façon aléatoire simple sur la liste des bénéficiaires de l’approche Smart Valley. Ainsi, la statistique descriptive et le modèle de régression log-log ont servi d’outils d’analyses à l’aide du Logiciel SPSS version 21. Les résultats de la méthode de régression linéaire double logarithmique montrent que la productivité agricole est influencée positivement par la quantité d’engrais (urée) utilisée et la quantité d’herbicide total, le nombre de têtes de bovins, l’état de la fertilité des terres exploitées, l’expérience du producteur dans la production du riz, le nombre d’actif agricole dans le ménage et l’accès au financement agricole. Par contre, l’utilisation d’herbicides sélectifs et le manque de variétés à haut rendement ont une influence négative et significative sur la productivité agricole. Ainsi cette étude suggère une amélioration de la politique des appuis techniques, financiers et l’accès aux intrants de qualité afin de contribuer efficacement à l’amélioration de la productivité agricole au centre du Bénin
The lack of knowledge on the technique of using new technologies and financing limits agricultural productivity in Central Benin. This article analyzed the determinants of rice productivity in a production system using the Smart Valley approach as a new technology in the Commune of Ouessè. The data was collected on a sample of 100 rice-growing households, chosen in a simple random way from the list of beneficiaries of the Smart Valley approach. Thus, the descriptive statistics and the log-log regression model were used as analysis tools using SPSS software version 21. The results of the double logarithmic linear regression method show that agricultural productivity is positively influenced by the amount of fertilizer (urea) used and the amount of total herbicide, the number of head of cattle, the state of the fertility of the land used, the producer's experience in rice production, the number of active agriculture in the household and access to agricultural finance. On the other hand, the use of selective herbicides and the lack of high-yielding varieties have a negative and significant influence on agricultural productivity. Thus, this study suggests an improvement in the policy of technical and financial support and access to quality inputs in order to contribute effectively to the improvement of agricultural productivity in central Benin.
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Forsyth, Robert G., and Dwayne A. W. Lepitzki. "Terrestrial snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada." Check List 11, no. 3 (April 22, 2015): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.3.1636.
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There are few studies on the terrestrial molluscs of the Great Plains of Alberta. Nearly all previously published surveys have focused on the faunas of the Rocky Mountain Foothills, the Cypress Hills, the Parklands of Central Alberta, or the boreal forests. By means of hand-picking and litter samples, we surveyed for the first time the terrestrial snail fauna in the Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, southern Alberta, Canada. From among the hoodoos (weathered rock formations) and along the cliffs on the north side of the Milk River, we found terrestrial snails at four of our five sites within the hot, dry valley of the river. Our study confirms our assumptions that the terrestrial snail fauna in these hostile habitats lacks diversity.
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Hofmann, Jonathan N., Jennifer Crowe, Julie Postma, Vickie Ybarra, and Matthew C. Keifer. "Perceptions of Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards among Agricultural Workers in Washington State." AAOHN Journal 57, no. 9 (September 2009): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990905700903.
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This study describes agricultural workers' perceptions of environmental and occupational health issues. Interviews were conducted with 389 agricultural workers in the Yakima Valley of central Washington State in the summers of 2004 and 2005. Undergraduate students from the community conducted interviews in Spanish or English. Environmental and occupational health issues were ranked by frequency of concern, and differences by demographics were evaluated using multivariate analyses. In both 2004 and 2005, agricultural workers expressed high levels of concern about working in hot weather, agricultural injuries, pesticides, and pediatric asthma. Agricultural workers' perceptions of environmental and occupational health issues differed by specific demographics, particularly age and ethnicity. Consideration should be given to these issues when designing research studies, creating educational materials, and developing interventions related to environmental and occupational hazards among agricultural workers.
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Slemmons, D. B., and A. R. Ramelli. "Are Active Mid-Plate Fault Zones of the Central United States Interconnected?" Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.312.
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Abstract It is generally assumed that faults in mid-plate regions, such as central and eastern United States (CEUS), unless historically active, are inactive and/or lack a potential for large earthquakes. The Meers fault in Oklahoma, located in an historically aseismic area, is a spectacular exception to this rule. Paleoseismic studies of this fault show that the most recent large event occurred about 1200 years ago, had a magnitude of more that MS = 7 or 7.5, a surface rupture of 40 km length, and several meters of net displacement on a major left-lateral fault (Ramelli and Slemmons, in press). At least four fault zones in other parts of CEUS indicate that the Meers faulting event is not unique, including: (1) New Madrid epicentral region with three events of about MS = 8 in 1811 and 1812 with surface faulting and deformation (Russ, 1982), (2) Washita Valley fault (Cox and VanArsdale, 1986), (3) Kentucky River fault (VanArsdale, 1986), and possibly (4) faulting near Pierre, South Dakota (Nichols and Collins, 1987). Moreover, such midplate active faults are not unique, for there are at last four similar examples of historical seismogenic faulting (McCue and others, 1987) with earthquakes of up to 6.9 magnitude. Most active fault zones can be dearly demonstrated to be parts of branching or interconnected tectonic systems, implying transfer of stress and strain along zones of deformation. We speculate that tectonically active mid-plate fault zones may also be parts of much longer, interconnected active systems, rather than isolated “hot spots” of activity resulting solely from the response of local crustal flaws to a regional stress field.
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Hofmann, Sylvia, Peter Fritzsche, Tsering Dorge, Georg Miehe, and Michael Nothnagel. "What Makes a Hot-Spring Habitat “Hot” for the Hot-Spring Snake: Distributional Data and Niche Modelling for the Genus Thermophis (Serpentes, Colubridae)." Diversity 13, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070325.
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Knowledge about species’ distributions is central to diverse applications in ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. Hot-spring snakes of the genus Thermophis share a distribution restricted to geothermal sites at the Tibetan Plateau (T. baileyi) and in the Hengduan Mountains (T. zhaoermii, T. shangrila). Although the suture zones of these regions are widely covered with hot springs, Thermophis populations are restricted to only a few of these habitats. Here, we use bioclimatic, topographic, and land cover data to model the potential distribution of the genus. Moreover, using logistic regression on field survey data of T. zhaoermii, we test whether hot-spring water parameters and landscape features correlate with the species’ presence or absence. Hot springs with temperatures between 45 and 100 °C and winter precipitation showed the most predictive power. At small scale, our data support the relevance of the hot-spring temperature on the species’ occurrence and indicate that also the along-valley distance from the hot-spring site to the major river might influence the distribution of Thermophis species. Our findings contribute to better understand factors shaping the current distribution of the genus and will aid in setting priorities in applied conservation biology for the hot-spring snakes.
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Sapunov, Ivo, Platon Tchoumatchenco, and Vladimir Shopov. "The Lower Jurassic in the Troyan Region and the south-eastern part of the Teteven Region, Central Balkanids (brachiopod-, bivalve-, and ammonite stratigraphy and palaeotectonics)." Geologica Balcanica 26, no. 3 (September 30, 1996): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.26.3.3.
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As a result of the biostratigraphic study of brachiopods, bivalves and ammonites made in eight instructive sections it was established that most of the Lower Jurassic rock sequences were more or less incomplete. The sections in the valleys of the rivers Kostina and Cherna Reka, Teteven Region, are most complete (from Hettangian to Toarcian). They are situated in the central, the most deeply sinking block one – called Kostina Step of the Izdremets Complex Graben of the Moesian Early-Middle Jurassic Platform. There, the most deep-sea Early Jurassic distal facies were existing. The section near the village of Gorno Shipkovo, Troyan Region, has more shallow-water character and is situated in the Shipkovo Step, the most deeply sinking step of the southern edge of the Izdremets Graben. There, the Lower Jurassic section begins with the Lower Sinemurian. The Lower Jurassic rock sequences in the Central Stara Planina Mts. between the hamlet of Neshkovtsi and the locality Brousovete, Troyan Region, are connected with the Neshkovtsi Step (the sections near the hamlet of Neshkovtsi) and the Ambaritsa Step (the section near the mountain hut Ambaritsa and in the locality Brousovete). There, the Lower Jurassic sequences are most incomplete and they begin with the Upper Sinemurian (near the hamlet Neshkovtsi) or with the Pliensbachian (in the rest sections). The lithofacies and the thanatocoenoses possess a more coastal character and are referred to the proximal part of the basin. During the Early Jurassic the studied south-eastern part of the Izdremets Graben subsided gradually, so that in the end of the Early Jurassic, when the maximum deepening took place, the depths corresponded to the deep sublittoral (150-200m). At that time the marine transgression extended considerably to the south.
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Fan, Xin, Xinchen Gu, Haoran Yu, Aihua Long, Damien Sinonmatohou Tiando, Shengya Ou, Jiangfeng Li, et al. "The Spatial and Temporal Evolution and Drivers of Habitat Quality in the Hung River Valley." Land 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2021): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121369.
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The survival and sustainability of regional species is constrained by habitat quality. In recent decades, the intensification of human activities on a global scale has had a profound impact on regional ecosystems and poses a serious threat to regional sustainable development. Scientific measurement of the drivers of habitat quality can provide important support for the development of effective biodiversity conservation and sustainable land-use policies. Taking the Hung River Valley as an example, the InVEST model was used to assess the habitat quality of the study area in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 and to explore its spatial and temporal variation and distribution characteristics in combination with the spatial autocorrelation model, and the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to explore the drivers of habitat quality change. The results show the following: (1) The overall habitat quality shows an increasing trend during 2000–2020, but the expansion of construction land in the central region plays a dominant role in the degradation of regional habitat quality. (2) The “Guide-Ledu” line is the dividing line of habitat quality in the Hung River Valley, with a general distribution of “south is good, north is bad” and “south is hot, north is cold”. (3) Natural factors such as slope and elevation basically shape the overall distribution pattern of habitat quality, while urbanisation factors such as population density, gross domestic product, and the night-time lighting index are generally negatively correlated with habitat quality. The results of the study can reveal the linkage between ecosystems and land-use change in the context of urbanisation.
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Yin, Shaowu, Yongle Shi, Lige Tong, Li Wang, and Yulong Ding. "Performance Simulation and Benefit Analysis of Ammonia Absorption Cooling and Heating Dual-Supply System Based on Off-Peak Electricity Heat Storage." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2019): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122298.
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The energy consumption of urban central heating in northern China is two to four times that in northern Europe and other countries. Beijing has adopted measures, such as ‘coal to gas’ and ‘coal to electricity’, to reduce environmental pollution caused by central heating. Given a peak-to-valley difference in the electricity supply of power plant, which is uneven day and night, this study proposes to store the night-time off-peak electricity in the form of heat energy and drive the ammonia absorption system in the form of steam or hot water during peak or flat electricity. Simulation results of ammonia absorption cooling and heating dual-supply system show that heat source temperature increases, evaporation temperature increases, and cooling water temperature decreases are all beneficial to improve the refrigeration coefficient in the summer cooling condition. In the meantime, heat source temperature increases, evaporation temperature increases, and cooling water temperature decreases are beneficial for increasing the heating coefficient in the winter heating condition. The heating and cooling coefficients of the system are 1.38 and 0.65 in the optimal working condition in winter and summer. Benefit analysis shows that, compared with central heating and cold storage air conditioning, the system can save 576,000 tons of standard coal and 1.417 million tons of carbon dioxide if used in 12% of the cooling and heat supply areas in Beijing. The potential for energy saving and emission reduction is large.
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Renaut, Robin W., Brian Jones, and Caroline Le Turdu. "Calcite lilypads and ledges at Lorusio Hot Springs, Kenya Rift Valley: travertine precipitation at the air-water interface." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, no. 4 (April 7, 1999): 649–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-061.
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Travertine forming at Lorusio Hot Springs in the northern Kenya Rift is constructed mainly by lilypads and ledges. The lilypads are flat, accretionary structures rooted to the substrate that are composed mostly of platy calcite crystals. They grow outward from a nucleus, subparallel to the water surface, at or just below the air-water interface. Precipitation results from rapid degassing of CO2. Ledges, which have a similar morphology and internal structure, are attached to the margin of a spring pool or outflow channel. As they grow laterally, lilypads and ledges may coalesce with their neighbours to produce thin (1-3 cm) beds of travertine, examples of which are exposed in subfossil deposits at the site. Once established, lilypads and ledges modify the outflow and can act as substrates for precipitation of other minerals and colonization by microbes on their cooler subaerial surfaces. Pore fluids are drawn upward through the lilypads by capillary evaporation. Amorphous silica then precipitates as surficial crusts upon microbial mats or forms spicular microstromatolites, some of which also contain calcite laminae. Efflorescent Na-CO3 salts commonly encrust the drier central platforms of the exposed lilypad. The unusual abundance of lilypads and ledges at Lorusio reflects (i) the low-relief setting and the hydrostatic head, which limit terrace development, and (ii) the high temperature (>75°C) of the waters, which inhibits colonization by microbial mats at crystal growth sites. Similar structures form in cave pools, evaporating brines, and freezing water at sites where precipitation is induced by several processes active at the air-water interface.
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Li, Jin, Ting Ding, Xiaolong Jia, and Xianchan Zhao. "Analysis on the Extreme Heat Wave over China around Yangtze River Region in the Summer of 2013 and Its Main Contributing Factors." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/706713.
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In the summer of 2013, a rare extreme heat wave occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Based on high resolution reanalysis data from ECMWF, comprehensive analyses on the associated atmospheric circulation and the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) were provided. The stable and strong West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) was the direct cause for the heat wave. The WPSH had four westward extensions, which brought about four hot spells in southern China. The South Asia High (SAH) at 150 hPa was more eastward and more northward than normal. The strong Hadley circulation in the central and western Pacific and the anomalous easterlies at 500 hPa and 250 hPa in the middle and high latitudes were favorable for more hot days (HDs). The total HDs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River had close relationships with the zonal wind anomalies in the middle and high latitudes, the SSTA in the Indian Ocean and Pacific, and the dry soil conditions of the Yangtze River Valley in spring and summer. The anomalies of the tropical, subtropical, and polar circulation and the underlying surfaces could be responsible for this extreme heat wave.
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Rössler, O., P. Froidevaux, U. Börst, R. Rickli, O. Martius, and R. Weingartner. "Retrospective analysis of a non-forecasted rain-on-snow flood in the Alps – a matter of model-limitations or unpredictable nature?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 29, 2013): 12861–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-12861-2013.
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Abstract. On 10 October 2011, a rain-on-snow flood occurred in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland, and caused significant damage. As this flood peak was unpredicted by the flood forecast system, questions were raised concerning what has caused this flood and whether it was predictable at all. In this study, we focused on one valley that was heavily hit by the event, the Loetschen valley (160 km2), and aimed to reconstruct the anatomy of this rain-on-snow flood from the synoptic conditions represented by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECWMF analysis data, and the local meteorology within the valley recorded by an extensive met-station network. In addition, we applied the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH to improve our hydrological process understanding about this event and to demonstrate the predictability of this rain-on-snow flood. We found an atmospheric river bringing moist and warm air to Switzerland that followed an anomalous cold front with sustained snowfall to be central for this rain-on-snow event. Intensive rainfall (average 100 mm day−1) was accompanied by a drastic temperature increase (+8 K) that shifted the zero degree line from 1500 m a.s.l. to 3200 m a.s.l. in 12 h. The northern flank of the valley received significantly more precipitation than the southern flank, leading to an enormous flood in tributaries along the northern flank, while the tributaries along the southern flank remained nearly unchanged. We hypothesized that the reason for this was a cavity circulation combined with a seeder-feeder-cloud system enhancing both local rainfall and snow melt by condensation of the warm, moist air on the snow. Applying and adjusting the hydrological model, we show that both the latent and the sensible heat fluxes were responsible for the flood and that locally large amounts of precipitation (up to 160 mm rainfall in 12 h) was necessary to produce the estimated flood peak. With considerable adjustments to the model and meteorological input data, we were able to reproduce the flood peak, demonstrating the ability of the model to reproduce the flood. However, driving the optimized model with COSMO-2 forecast data, we still failed to simulate the flood precisely because COSMO-2 forecast data underestimated both the local precipitation peak and the temperature increase. Thus, this rain-on-snow flood was predictable, but requires a special model set up and extensive and locally precise meteorological input data, especially in terms of both precipitation and temperature.
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Jaya, Kasman, Idris Idris, and Yuliana. "PENGARUH Trichoderma asperellum DAN KOMPOS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH VARIETAS LEMBAH PALU (Allium L.x Wakegi Araki)." Jurnal Agrotech 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31970/agrotech.v10i1.50.
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This study aims to determine the effect of giving T. asperellum and compost on the growth and yield of shallots of the Palu Valley variety. This research was conducted on July to September 2019 in Oloboju Village, Sigi Biromaru District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. This research is a kind of experimental research that is designed by using a Randomized Group Design with grouping based on watering time. The treatments tested consisted of: P0 = Control (without treatment), P1 = T. asperellum 48g + 12 liters of water, P2 = T. asperellum 48g + 12kg compost and P3 = 12kg compost. To determine the effect of the treatment being tried, a diversity test was conducted. If the diversity test results show a real influence, then proceed with the Honestly Significant Difference test (BNJ) α = 0.05 to find out the differences between treatments. Treatment of various combinations of T. asperellum and compost significantly affected plant height at ages 15 and 25 HST, but had no significant effect on the number of leaves, leaf fresh weight, root fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root dry weight, number of tubers per clump, fresh tuber weight per clump, fresh tuber weight per plot and fresh tuber weight per hectare. The compost treatment gives a better effect on the height of plants aged 15 HST (average 15.09cm) and 25 HST (average 19.86cm).
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Rasskazov, Sergei, Irina Chuvashova, Tatyana Yasnygina, Elena Saranina, Nikolay Gerasimov, Youseph Ailow, and Yi-Min Sun. "Tectonic Generation of Pseudotachylytes and Volcanic Rocks: Deep-Seated Magma Sources of Crust-Mantle Transition in the Baikal Rift System, Southern Siberia." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050487.
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Volcanic rocks from deep-seated sources of the crust-mantle transition (CMT) are geochemically distinguished from those of ocean island basalts (OIB). Here, we report geochemical data on tectonic pseudotachylytes from the Main Sayan Fault (MSF) and volcanic rocks from the Kamar-Stanovoy Zone of Hot Transtension (KSZHT) that represent the deep-seated CMT magmatic sources in the central part of the Baikal Rift System (BRS). The tectonic generation of the KSZHT magmas between 18.1 and 11.7 Ma is compared with present-day seismogenic deformations in the middle-upper crust of the South Baikal Basin and adjacent Tunka Valley, where strong earthquakes are distributed along the Main Sayan and Primorye sutures of the Siberian paleocontinent. From a detail seismic tomography model and geological evidence, we infer that the KSZHT crust–mantle magmatic processes were due to delamination and lamination of a thickened root part of the South Baikal Orogen existed in the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene. In addition, we identify similar deep-seated CMT sources for melts erupted in the past 17 Ma from a delaminated root part of the East Hangay Orogen and adjacent Orkhon-Selenga Saddle in the southwestern BRS. We suggest that both in the central and in the southwestern BRS, the deep-seated CMT magma sources designate cooperative pull-to-axis and convergent effects created in the Japan-Baikal Geodynamic Corridor and in the Indo-Asian interactional region, respectively.
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Guo, Yan, Jianping Li, and Jiangshan Zhu. "A Moving Updated Statistical Prediction Model for Summer Rainfall in the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 8 (August 2017): 2275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0376.1.
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AbstractBecause summer rainfall in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley has remarkable interannual and decadal variability and because the precursors that modulate the interannual rainfall change with the decadal variation of the background state, a new model that employs a novel statistical idea is needed to yield an accurate prediction. In this study, the interannual rainfall model (IAM) and the decadal rainfall model (DM) were constructed. Moving updating of the IAM with the latest data within an optimal length of training period (20 yr) can partially offset the effect of decadal change of precursors in IAM. To predict the interannual rainfall of 2001–13 for validation, 13 regression models were fitted with precursors that change every 4–5 yr, from the preceding winter North Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) dipole to the Mascarene high, followed by the East Asia sea level pressure anomaly (SLPA) dipole and the preceding autumn North Pacific SSTA dipole. The moving updated model demonstrated high skill in predicting interannual rainfall, with a correlation coefficient of 0.76 and a hit rate of 76.9%. The DM was linked to the April SLPA in the central tropical Pacific Ocean, and it maintained good performance in the testing period, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7.7%. The statistical model exhibited superior capability even when compared with the best forecast by the Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), initiated in early June, as indicated by increased correlation coefficient from 0.62 to 0.75 and reduced RMSE from 12.3% to 10.7%.
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Kurtural, S. Kaan, Andrew E. Beebe, Johann Martínez-Lüscher, Shijian Zhuang, Karl T. Lund, Glenn McGourty, and Larry J. Bettiga. "Conversion to Mechanical Pruning in Vineyards Maintains Fruit Composition while Reducing Labor Costs in ‘Merlot’ Grape Production." HortTechnology 29, no. 2 (April 2019): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04204-18.
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A field study was conducted for three consecutive seasons in the hot climate of central California to assess the performance of ‘Merlot’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera) grafted onto ‘Freedom’ [Fresno 1613-59 × Dog Ridge 5 (27% V. vinifera hybrid)] during training system conversion to facilitate mechanization. The traditional head-trained and cane-pruned (CP) system was either retained or converted either to a bilateral cordon-trained, spur-pruned California sprawl training system (HP), or to a bilateral cordon-trained, mechanically box-pruned single high-wire sprawling system (SHMP). After the conversion, SHMP sustained greater yield with more clusters per vine and smaller berries without affecting the canopy microclimate. This was due to a higher number of nodes retained after dormant pruning. The SHMP canopies, compared with CP and HP; filled allotted canopy space earlier based on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmitted through the canopies, populating the space allotted per vine, favoring higher production efficiency. There were no adverse effects of training systems on berry composition or flavonoid concentration, during or after conversion to mechanical management. However, experimental year effect was obvious on anthocyanin composition of ‘Merlot’ berries, increasing trihydroxylated (i.e., delphinidin-based) anthocyanins in the latter years of the experiment. Our results also provided evidence that earlier canopy growth coupled with sufficient reproductive compensating responses allowed for increased yields while reaching commercial maturity without a decline in anthocyanin content with the SHMP. Converting CP to SHMP reduced labor operations costs by 90%. Furthermore, the SHMP had greater gross revenue and resulted in greater net income per acre even when the conversion year was taken into account. Therefore, SHMP is recommended for growers within the hot climate of the central San Joaquin Valley as a means to maintain productivity of vineyards while not sacrificing berry composition at the farm gate.
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Laviola, Sante, Giulio Monte, Elsa Cattani, and Vincenzo Levizzani. "Hail Climatology in the Mediterranean Basin Using the GPM Constellation (1999–2021)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 4320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174320.
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The impacts of hailstorms on human beings and structures and the associated high economic costs have raised significant interest in studying storm mechanisms and climatology, thus producing a substantial amount of literature in the field. To contribute to this effort, we have explored the hail frequency in the Mediterranean basin during the last two decades (1999–2021) on the basis of hail occurrences derived from the observations of the microwave radiometers on board satellites of the Global Precipitation Measurement Constellation (GPM-C) from 2014 (date of GPM Core Observatory launch) onwards and merging multiple other satellite platforms prior to 2014. According to the MWCC-H method, two hail event categories (hail and super hail) are identified, and their spatiotemporal distributions are evaluated to identify the hail development areas in the Mediterranean and the corresponding monthly climatology of hail occurrences. Our results show that the northern sectors of the domain (France, Alpine Region, Po Valley, and Central-Eastern Europe) tend to be hit by hailstorms from June to August, while the central sectors (from Spain to Turkey) are more affected as autumn approaches. The trend analysis shows that the mean number of hail events over the entire domain tends to substantially increase, showing a higher increment during 2010–2021 than during 1999–2010. This behavior was particularly enhanced over Southern Italy and the Balkans. Our findings point to the existence of “sub-hotspots”, i.e., Mediterranean regions most susceptible to hail events and thus possibly more vulnerable to climate change effects.
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Uprety, Rajesh. "Gorkha Earthquake 2015 and Post Disaster Reconstruction in Nepal: Challenges and Prospects." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v1i1.26707.
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The Gorkha earthquake of moment magnitude 7.6 hit the central region of Nepal on April 25, 2015; with the epicenter about 77 km northwest of Kathmandu Valley. This paper aims to explore the challenges and opportunities of reconstruction in earthquake punched areas of Nepal. The Gorkha earthquake on April 25, 2015, has significantly affected the livelihood of people and overall economy in Nepal, causing severe damage and destruction in central Nepal including nation’s capital. A larger part of the earthquake affected area is difficult to access with rough terrain and scattered settlements, which posed unique challenges and efforts on a massive scale reconstruction and rehabilitation. Challenge of reconstruction of thousands houses is tough for Nepal in the background of its uproar political scenario and weak governance. With significant actors involved in the reconstruction process, no appreciable relief has reached to the ground, which is reflected over the frustration of affected people. Although the earthquake negatively influenced the country’s economy, it opened the opportunity to create sustainable economic developments through proper disaster mainstreaming like construction of earthquake resilience infrastructures, new education and training, media-based mass awareness, and coordinated actions in different parts of the society. Disaster is also an opportunity for development. Hence, if we start thinking for the opportunities after the disaster in a constructive way, still there is a flourishing future of development. This paper is prepared by analyzing few literatures and the personal experiences of the author being as a part of rescue and relief operation in Gorkha during the critical flash of earthquake.
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Hu, Kaiming, Gang Huang, and Renguang Wu. "A Strengthened Influence of ENSO on August High Temperature Extremes over the Southern Yangtze River Valley since the Late 1980s." Journal of Climate 26, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 2205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00277.1.
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Abstract The present study investigates the decadal change in the relationship between China high temperature extremes (HTEs) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is found that the relationship between the August HTEs in the southern Yangtze River valley (SYRV) and ENSO has strengthened since the late 1980s. Before the late 1980s, the relationship is weak, whereas, after the late 1980s, the August hot-day numbers in the SYRV region tend to be more than normal during El Niño decaying years. During 1988–2008, El Niño–induced August warm SST anomalies are mainly located in the eastern tropical and north Indian Ocean. As a response to the north Indian Ocean warming, the South Asia high extends eastward, and the SYRV is overlain by upper-level easterly anomalies. The cold horizontal temperature advection induced by upper-level easterly anomalies leads to anomalous descent, which is conducive to the occurrence of HTEs through adiabatic warming. During 1966–86, El Niño–induced August warm SST anomalies are mainly distributed in the equatorial central and southwest tropical Indian Ocean. Corresponding to the equatorial Indian Ocean warming, the ascending motion over the Arabian Sea is enhanced, which leads to an anomalous anticyclone over the Middle East through a Rossby wave–type response and in turn an anomalous cyclone over China through a midlatitude wave pattern. The SYRV is controlled by upper-level westerly anomalies, which is not conducive to the occurrence of HTEs since the corresponding horizontal temperature advection and anomalous vertical motion are weak. As such, the impact of ENSO on August SYRV HTEs is weak before the late 1980s.
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Nadel, Dani, and Ella Werker. "The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo II, Jordan Valley, Israel (19,000 BP)." Antiquity 73, no. 282 (December 1999): 755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00065509.
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Detailed excavation and analysis of a brush hut from Ohalo II, Jordan Valley, Israel, provides an extraordinary view of camp construction 19,000 years ago. This report offers an important contribution to studies of Palaeolithic camp sites.
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Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. "Grafheuvels bij Arnhem. Opgravingen op het landgoed Warnsborn 1947-’48." Palaeohistoria 60 (December 14, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5beab025422ba.
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Barrows near Arnhem; excavations on the Warnsborn estate, 1947-’48.In 1947 and 1948 six barrows were excavated on the Warnsborn estate, to the west of Arnhem. Although seemingly initiated for purely scientific purposes, no report was ever published, only some very short notes. This paper gives an account of the organization, the procedures followed and a critical (re)interpretation of the findings, on the basis of the field drawings and the field journal. The conclusion differs in many respects from the excavators’ original interpretations. It may be viewed as a cautionary tale for those relying on records of earlier investigations of this kind. The research was initiated and supervised by prof. Van Giffen, but in fact executed rather independently by his experienced field technician and draughtsman, assisted by two students, who some years later were to be appointed university professors and as such shaped post-war archaeology in the Netherlands. It was the period in which the State Service (ROB, now RCE) was founded, which, headed by Van Giffen, ultimately must have been the responsible institution. The barrows to be excavated were an arbitrary selection from the numerous mounds in the shallow valleys of the Heelsum and Wolfheze brooks: four dating to the Bronze Age, along the valley floor, and two from the Beaker period, slightly apart. All six appear to be part of a long row, as found in many regions across the country, comprising19 barrows. One of the Beaker burials (IV) had a characteristic early Single Grave inventory and was surrounded by a narrow palisaded ditch. The reliability of the observation of a corpse silhouette must however be doubted. The other Beaker barrow (V) was dated only on the basis of its appearance and the fossil soil conditions. It only shows some features that are hard to interpret. The group of four Bronze Age burials offers us a glimpse of the changing burial customs among a small local community. They are characterized by the absence of cremations and the exclusive practice of inhumation in all 27 burials documented. All recorded bodies were supine, with only one exception, a slightly flexed burial. None of these were equipped with any imperishable grave goods. It is remarkable that this small community in the interaction zone of the southern and northern burial traditions had exclusively followed the northern practice of extended inhumation. In the absence of radiocarbon dates and artifacts, dating had to be based purely on circumstantial evidence; with Middle Bronze Age A as the result, with a possible extension into MBA-B, i.e. 1800-1400 cal BC. Two of the Bronze Age barrows (I and II) are relatively small, simple and one-phased, with a single, supine central inhumation, one of these accompanied by a subsequent child burial. The two others (III and the large, so-called ‘Meelworstenberg’) had started similarly, but had grown to larger dimensions, up to 15 and 18 m in diameter, by the addition of new construction phases linked with new central graves. The larger one incorporated a small and low sand dune already present. The barrows became more complex and significantly different also by the introduction of secondary burials, in the form of 6 and 15 shaft graves respectively, orientated tangentially all along the barrows’ margins, and the raising of surrounding post circles. In one case this circle was only partially preserved and documented, but it was of quite impressive dimensions around the larger barrow, and seemingly not connected with a central burial, but with the secondary burials only. In both cases we observe a fundamental shift from a function as an exclusive tomb for selected individuals from the local community, as customary in earlier times, to a communal cemetery for numerous members of the community. This change in burial custom may serve as an argument for the contemporaneity of the last phase of both barrows, the simple barrows representing the earlier stage only.
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Marine, Nicolas, Cecilia Arnaiz-Schmitz, Luis Santos-Cid, and María F. Schmitz. "Can We Foresee Landscape Interest? Maximum Entropy Applied to Social Media Photographs: A Case Study in Madrid." Land 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050715.
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Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are undervalued and poorly understood compared to other types of ecosystem services. The sociocultural preferences of the different actors who enjoy a landscape are intangible aspects of a complex evaluation. Landscape photographs available on social media have opened up the possibility of quantifying landscape values and ecosystem services that were previously difficult to measure. Thus, a new research methodology has been developed based on the spatial distribution of geotagged photographs that, based on probabilistic models, allows us to estimate the potential of the landscape to provide CES. This study tests the effectiveness of predictive models from MaxEnt, a software based on a machine learning technique called the maximum entropy approach, as tools for land management and for detecting CES hot spots. From a sample of photographs obtained from the Panoramio network, taken between 2007 and 2008 in the Lozoya Valley in Madrid (Central Spain), we have developed a predictive model of the future and compared it with the photographs available on the social network between 2009 and 2015. The results highlight a low correspondence between the prediction of the supply of CES and its real demand, which indicates that MaxEnt is not a sufficiently useful predictive tool in complex and changing landscapes such as the one studied here.
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Randel, Charles J., and Nova J. Silvy. "Desert kit fox home range – southeastern California." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 61, no. 3-4 (May 5, 2015): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2016.1171468.
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Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) life history and ecology has been extensively studied in the Great Basin and California's Central Valley, with fewer studies in hot desert regions resulting in regional knowledge gaps. To augment our understanding of kit fox life history and ecology, we conducted a 2-year radio-telemetry study of the desert kit fox (V. m. arsipus) in southeastern California. Fifty-six desert kit foxes were fitted with morality-sensitive radio collars between October 2012 and August 2014 with individuals located five to seven nights per week to determine home range size and population density. Mean home range was 15.77 ± 1.03 km2 (95% fixed kernel) and 18.48 ± 1.77 km2 (minimum convex polygon), and larger than all, but one previous study. We found no difference in home range size based on sex or year. Home range overlaps were significantly larger for mated (79.3% ± 1.35%) than unmated pairs (20.9% ± 1.01%) and consistent with previous studies. Population size was estimated at 88 individuals using open population models, resulting in an estimated density of 0.34/km2 (range 0.26–0.47/km2) which is higher than previously reported. Our study represents the first home range and population density study for desert kit foxes in California and provided critical knowledge of this understudied kit fox population.
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Zasada, I. A., H. Ferris, C. L. Elmore, J. A. Roncoroni, J. D. MacDonald, L. R. Bolkan, and L. E. Yakabe. "Field Application of Brassicaceous Amendments for Control of Soilborne Pests and Pathogens." Plant Health Progress 4, no. 1 (January 2003): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-1120-01-rs.
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Field studies were conducted to evaluate brassicaceous amendments in combination with solarization against diverse soilborne organisms in cut-flower production systems. Across a diversity of California climates, the application of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) did not consistently reduce populations of Fusarium spp., citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), or weeds. Solarization in combination with broccoli amendments did not consistently improve pest suppression in cool coastal regions, whereas solarization was an important component of suppression in the hot central valley. When the biomass of broccoli was increased from 4 to 8.4 dry tons/ha, there was a decrease in survival of weeds and citrus nematode but the effect on Fusarium spp. survival was not consistent. A horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia) amendment reduced nematode populations compared to broccoli, but increased field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). Our research demonstrates that soilborne organisms vary greatly in their susceptibility to brassicaceous amendments. The citrus nematode was consistently suppressed by brassicaceous amendments, while the effect on Fusarium spp. and weeds was variable. To achieve consistent and reliable pest suppression in amendment-based management systems, it is essential to determine and understand the component mechanisms active against specific soilborne organisms. Accepted for publication 10 October 2003. Published 20 November 2003.
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BELLARD, Elisabeth, Jacques-Olivier FORTRAT, Daniel SCHANG, Jean-Marc DUPUIS, Jacques VICTOR, and Georges LEFTHÉRIOTIS. "Changes in the transthoracic impedance signal predict the outcome of a 70° head-up tilt test." Clinical Science 104, no. 2 (January 14, 2003): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1040119.
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We determined whether early changes in central haemodynamics, as determined by transthoracic impedance, induced by a 70° head-up tilt (HUT) test could predict syncope. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and central haemodynamics [pre-ejection period and rapid left ventricular ejection time (T1), slow ejection time (T2) and dZ/dtmax (where Z is thoracic impedance), assessed by the transthoracic impedance technique], were recorded during supine rest and during a 45min 70° HUT test in 68 patients (40±2 years) with a history of unexplained recurrent syncope. We found that 38 patients (42±3 years) had a symptomatic outcome to 70° HUT (fainters) and 30 (39±2 years) had a negative outcome (non-fainters). When measured between 5 and 10min of 70° HUT, T2 had increased significantly only in the fainters, and a change in T2 of >40ms from baseline predicted a positive outcome with a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 70%. During supine rest prior to 70° HUT, the fainters exhibited a shorter T2 than non-fainters (183±10 compared with 233±14ms; P<0.01), and a T2 of <199ms predicted a positive outcome to 70° HUT with a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 63%. Incorporation of the changes that occurred from rest to 70° HUT in other haemodynamic variables (heart rate >11 beats/min, systolic pressure <2 mmHg, diastolic pressure <7 mmHg and pulse pressure <-3 mmHg) increased the specificity to 97% and the positive predictive value to 93%. Thus transthoracic impedance could detect differences in central haemodynamics between fainters and non-fainters during supine rest and during the initial period of 70° HUT with a consistent sensitivity and specificity when combined with peripheral haemodynamic variables.
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Kastanya, Hana Salsabila, and Anggi Pasca Arnu. "Pengaruh Promosi dan Lokasi terhadap Minat Beli Pada Pizza Hut Karawang Cental Plaza Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19." J-MAS (Jurnal Manajemen dan Sains) 7, no. 2 (October 26, 2022): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jmas.v7i2.438.
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This study aims to examine and determine the effect of both partially and simultaneously Promotion and Location variables on Purchase Interest at Pizza Hut Karawang Central Plaza, using quantitative and technical methods of data analysis used is path analysis. The population in this study are prospective buyers and consumers of Pizza Hut Karawang Central Plaza and the sample is 100 respondents who are taken using a finite population with the slovin formula. The results showed that there was a correlation between promotion and location at the Pizza Hut restaurant, Karawang Central Plaza, which was 0.800 with a very strong correlation value. There is a partial effect of Promotion on Purchase Intention of 47.1%, this indicates that Promotion has a positive effect on Purchase Intention. There is a partial effect of Location on Purchase Intention of 32.8%, this indicates that Location has a positive effect on Purchase Intention. There is a simultaneous influence of Promotion and Location on Purchase Interest at Pizza Hut Restaurant Karawang Central Plaza of 57.7%, this shows that Promotion and Location have a contribution to Buying Interest of 57.7% while the remaining of 42.3 % is the contribution of other variables not examined in this study.
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Jankov, Isidora, Paul J. Schultz, Christopher J. Anderson, and Steven E. Koch. "The Impact of Different Physical Parameterizations and Their Interactions on Cold Season QPF in the American River Basin." Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 1141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm630.1.
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Abstract The most significant precipitation events in California occur during the winter and are often related to synoptic-scale storms from the Pacific Ocean. Because of the terrain characteristics and the fact that the urban and infrastructural expansion is concentrated in lower elevation areas of the California Central Valley, a high risk of flooding is usually associated with these events. In the present study, the area of interest was the American River basin (ARB). The main focus of the present study was to investigate methods for Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) improvement by estimating the impact that various microphysical schemes, planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, and initialization methods have on cold season precipitation, primarily orographically induced. For this purpose, 3-km grid spacing Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations of four Hydrometeorological Test bed (HMT) events were used. For each event, four different microphysical schemes and two different PBL schemes were used. All runs were initialized with both a diabatic Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) “hot” start and 40-km eta analyses. To quantify the impact of physical schemes, their interactions, and initial conditions upon simulated rain volume, the factor separation methodology was used. The results showed that simulated rain volume was particularly affected by changes in microphysical schemes for both initializations. When the initialization was changed from the LAPS to the eta analysis, the change in the PBL scheme and corresponding synergistic terms (which corresponded to the interactions between different microphysical and PBL schemes) resulted in a statistically significant impact on rain volume. In addition, by combining model runs based on the knowledge about their impact on simulated rain volume obtained through the factor separation methodology, the bias in simulated rain volume was reduced.
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Kaban, Mikhail K., Sami El Khrepy, and Nassir Al-Arifi. "Density structure and isostasy of the lithosphere in Egypt and their relation to seismicity." Solid Earth 9, no. 4 (July 6, 2018): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-833-2018.
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Abstract. A joint analysis of the new satellite–terrestrial gravity field model with recent data on the crustal structure and seismic tomography was conducted to create an integrative model of the crust and upper mantle and to investigate the relation of the density structure and the isostatic state of the lithosphere to the seismicity of Egypt. We identified the distinct fragmentation of the lithosphere of Egypt in several blocks. This division is closely related to the seismicity patterns in this region. The relatively dense and strong lithosphere in the Nile Delta limits the seismic activity within this area, while earthquakes are mainly associated with the boundaries of this block. In the same way, the relatively strong lithosphere in the Isthmus of Suez and northern Mediterranean prevents the Gulf of Suez from opening further. The central part of Egypt is generally characterized by an increased density of the mantle, which extends to the Mediterranean at a depth of 100 km. This anomaly deepens southward to Gilf Kebir and eastward to the Eastern Desert. The average density of the crystalline crust is generally reduced in this zone, indicating the increased thickness of the upper crust. The low-density anomaly under the northern Red Sea is limited to 100–125 km, confirming the passive origin of the extension. Most of the earthquakes occur in the crust and uppermost mantle in this structure due to the hot and weak upper mantle underneath. Furthermore, an asymmetric lithosphere structure is observed across the northern Red Sea. The isostatic anomalies show the fragmentation of the crust of Sinai with the high-density central block. Strong variations in the isostatic anomalies are correlated with the high level of seismicity around Sinai. This tendency is also evident in the northern Red Sea, east of the Nile Valley, and in parts of the Western Desert.
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Malla, Suraj, Sudip Karanjit, Purushottam Dangol, and Dipendra Gautam. "Seismic Performance of High-Rise Condominium Building during the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake Sequence." Buildings 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020036.
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On 25 April 2015, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.8 struck central Nepal including the capital city, Kathmandu. Several powerful aftershocks of magnitude 6.7, 6.9 and 7.3 together with hundreds of aftershocks of local magnitude greater than 4 hit the same area until May 2015. This earthquake sequence resulted in considerable damage to the reinforced concrete buildings apart from brick and stone masonry constructions. High-rise buildings in Nepal are mainly confined in Kathmandu valley and their performance was found to be in the life safety to collapse prevention level during the Gorkha earthquake sequence. In this paper, seismic performance assessment of a reinforced concrete apartment building with brick infill masonry walls that sustained life safety performance level is presented. Rapid visual assessment performed after the 12 May aftershock (MW 7.3) highlighted the need for detailed assessment, thus, we carried out nonlinear time history analysis using the recorded accelerograms. The building was first simulated for the recorded acceleration time history (PGA = 0.16 g) and the PGA was scaled up to 0.36 g to assess the behaviour of building in the case of the maximum considered earthquake occurrence. The sum of results and observations highlighted that the building sustained minor damage due to low PGA occurrence during the Gorkha earthquake and considerable damage would have occurred in the case of 0.36 g PGA.
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Lagier, Jennifer. "Central Valley November." College English 50, no. 1 (January 1988): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/377595.
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Islas-Hooker, Genoveva. "California's Central Valley." National Civic Review 102, no. 4 (December 2013): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ncr.21147.
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Alzubi, Emad, and Bernd Noche. "A Multi-Objective Model to Find the Sustainable Location for Citrus Hub." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 14463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114463.
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Citrus supply chains (CSC) are increasingly important in research due to high loss and waste, increasing demand, wide application for other industries, and differences in CSCs from country to country. This study proposes a new structure for CSC by introducing collection points to collect citrus from the farms in Jordan Valley and transport it to a citrus hub responsible for receiving, packaging, and transporting the citrus to distribution centers. The objective of this structure is to minimize the loss and waste and provide a new supply chain (SC) with stable infrastructure to track citrus from the initial stages and implement technologies such as the Cold SC. Therefore, it is crucial to find the optimum number of collection points, citrus hubs, and locations based on carbon footprint and transportation costs. The model introduced was solved using Open Solver Adds-ins after collecting data such as distances and coordinates using Google Maps and the altitude of those coordinates from SolarGIS. After running the model, it was found that the optimum number of collection points is 52 and the optimum number of citrus hubs is two. The results showed that the transportation costs of one hub are lower by 30%, whereas for two hubs are lower by 60% compared to the current location of the central market of fruits and vegetables (CM). The “kg CO2 e/kg citrus” values are 0.48 and 0.24 for one hub and two hubs, respectively, which showed a significant reduction compared to CM, which was 0.69 kg CO2 e/kg citrus. Therefore, installing two citrus hubs will improve the overall sustainable performance of CSC. Future research might be directed to integrate the circular economy into CSC and find possible applications for citrus loss and waste.