Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The garantees of parties rights'
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1
Fledeus, Anixon. "Les modes alternatifs de règlement des différends (MARD) et la garantie des droits des parties en matière commerciale : étude comparée des droits français, haïtien et OHADA." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCF010.
Abstract:
Les modes amiables et alternatifs de règlement des différends (MARD) se sont imposés progressivement comme des moyens rapides et efficaces, spécialement en matière commerciale, pour la résolution des litiges tant nationaux qu'internationaux, en marge du recours à la justice étatique, pour répondre aux attentes des parties. La thèse se propose de démontrer que ces MARD offrent des garanties indéniables aux parties, des garanties qu’elles ne trouvent pas toujours au sein de la justice contentieuse. Du fait des opportunités qu’offrent ces modes amiables et alternatifs, ils peuvent être vus comme un mode offrant une justice sûre et efficace pour résoudre des différends contractuels en matière commerciale. Les parties y trouvent des solutions appropriées et bénéfiques, en profitant notamment, du point de vue de la procédure, de la confidentialité, de la rapidité, de la souplesse, de l'indépendance, de l'impartialité et, sur le fond, en participant activement à un mode de règlement fondé sur le consentement.En étudiant le droit français, le droit haïtien et le droit OHADA, cette thèse propose de montrer en quoi, les modes amiables, que sont principalement la conciliation et la médiation, sont des instruments de sécurité garantissant les droits des parties en matière commerciale, puis, en quoi l’arbitrage est aussi un instrument de garantie et de protection des droits des parties en matière de litiges commerciauxAlternative dispute resolution (ADR) have gradually established themselves as rapid and effective means, specially in commercial matters, for the resolution of both national and international disputes, outside of recours to state justice, to respond to the expressions of the parties. The thesis aims to demonstrate that these ADR offer undeniable guarentees to the parties, guarentees that they do not always find with contentious justice. Due find to opportunities offred by these amicalble and alternative methods, they can be seen as a methode offreind safe and affective justice for resolving contractual dispute in commercial matters. The parties find appropriate and beneficial disputes in commercial matters. The partie find appropriate and benecial solutions, taking avantage in particular, from a procedural point of view, of confidentiality, speed, flexibility, idependance, impartiality and, in substance, in actively participating in a consent-based payment methods. By studying French law, Haitian law and OHADA law, this thesis proposes to show how amicable methods, whisch are mainly conciliation and mediation are security instruments granrandueeing the rights of the parties in commercial matters, then, in whish arbitration is also an instrument for guaranteeing and protecting the rights of the partie in matters of commercial disputes
2
Kekelekis, Mihail K. "An analysis of the rights of notifying parties and third parties in EC merger proceedings." Thesis, University of Essex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343567.
3
Wee, Maurice. "Swedish Political Parties and their Stance on Business and Human Rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353854.
4
Brodie, Ipeleng P. "Political parties and the protection of democratic rights of sexual minorities." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7839.
Abstract:
Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)The protection of sexual minorities’ civil rights and freedoms is paramount in a democratic state considering that these rights are infringed upon on a daily basis through violent crimes such as corrective rape, murder and physical assault. This study intends to establish whether sexual minorities’ democratic rights are being protected and whether political parties are facilitating this process, and if not, why not? In addition, this study will address the question: what is the role of political parties’ in a democratic state, and how do these roles enable the protection of civil rights, inclusivity, and equality? To answer these questions, I will engage in critical discourse analysis of key documents and speeches from the three largest political parties in South Africa: the African National Congress (ANC), the Democratic Alliance (DA), and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF).
5
Diekmann, Maya. "The rights of the Right : How European far-right populist parties instrumentalise human rights rhetoric to mobilise supporters." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42933.
Abstract:
There is a puzzling occurrence in Western Europe: Some far-right populist parties, traditionally seen as antithetical to liberalism, are appropriating liberal rights for their own illiberal ends. On the premise that the parties instrumentalise liberal elements to achieve more legitimacy in a climate of tolerance and respect for human rights in Western Europe, this thesis examines how far-right populist parties use human rights for mobilising purposes. Using Clifford Bob’s four conceptual elements of mobilising human rights rhetoric, in a qualitative content analysis the language of three Western European far-right populist parties is analysed. It is argued that, by drawing from a liberalism of fear, far-right populists frame human rights as a Western achievement, under threat by immigration from Islamic countries and the “corrupt elite” that allows for immigration to continue. By doing so, populists manage to incorporate human rights rhetoric in their mobilisation efforts, without challenging human rights per se.
6
Abdul, Hamid Wafi Nazrin. "Loss or damage from the shipment of goods : rights and liabilities of the parties to the maritime adventure." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242323.
7
Castillo, Lara Clara. "Sistema de derechos e integración del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos en México: caso Alfonso Martín del Campo Dodd." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/382469.
Abstract:
El Caso Alfonso Martín del Campo Dodd Vs. México, cuyas víctimas son el señor Alfonso Martín del Campo Dodd y sus familiares, los cuales nombraron como representantes legales a la ONG Acción de los Cristianos para la Abolición de la Tortura (ACAT) - Centro por la Justicia y el Derecho Internacional (CEJIL), entablaron una demanda en contra de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos sobre el Caso ante la CIDH –número 12.228, mismo -Caso ante la Corte IDH -Serie C No. 113, cuyos Tipo(s) de sentencia(s) y fecha(s) son de Excepciones Preliminares. 3 de septiembre de 2004 http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_113_esp1.pdf
El caso refiere la falta de competencia rationes temporis de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en relación a los presuntos actos de tortura cometidos en contra de Alfonso Martín del Campo Dodd con el objetivo de confesar un crimen de homicidio. Las palabras claves son: Derecho a la integridad personal; Libertad personal; Garantías judiciales y procesales; Protección judicial. Los derechos a proteger están contenidos en: La Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos --Artículo 1 (Obligación de respetar derechos); -Artículo 2 (Deber de Adoptar Disposiciones de Derecho Interno); -Artículo 5 (Derecho a la integridad personal); -Artículo 7 (Derecho a la libertad personal); -Artículo 8 (Garantías judiciales);-Artículo 25 (Protección judicial). Además de Otro(s) tratado(s) interamericano(s) --Artículos 6, 8 y 10 (Convención Interamericana para Prevenir y Sancionar la Tortura). Así como Otro(s) instrumento(s) internacional(es) citado(s) Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados
Desarrollo del caso -hechos
- Los hechos ocurrieron el 30 de mayo de 1992, cuando fueron asesinados en su domicilio los esposos Juana Patricia Martín del Campo Dodd y Gerardo Zamudio Aldaba. La pareja vivía en dicha residencia con sus tres hijas y con el señor Alfonso Martín del Campo, hermano de la señora Juana Patricia Martín del Campo Dodd.
- El Ministerio Público dio formal inicio a la averiguación previa y se presumió que el señor Alfonso Martín del Campo había asesinado a Juana Patricia Martín del Campo Dodd y Gerardo Zamudio Aldaba. El 30 de mayo fue detenido el señor Alfonso Martín del Campo y se dictó auto de formal prisión en su contra como presunto responsable en la comisión del delito de homicidio. En mayo de 1993 se declaró al señor Dodd penalmente responsable del delito de homicidio cometido en contra de los señores Juana Patricia Martín del Campo Dodd y Gerardo Zamudio Aldaba y se le impuso una pena privativa de la libertad de cincuenta años. En agosto de 1993 se confirmó la sentencia de primera instancia. El señor Dodd presentó un recurso de revisión, el cual fue rechazado, además de otras instancias a las que acudió posteriormente sin que prospera recurso alguno.
Procedimiento ante la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
-Fecha de presentación de la petición (12.228): 13 de julio de 1998
-Fechas de informe de admisibilidad (81/01): 10 de octubre de 2001
-Fecha de informe de fondo (63/02): 22 de octubre de 2002
-Informe 117/09 12 de Noviembre de 2009
Procedimiento ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
-Fecha de remisión del caso a la Corte IDH: 30 de enero de 2003. -La CIDH presentó la demanda en este caso con el objeto de que la Corte IDH decidiera si el Estado violó los derechos consagrados en los artículos 5, 7, 8, 25 de la Convención Americana, así como el artículo 1.1 de la misma en perjuicio de Alfonso Martín del Campo Dodd. Asimismo solicitó a la Corte IDH que se declare la violación de los artículos 6, 8 y 10 de la Convención Interamericana para Prevenir y Sancionar la Tortura en perjuicio del señor Dodd.Case Alfonso Martin del Campo Dodd Vs. Mexico, whose victims are Mr. Alfonso Martin del Campo Dodd and their families, which named as legal NGO Christian Action for the Abolition of Torture (ACAT) representatives - Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL) filed a lawsuit against the United Mexican States on the case before the IACHR 12,228 -number, same -Case before the Inter-American Court -Series C No. 113, whose type (s) of statement (s) and date (s) are on Preliminary Objections. September 3, 2004 http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_113_esp1.pdf The case concerns the lack of rationes temporis of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in relation to the alleged acts of torture committed against Alfonso Martin del Campo Dodd in order to confess to a crime of homicide. Keywords are: The right to personal integrity; Personal freedom; Judicial and procedural guarantees; Judicial protection. Protect the rights contained in: The American Convention on Human Rights --Article 1 (Obligation to respect rights); -Article 2 (Obligation to Adopt Domestic Law); -Article 5 (right to humane treatment); -Article 7 (right to personal liberty); -Article 8 (fair trial), - Article 25 (judicial protection). Another addition (s) treated (s) Inter (s) -articles 6, 8 and 10 (Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture). And Other (s) instrument (s) International (s) cited (s) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Development case-facts - The incident occurred on May 30, 1992, when they were killed at his home spouses Juana Patricia Martin del Campo Dodd and Gerardo Zamudio Aldaba. The couple lived in that home with her three daughters and Mr. Alfonso Martin del Campo, brother of Juana Patricia Martin del Campo Dodd. - The Public Ministry gave formal start of the preliminary investigation and was presumed that Mr. Alfonso Martín del Campo had killed Juana Patricia Martin del Campo Dodd and Gerardo Zamudio Aldaba. On May 30 he was arrested Mr. Alfonso Martin del Campo and detention order was issued against him as a suspect in the crime of homicide. In May 1993 Mr. Dodd criminally responsible for the crime of homicide committed against Mr. Juana Patricia Martin del Campo Dodd and Gerardo Zamudio Aldaba declared and imposed a deprivation of liberty than fifty years. In August 1993 the first instance verdict was confirmed. Mr. Dodd presented a petition for review, which was rejected, and other bodies to which he went prospering later without recourse. Proceedings before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -Date Of filing of the petition (12,228): 13 July 1998 -Dates Admissibility report (81/01): October 10, 2001 -Date Background report (63/02): October 22, 2002 -Report 117/09 November 12, 2009 Proceedings before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights -Date Of referring the case to the Inter-American Court: 30 January 2003. 'The Commission filed the application in this case in order that the Inter-American Court to decide whether the State violated the rights enshrined in Articles 5, 7, 8 25 of the American Convention and Article 1.1 of the same to the detriment of Alfonso Martin del Campo Dodd. He also asked the IACHR that the violation of Articles 6, 8 and 10 of the Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture to the detriment of Mr. Dodd is declared.
8
Vonalt, Imke Charlotte. "State responsibility towards third parties arising from activities of international organisations - a proposal for the continuous protection of human rights." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4742.
9
Jobert, Sylvain. "La connaissance des actes du procès civil par les parties." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020070.
Abstract:
En procédure civile, la connaissance des actes du procès par les parties est essentielle ; des garanties importantes y sont attachées, à commencer par le respect du principe du contradictoire. Une difficulté se pose, toutefois : il est malaisé de déterminer si une partie a eu connaissance de l’acte qui lui a été communiqué. Toute la question est alors de savoir comment le droit s’accommode de cette difficulté. À cette fin, deux modèles contraires peuvent être dégagés. Dans le premier, formaliste, il est fait le choix de favoriser la connaissance des actes du procès par les parties en amont, pour pouvoir se désintéresser de leur connaissance effective en aval, tous les moyens ayant été mis en oeuvre pour y parvenir. Dans le second, réaliste, on se désintéresse de la façon dont les actes du procès sont portés à la connaissance des parties, mais, par la suite, on prête beaucoup d’intérêt à la connaissance que les parties en ont réellement eue. L’étude révèle que le droit du procès civil reposait initialement sur un modèle à dominante formaliste, mais que ce modèle a évolué, particulièrement au cours des dix dernières années. Sous l’influence des soucis contemporains de rationalisation des coûts de la justice et de protection accrue des droits fondamentaux des parties, le formalisme du droit du procès civil s’est tempéré. Faudrait-il qu’il le soit davantage ? Ce travail ne plaide ni pour la subversion du modèle classique, ni pour son rétablissement. Plutôt, c’est une évolution nuancée du droit qui est suggérée, proposant d’exalter le formalisme lorsque la sécurité juridique l’exige, sans renoncer à tirer profit de règles l’atténuant quand cela s’imposeIn civil law procedures, the parties’ knowledge of the acts of the trial is essential; it guarantees that certain principles, such as the adversarial principle, will be respected. However, a difficulty arises: it is hard to determine whether a party has in fact become aware of the act which was communicated to him. The question is to determine whether the law can accept such a difficulty. To this end, two divergent models can be provided. In the formalistic one, the choice is made to favor the knowledge of the acts of the trial beforehand, in order to be able to become disinterested in their actual knowledge afterwards, all the means having been implemented to carry this out. In the realistic one, the way in which the acts of the trial are brought to the parties' attention is neglected, but thereafter, there is a resurgent focus on the knowledge the parties have genuinely had. The study reveals that the law of civil trial was initially based on a predominantly formalistic model, but this model has evolved, especially during the last decade. Under the influence of contemporary concerns in order to rationalize justice costs and increase the protection of the parties' fundamental rights, the formalism of civil lawsuit has been tempered. Should it be even more moderate? This work neither pleads for the subversion of the classical model nor for its reinstatement. Instead, it is a nuanced evolution of the law which is suggested. It suggests to promote formalism when legal certainty requires it, without sacrificing the benefit of lightening the rules when it is necessary
10
Torres, María del Rosario Ponce de León. "Human rights implementability methodology to help states parties bound by the ICESCR and other UN instruments to comply with their human rights obligations : the human right to drinking water and the situation in Mexico." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618727.
Abstract:
The living conditions of the poor people of the world have been deteriorating despite the agreements of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Humanity is facing growing poverty; famines; pandemic illnesses; environmental disasters; violence; torture; corruption of governments; and lack of democracy. to enunciate some of all the problems, despite the agreements of the 1966 International Covenants of Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The separation of human rights preserved in the UDHR in two human rights covenants, and the vagueness of their wording are identified as difficulties faced by States parties of human rights covenants and treaties to comply with their obligations of realising human rights. New ideas and ways to help them reach these objectives are needed. This thesis contributes with Human Rights Implementability methodology to help States Parties bound by the ICESCR and other UN instruments to comply with their human rights obligations by following the identified economic, political and social factors and difficulties blocking the realisation of human rights assessed in the concluding observations of the HR Covenants Committees and UN Treaty Bodies. Relevant human rights and non-human rights documents -covenants, declarations, resolutions, guidelines, reports and recommendations- adopted by the United Nations, international organisations, international events and NGOs are critically read under the principles of: International Law, International Human Rights Law, Rights-Based Approach to Development, and Critical Theory. Their wording will be scrutinised in the light of the realisation of human rights. Particularly, humanity is suffering growing water scarcity and the human right to drinking water has hardly agreed by an UN General Assembly Resolution in 2010. The translation of recommendations into feasible actions will help Mexican Government further the particular realisation of the human right to drinking water.
11
Demir, Huseyin. "The role and treatment of political parties in liberal democracies with reference to the United Kingdom, Turkey and the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/440/.
Abstract:
This thesis analyses current situations of political parties in the UK and Turkey with reference to liberal democracy in general and the European Convention on Human Rights in particular. Political parties are essential elements of liberal democracies. In order to function properly, political parties must operate under the rights to freedoms of expression and association, and right to free elections guaranteed by the Convention. However, political parties cannot be left completely unregulated. There must be some rules in order to prevent them from becoming involved in terrorism and political corruption. A balance must be struck according to the Convention. There is a significant difference between the UK and Turkey regarding the treatment of political parties. Political parties in the UK have always been regarded as purely private organisations and left unregulated. However, due to rising public concerns about political corruption, the current government has taken the initiative to regulate funding and party emblems and names. Even with these changes, the UK still preserves its liberal approach to political parties, and the state does not interfere with the substantive aims and activities of political parties. In contrast with the UK, political parties in Turkey have been strictly regulated in terms of their organisation, aim and activities. The statist nature of Turkish democracy has left no space for political parties to represent private interests and implement their party policies when they are in government. They are not trusted by the state elite (civil and military bureaucracy), and therefore they have been restricted by Turkish law to protect state's interest against individuals' interests. If Turkey wants to join to the EU, she must change her law according to the principles set out by the EU and particularly by the Convention. Changing the law which regulates political parties might be a good start to achieve a fully working liberal democracy.
12
Dutkowsky, Monique Renee. "Institutions, third-parties, and water markets: an analysis of the role of water rights, the no-injury rule, and Water Code 386 on water markets in California counties." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/dutkowsky/DutkowskyM0509.pdf.
Abstract:
Given the apparently large potential gains from the trade of water, why do we observe so few market transactions? This paper argues that policy-driven transaction costs are an important trade-hindering factor. More specifically, this paper examines the allocation of property rights under the No-Injury Rule, which gives rights to riparian users, and Water Code 386, which gives quasi-blocking rights to third-parties, making water rights less clear. Both laws are predicted to decrease the likelihood of observing an active export market and the volume of exports in the county. To test these predictions, this paper uses the cross sectional variation in the number of riparian rights holders and the number of third-parties to estimate their effect on all county-level water trades in California from 1990 to 2001. The empirical results show that the effect of Water Code 386 on exports is inconclusive. The results for the No-Injury Rule indicates that for the average county, a one standard deviation increase in the ratio of riparian rights holders to the total population will decrease the likelihood that the county will have an active export market by 30 percent and will decrease the ratio of exports to appropriations by 7.4 percent. This suggests that if California's goal is, as stated in the 1970's, to reallocate water to its highest valued use via water markets, the current allocation of property rights may be creating policy-driven costs that hinder reaching that goal.
13
Eriksson, Stina. "The Right to a Living Wage : The Obligations of States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to Realise the Right to a Living Wage." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260047.
14
Alvarez, Mauricio Jose Avilez. "Os limites da democracia colombiana : uma análise a partir da oposição política nas décadas de 1980 e 1990." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131550.
Abstract:
Nesta pesquisa, analisa-se a qualidade democrática colombiana nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, período de tempo no qual existiram os partidos de oposição Alianza Democrática M-19 e a Unión Patriótica. Estudam-se dois teóricos que analisaram esse período da democracia colombiana, Scott Mainwaring e Arend Lijphart, desde uma revisão bibliográfica. Realiza-se análise de dados de: eleições presidenciais; dos resultados eleitorais dos partidos políticos Alianza Democrática M-19 e a Unión Patriótica (1986 à 1998) e dados dos direitos humanos desse mesmo tempo. Analisa-se o sistema partidário, o sistema eleitoral e a dinâmica dos direitos humanos. Mostra-se que as análises da democracia colombiana, que utilizaram parâmetros institucionais, não conseguem caracterizar a complexa situação de violência e violações aos direitos humanos. Neste trabalho, verifica-se, portanto, que, para dimensionar a qualidade democrática, faz-se necessário estabelecer como parâmetro os direitos humanos, pois, esse permitiria identificar os mecanismos da sistematicidade e permanência das violações contra os setores de oposição política, aguçados quando esses setores se fazem mais relevantes politicamente. Nos países democráticos, onde há elevadas situações de violência e de violações aos direitos humanos, torna-se intrincado mensurar a qualidade da democracia. A partir deste estudo, pode-se considerar que a utilização dos direitos humanos, como parâmetro, ajudaria a entender melhor processos democráticos como o do caso colombiano.In this research the Colombian democratic quality during the decades of 1980 and 1990 is analyzed, a period of time in which the opposing parties Alianza Democrática M-19 and Unión Patriótica existed. We perform data analysis from: presidential elections; election results from both aforementioned parties (from 1986 to 1998); and human rights data from the same time frame. We also analyze the party system, the electoral system and the human rights dynamics. It is shown that the analysis of the Colombian democratic quality, in which institutional parameters were used, fails to properly characterize the complex situation of violence and human rights violations. This work therefore finds that in order to evaluate the democratic quality, it becomes necessary to establish the human rights as parameter, because this would help to identify the mechanism of systematical and permanent violation against sectors of the political opposition, heightened when those sectors become more relevant politically. In democratic countries where violence and human rights violations are elevated, it becomes difficult to measure democratic quality. From this work it can be considered that the use of human rights as a parameter would help to better understand democratic processes similar to the the Colombian case.
15
Takeuchi, Toru. "The Role of a Political Body in Disseminating the European Convention on Human Rights Standards into the State Parties : With Particular Focus on Follow-up Activity of the Committee of Ministers." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20938.
16
Gronemeyer, Achim. "Der Vertrag zugunsten Dritter im englischen common law das mit der privity of contract einhergehende Verbot des Vertrages zugunsten Dritter unter Berücksichtigung des contracts (rights of third parties) act 1999 und seine Auswirkungen auf die bestehende Rechtslage." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994294700/04.
17
Silva, Diego Gon?alves da. "Tutela provis?ria de urg?ncia dos alimentos grav?dicos na perspectiva dos direitos fundamentais das partes." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7873.
Abstract:
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The pregnancy foods, drafted by Law 11.804/2008, consists of values provided by the alleged father whose main purpose is to guarantee the livelihood of the mother and the unborn child, dependents of the aid, given the risks of gestation. In spite of the relevance, it is not uncommon that the holder of rights of this nature to seek the Judicial system to implement them. Thus, the judicial process plays a decisive role, representing the last alternative for the achievement of the material right to food. In this scenario, in which life is at risk, the concession for temporary tutelage of urgency and its application in the gestational feeding lawsuit has high importance, and is indispensable that its exercise be carried out in accordance with the fundamental procedural rights of the parties. In this context, the present work aims to address the provisional tutelage of pregnancy foods lawsuit from the perspective of the fundamental rights of the parties, considering the object of the law discussed in claims of this kind, as well as the existing asymmetry between the parties that integrate this procedural relationship. Therefore, this dissertation is divided into two parts. At the first one, it is intended to contextualize the phenomenon of constitutionalisation of the process as a pillar to understand the process by the fundamental rights perspective, as well to approach the aspects related to pregnancy foods itself, analyzing the principles underlying Law 11804/2008, which regulates this very law, and peculiarities regarding it. In the second part, there will be a critical reading about the legal regime of the temporary tutelage of urgency in the action of pregnancy foods and their application in the light of the fundamental rights of the parties projections, namely: the inseparability of the judicial control, the right to the contradictory, to the proof, legal safety and the reasonable length of the proceedings.
Os alimentos grav?dicos, redigidos pela Lei 11.804/2008, consistem em valores prestados pelo suposto genitor cujo escopo principal ? o de garantir a subsist?ncia da genitora e do nascituro, dependentes do aux?lio, face aos riscos da gesta??o. Em que pese essa relev?ncia, n?o ? nada incomum que a titular de direito dessa natureza busque o Poder Judici?rio para concretiz?-los. Assim, o processo judicial assume papel decisivo, representando a ?ltima alternativa para a consecu??o do direito material de natureza alimentar. Nesse cen?rio, no qual o que est? em risco ? a vida, o instituto da tutela provis?ria de urg?ncia e sua aplica??o na a??o alimentar gestacional tem import?ncia elevada, sendo indispens?vel que seu exerc?cio ocorra em conson?ncia com os ditames dos Direitos fundamentais das partes. Dentro desse contexto, a presente disserta??o tem como objetivo abordar a tutela provis?ria de urg?ncia na a??o de alimentos grav?dicos na perspectiva dos direitos fundamentais processuais das partes, considerando o objeto do direito discutido em demandas dessa natureza, bem como a assimetria existente entre as partes que integram essa rela??o processual. Para tanto, a disserta??o est? dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, subdividida em dois cap?tulos, pretende-se contextualizar o fen?meno da constitucionaliza??o do processo como pilar para compreens?o do processo na perspectiva dos direitos fundamentais processuais, bem como abordar aspectos relativos aos alimentos grav?dicos, analisando os dispositivos da Lei 11.804/2008 que disciplina o direito em quest?o, bem como as peculiaridades que cercam a lei. Na segunda parte, subdividida em cinco cap?tulos, farar-se-? uma leitura cr?tica acerca do regime jur?dico da tutela provis?ria de urg?ncia na a??o de alimentos grav?dicos e sua aplica??o ? luz de proje??es dos direitos fundamentais das partes, quais sejam: a inafastabilidade do controle judicial, o direito ao contradit?rio, ? prova, ? seguran?a jur?dica e a dura??o razo?vel do processo.
18
Gold, Daniel. "Lobbying Regulation in Canada and the United States: Political Influence, Democratic Norms and Charter Rights." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40908.
Abstract:
Lobbying should be strictly regulated – that is the major finding of this thesis. The thesis presents many reasons to enact stricter regulations. The principle one being that, as lightly regulated as it is, lobbying is corroding democracy in both Canada and the United States.
The thesis opens with a deep investigation of how lobbying works in both countries. There are examples taken from the literature, as well as original qualitative interviews of Canadian lobbyists, former politicians, and officials. Together, these make it clear that there is an intimate relationship between lobbying and campaign financing. The link between the two is sufficiently tight that lobbying and campaign financing should be considered mirrors of each other for the purposes of regulatory design and constitutional jurisprudence. They both have large impacts on government decision-making. Left lightly regulated, lobbying and campaign financing erode the processes of democracy, damage policy-making, and feed an inequality spiral into plutocracy. These have become major challenges of our time.
The thesis examines the lobbying regulations currently in place. It finds the regulatory systems of both countries wanting. Since stricter regulation is required to protect democracy and equality, the thesis considers what constitutional constraints, if any, would stand in the way. This, primarily, is a study of how proposed stronger lobbying regulations would interact with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 2 (free expression and association rights) and s. 3 (democratic rights). The principal findings are that legislation which restricted lobbying as proposed would probably be upheld by the Canadian court, but struck down by the American court, due to differences in their constitutional jurisprudence. The thesis contends that robust lobbying regulations would align with Canadian Charter values, provide benefits to democracy, improve government decision-making, increase equality, and create more room for citizen voices.
The thesis concludes with a set of proposed principles for lobbying reform and an evaluation of two specific reforms: limits on business lobbying and funding for citizen groups. Although the thesis focuses on Canadian and American lobbying regulations, its lessons are broadly applicable to any jurisdiction that is considering regulating lobbying.
19
El, Rajab Dima. "L'opposabilité des droits contractuels : étude de droit comparé français et libanais." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020074/document.
Abstract:
La notion d’opposabilité, dégagée par la doctrine française au début du siècle dernier, revêt aujourd’hui une importance cruciale relativement à la sécurité juridique. Ainsi, il est communément admis par la doctrine moderne qu’un tel concept explique les effets non obligatoires des contrats à l’égard du tiers, et notamment en matière de responsabilité. D’une part, le tiers est tenu d’un devoir d’abstention concernant tout acte qui pourrait porter atteinte aux contrats d’autrui. Le cas échéant, les contractants peuvent demander la réparation du dommage qu’ils subissent du fait de la convention conclue par le tiers au mépris de leurs droits. D’autre part, et parallèlement, le tiers victime est en droit d’engager la responsabilité délictuelle du cocontractant auteur de l’inexécution contractuelle lui ayant été préjudiciable. Pour autant, le nombre d’auteurs pour qui l’opposabilité ne peut pas réellement servir d’appui aux deux règles précitées ne cesse de s’accroître. La critique n’est pas cependant pleinement justifiée. En effet, l’étude approfondie de la signification exacte, du fondement et des caractéristiques déterminantes de l’opposabilité démontre que, moyennant une juste délimitation de son champ d’application, cette notion demeure utile, pour ne pas dire indispensable à la protection des contractants et des tiersThe notion of opposability, which appeared in French doctrine at the beginning of the last century, is of crucial importance today in relation to legal certainty. Thus, it is generally accepted in contemporary doctrine that such a concept explains the non-obligatory effects of contracts towards third parties and particularly in regard to responsibility. On the one hand, third parties must abstain from any act which may harm others' contracts. If this should occur, parties to the contract could claim compensation for any damage suffered as the result of a convention under taken by a third party without regard to their rights. On the other hand, and in parallel, a third-party victim is entitled to make a tort claim against a cocontracting party failed to fulfill a contractual obligation when this would be prejudicial tohim. Having said that, there is an ever-increasing number of authors for whom opposability cannot be used to support the two preceding rules. However, this criticism is notcompletely justified. Indeed, an in-depth study of the exact meaning, of the basis and of the determining characteristics of opposability show that, given a fair definition of the boundaries, this notion remains useful, if not indispensable to protect parties to a contract and third parties
20
Nedelcheva, Antoniya. "Le droit au juge dans l'Union européenne." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0001.
Abstract:
Le constat selon lequel le droit au juge au profit des personnes physiques et morales est un élément de l’État de droit, et donc de l’Union de droit, constitue le point de départ de l’étude du droit au juge dans l’Union européenne. Sur le plan de l’effectivité de la protection juridictionnelle des droits que les particuliers tirent de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, on ne peut que constater que celle-ci est profondément conditionnée par les voies de droit ouvertes aux individus dans les ordres juridiques nationaux.L’examen du droit au juge devant les juridictions nationales démontre que l’ordre juridique de l’Union a réussi à leur imposer les prémisses d’un véritable droit processuel de l’Union. Concernant la capacité des juridictions de l’Union à assurer le droit au juge des particuliers, il est permis de soutenir que les limitations originaires de ce dernier ont, en partie, été comblées par l’entrée en vigueur du Traité de Lisbonne, qui a réduit le déficit juridictionnel dans le cadre de l’Union par la mise en place d’une juridictionnalisation accrue, une meilleure accessibilité à certaines voies de recours et l’inscription de garanties complémentaires, notamment en ce qui concerne le respect du droit à un procès équitable. Le postulat selon lequel l’Union européenne dispose d’un système complet et effectif de protection des droits des particuliers, s’il n’est pas exempt de critiques, tend néanmoins à se confirmer.Telle est l’ambition de cette recherche qui s’ordonne selon une structure bipartite : la protection juridictionnelle devant les juridictions nationales ; la protection juridictionnelle devant les juridictions de l’Union européenneThe finding that the right to an effective judicial protection for the benefit of natural and legal persons is an element of the rule of law, and thus the Union of law, is the starting point of the study to the effective judicial protection in the European Union. In terms of effectiveness of the judicial protection of rights, which individuals derive from the legal order of the Union, it has been established that this latter is deeply conditioned by the remedies offered to individuals in the national legal systems. The review of judicial protection before the national courts demonstrates that the legal order of the European Union has managed to impose national courts the beginnings of a real procedural law of the Union. Concerning the ability of the European Union courts to ensure the right to an effective judicial protection of individuals, it is permitted to argue that the original limitations to the judicial protection have, in part, been addressed by the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, which reduced the judicial deficit through the Union by the extension of the jurisdiction of the courts, the improvement of the accessibility to certain remedies before the courts of the Union and the inclusion of additional safeguards, especially concerning the right to a fair trial. The assumption that the European Union has a complete and effective system of judicial protection of individual rights, which is not always free from criticisms, nevertheless, tends to confirm. This is the ambition of this research, which is organized in a bipartite structure: the judicial protection before the national courts ; the judicial protection before the courts of the European Union
21
Porcara, Émilie. "Le témoignage oral dans la procédure pénale." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10018.
Abstract:
Le témoignage oral, depuis toujours, occupe, en tant qu'élément de preuve, une place au sein de la procédure pénale française. Pourtant, il n'a cessé de faire l'objet de critiques, ravivées par l'émergence de la preuve scientifique dans le procès pénal contemporain, car considéré comme faillible en raison de sa nature humaine. Cette affirmation repose, notamment, sur un postulat anachronique consistant à considérer le témoignage oral comme unitaire, au travers du seul prisme de sa source, l'homme, cantonné au seul témoin, tel que défini par les règles de procédure, alors qu'il présente en réalité un caractère dual. Or, c'est de cette méconnaissance, conduisant à une appréhension attentatoire à la valeur probatoire du témoignage oral, qu'émergent les objections à son encontre et qui soulèvent la question de sa nécessité dans le procès pénal, quand cette dernière ne devrait souffrir aucune hésitation, non seulement parce que le témoignage oral s'avère un élément de preuve utile à la recherche et à l'établissement de la vérité judiciaire mais également parce qu'il illustre et renforce les principes directeurs du procès pénal, tels qu'édictés par le législateur français et la Convention européenne des Droits de l'HommeOral testimony has always been taken up as an element of evidence in the French criminal proceedings. However considered as unreliable because human, it hasn't ceased to be the subject of critics, lately revived with the emergence of scientific proof within contemporary penal trial. This statement is based on the anachronistic postulate that oral testimony, considered through the only view of the witness as defined by the procedural rules, is unity, whereas indeed it does present a dual character. The probationary value of oral testimony is suffering from this lack or recognition and its necessity within criminal procedure is also being questioned when there should be no hesitation whatsoever with regard to its use. In fact, oral testimony is not just a useful element of proof when trying to establish the truth, it does also illustrate and strengthen the governing principles of penal trial such as promulgated by the French legislator and the European convention of Human Rights
22
Dafel, Michael. "The constitutional rebuilding of the South African private law : a choice between judicial and legislative law-making." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285563.
Abstract:
A tension arises whenever the South African private law fails to meet constitutional right norms. To remedy a deficiency, two law-making options are available. The first is for the judiciary to develop or change private law principles and rules in order to provide protection for the implicated constitutional norm. The second is for the judiciary to enforce an obligation upon Parliament to enact legislation to amend or replace existing private law rights and obligations so as to safeguard the norm against interference from a private individual or entity. The former is the more conventional option, but, in recent years, the law reports record an increasing reliance on the legislative duty to protect constitutional right norms in private legal relationships. The thesis investigates the extent to which the latter phenomenon - which will be described as a 'pivot towards legislative remedies' - exists, and the circumstances in which the courts pivot towards legislative remedies rather than developing private law of their own accord. The thesis finds that legislative schemes that give effect to constitutional rights are likely to contain an array of benefits that are absent from or reduced in the judicial law-making process. The judicial pivot towards legislative remedies is thus a strategy to enhance the process through which conflicting rights are resolved, as it allows for the constitutional rebuilding of private law in a way that the judiciary is unable to do on its own. Importantly, however, theories of judicial deference do not explain the pivot. On the contrary, the courts have exercised a strict level of control over the legislative law-making pathway. Through either statutory interpretation or the review of legislation, the courts require legislation to contain the essentials of the judicial law-making framework. From this perspective, the judicial law-making process produces the floor of the rebuilding project and the legislative law-making process enhances that framework.
23
Esmaeilpour, Fadakar Shahin. "Majority-Preferential Two-Round Electoral Formula: A Balanced Value-Driven Model for Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31025.
Abstract:
This research is an enquiry to find an electoral formula that conforms to Canadian constitutional values. Three core values that are pertinent to the issue of electoral systems are identified: democracy, diversity, and efficiency. Each of these core values is divided into different aspects. These aspects will form the backbone of the evaluation of different electoral systems in this work.
I will begin with an evaluation of the plurality model of elections, which is currently used in Canada. I will demonstrate that many of the attributes of the current system are not in tune with Canadian constitutional values, in particular with the progressive interpretation that the Supreme Court of Canada has given to the right to vote as enshrined in Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although the interpretation of the right to vote will be the main thrust of the constitutional scrutiny in this work, attention will also be given to other pertinent rights such as equality rights, minority rights, and the freedom of expression.
Next, I will examine provincial electoral reform initiatives that were initiated in five Canadian provinces. All of these initiatives - three of which were put to referenda and eventually defeated - proposed adopting a variant of proportional representation. Accordingly, I will evaluate proportional systems according to the intended values. I will conclude that these systems have problems of their own and they also cannot strike a fine balance between competing values.
In the final stage, I will make a new proposal for elections to the Canadian Parliament. First, I will demonstrate that majority systems are better candidates to attain the envisioned values. Then I will introduce a new variant of the majority model, which I call a majority-preferential two-round variant. I will demonstrate that this new variant will outperform the other variants in the attainment of values if adopted for elections to the House of Commons. Finally, I will argue that the combination of a House of Commons elected through the majority-preferential formula and a proportionally elected Senate will result in a more balanced approach to the relevant constitutional values.
24
Houedjissin, Mededode. "Les victimes devant les juridictions pénales internationales." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00628543.
Abstract:
La position des victimes sur la scène pénale internationale a considérablement évolué depuis la mise en place des tous premiers tribunaux militaires internationaux en 1945. Même si les victimes n'ont pas, à proprement parler, le statut de " partie " au procès pénal international, leur participation au procès est désormais une garantie, avec des droits substantiels. L'étendue de ces droits, aux différentes phases de la procédure, clarifie la manière dont les dispositions correspondantes du droit positif international sont interprétées par le juge pénal international. La fonction des victimes tient, dans un premier temps, davantage à " corroborer l'action publique " internationale qu'à pouvoir déclencher par elles-mêmes cette action destinée à établir la culpabilité ou non des personnes, objets du procès pénal international. Leur rôle se renforce finalement au moment de la présentation, par la voie subsidiaire d'intervention, des réclamations civiles, et plus largement de la recherche d'une pleine satisfaction ; moment au cours duquel les victimes deviennent de véritables " parties civiles " disposant pleinement de la capacité juridique internationale pour faire valoir leur droit. Ainsi, fort de leur action, les victimes paraissent dans une posture " double ", vindicative (répression) et réparatrice (indemnisation). L'objectif, visé et atteint, était donc de montrer quelle était aujourd'hui la place des victimes devant les juridictions pénales internationales.
25
Freleteau, Barbara. "Devoir et incombance en matière contractuelle." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0223/document.
Abstract:
Le XXe siècle aura été celui de l’essor de la bonne foi objective en droit des contrats, et plus largement, de la prise en compte du comportement du contractant. La consécration des concepts de devoir et d’incombance contractuels permet d’appréhender techniquement cette donnée juridique sans altérer la catégorie des obligations civiles. Le devoir contractuel est une règle de comportement que le contractant doit observer tout au long de l’exécution du contrat, sous peine de commettre une faute contractuelle. Ainsi, par exemple, les exigences de bonne foi et de sécurité sont des devoirs en ce qu’ils imposent une certaine attitude au contractant, de manière continue, au-delà des obligations qu’il doit exécuter. L’incombance contractuelle est également une contrainte purement comportementale, mais sa particularité est qu’elle ne pèse sur le contractant que s’il désire obtenir l’avantage qu’elle conditionne. Il s’agit d’une exigence préalable et adventice à l’exercice d’un droit. Par exemple, l’acheteur qui désire obtenir la garantie du vice caché doit en dénoncer l’apparition au vendeur ; l’assuré qui veut bénéficier de la garantie du sinistre doit informer l’assureur de sa survenance. À ces notions correspondent des sanctions distinctes : si le manquement au devoir contractuel peut entraîner l’application des remèdes liés à l’inexécution de l’engagement, l’inobservation d’une incombance est, en revanche, spécialement sanctionnée par la déchéance du droit conditionnéThe XXthe century has given rise to the notion of objective good faith in contract law, and more generally, to a standard by which the behaviour of parties to an obligation is judged. The adoption of the concepts of contractual duty and incombance allows a technical approach without affecting the category of civil obligations.Contractual duty is a code of conduct that the contracting party has to observe throughout the performance of the contract ; otherwise it might be viewed as being in a breach of contract. For example, the requirements of good faith and security are duties in that they require the contracting party to adopt a certain conduct on an ongoing basis, in addition to the obligations the contracting party has to carry out under the terms of the contract.Contractual incombance is also a merely behavioural constraint, however it differs in that it weighs on the contracting party only if they wish to benefit from the advantages it determines. It is a prerequisite for the exercise of a right. A buyer who wishes to avail himself of a legal warranty against latent defects, for example, must point out any defect to the vendor, just as the insured who wishes to make a claim must report the covered incident to his insurance company.Distinct sanctions apply to these notions : in case of a breach of contractual duty, penalties can be awarded as a result of the party’s failure to perform its contractual obligations ; on the other hand, non-compliance with and incombance will entail the loss of the determined right
26
Cassiède, Marc. "Les pouvoirs contractuels : étude de droit privé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0278/document.
Abstract:
L’évolution contemporaine du droit privé des contrats est marquée par la multiplication des hypothèses dans lesquelles l’une ou l’autre des parties dispose de la possibilité d’agir seule sur le contenu ou le sort d’un contrat définitivement formé. Par exemple, depuis 1995, il est admis que l’une des parties à un contrat-cadre puisse seule fixer le prix. De même, en cas de manquement grave de l’une des parties, l’autre peut, à ses risques et périls, procéder à la résolution du contrat. Ces deux types de prérogatives contractuelles appartiennent à une catégorie plus large que la doctrine désigne couramment sous le nom de « pouvoirs contractuels ». Or, les pouvoirs contractuels viennent perturber les règles traditionnelles du droit privé des contrats à deux égards. D’une part, les pouvoirs contractuels introduisent une logique unilatéraliste, synonyme d’inégalité, dans le contrat qui répond traditionnellement à une logique consensualiste synonyme d’égalité. D’autre part, le mécanisme des pouvoirs contractuels implique une redéfinition de la place du juge dans le contentieux contractuel puisque ce dernier ne devra plus nécessairement être saisi pour trancher les litiges entre les parties relatifs à l’exécution du contrat. Celui-ci sera saisi postérieurement à la modification des effets du contrat décidée unilatéralement, et ce, par la partie qui entend en contester la régularité. Consacrer une étude aux pouvoirs contractuels suppose donc de chercher à identifier plus précisément ce mécanisme qui vient introduire dans le contrat une logique de pouvoir qui n’est pas la sienne, puis, de tenter de définir les contours de l’intervention du jugeThe contemporary evolution of the private law of contracts is marked by the multiplication of the hypotheses in which one or other of the parties has the possibility of acting alone on the content or fate of a definitively formed contract. For example, since 1995, it has been accepted that one of the parties to a framework contract can only fix the price. Similarly, in the event of a serious breach by one of the parties, the other party may, at his own risk, proceed to the termination of the contract. These two types of contractual prerogatives belong to a broader category that the doctrine commonly refers to as "contractual powers". However, contractual powers disrupt the traditional rules of private contract law in two respects. On one hand, contractual powers introduce a unilateralist logic, synonymous with inequality, in the contract that traditionally responds to a consensualist logic synonymous with equality. On the other hand, the mechanism of contractual powers implies a redefinition of the judge's place in contractual disputes since the latter will no longer necessarily be seized to settle disputes between the parties relating to the performance of the contract. It will be seized after the modification of the effects of the contract decided unilaterally, and this, by the party who intends to contest the regularity. To devote a study to the contractual powers therefore presupposes seeking to identify more precisely this mechanism that introduces into the contract a logic of power that is not its own, and then attempts to define the contours of the judge's intervention
27
Alssadek, Mohamed. "Notion et pratique de la démocratie en Libye sous l'ère Khadafi." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7162.
Abstract:
La démocratie est un mot grec étymologiquement composé de deux mots : peuple et pouvoir. Depuis l'émergence du terme, sa définition a pu varier mais globalement, la plupart des politologues et philosophes actuels le définissent comme un mode de gouvernement lié à l'état de droit et aux libertés fondamentales. La démocratie est définie par les Nations Unies et par les organisations internationales comme étant un ensemble de Valeurs Universelles.Toutefois , ce n'est pas la démocratie que choisit la Libye, lorsqu'elle devient indépendante en 1951 : elle opte alors pour un régime monarchique, sous forme fédérale, héréditaire - le Roi en étant Mohammad Idris al-Senussi comme le stipulait la constitution rédigée avec la forte implication d'Adrian Pelt en tant que représentant des Nations Unies en Libye. Cette Constitution prévoyait également un Parlement composé de deux chambres, et assurer la séparation des pouvoirs. En 1963 , la Constitution est amendée pour que la Libye devienne un État unifié. En septembre 1969, un groupe de jeunes officiers dirigé par Mouammar Kadhafi s'empare du pouvoir, déclare la chute de la monarchie et proclame la naissance de la République Arabe Libyenne. La chute de la Monarchie est alors suivie par la chute des institutions constitutionnelles; le Roi est remplacé par un Conseil de Commandement Révolutionnaire (CCR) ; et de l'Union socialiste arabe, et l'application de l'idéologie nassérisme jusqu'à ce que ce que l'on appelle la Révolution culturelle ait lieu en avril 1973. Le Conseil abandonne toutes les lois et les remplace par le (Coran). Le 2 mars 1977, un nouveau régime unique en son genre est adopté. Kadhafi a rédigé son «Livre vert » , où il expose sa « Troisième Théorie Universelle », qui donne le pouvoir au peuple. La Libye est alors officiellement nommée « État de la Grande Jamahiriya Arabe Libyenne Populaire Socialiste ».Sur le plan théorique, cette idéologie combine un ensemble de critiques du système communiste aussi bien que du libéralisme avec une critique du système représentatif par les parlements, les gouvernements, la constitution, les référendums, les partis et la classe politique. Kadhafi propose une solution alternative: une démocratie directe à travers les congrès populaires, les comités populaires, les syndicats et les associations professionnelles, qui sont des outils basés sur l'unité du pouvoir, où tout citoyen de plus de dix-huit ans devient automatiquement membre des congrès. Mais du point de vue pratique, il s'agit également d'un régime représentatif: le processus de nomination des hauts fonctionnaires et le processus législatif ne se déroulent pas de manière directe. Le taux de participation est faible par rapport à la population et on observe une absence de renouvellement des élites. La situation en Libye s'est poursuivie ainsi jusqu'en 2003, sous le nom de « Phase des Réformes » et le programme « Libye de demain» , un projet dirigé par Saïf Al-Islam Kadhafi, fils de Mouammar Kadhafi, a été mis en oeuvre. Le développement, la libération des prisonniers politiques et la rédaction d'une nouvelle constitution ont été perturbés par le déclenchement de la guerre civile en 2011. La situation s'est aggravée ; le pouvoir et l'influence des milices et des groupes terroristes ont grandi et ont gâché le processus de transition démocratique. En conséquence : la Libye n'a jamais connu de véritable démocratie, ni à l'époque de la Monarchie, ni à l'époque de Kadhafi, ni au cours de la dernière décennieDemocracy as a term is derived from the Greek word "d¿mokratia", which was coined from d¿mos ("people") and kratos ("rule or authority"). Since the emergence of the term, it has not had a comprehensive definition, but currently most authors and philosophers have identified it as a system of government linked to the rule of law and fundamental rights and freedoms. It was considered by the United Nations and international organizations as; a set of universal values. Since its independence in 1951, Libya has had a different style of democracy. It had adopted a hereditary monarchy system in federal form, a written constitution stating that Muhammad Idris al-Senussi is the king, and a parliament consisting of two chambers, which also demanded the separation of powers. The United Nations committee, led by Arian Belt, helped in establishing Libya, and the constitution was amended to make Libya a federal state in 1963. In September 1969, a group of young army officers led by Muammar Gaddafi seized power and announced the fall of the kingdom and the establishment of the Libyan Arab Republic. The fall of the Kingdom was followed by the dissolvement of the constitutional institutions, the establishment of the Revolutionary Command Council and the Arab Socialist Union, and the application of Nasser's ideology until the Cultural Revolution took place in April 1973. The Revolutionary Command Council abolished all laws and replaced them with the Qur'an. On March 2, 1977, a new unique system was adopted. Gaddafi wrote a theory called the Third International Theory in the Green Book, and the Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People was declared. Since then, the name of the state has become the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. From a theoretical perspective, this ideology is a set of criticisms of the communist and liberal systems. Because he criticized the system of representative governance across parliaments, governments, the constitution, referendums, parties, and the political class. He proposed alternative solutions, which are direct democracy through the General People's Congress, the General People's Committee, unions, and professional associations, which are tools based on unity of power, where everyone over the age of 18 is a member of the congresses. But on the practical side, it is also a representative system, so we noted that the process of naming officials and the process of enacting legislation does not take place in a direct manner. The participation rate in it is also low compared to the population, and there is a lack of elite renewal processes. The situation continued in Libya until 2003, which was known as the phase of reforms, when the Libya Al-Ghad project led by Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, son of Muammar Gaddafi, was implemented. Development began, prisoners were released, and a new constitution was written, but the path was disrupted after the outbreak of the civil war in 2011. The situation worsened, and the power and influence of militias and terrorist groups increased, corrupting the process of democratic transition. In conclusion, Libya has not experienced true democracy either during the monarchy period, the Gaddafi era, or the last two decades
28
Álamo, Pons Óscar del. "El regreso de las identidades perdidas: movimientos indígenas en países centro-andinos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7241.
Abstract:
Esta investigación analiza los procesos de organización y emergencia indígena en los países centro-andinos (Bolivia, Ecuador, Perú) de la región latinoamericana. En concreto, determina aquellos factores que determinan la aparición
de movimientos indígenas en Bolivia y Ecuador (de diferente intensidad) así como su
inhibición en Perú a pesar de que los tres países comparten características socio-
económicas comunes y trayectorias histórico-políticas paralelas - incidiendo en la
dinámica que politiza las identidades étnicas en las tres últimas décadas. Al margen de
ello, especifica el impacto que los movimientos indígenas contemporáneos tienen en:
los sistemas políticos actuales y su desempeño en la arena electoral; los procesos de
democratización en marcha en la zona y los desafíos que suponen para éste y las
iniciativas de reforma del estado.
This research analyzes the indigenous organization process in center-andean
countries (Bolivia, Ecuador, Perú) and reveals those factors which cause indigenous
movements (in Bolivia and Ecuador) and those ones which impede this phenomenon in
Perú - although these countries have common trends in economical, political and
historical spheres - with special attention to the political dynamic of ethnic identities
during the last three decades. Also these pages detail the impact of the indigenous
movements in: political systems and their performance in electoral arena;
democratization processes and the challenges that these movements put into them and
over state reform initiatives.
29
Djimasde, Nodjioutengar Evariste. "Réflexions sur la contribution de la Francophonie dans la mise en oeuvre du statut de la Cour pénale internationale." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3003.
Abstract:
Prenant appui sur le Statut de Rome et les textes de référence issus des instances de la Francophonie, cette thèse vise à mettre en lumière la contribution de cet acteur, dans le processus de lutte contre l’impunité. Il s’agit, en effet, de démontrer que les crimes, d’une extrême gravité, prévus et punis par le Statut de Rome sont aux antipodes des valeurs humanistes prônées par la Francophonie.Regroupant 80 Etats et gouvernements (54membres, 3 associés et 23 observateurs) dont 55 sont Parties au Statut, disposant d’un vaste réseau institutionnel et comptant 274 millions de locuteurs à travers le monde, la Francophonie, en dépit de ses imperfections, est tout autant légitime que capable pour insuffler le processus de mise en œuvre du Statut. Pour corriger les imperfections de la Francophonie, cette thèse a insisté, tout particulièrement, sur la nécessité de créer, dans chaque État, des organes ayant pour compétence de mobiliser tous les acteurs susceptibles d’être impliqués dans la mise en œuvre du Statut de RomeOn the basis of the Rome Statute and the reference or authoritative text from bodies or instances of Francophonie, this dissertation aims to highlight the contribution of this author in the fight against impunity. In fact, this is necessary to demonstrate that extremely serious offences laid down or defined and punishable by the Rome Statute are the clear opposite of humanistic values promoted by the International Organization of the Francophonie (IOF).The IOF consists of 56 states and governments, as well as 23 observers, 3 associates and 54 members in 5 continents. With 55 of members being states parties to the Rome Statute, sharing a wide institutional network and having 274 millions of people speaking a common language. The IOF, in spite of its imperfections, is equally legitimate and has the capacity to provide fresh momentum for the Rome Statute implementation process.To overcome the shortcomings of the present system of Francophonie, this dissertation particularly insists on the need or the importance to create in member’s states authorities or departments in order to mobilize and involve actors or partners to the implementation of the Rome Statute
30
Macêdo, Martina Bolz de Jesus. "Der Stand der Demokratisierung und der Herausbildung einer Zivilgesellschaft in Ägypten am Beispiel des Diskurses über die autochthone christliche Minderheit der Kopten." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16017.
Abstract:
Die Meinungen über die Chancen einer Demokratisierung im Nahen und Mittleren Osten sind geteilt. Diese Arbeit versucht für Ägypten eine Einschätzung zu geben. Als bevölkerungsreichstes und eines der politisch bedeutsamsten Länder der Region könnte es eine Vorbildfunktion einnehmen. Die Dissertation untersucht an einem Fallbeispiel, den Ausschreitungen zwischen Muslimen und Christen in einem oberägyptischen Dorf 1999/ 2000, in welcher Form und in welchem Ausmaß sich staatliche Akteure, religiöse Institutionen und die Bürger zum heiklen Thema der Gefährdung der Rechte von Minderheiten im öffentlichen Diskurs zu Wort melden und dabei das Kriterium des Pluralismus, im Sinne von Toleranz und Ablehnung von Gewalt, erfüllen. Pessimistische Stimmen versagen dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten insbesondere wegen der dort vorherrschenden Religion eine Reformierbarkeit der politischen Kultur und stigmatisieren den Islam als Demokratisierungshindernis. Diese Arbeit beobachtet jedoch, dass es empirisch bereits einige Merkmale gibt, die auf eine Zunahme von Pluralismus in der ägyptischen Gesellschaft hindeuten. Sie zeigt die Anzeichen für die Herausbildung einer freien Öffentlichkeit und einer Zivilgesellschaft auf, die langfristig auf die Konsolidierung von Demokratie und nicht auf deren Zerstörung hinarbeitet. Gleichzeitig ist diese Arbeit eine Art in Szene gesetztes, lebendiges „Who is who?“ der gegenwärtigen Minderheiten- und Menschenrechtsbewegung in Ägypten. 1The current status of democratization and civil society development in Egypt through the example of the discourse on the indigenous Christian minority of the Copts. Opinions regarding the chances of democratization in the Middle East are divided. The thesis attempts to give an evaluation in the case of Egypt. As the most populous and one of the politically most influencing countries of that region Egypt could take the function of a role model. The dissertation investigates, on the basis of a case study – the clashes between Muslims and Christians in an Upper Egyptian village in 1999/ 2000 - in what form and to what extent state actors, religious institutions and citizens take a stand in public discourse on the sensitive issue of endangering the rights of minorities and thereby meet the criteria of pluralism in the sense of tolerance and rejection of violence. Pessimistic voices deny the Middle East a reformability of its political culture particularly with regard to the predominating religion there and stigmatize Islam as an obstacle to democratization. This study however, shows empirically that there are already some indications that point towards an increase of pluralism in Egyptian society and towards the development of a free public sphere and a civil society that in the long term can lead to the consolidation of democracy and not to its destruction. At the same time this study is a kind of status report and “Who’s who?” of the current minority – and human rights movement in Egypt.
31
He, Ting-Hsuan, and 何亭萱. "A Study on the Third Parties’ Rights against the Liability Insurers." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44128160885079353295.
Abstract:
碩士銘傳大學
法律學系碩士班
103
Liability insurance originated in the 19th century and has evolved its function from the protection for the insured as a wrongdoer in the initial stage to the protection for the third party victim. The function of liability insurance has developed to cover both loss indemnity and right-protection.Liability insurance increasingly developed, so the issues related to it also becomes important. This paper discusses direct action of third party in liability insurance, and its purpose is to protect the victims of a third person. The major content of this paper begins with the significance, development and function of the liability insurance, right now direct request of developing countries and legislations. Then article 94-2 of the Insurance Act providing for indemnification through right of claim on insurer’s by third persons injured in consequence of illegal acts by the insured, permitting direct claims to be made on the insurer for compensation. Because the nature of the right to directly request undetermined, creating difficulties on the interpretation of applicable and doubts, for example：the insurer was not the sole property of the insured against claims by third parties against ,the liability insured and the injured third party, and exposit how to handle the conflict between the right of the liability insured’s payment claim and the injured third party’s direct action, extinctive prescription,concurrent negligence, counteract of profit and loss etc. Furthermore, it is important to inspect the imperfection of the current laws and regulations of the injured third party’s direct action in Taiwan, and achieving a more perfect direct action statute system.
32
Saldin, Robert Patrick. "War and American political development : parties, state building, and democratic rights policy /." 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3294788.
33
Kozin, Vladimir, and 郭勁安. "rights and obligations of parties under sale contract in Russian Civil Law." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99930285136788297261.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
94
This thesis focusses on the provisions of Russian civil law which govern all forms of contracts and contractual obligations. In the thesis a reference to the development of the new Russian civil law will be given as well as a final comparison between the Russian provisions for contracts and the contract law of Taiwan.
34
Dutkowsky, Monique Renée. "Institutions, third-parties and water markets an analysis of the role of water rights, the no-injury rule, and Water Code 386 on water markets in California counties /." 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/dutkowsky/DutkowskyM0509.pdf.
35
GAO, DAN, and 高丹. "A Comparative Research about the Rights and Duties of the Parties in the Modern Law of Trusts." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8h58a6.
Abstract:
博士輔仁大學
法律學系
106
Abstract A Comparative Research about the Rights and Duties of the Partners in the Modern Law of Trusts By Gao，Dan Trust is a relationship whereby property is managed by one person for the benefit of another. Trust property is the essence of a trust and ought to be separated from the properties of the settlor, the trustee, and the beneficiary. Germany, Great Britain, France, Taiwan and Mainland China have been enacted the modern law of trusts. The law of trusts in Taiwan and Mainland China are expected to correct the distortions of trusts in practice and the legal problems about the systems of civil law. This paper has six chapters in total. Chapter One, Introduction, presents the rationale, objectives, methodology, scope and expectation of the research. Chapter Two, Introduction about the development of the roman law of the ownership and fiducia .Chapter Three, the Concept of trust law, begins with the development of legal system in the United Kingdom ,Germany and France. And then discusses the relationship involved in a trust. As the trust system originated in roman law. The system of the common law and civil law are different in many aspects, this chapter also discusses the definition, characteristics, relationship, rights, duties and obligation in civil law and common law and compare the implication of the modern law of trusts in the foreign countries. Chapter Four, Analysis about the legal regulations of the modern law of trusts in Taiwan and Mainland China. The chapter discusses the definition, characteristics, relationship, rights, duties and obligation of trusts in Taiwan and Mainland China. Chapter Five, Analysis about the legal problem of the modern law of trusts in Taiwan and Mainland China. It provides also the opinions about the law of trusts in Mainland China. Chapter Six, Conclusion, is about the suggestions for further research on the modern law of trusts amendment in the future. Keywords: Settlor, Trustee, Beneficiary, Trust Property, Management of Trusts, Right of Trusts, Duty of Trusts, Obligation of Trusts
36
GIANNAKOPOULOS, Themistoklis K. "Rights and obligations of private parties in antitrust, merger, anti-dumping anti-subsidies and state aid cases." Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4637.
Abstract:
Defence date: 11 September 2000Examining board: Claus-Dieter Ehlermann (supervisor) ; Bruno De Witte ; Joseph Gilchrist ; Jacques Ziller
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
37
Chou, Szu-Ting, and 周似亭. "The Change and Impact on Marine Insurance Contracting Parties' Rights and Obligations of the UK Insurance Act 2015." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gzpcz8.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
106
The proposal of UK Insurance Act 2015 comes into force in August 2016. It can be said that the biggest change in the UK insurance law in the past 100 years. Because of the international status of the UK insurance law, the scope of influence will not be limited to English law, but will be extended to relevant laws of Taiwan and international law. Therefore, the proposal and implementation of UK Insurance Act 2015 has also become a topic of major concern among countries in the world. The Insurance Act 2015, amended the main focus is “The Duty of Fair Presentation” ,”Warranties” and “Insurance Fraud”. The content of the law was first amended the Duty of Fair Presentation and warranties, appropriate to reduce the responsibility of the insured and added remedial measures of violation. Providing remediation opportunity for party who violates the insurance contract and let the insurance contract can be continue after it was violated. In addition, insurance fraud is the new specification for Insurance Act 2015,and given the basis of law for their rights when they suffering from insurance fraud. This study will collect domestic and foreign literature, amending the law reports, court decisions and related journal articles. Firstly, analysis of the different between the UK Insurance Act 2015 and Marine Insurance Act 1906, understanding the changes and impacts on marine insurance contract parties' rights and obligations of the UK Insurance Act 2015. Then compare the relevant norms and practical disputes of Taiwan's current insurance law, and understand the lack of relevant laws and regulations in Taiwan. It is hoped that through the conclusions of this study, relevant suggestions for the practice of Taiwan's insurance law and the revision of the future insurance law. Keywords：Insurance Act 2015、Marine Insurance、The Duty of Fair Presentation、Warranties、Insurance Fraud
38
Afonso, Sara Alexandra Gonçalves. ""The problem of having" and the embargoes of third parties The problems in the promissory contract." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85938.
Abstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoA presente investigação versa sobre os embargos de terceiro. Previstos no artigo 342.º e seguintes do CPC, são um incidente de instância contra a penhora ou qualquer ato judicial de apreensão ou entrega de bens.Os embargos de terceiro têm como fundamento, desde o Decreto-Lei n.º 329-A/95, de 12 de Dezembro, a posse e qualquer direito incompatível. Atendendo ao plano jurídico, tornou-se necessário uma prévia exposição do enquadramento jurídico, ou seja, da ação executiva, no Capítulo I. Posteriormente, a explanação da tramitação dos embargos (Capítulo II) e, por último, a análise dos fundamentos, no Capítulo III. Contudo, face a divergências doutrinais e jurisprudenciais, a nossa problemática sob análise é o “o poder do ter” do promitente-comprador. Ora, importa, naturalmente, saber qual o efetivo “poder do ter” do promitente-comprador e se é possível de tutela, perante uma penhora ou apreensão do bem prometido, no âmbito de uma ação executiva contra o promitente-comprador.Desta forma, tendo em especial consideração o contrato-promessa de compra e venda de imóvel para fins habitacionais, o promitente-comprador será considerado possuidor (ou mero detentor) ou titular de um direito incompatível (ou titular de um direito compatível), conforme o caso concreto, e consequentemente os embargos serão julgados admissíveis (ou não).&A presente investigação versa sobre os embargos de terceiro. Previstos no artigo 342.º e seguintes do CPC, são um incidente de instância contra a penhora ou qualquer ato judicial de apreensão ou entrega de bens.Os embargos de terceiro têm como fundamento, desde o Decreto-Lei n.º 329-A/95, de 12 de Dezembro, a posse e qualquer direito incompatível. Atendendo ao plano jurídico, tornou-se necessário uma prévia exposição do enquadramento jurídico, ou seja, da ação executiva, no Capítulo I. Posteriormente, a explanação da tramitação dos embargos (Capítulo II) e, por último, a análise dos fundamentos, no Capítulo III. Contudo, face a divergências doutrinais e jurisprudenciais, a nossa problemática sob análise é o “o poder do ter” do promitente-comprador. Ora, importa, naturalmente, saber qual o efetivo “poder do ter” do promitente-comprador e se é possível de tutela, perante uma penhora ou apreensão do bem prometido, no âmbito de uma ação executiva contra o promitente-comprador.Desta forma, tendo em especial consideração o contrato-promessa de compra e venda de imóvel para fins habitacionais, o promitente-comprador será considerado possuidor (ou mero detentor) ou titular de um direito incompatível (ou titular de um direito compatível), conforme o caso concreto, e consequentemente os embargos serão julgados admissíveis (ou não).
The present investigation deals with the third party embargoes. Provided in Article 342 et seq. of the Civil Procedure Code, they are an instance incident against any attachment or any judicial act of seizure or delivery of goods. The third party embargoes are based, since the Decree-Law no. 329-A/95, 12th of december, on the possession and other incompatible right.In the view of the legal situation, it was necessary to give a preliminary overview of the legal framework, that is, of executive action, in Chapter I. Subsequently, the explanation of the procedure for the embargoes (Chapter II) and, finally, the analysis of the Chapter III. However, faced with doctrinal and jurisprudential divergences, our problematic under analysis is the "power of having" of the promising buyer. Of course, it is important to know the actual power of the buyer and whether it is possible to guard against an attachment or seizure of the property promised in the context of an enforcement action against the buyer. Therefore, taking particularly into account the promissory agreement for the purchase and sale of immovable property, the promising buyer will be considered as a possessor (or a mere holder) or holder of an incompatible right (or holder of a compatible right), according to the case, and consequently the embargoes will be deemed admissible (or not).&The present investigation deals with the third party embargoes. Provided in Article 342 et seq. of the Civil Procedure Code, they are an instance incident against any attachment or any judicial act of seizure or delivery of goods. The third party embargoes are based, since the Decree-Law no. 329-A/95, 12th of december, on the possession and other incompatible right.In the view of the legal situation, it was necessary to give a preliminary overview of the legal framework, that is, of executive action, in Chapter I. Subsequently, the explanation of the procedure for the embargoes (Chapter II) and, finally, the analysis of the Chapter III. However, faced with doctrinal and jurisprudential divergences, our problematic under analysis is the "power of having" of the promising buyer. Of course, it is important to know the actual power of the buyer and whether it is possible to guard against an attachment or seizure of the property promised in the context of an enforcement action against the buyer. Therefore, taking particularly into account the promissory agreement for the purchase and sale of immovable property, the promising buyer will be considered as a possessor (or a mere holder) or holder of an incompatible right (or holder of a compatible right), according to the case, and consequently the embargoes will be deemed admissible (or not).
39
何震謙. "The Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Rental Housing Contract Parties－Rental Housing Market Development and Regulation Act." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mt2yy2.
Abstract:
碩士國立中正大學
法律系研究所
107
"Housing" is not only the material requirement of people’s life, but the psychological needs of safety, privacy, personality development, and dignity maintenance. Its importance is self-evident. Housing disputes have constantly occurred in Taiwan and it’s the main reason that triggers social groups to urge the Government to implement housing-related policies. To deal with the disputes, the Government has adjusted the previous unsatisfying housing policy and hopes to solve the housing problem and protect housing rights and interests through a robust rental housing market. Thus, this study will discuss the contribution of “Rental Housing Market Development and Regulation Act“ passed by Legislative Yuan in December 2017 to the protection of housing right, including whether it resolves the problems of the old Rental housing legal system and other issues that may occur because of the new Act. In addition, it will introduce German rental housing legal system and compare with Taiwan‘s, aiming to improve the Rental housing legal system and protect the housing rights and interests. In general, the new Act engages in protecting the rights of the lease parties and establishing a management system for the rental housing service industry to protect people’s housing right, however, from the details of the Act, including the deregulation of rents and the tax incentives, it can be found that the legislative policy still encourages the development of rental housing service industry by reducing the cost of rental housing transactions. It’s a pity that the policy, different from the German legal system, protecting people’s housing right through the development of free market economy, actually reduces its effect. As for the applicability of the Act in practice and the effect of the rental housing market development, they still need to be observed because the new Act has not been implemented for long.
40
Nedelcheva, Stella. "Le droit au juge dans l'Union européenne." Thesis, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0001.
Abstract:
Le constat selon lequel le droit au juge au profit des personnes physiques et morales est un élément de l’État de droit, et donc de l’Union de droit, constitue le point de départ de l’étude du droit au juge dans l’Union européenne. Sur le plan de l’effectivité de la protection juridictionnelle des droits que les particuliers tirent de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, on ne peut que constater que celle-ci est profondément conditionnée par les voies de droit ouvertes aux individus dans les ordres juridiques nationaux.L’examen du droit au juge devant les juridictions nationales démontre que l’ordre juridique de l’Union a réussi à leur imposer les prémisses d’un véritable droit processuel de l’Union. Concernant la capacité des juridictions de l’Union à assurer le droit au juge des particuliers, il est permis de soutenir que les limitations originaires de ce dernier ont, en partie, été comblées par l’entrée en vigueur du Traité de Lisbonne, qui a réduit le déficit juridictionnel dans le cadre de l’Union par la mise en place d’une juridictionnalisation accrue, une meilleure accessibilité à certaines voies de recours et l’inscription de garanties complémentaires, notamment en ce qui concerne le respect du droit à un procès équitable. Le postulat selon lequel l’Union européenne dispose d’un système complet et effectif de protection des droits des particuliers, s’il n’est pas exempt de critiques, tend néanmoins à se confirmer.Telle est l’ambition de cette recherche qui s’ordonne selon une structure bipartite : la protection juridictionnelle devant les juridictions nationales ; la protection juridictionnelle devant les juridictions de l’Union européenneThe finding that the right to an effective judicial protection for the benefit of natural and legal persons is an element of the rule of law, and thus the Union of law, is the starting point of the study to the effective judicial protection in the European Union. In terms of effectiveness of the judicial protection of rights, which individuals derive from the legal order of the Union, it has been established that this latter is deeply conditioned by the remedies offered to individuals in the national legal systems. The review of judicial protection before the national courts demonstrates that the legal order of the European Union has managed to impose national courts the beginnings of a real procedural law of the Union. Concerning the ability of the European Union courts to ensure the right to an effective judicial protection of individuals, it is permitted to argue that the original limitations to the judicial protection have, in part, been addressed by the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, which reduced the judicial deficit through the Union by the extension of the jurisdiction of the courts, the improvement of the accessibility to certain remedies before the courts of the Union and the inclusion of additional safeguards, especially concerning the right to a fair trial. The assumption that the European Union has a complete and effective system of judicial protection of individual rights, which is not always free from criticisms, nevertheless, tends to confirm. This is the ambition of this research, which is organized in a bipartite structure: the judicial protection before the national courts ; the judicial protection before the courts of the European Union
41
Hung, Hui-Ling, and 洪彗玲. "Functional Developments of the Human Rights Committee: With a Special Focus on Its Interactions with the State Parties in East Asia." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90493148490145240568.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
100
Since the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (hereafter “the ICCPR”) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereafter “the ICESCR”) came into force in 1976, it took 34 years for the Legislative Yuan of Republic of China to finally ratify the two Covenants in March 2009, and legislate the Act to Implement the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economics, Social and Cultural Rights. Both of the Covenants came into force on December 2009. Also, initial report of Republic of China has been submitted in April 2012, and the NGOs immediately submitted shadow reports in the very next month. It is obvious that the future of our domestic human rights law is connected to both of the ICCPR and the ICESCR. Therefore for us to implement the Covenants, it is necessary to focus on the functional developments of Human Rights Committee (hereafter “the Committee”), and the suggestions which the Committee gave to the State Parties. This thesis will first look into the provisions of the ICCPR concerning the Committee, then observing the functional developments of the Committee until now. By analyzing the three instruments made by the Committee, which are concluding observation, general comment, and the consideration of the communication, this thesis would like to pinpoint that the functions of the ICCPR has been expanded as time passed. The attitude of the Committee has been reconstructed from passive toward active and ever dynamic. Also, this thesis would like to divide the functional developments of the Committee into three periods to tell the transition of the Committee. Moreover, by pinpointing the feature of each period, this thesis would like to prove that the Committee is knowingly expanding its functions through each period. Since Taiwan cannot submit the initial report to the Committee, and can never receive an official concluding observation from the Committee, it is significant to look into the interactions between the Committee and the State Parties as implications. This thesis would like to focus on the interactions between the Committee and the State Parties in East Asia for the similarity to Taiwan in history, culture, and legislation. First, this thesis would like to find the differences between the suggestions made by the Committee under each functional development period; also, to conclude the common issues, and the common developing trend between each State Parties in East Asia. Last but not least, this thesis would find that the more active the Committee is, the more positive the State Parties in East Asia would be in responding suggestions in concluding observations. The last part of this thesis would focus on the initial report of Taiwan. First, introduce the initial report and the shadow report, and compare the differences between them. Then, based on the conclusion of the common parts of the interactions between the State Parties in East Asia and the Committee, pinpoint the parts of the initial reports which would fulfill the requirements of the Committee, and the parts which needs to be proved, and shed some implications to the implementation of the ICCPR in Taiwan.
42
Mota, Filipa Mota e. Costa Moreira da. "The guarantee of the data subject rights within data sharing with third parties : comparative analyses under the scope of the GDPR and the LED." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33704.
Abstract:
This dissertation sets its objective into the analyze of the data sharing with third parties and the guarantee of the data subject rights in the perspective of the Data Protection Regulation and the Directive 2016/680. In this analyzes the responsible for the data sharing will be a private company and the third parties, the competent authorities, in particular the judicial authorities. We will start by analyzing, in a comparative perspective, the rights in the regime of the Data Protection Regulation and the Directive 2016/608, in this context we will analyze the data sharing between private companies and the judicial authorities defining which law will regulate, and at what stage, this sharing. Finally, we will analyze the point of confrontation of the two regimes in the scope of the rights, emphasizing the right of access and the fundamental role that it occupies in this problem.A presente dissertação tem como objetivo a análise da partilha de dados com terceiros e a garantia dos direitos na perspectiva do Regulamento de Proteção de Dados e na Diretiva 2016/608. Nesta análise o responsável pela partilha de dados configura a figura da empresa privada e os terceiros, as autoridades competentes, em específico, as autoridades judiciais. Iremos começar por analisar, numa perspectiva comparada, os direitos no regime do Regulamento de Proteção de Dados e da Diretiva 2016/680, nesse âmbito vamos partir para a análise da partilha de dados entre as empresas privadas e as autoridades judicias definindo qual a lei que regula, e em que fase, esta partilha. Por último, iremos analisar o ponto de confronto dos dois regimes no âmbito dos direitos desta partilha, dando ênfase ao direito de acesso e ao papel fundamental que ocupa nesta problemática.
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Hsieh, Hsing-Jung, and 謝幸容. "The Implementation of Convention on the Rights of the Child in East Asia: With a Special Focus on State Parties Reports and Concluding Observations." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89597534890133898961.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
101
Children’s rights is a novel concept in the twentieth century. From Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1924, United Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1959 to Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter “the Convention”) which was adopted in 1989 and came into force in 1990, the development of children’s rights has peaked among the international human rights laws. Given that the Convention has come into force for more than twenty years, this thesis will focus on the features of the Convention and its implementation, with expectation that the experience of the State Parties and the Committee on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter “the Committee”) shall serve as an inspiration for Taiwan. The comparative study will be conducted in East Asia, which includes Republic of Korea, Japan, China and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, because these countries and Taiwan share similarity in Confucianism tradition and may be in conflict with the Convention. Accordingly, this thesis will begin with the State Parties Reports submitted by these East Asian countries as well as the concluding observations made by the Committee, in order to analyze the features of the Convention and its implementation in East Asia. Finally, based on such State Parties Reports and the concluding observations, this thesis will examine our domestic legislations concerning children. Firstly, this thesis will introduce the historical development of children’s rights in international human rights treaties, the conclusion of the Convention and its contents. Besides, this thesis will discuss the institution and operations of the Committee and analyze its role in interpreting the Convention. Secondly, by looking into the State Parties Reports and the concluding observations, this thesis concludes the common issues which have drawn much attention. The common issues can be divided into two categories: “General measures of implementation issues” and “Substantial rights issues”. This thesis concludes that the general measures of implementation issues include “National Plan of Action and Coordination”, “Independent monitoring institutions”, and “Dissemination of Convention and Training for professionals”, and the substantial rights issues cover “Minority children”, “Violence toward Children ”, “Adoption”, “Juvenile justice” and “The right of express views”. In addition, this thesis categorizes the State Parties in East Asia by referring to the Human Development Index and concludes separate substantial rights issues. Last but not least, by analyzing the common issues of State Parties in East Asia, this thesis points out the current implementation features of Convention on the rights of the Children in East Asia. The last part of this thesis will explore the legal framework of children’s rights in Taiwan. First of all, it introduces the current status of the Convention in Taiwan. Then, it reviews the development of our domestic legislations concerning children. Finally, by referring to the suggestions on common issues made in the concluding observations provided by the Committee, this thesis examines whether our domestic legislations meet the standard of the Convention.
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Burlone, Hadrien. "Vingt ans après l'arrêt Harper: l'évolution constitutionnelle du plafonnement des dépenses électorales des tierces parties." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25641.
Abstract:
Ce mémoire cherche à déterminer si la logique de la majorité de la Cour suprême dans l’arrêt Harper c. Canada (Procureur général) demeure valide aujourd’hui, près de deux décennies après que cet arrêt, qui avalise le régime de plafonnement des dépenses électorales des tierces parties, ait été rendu. À cette fin, le régime de plafonnement prévu par la Loi électorale du Canada est examiné en détail, de même que les motifs de la majorité. Ces préliminaires achevés, le cœur de l’analyse est entamé. Trois phénomènes sont étudiés pour déterminer si le raisonnement de la majorité dans Harper doit être remis ou non en question : l’avènement d’une dynamique de « campagne permanente », la monté des technologies de l’information et le déclin des partis politiques. Il est conclu que la logique déployée dans l’arrêt Harper demeure valide, mais qu’elle appelle certains changements à la Loi électorale actuelle. À cet effet, les plafonds préélectoraux des tiers devraient être éliminés et l’usage de sites internet personnels ou de compte de médias sociaux devrait être assujetti à un régime de plafonnement.This work seeks to determine whether the reasoning of the Supreme Court majority in Harper v. Canada (Attorney General), which validates third parties’ spending limits during the election period,still avails almost two decades after being rendered. The limits on third parties' spending as established by the Canada Election Act are examined in detail. The majority’s reasons are also discussed at length. Then, the core analysis begins. Three new social phenomena are examined to determine whether the Court’s reasoning in Harper should be called into question. These phenomena are: the advent of a “permanent campaign” in Canada, the rise of new information technologies and the decline of political parties. It is concluded that Harper’s logic remains highly compelling, though it may entail some modifications to the current electoral law, such as the abolition of pre-electoral spending limits and the application of some form of limitation to electoral spending regarding personal web sites and social media account.
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Wołk, Grzegorz. "Konfederacja Polski Niepodległej : studium funkcjonowania opozycyjnej partii politycznej w realiach Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej." Praca doktorska, 2020. https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/279703.
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"Der Vertrag zugunsten Dritter im englischen common law : das mit der privity of contract einhergehende Verbot des Vertrages zugunsten Dritter unter Berücksichtigung des contracts (rights of third parties) act 1999 und seine Auswirkungen auf die bestehende Rechtslage /." Frankfurt, M ; Berlin ; Bern ; Bruxelles ; New York, NY ; Oxford ; Wien : Lang, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994294700/04.
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Chlantová, Anna-Marie. "Vybrané otázky právní úpravy politických stran v ČR a SRN." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-405628.
Abstract:
The content of the presented thesis is the introduction of selected institutes of the laws on political parties and their enactment in the Czech Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. The thesis is divided into two chapters. The first addresses the fundamental questions of the legal regulations on political parties in both countries. The second deals with the funding of political parties. Because this is a comparative thesis, individual legal regulations are always introduced in the first two subchapters. The third subchapter compares the most significant institutes and their possible use in the Czech law is proposed. The main points of the first chapter are especially the process of political party creation, the comparison of anchored attributes of a democracy capable of defence in the laws and last but not least also the contemplation of the possible expansion of the addressees of the right to form and join political parties and political movements, pursuant to Article 20 par. 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, also to foreigners staying in the Czech Republic for a long time. The second chapter of this thesis deals with the current topic that has been a part of political life since its beginning - the funding of political parties. Both compared countries have gone through...
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Ramaphoko, Mapiti Piet. "The balance between the principle of pacta sunt servanda and section 22 of the Constitution in a restraint of trade agreement / Mapiti Piet Ramaphoko." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11952.
Abstract:
The focus of this discussion is whether there is still the need to enforce the restraint of trade agreements in their pre-Constitutional form. The dawn of the constitutional era has necessitated a re-examination of common law with a view to establishing whether the balance created by the latter (regarding this field) still exists.
The Bill of Rights has obviously raised some doubts regarding the equilibrium desired between employer and employee interests. Section 22 of the Constitution is to the effect that everyone must be free to secure employment (as a fundamental right), whereas the common law restraint of trade agreements impose some bars to the operation of the said right.
It is common course that the Constitution is more superior to common law, what remains a debateable issue is whether there are any reasonable limits that must be considered to justify the disregard of the Constitution. Serious arguments around the direct and indirect application of the Bill of Rights still persist and failure to resolve them would have the effect of excluding or weakening the application of the Bill to disputes arising in this field.
In common law the enforcement of restraint agreements is sine qua non for the greater good of protecting the sanctity of contracts. Contractual obligations must be fulfilled unless it would be unreasonable to enforce same.
The question of the onus to prove unreasonableness, which lies with the employee, turns to place an onerous burden on the employee. This coupled with the employee’s weaker bargaining power raises doubts as to whether the employee is in a better position to conclude a restraint of trade agreement. Common law does not consider or accommodate this concern in that its main object is the fulfilment of the agreement.
It is believed that the Constitution has ushered in a new approach which focuses mainly on the fairness of the agreement itself. The enforcement of the agreement must pass the constitutional muster built in section 22 in order to ensure that there is equilibrium between the employer (the restrainor) and employee (the restrainee) interests.
In the end this discussion explores whether it is justifiable to subject the Right to work (as provided by the Constitution) to the common law restraint which is opposed to the constitutional right. The circumstances under which the exclusion of section 22 is condonable are interrogated within the framework of conflicting case law.LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Schneebergerová, Martina. "Řízení o rozpuštění politické strany - zkušenosti z české i zahraniční praxe." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327498.
Abstract:
Thesis deals with the issue of dissolution of political parties. States should recognise that everyone has the right to associate freely in political parties. As a particularly far-reaching measure, enforced dissolution of political party may only be justified in the case of party that advocates the use of violence as a political means to overthrow the democratic constitutional order, thereby undermining the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution. The dissolution of a political party is an exceptional measure in a democratic society and should be govern by the principle of proportionality. Apart from Czech legislation and recent judicial cases, this thesis is focused on Slovak and German experience with political party ban. Relevant decisions of European Court of Human Rights are introduced as well. In the first chapter the term "political party" is defined. Essential role of the political parties in parliamentary democracy as well as its extraordinary status among associations is emphasized. This part of thesis discusses situations when state can interfere with freedom of association or freedom of speech. Legally defined reasons for the dissolution of political parties are explained. These legal reasons are defined by criteria abstractly formulated, therefore a statutory interpretation...
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Грігор'янц, Галина Ігорівна, Галина Игоревна Григорьянц, and Galina I. Grigoriants. "Піратство як порушення авторських і суміжних прав в мережі Інтернет." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/6365.
Abstract:
Грігор'янц Г.І. Піратство як порушення авторських і суміжних прав в мережі Інтернет: дис. ... канд. юрид. наук: 12.00.03 / Грігор'янц Галина Ігорівна. - Одеса, 2016. - 195 с.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.03 - цивільне право і цивільний процес; сімейне право; міжнародне приватне право. - Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Одеса, 2016. Дисертація присвячена дослідженню піратства як порушення авторських і суміжних прав у мережі Інтернет. Визначено поняття, ознаки та сутність піратства, проаналізовано причини появи сучасного типу піратства (ІТ- піратства). Висвітлено основні види піратства, проаналізовано співвідношення піратства і контрафакції та визначено риси, якими вони відрізняються. Досліджено вплив інформаційного суспільства на появу та поширення піратства в мережі Інтернет в Україні. Вперше на рівні дисертаційного дослідження визначено специфічні риси та поняття піратства в мережі Інтернет. Проаналізовано діяльність піратських партій та рухів, висвітлені основні завдання та функції їх діяльності. Розкрито ставлення до піратства в мережі Інтернет з боку суспільства. Визначено основні способи захисту та охорони авторських і суміжних прав від піратства в мережі Інтернет в Україні та проблемні питання у зазначеній сфері. Проаналізовано досвід зарубіжних країн у сфері захисту об’єктів авторського права і суміжних прав від піратства в мережі Інтернет. Розглянуто способи гармонізації інтересів творців та (або) правоволодільців з інтересами суспільства та держави. Запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення законодавства про захист та охорону об’єктів авторського права і суміжних прав в мережі Інтернет.
Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.03 - гражданское право и гражданский процесс; семейное право; международное частное право. - Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия», Одесса, 2016. Диссертация является специальным комплексным исследованием пиратства как нарушения авторских и смежных прав в сети Интернет. Исследовано позитивное и негативное влияние процессов глобализации и научно-технического прогресса на отношения, возникающие в связи с созданием, использованием и распространением объектов авторского права и смежных прав. Сформулировано определение пиратства в авторском праве и смежных правах, выделены его основные признаки. Проанализированы основные причины появления нового вида пиратства (ІТ-пиратства), выделены его отличительные признаки. Раскрыто соотношение пиратства и контрафакции, определены основные отличительные черты данных правонарушений. Исследовано влияние информационного общества на появление и распространение пиратства в сети Интернет. Выделено два противоположных подхода к восприятию пиратства в сети Интернет в современном обществе (позитивный, негативный). Впервые на уровне диссертационного исследования определены специфические черты пиратства в сети Интернет, такие как: восприятие пользователями пиратства в сети Интернет как позитивного и закономерного явления; отсутствие территориальных пределов пиратской деятельности; использование новейших технологических достижений при осуществлении такой деятельности; невозможность контроля со стороны государства за всеми нарушениями прав творцов в сети Интернет; низкая стоимость электронных экземпляров. Проанализирована деятельность пиратских партий и движений, раскрыты их основные задачи и функции. Проанализирован опыт зарубежных стран в сфере охраны объектов авторского права и смежных прав от пиратства в сети Интернет. На основании анализа законодательства отдельных зарубежных стран выделено три подхода к определению правового статуса провайдера в зависимости от их полномочий в сфере осуществления контроля за соблюдением авторских и смежных прав в сети Интернет: расширенный; ограниченный; узкий. Раскрыты основные способы охраны авторских и смежных прав от пиратства в сети Интернет в Украине: законодательные, экономические, политические, социальные, технологические, идеологические и организационные. Предложены способы решения проблем гармонизации интересов авторов и (или) правообладателей и пользователей, которые разделены на две категории: традиционные - способы, которые в настоящее время уже используются в отношениях с пользователями и нуждаются в расширении практики их использования (уменьшение стоимости лицензионной продукции, предварительное ознакомление с продукцией, предоставление информационных преимуществ и др.); новые - способы, которые появились относительно недавно и пока еще не распространены среди авторов и (или) правообладателей (краудфандинг, сбор средств за счет рекламы, сопровождающей продукт, сбор роялти за использование произведений в сети Интернет и др.). Предложены пути совершенствования охраны объектов авторского права и смежных прав в сети Интернет. Доказана необходимость использования наряду с законодательными и организационными специальных способов охраны авторских и смежных прав, предшествующих совершению правонарушения (образовательные, идеологические, психологические меры воздействия на общество). Для предупреждения пиратских действий в сети Интернет, предлагается использовать метод авторизации через Интернет, лицензионные соглашения, цифровые водяные знаки, программные методы охраны (шифровка и запутывание программного кода). Эти же приемы могут быть использованы для упрощения процесса доказывания в суде. Сформулированы предложения по усовершенствованию правового регулирования отношений в сфере охраны авторских и смежных прав.
The thesis for the degree of a candidate of legal sciences, speciality 12.00.03 - Civil Law and Civil Procedure; Family Law; International Private Law. - National University «Odessa Law Academy», Odessa, 2016. The dissertation is devoted to the investigation of piracy as an offense of copyright and related rights on the Internet. The concept, features and nature of piracy were defined, the causes of emergence of the modern type of piracy (IT piracy) were analyzed. The main types of piracy were highlighted, the correlation of piracy and counterfeiting were analyzed and the main distinguishing features of these offenses were defined. The effect of information society on the emergence and spread of piracy on the Internet was researched. For the first time at the level of dissertation research specific features and the concept of piracy on the Internet were determined. The activities of pirate parties and movements were analyzed, main tasks and functions of their activity were highlighted. The attitude to piracy on the Internet by the society was revealed. The basic methods of defense and protection of copyright and related rights from piracy on the Internet were defined. The experience of foreign countries in the sphere of defense of objects of copyright and related rights from piracy on the Internet was analyzed. The ways of harmonization of interests of creators and (or) right holders with the interests of the society and the state were examined. The ways of improvement of the legislation on protection of objects of copyright and related rights on the Internet were introduced.