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Hess, Ann Giardina. "Community case studies of midwives from England and New England, c. 1650-1720." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272475.
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Benoit, Marisa Noelle. "Attitudes towards infertility in early modern England and colonial New England, c. 1620-1720." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2adc1e0d-55c2-4e99-b3b3-5efbca5be8dd.
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This thesis examines attitudes toward infertility in early modern England and colonial New England from c.1620 to 1720 through infertility’s representation in contemporary medical, religious, and literary sources. This study uses an expanded definition of infertility, namely a 'spectrum of infertility', to capture the tensions that arose during periods of infertility and experiences of reproductive failure such as miscarriages, stillbirths, monstrous births, and false conceptions. A spectrum, more than a modern definition, more accurately represents the range of bodily conditions experienced by early modern women and men that indicated reproductive disorder in the body; by extension, the language of infertility expressed fears about disorder in times of social, religious, and political crisis in early modern society. The two societies' relationship was often described through reproductive language and the language of infertility appears in both societies when order - within the body, within marriages, or within and between communities - was threatened. This thesis contributes to a growing body of scholarship on infertility in early modern society by analysing its presence in communications within and between early modern England and colonial New England. It argues that understanding the English origins of the colonists' attitudes toward infertility is fundamental both to understanding the close connection between the two societies and to providing context for the colonists' perceptions about their encounters with new lands, bodies, environments, and reasons for emigration. As a result, this thesis seeks to break new ground in providing an overview of social, medical, and cultural reactions in both England and New England, demonstrating that similar language and tropes were used in both regions to communicate concerns about infertility. Exploring the interplay between the many sources addressing this health issue more accurately represents the complexity of early modern attitudes toward infertility, and the intimacy of the relationship between the fledgling New England colonies and their metaphorical Mother England.
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Bailey, Keith Alan. "The metamorphosis of Battersea, 1800-1914 : a building history." Thesis, n.p, 1995. http://oro.open.ac.uk/18803/.
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Childers, Ben D. "Explorations into England's economic-demographic history /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737897.
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Slater, Graeme Paul. "Authorship and authority in Hume's History of England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314546.
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Chaplin, Patrick. "Darts in England 1900-1939 : a social history." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438247.
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Port, Niklas. "The Stuff of Gentility : Class, Roles and Slander in Early Modern England." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384274.
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This thesis tests the models of Class and Roles on Early Modern English society through documents from the High Court of Chivalry. It analyses the role of the Court and the individuals who used the court in defining and negotiating class lines and the Social Order. It analyses how the class lines were perceived within the court and how the Court treated individuals differently dependent upon their Class and title. It shows how the line between commoner and gentleman was actively defined by those who claimed and challenged to be gentlemen. Then, the importance of Performative roles is introduced and how the “role of gentleman” was something that needed to be claimed, performed, and believed in order for people to treat someone like a gentleman. Furthermore, additional roles within a community are introduced that either overlapped or challenged the role of gentleman, complicating and confusing the expectations for social interaction.
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Behrstock-Sherratt, Ellen. "Teacher shortage in England and Illinois : a comparative history." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670003.
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Khee, Boon Alan Tan. "Urbanization and Feminization: Discussing Servants in Eighteenth-century England." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-422914.
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Good, Kit. "England goes to war 1914-15." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272832.
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Stocks, Katharine Jane. "Manorial courts in England before 1250." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1046/.
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Baxter, Paula. "Women's networks in Northern England 1600-1725." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2002. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/1195/.
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This research fills a gap in seventeenth century English social history. In studies of the early modem period, women are generally situated within the formal structures of marriage and the family, where their relationship to the masculine is the defining feature of their position. This thesis examines women's relationships with other women operating outside the expected range of relationships and look at groupings that were not based around the formal social structure of the time. It demonstrates that women in early modern England created and used networks which provided functions beyond their maternal and familial obligations. It also shows that these networks had an impact on wider society, inspiring strong reactions from both supporters and detractors. This study provides a functional, descriptive and developmental analysis of women's networks and locates their sphere of influence within early modem society. It asks questions about the different types of women's networks that existed in the early modem period, how they were organised and what environmental conditions helped to create them. It looks at the individuals who made up the networks and what effect age, social and marital status and religion had on the form and nature of these networks. It examines the impact of the networks on the women and what effect opposition had on them and on their networks. The research also questions whether women were conscious of their networks; if they were able to recognise their potential power and ability to influence events in their communities. The period considered by the thesis includes significant developments in the organisation of women's networks and it therefore also examines why a number of them chose to become formally organised and officially recognised during the seventeenth century.
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Bain, Alastair G. D. "A Cultural History of Silence in England 1500-1800." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509224.
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This thesis is a cultural-historical discussion of the role and significance of silence in shaping aspects of belief and practice in early modern England. It proposes that silence was significant and formative not just as a relative absence of sound but also as a recognised characteristic of certain forms of behaviour. Thus, it was figured in the modification, control or suppression of speech; in actions such as gesture and bodily comportment; and in conditions such as obedience, subordination, humility, piety, and patience. Some forms of silence also derived from, and influenced, human relationships with the natural world. The main areas of discussion are family and community life; religion; death and the afterlife; the restricted means of communication exemplified in deafness and dumbness, and connections between silence and solitude. However, further threads run through the thesis. These include the relationship of silence to social order, sins of the tongue, personal fulfilment, the exercise of authority, and approaches to God, nature, spirituality, and religious asceticism. Another important consideration is the extent to which the expectation and understanding of silence varied over the three centuries in question, particularly as a consequence of increasing rates of literacy, changes in household and family dynamics, and between pre- and post-Reformation theologies.
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Naismith, Rory. "Coinage and history in Southumbrian England c. 750-865." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611791.
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Stubbs, Jonathan. "Inventing England: representations of English history in Hollywood cinema." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441622.
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This thesis examines the representations of English history in Hollywood cinema with a particular emphasis on popular films released between 1950 and 1964. Adopting a principally empirical and archival approach, I examine why Hollywood filmmakers and audiences have been so attracted to images and narratives from English culture, why these images and narratives have so frequently focused on England's past, and why the resulting English historical films became so prominent in the 1950s and early 1960s. My first chapter establishes a broad context for Hollywood's English historical cinema by tracing the history of Anglo-American relations from the eighteenthcentury. Further contextual material is provided in Chapter Two, which examines the presence of English historical material in the American film history up to 1950. Chapter Three examines the long script development of Ivanhoe (1952) and Knights of the Round Table (1953) and the ways in which they were redrafted to suit their changing political contexts. The remaining chapters focus on the period between 1950 and 1964. Chapter Four surveys the major production trends of the period, while Chapter Five examines the connections between the English historical films and British `runaway' production. Chapter Six analyses Around the World in 80 Days (1956) in the context of postwar American internationalism, while Chapter Seven examines a more ambiguous treatment of similar themes in Lawrence of Arabia (1962). Finally, Chapter Eight looks at the construction of an ostensibly more modem image of England in Tom Jones (1963) and the first three James Bond films.I argue that American investments in the English past during the 1950s and early 1960s can be traced to three historical developments: first, the newfound acceptability of English culture as British economic and political power diminished; second, the growing resemblance between England's imperial past and America's internationalist present; and third, the efforts of the Hollywood studios to adapt to a business model where profits increasingly derived from international markets.
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Cercadillo, Lis. "Significance in history : students' ideas in England and Spain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10006632/.
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Historical learning is affected by cultural features and differences in educational systems. This is a comparative analysis of the progression of students' ideas in the understanding of historical significance, between two countries of the European Union, England and Spain. The research was intended to establish an empirically grounded model of progression in an area hitherto not investigated, namely significance within accounts. Progression was evaluated in two aspects: a) the relationship between significance and accounts (the significance of an event in rival historical narratives); and b) its variability of attributions, or types of significance (the different assessments of significance). This study was carried out with a sample of English and Spanish 12 to 17 year-old students. Methods followed were mainly qualitative, but the scale of the sample also allowed some quantitative analysis. The analysis of the relationship between significance and accounts concentrated on several notions: intrinsicallitylcontextuality; importance; emplotment and story parameters; point o/view; and validity and truth. Empirical data allowed the development of level-scales for each concept. Progression was found in all these areas, both for English and for Spanish students. However, cross-cultural differences were evident for some concepts, levels and age, in particular for importance and point 0/ view. English students became aware of these concepts at earlier ages and in higher numbers than Spanish ones. Five types of historical significance, contemporary, causal, pattern, symbolic, and presentljuture were defined. A further model of progression was generated through a qualitative analysis. This model comprises different levels, from responses that indicate no awareness of the notion of importance, and make no allusion to any type, or refer to the contemporary type only, towards responses that establish some kind of criteria to assess significance in different contexts and mention various types. The comparison of English and Spanish students' responses indicated several qualitative differences regarding types of significance and progression: pattern, symbolic and present/future types were more frequently mentioned amongst English participants in all year groups; and they reached a higher order of ideas at an earlier age than Spanish ones.
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Cockayne, Emily Jane. "A cultural history of sound in England 1560-1760." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251723.
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Sounds both penetrate bodies and emanate from them, and in this thesis I consider both the reception and deployment of sounds in a variety of social contexts - an aural history of England between 1560 and 1760. I confine my analysis to nonverbal and non-musical sounds which were made both deliberately and incidentally, voluntarily and involuntarily, and ask, under what conditions were sounds meaningful? The concern of Chapter 2 is the sense of hearing - how and when it was appreciated or confused, and how it could be sharpened, or dulled and deafened. The experiences of the deaf are also discussed, with a distinction made between the congenitally deaf, and those who became deaf after they had developed verbal language skills. The third chapter considers body sounds, such as belching, farting and sighing, and the factors which influenced their suppression or enhancement. The chapter explores in depth the various functions of laughing and crying, highlighting differences in behaviour between different social and demographic groups. Sound signals - sounds which warned that something was happening or would happen - are the subject of the fourth chapter. The discussion commences with an investigation of sounds which were thought to indicate future disasters, to provide clues about health, or to forecast weather. However, the bulk of the chapter is devoted to signals which were deliberately issued in the public realm in order to convey information, warn of calamities, announce deaths, instruct and gather communities, and mark temporal, social and spatial divisions. Chapter 5 extends this discussion by exploring the ways that secular and ecclesiastical authorities tried to control the apparatus of signalling, and by considering both the success of such attempts and the efficacy of sound signalling. Aggressive sounds feature in Chapter 6. The manner in which aggression was expressed depended on the status of the aggressor and the person towards whom aggression was directed; inferiors were subjected to crude and harsh sounds, while caution was required when projecting aggressive sounds at superiors. Chapter 7 analyses early modern conceptions of noise - sounds which were considered to be irritating. It explores the various contexts of noise, and shows how ' people manipulated their environment to reduce noise disturbance, through legal means and by altering buildings.
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Murphy, P. P. "A cultural history of gesture : England c.1380-1559." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.680230.
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This thesis evaluates the cultural work of gestures in the religious life of late medieval England. It exposes a void in current scholarship to suggest that gestural performances lie at the centre of contemporary modes of learning, highlighting how embodied engagements with faith allow for a new analysis of the nature of late medieval religious practices and teaching. The study establishes a sustainable grammar of religious gestures in late medieval England, tracing sources of encouragement for embodied performance before examining how established corporeal regimes could be distorted and re-appropriated. The thesis begins with an introduction to the engagements with gestural politics that have emerged in medieval textual studies in recen t years to suggest that gestural studies may be a tangible, flowering field. I turn to the liturgy as the starting point for my own examination of the gestural culture of late medieval Christianity, exploring verbal and bodily engagement by preachers and congregants with generalised notions of gestural behaviour, while highlighting distortions of practice in relation to the liturgical year. The thesis then examines how the gestures of the Church are used and misused in contemporaly religious drama, noting the distinct mannerisms that are associated with particular saints and biblical figures, while outlining the gestural transgressions that occur, especially with relation to diabolic characters. The next section focuses on the relationship between gestures and the imagination in Nicholas Love's Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ and Margery Kempe's Book to highlight the individualistic possibilities of gestural performance in the fifteenth century. The final chapter examines the theological rebuke to this gestural culture, specifically in the crafting of the Book of Common Prayer, highlighting how reformers in the sixteenth century dealt with the corporeal engagement with God which had flourished previously, with specific relation to visual and material culture.
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Whiting, Gloria McCahon. ""Endearing Ties": Black Family Life in Early New England." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493445.
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This dissertation explores the attempts of Africans, both enslaved and free, to create and maintain families in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century New England. It makes sense of a remarkable array of historical actors: men like Thomas Bedunah, who plotted a surprising course for his descendants when he chose a spouse of English descent; women like Cuba Vassall, who let her husband secure her firmly in bondage at the very moment the region’s blacks were being freed en masse; and a pair like Mark and Phoebe, who fed their master porridge laced with “Potter’s Lead” in hopes that his death would enable them to find owners closer to their distant families. Pulling together thousands of fragments of evidence, this dissertation contextualizes the everyday lives and beleaguered intimacies of these Africans and many others, revealing patterns in their living situations, gendered relationships, and kin communities that historians have never before recognized. At the same time, the project advances historical arguments related to a range of issues, from the relationship between family and freedom in early New England to the influence of patriarchy on enslaved kin groups in Anglo-America. The project sets forth methodological arguments as well. Contending that historical method has an important bearing on the ability of scholars to understand and portray slaves as fully human, with complete life spans and complicated contexts, “Endearing Ties” makes a case for the importance of reconstructing the lives and trajectories of enslaved individuals in great depth, despite the archival challenges that such an undertaking inevitably entails.History
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Barker, Joseph David. "The emergence of agrarian capitalism in early modern England : a reconsideration of farm sizes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283929.
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Edwards, Richard. "Scriptural perspicuity in the early English Reformation in historical theology." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683294.
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Johnson, Christopher. "The priesthood in Anglo-Saxon England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:21163779-5879-4da7-9582-7fd3b7a489f1.
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The Priesthood in Anglo-Saxon England explores the life and work of priests in England between the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the reforming Council of Clofesho of 747. It seeks to reposition priests within the consciousness of Anglo-Saxon historians by demonstrating the essential role which they played first in the conversion of the English, and then in the pastoral care which the English people received up to the reforms instigated by Archbishop Cuthbert at the 747 Council of Clofesho. The thesis draws on several trends in recent Anglo-Saxon historiography, notably focus in recent years on the role and function of monasteria. Sarah Foot’s work, Monastic Life in Anglo-Saxon England, c. 600 – 900, is the primary study in this area. Many historians working in this area have read Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica, the main narrative source for our period, in a predominantly monastic light. Close attention to the text of this and other works of Bede’s however demonstrates that priests were indispensable in the initial conversion and continued care of the people, particularly because of their ability to celebrate the sacraments. This thesis contends that monasteria increasingly gained control over pastoral care through their continued endowment and royal privilege. This effectively removed the cura animarum from the bishops, to whom it was theoretically entrusted. Following the example of Theodore and Bede, and on the prompting of his contemporary Boniface, in 747 Archbishop Cuthbert recognised the need to reform the structure of the church in Southumbria, particularly the relationship between the episcopate and the monasteria, and so restore the cure to its rightful place. He and his fellow bishops achieved this by redefining pastoral care along sacramental grounds, thereby excluding monks from its exercise, and putting the priest back at the heart of the church’s mission to the people of England.
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Hall, David. "The open fields of England." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16564.
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The open fields of England describes the system of agriculture that operated in medieval England before the establishment of present-day hedged farms surrounded by hedges or walls. The volume encompasses a wide range of primary data not previously assembled, to which are added the results of new research based upon a fifty-year study of open-field remains and their related documents. The whole of England is examined, describing eight different kinds of field-systems that have been identified and relating them to their associated land-use and settlement. Details of field structure are explained such as the demesne, the lordâs land, and the tenantsâ holdings, as well as tenurial arrangements and farming methods. Previous explanations of open-field origins and possible antecedents to medieval fields are discussed. Various types of archaeological and historical evidence relevant to Saxon-period settlements and fields are presented, followed by the development of a new theory to explain the lay-out and planned nature of many field systems found in the central belt of England. A summary and suggestions for future research conclude the text. The numerous maps and photographs illustrate the contrasting complexities of different field systems. Of particular interest is the Gazetteer, which is organized by historic counties. Each county has a summary of its fields, including tabulated data and sources for future research, touching on the demesne, yardland size, work-service, assarts, and the physical remains of ridge and furrow. The Gazetteer acts as a national hand-list of field systems, opening the subject up to further research, and will prove essential to scholars of medieval agriculture.
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Harrison, David. "Bridges and communications in pre-industrial England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339025.
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Lloyd, Sarah Victoria Liddle. "Perceptions of poverty in England 1660-1770." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316840.
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Wells, Elizabeth. "Common law reporting in England 1550-1650." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260105.
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Burchardt, Jeremy. "The allotment movement in England, 1793-1873." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363710.
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Dandridge, Ross. "Anti-quack literature in early Stuart England." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/3112.
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During the thirty years preceding the Civil War, learned physicians such as John Cotta, James Hart, James Primerose and Edward Poeton produced a stream of works attacking those who practised medicine without what they regarded as the proper training and qualifications. Recent scholarship has tended to view these as exercises in economic protectionism within the context of the ‘medical marketplace’. However, increasing attention has latterly been drawn to the Calvinist religious preferences of these authors, and how these are reflected in their arguments, the suggestion being that these can be read as oblique critiques of contemporary church reform. My argument is that professional and religious motivations were in fact ultimately inseparable within these works. Their authors saw order and orthodoxy in all fields - medical, social, political and ecclesiastical - as thoroughly intertwined, and identified all threats to these as elements within a common tide of disorder. This is clearest in their obsession with witchcraft, that epitome of rebellion, and with priest-physicians; practitioners who tended to combine medical heterodoxy, anti-Calvinist sympathies and a taste for the occult, and whose practices were innately offensive to puritan social thought while carrying heavy Catholic overtones. These works therefore reflected an intensely conservative worldview, but my research suggests that they should not necessarily be taken as wholly characteristic of early Stuart puritan attitudes. All of these authors can be associated with the moderate wing of English Calvinism, and Cotta and Hart developed their arguments within the context of the Jacobean diocese of Peterborough, where an entrenched godly elite was confronted by an unusually rigourous conformist church court regime. They sought to promote a particular vision of puritan orthodoxy against conformist heterodoxy; in light of the events of the interregnum, it seems likely that this concealed more diverse attitudes towards medical reform amongst the godly.
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Archer, Jayne Elisabeth Euphemia. "Women and alchemy in early modern England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272292.
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Powner, Jonathan R. "Provincial fire-fighting in England 1666-1941." Thesis, Keele University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314584.
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The thesis examines and explains the history of provincial fire-fighting in England. A literature survey demonstrates the academic neglect of the subject, and discusses the written work that exists. This is supplemented by an extensive bibliography. An outline of early fire history then indicates that nothing happened in the fight against fire until the Great Fire of London, in 1666. This event directly inspired the formation of the first fire brigades in Britain by the insurance companies. Financing their own fire brigades, the insurance companies set a precedent that was to hinder the establishment of a national system of fire-fighting for over two hundred years. Two constant themes emerge: the first is that it takes a disaster to prompt action, and the second is that there was no overall organisation in English firefighting until World War Two. A study of fire appliances reveals that their slow development hindered the growth of fire brigades, but once multiple manufacturers emerged and became competitive, then interest was stimulated, directly resulting in the establishment of many local brigades. An examination of equipment follows this. By studying the types and sizes of brigades it is revealed that fire-fighting was a local expedient, and that self-help was essential since successive governments failed to provide any national fire acts until 1938. The different forms, membership, and financial circumstances of individual brigades show the totally dangerous shambles out of which the efficient British Fire Services of today have arisen. Aspects of the life of the fireman (remuneration, pensions, hours, unions, fire stations, etc.) are then highlighted before it is shown why he became a hero of Victorian society, and the epitome of the ideal of manliness
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Topping, Christopher James. "Welfare, class and gender : non-affiliated friendly societies in Lancashire, 1750-1835." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670192.
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Mundill, Robin R. "The Jews in England, 1272-1290." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2342.
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Edward I's Jewish policy attempted to curb usury and transform the lives and financial practices of the Jews. Historians have claimed that the policy, which is embodied in the Statutum de Judeismo of 1275, was a failure and resulted in the Expulsion of 1290. Although the Expulsion has received some attention from historians, very little work has been done on Edwardian Jewry as a whole and therefore it has not been possible to discern the exact effect of the Statutum within a general context. The best account and examination of the source material for the Expulsion still remains that of B.L.Abrahams. In the light of his work, the majority of historians have seen the Statute as an end to Jewish moneylending, a curtailing of Jewish livelihoods and an anti-semitic prelude to the Expulsion. It has not, however, always been clear how such historians have reached such conclusions. This thesis re-examines the Statutum de Judeismo and analyses, from the records of over 2000 bonds, the shift in Jewish financial interests that it brought about. In doing so, it highlights the way in which, in Edward's reign, certain Jews tempered their moneylending activities with commercial concerns. The method used to illustrate this change is tripartite. Firstly, Anglo-Jewish society and its relationship with the host community in the late thirteenth century is examined. Secondly, the specific histories of the three Jewish communities of Canterbury, Hereford and Lincoln are scrutinised. Finally, a discussion of Jewish financial practices after 1275 attempts to identify the changes brought about by the Edwardian Experiment.
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Linfoot, Matthew. "A history of BBC local radio in England, c1960-1980." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2011. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/8zz18/a-history-of-bbc-local-radio-in-england-c1960-1980.
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The story of BBC Local Radio in England, from the days of its conception around 1960, through to the launch of the first stations in 1967 and the finalisation of how to complete the chain in 1980 is a neglected area of research in media history. This thesis tells this story, using previously undocumented research from the BBC Written Archive Centre, and supplemented by oral history interviews with key participants. The approach is multi-faceted. Part of the investigation lies in gaining a greater understanding of how the BBC operated as an institution during these years. The internal culture of the BBC presents a series of complex issues, and the evolution of local radio illustrates this in many ways, in matters concerning management, autonomy, technology, the audience and finance. Linked to this are the differing notions and definitions of what „local‟ meant, in terms of the original concept and the output in practice. For local radio, this had a crucial impact on station location, the size of the transmission area and the degree to which the stations were able to represent and embody their communities. This history also assesses the impact the stations made, often in contrast to the popular image and perception of local broadcasting. The original contribution to knowledge that this thesis makes is in narrating this history for the first time, and in doing so, challenging previous assumptions about the nature of local broadcasting as part of the BBC and as part of the wider community.
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Machen, Chase E. "The Concept of Purgatory in England." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30487/.
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It is not the purpose of this dissertation to present a history of Purgatory; rather, it is to show through the history the influence of purgatorial doctrine on the English lay community and the need of that community for this doctrine. Having established the importance this doctrine held for so many in England, with an examination of the chantry institution in England, this study then examines how this doctrine was stripped away from the laity by political and religious reformers during the sixteenth century. Purgatorial belief was adversely affected when chantries were closed in execution of the chantry acts under Henry VIII and Edward VI. These chantries were vital to the laity and not moribund institutions. Purgatorial doctrine greatly influenced the development and concept of the medieval English community. Always seen to be tightly knit, this community had a transgenerational quality, a spiritual and congregational quality, and a quality extending beyond the grave. The Catholic Church was central to this definition of community, distributing apotropaic powers, enhancing the congregational aspects, and brokering the relationship with the dead. The elements of the Roman liturgy were essential to community cohesiveness, as were the material and ritual supports for this liturgy. The need of the community for purgatorial doctrine shaped and popularized this doctrine Next, an analysis of surviving and resurging elements of expiatory rites is explored; ritual, especially that surrounding death, as well as the relationship with the dead, were sorely missed when stripped away through political actions linked to Protestant belief. This deficiency of ritual aspects within the emerging Protestant religion became evident in further years as some of the same customs and rituals that were considered anathema by Protestants slowly crept back into the Protestant liturgy in an attempt to restore the relationship between the living and the dead. Strong evidence of this is provided through sixteenth to nineteenth century death eulogies, surviving rites of expiation, as well as lay essays and popular literature discussing the phenomenon called the Sin-Eater.
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Hale, John P. "Building on a solid foundation : the use of bricks and mortar in house foundations in colonial New England." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1260628.
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This study is intended to provide the archaeologist with a solid understanding of the use of bricks and mortar in colonial New England and to examine the construction of New England colonial residential structures to determine if attributes exist that would allow the development of a regional diachronic or synchronic typology for aid in dating the structures either relatively or absolutely. This paper examines the technology involved in the produc ion of bricks and lime mortar, the construction of seventeenth and eighteenth century foundations, and the social environment that influenced the use of bricks. From the information presented in the paper, the archaeologist should gain an understanding of bricks as artifacts in the New England colonial landscape in order to improve the manner in which b licks are investigated and change the way in which archaeologists view, and therefore r -,cord information about, bricks, mortar, and foundations in Colonial New England.Department of Anthropology
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Jones, Chris. "Reformed sacramental piety in England 1590-1630." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4cd35e30-c3dd-4764-a365-d14591e0f279.
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England in the late-Elizabethan and early-Stuart period saw a surge of pastoral writings intended to provide lay-readers with information and advice about sacraments. Using sixty-four such texts from the period 1590-1630, this thesis analyses the conceptions of sacraments offered by cleric-authors to their audience. As a group these works had two structural features in common. First they were concerned to outline the ‘qualities’ of a ‘worthy’ receiver of the Lord’s Supper, foremost amongst which were knowledge, faith, newness of life and repentance. Second they tended to divide the concept of worthiness into three temporal chunks comprising the times before, during, and after the Supper. Using these rubrics as guidelines the thesis compares and contrasts the content of the corpus. In opposition to stereotypes of puritans neglecting sacraments, it is found that sacraments were presented by Reformed English clerics as highly efficacious entities, which truly communicated something to the believer. The importance of faith to the Reformed conception of sacraments is affirmed, with the caveat that the dominance of this concept did not prohibit clerics from extolling the sensuous or ceremonial aspects of sacraments. It is further contended that sacraments continued to be seen as spurs to moral amelioration, occasions for charity, and a demonstration of community – and that receiving sacraments did not become a wholly individualised enterprise. Building on this analysis the thesis offers three broader conclusions. Firstly it is shown that sacraments played a key part in the quest to gain assurance of salvation. Secondly it can be seen that in England there was a way of extolling sacraments and their use which is not usually thought about – a species of ‘sacramental piety’ which used mainstream Reformed ideas about sacrament to urge believers to comfort and increased Godliness. Thirdly it is contended that key Reformed theological distinctions were often submerged by the contingencies of pastoral writing.
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Sapoznik, Alexandra Marion. "Peasant agriculture at Oakington, Cambridgeshire, c.1290-1400." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609035.
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Hall, Joe. "An oral history of England international rugby union players, 1945-1995." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/16283.
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This thesis is the first oral history study of English rugby union. Through personally conducted interviews, it focuses on the experiences of men who played rugby union for England in the post-war, amateur era, and considers what they can tell us about both the sport and the society of which it was a part. The period it covers begins with the end of the Second World War, in 1945, and ends when rugby union ceased to be an amateur sport, in 1995. These fifty years were a time of both change and continuity, and it is a primary concern of this thesis to consider the extent of each in both rugby union and in wider society. Through looking at, in particular, English rugby union’s links with education, its relationship with work in a period in which its players were amateur, and its place on the spectrum of class, this study demonstrates, above all, the durability of rugby union’s social core, even in the midst of outward change to the sport. In doing so, it makes an important contribution to the historiography of both British sport and post-war Britain more generally, arguing for consideration of social continuity among a field largely dominated by notions of change. It also constitutes a unique study of a particular group of middle-class men, and demonstrates that sport – and oral history – can add much to our understanding of post-war social history.
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Underwood, Lucy Agnes. "Childhood, youth and Catholicism in England, c.1558-1660." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610368.
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Feuerstein, Raymond Joseph. "The early history of the telephone in England 1877-1911." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244077.
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Griffiths, Huw Daniel. "Renaissance geographies : space, text and history in early modern England." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21403.
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In examining the relationships between space, text and history in the early modern period, this thesis reads sixteenth and seventeenth century texts in the context of the new geographies and the shifts in spatial awareness that accompany the arrival of the early modern period. In doing so, it also employs a 'spatialised' mode of criticism that, rather than privilege any one kind of text, seeks to view all texts alongside one another, within what Foucault calls the 'space of a dispersion'. This situates the thesis within a developing interest, in renaissance studies, both in early modern spatialities, as exemplified by the work of Richard Helgerson, John Gillies and others, and in postmodern approaches to the renaissance. It is the starting point of this thesis that space is produced, rather than a vacuum waiting to be filled by the actions and actors of history. It is also a contention of this thesis that this production of space takes place on a variety of fronts. It is neither limited to the visual or plastic arts, nor the result, solely, of changing economic and political situations. The texts covered include, therefore, plays as well as political pamphlets, poetry as well as maps, scientific treatises as well as portraits. It is organised around three successive 'moments' in sixteenth and seventeenth century England - Elizabethan imperialism reign following the defeat of the Armada, the union project of James VI and I, and the immediate aftermath of the English civil wars. Rather than being seen in a chronological narrative of cause and effect, these moments 'haunt' each other, living on beyond themselves, structuring the representation of space in new contexts. Understood as anachronism, this kind of effect is one result of using 'space' alongside 'history' as the horizon against which textual analysis is performed.
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Cole, E. J. "The cultural history of exotic fruits in England 1650-1820." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597824.
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This thesis examines the place of fruit in early-modern English culture and society, and in particular as a dimension of its response to the West Indian environment. Only a small minority encountered exotic fruit in this period. But in patterns of attraction and resistance to these immigrants from the colonial periphery we may find important markers for wider kinds of cultural change. The first section of this study, entitled ‘Exotic Fruits and the English Mind’, considers the impact of tropical fruits upon the English psyche. In the Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), John Locke, despite having no first hand knowledge of the New World and its fruit, chose the pineapple as his symbol for a thing which could only be known through direct sense experience. Locke exemplifies how tropical fruit were first naturalised within England in its intellectual life. The second chapter, ‘Exotic Fruits and the English Body’, assesses the culinary, dietary and medical discourses which shaped patterns of response to exotic fruit as objects of actual consumption. ‘Exotic Fruits in English Soil’ next eliminates how the cultivation of tropical fruit became an issue for horticulture and natural history in England. ‘The Rise and Fall of Exotic Fruit in England’ finally examines the nineteenth-century climax of the production of tropical fruits with the British Isles, an era in which the pineapple became almost a national symbol. Through the study of the English response to exotic fruit we may explore how metropolitan culture responded to the new worlds opened up by trade and colonization. England’s transformation form an insular, inward-looking nation to a sophisticated, outward-looking world power is mirrored through the cultivation and consumption of exotic fruits, and in particular through the pineapple fetish. To paraphrase Claude Lévi-Strauss, fruit are good to think about.
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Goodwin, A. M. "A structural history from joint studies in central eastern England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599520.
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Joints and related structures have been used to diagnose components of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic structural history of central eastern England from South Humberside southwards to Norfolk. New data on joint orientation, spacing, geometry, and architecture have been collected from suitable lithologies, mainly the Lincolnshire Limestone Formation (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) and the Chalk Group (Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous). Field observations have provided an extensive data base on the nature, occurrence and character of joints. These data have been supplemented by observations from previous studies on exposures no longer available. Orientation data have been subjected to a rigorous statistical analysis procedure. This has involved plotting on equal area nets, determination of eigenvectors and associated distribution analysis, cluster analysis of the predominant two dimensional components to identify joint sets, and individual characterisation of separate sets in close conjunction with field observations. The cluster analysis technique has been newly designed for this study. Strength testing has been conducted on samples of the Chalk Group. Consistent sets of joints are recognised over most of the region striking roughly NW and NE. These joints are present in both Jurassic and Cretaceous units. Both sets, however, change in geometry and architecture from bimodal in the south (Norfolk) to unimodal in the north (South Humberside). A degree of variation in architecture, geometry, and character also seen between the different lithologies observed. Spacing statistics also vary from exponential in the south to more normal in the north. Within this, the NE joint set is more notably exponential than the NW joint set. Corresponding variations are also seen in the results of statistical and distribution analyses. The literature on brittle failure has been critically reviewed, to guide interpretation of the geometries observed. The two main sets are interpreted as being inclined and parallel joints, based particularly on the absence of surface fractographic features and joint geometries. It is considered from geometric criteria that these joints formed coevally.
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Bevan, T. G. "A cenozoic stress history of southern England inferred from mesofractures." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355136.
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Wei, Jia. "Commerce and modern politics in David Hume's History of England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708777.
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Johns, Richard. "James Thornhill and decorative history painting in England after 1688." Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9866/.
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Heywood, Simon R. "Storytelling revivalism in England and Wales : history, performance and interpretation." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14629/.
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This study discusses the storytelling movement in England and Wales as an example of the traditional arts "revival." "Revivals" are qualitatively different from mature traditions, but this distinction eludes theorisation. This creates shortcomings in the literature, which are identified and discussed. It is concluded that mature traditions and "revivals" are both subcategories of traditional milieu. The "revival" is distinguished, firstly, by its attenuated diachronic chains of transmission and synchronic bonds of social cohesion, resulting in a loss of deep aesthetic consensus in the participant group; and, secondly, by its self-traditionalisation: its selfconscious self-presentation as a traditional form socioculturally opposed to a traditionless mainstream modernity. The "revival" is therefore often understood as a nostalgic and symbolic re-enactment of desired sociocultural conditions. The study is an inductive, transparent consideration of storytelling revivalism in England and Wales in the light of this preliminary conclusion, considering three issues: the history of the movement; the whole-group performance of storytelling events; and emic interpretations and understandings of involvement, elicited in interview. The evidence is that storytelling revivalism is part of a long-lived appropriative process transcending sociocultural distinctions; that its performative idioms do not express but mediate - eventually, undermine - its iconoclastic separateness from modernity, integrating the formally "revived" form into the informal mainstream; and that interviews demonstrated nostalgic sociocultural beliefs to be contingent and of secondary importance to aesthetic experience. In conclusion, revivalistic communities indulge selfconscious self-traditionalisation sparingly and reluctantly. Emically, it is an uninteresting implication or a necessary cognitive and behavioural stopgap facilitating a deeper experiential familiarity with the form itself "Revival," although occupying an intellectually enfranchised milieu, is properly a nascent non-intellectual, aesthetic and social form. This conclusion overturns the preliminary conclusion, and suggests the general fallaciousness of assuming that cultural forms are primarily coded representations of sociocultural conditions.
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Wheatley, Abigail Margaret. "The idea of the castle in medieval England." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9826/.
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The castle has long been regarded as a practical, military architecture, introduced by the Normans as a tool of feudal control. More recently, castles have been accorded a certain symbolic significance, expressing military and political power. However, this thesis argues that the castle was a meaningful architecture in a much more sophisticated sense than these arguments admit. It discovers complex iconographies of meaning in castle architecture through examination of castle imagery in a wide range of textual and visual sources, and in the architecture of castles themselves. The Introduction reviews the different approaches which medieval architecture of different kinds has attracted in modern criticism. An interdisciplinary approach is advocated, which uses a wide range of sources to build up a composite understanding of architectural meanings. Chapter I problematises accepted definitions of the castle which, through their rigidity, obscure the castle's ideological significance. Linguistic and archaeological arguments are employed to show that the medieval understanding of the word 'castle' was more flexible than is usually recognised. Subsequent chapters explore particular implications of this flexible understanding of castle architecture within its cultural context. Chapter 2 challenges the idea that the castle was necessarily a private fortification, investigating its use in the construction of civic identity. Chapter 3 discovers affinities between ecclesiastical and castle architecture at practical and ideological levels, revealing the castle's role in medieval Biblical interpretation. Chapter 4 explores the imperial and historical connotations of castles, noting their frequent association with evidence of the Roman occupation of Britain. These medieval ideas of the castle present an architecture with important historical, spiritual and civic symbolisms expressed through a complex architectural iconography. This understanding underlines the importance not only of the idea of the castle, but of the role of architecture in linking the material, the intellectual and the aesthetic in medieval culture.
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Tankard, Danae Caithlin. "Attitudes to death in England, c.1480-1560." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272207.
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Cronje, Gillian Charles. "Pulmonary tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1851-1910." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338487.
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