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1
Mager, Mary. "Improving the Resolution of Sputter-coated Films." Microscopy Today 8, no. 2 (March 2000): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500057448.
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After an inquiry from the Microscopy Listserver, I went back to my 1980 copy of Scanning Electron Microscopy, volume I. Several authors had investigated the structure of thin metal films by depositing the films onto carbon-film-covered TEM grids and imaging the films at high magnification. There were several proposals for new devices that have since become standards for high-resolution coaters, but the Listserver inquiry was for a fine conducting film suitabie for high-resolution SEM from an existing sputter coater.There were several factors studied that influenced the fine structure of the films. The first was the materials sputtered: for a given set of conditions of voltage, current and time, platinum gave the finest film, 60% gold-40% palladium (Au/Pd) the next finest and pure gold the least fine.
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Wang, Yong, Chengyi Zhu, Guangqiang Li, Yulong Liu, and Yu Liu. "Influence of Nb Content on Precipitation, Grain Microstructure, Texture and Magnetic Properties of Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 5581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235581.
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The effects of Nb content on precipitation, microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of primary recrystallized grain-oriented silicon steel were investigated by various methods. The results show that the precipitates in primary recrystallized sheets are mainly MnS, Nb(C,N), composite precipitates of MnS and AlN, and composite precipitates of Nb(C,N) and AlN. Adding niobium could refine the primary recrystallized microstructure. The steel with 0.009 wt% Nb possesses the finest and the most dispersed precipitates, which contributes to the finest primary recrystallized microstructure due to the strong pinning force. Adding niobium is beneficial to obtain large volume fraction favorable texture for grain-oriented silicon steel, and the effect of Nb addition is not obvious when the content is higher than 0.009 wt%. After final annealing, the steel with 0.009 wt% Nb shows the best magnetic properties, B800 = 1.872 T, P1.7/50 = 1.25 W/kg.
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Adlim, Adlim, and Mohamad Abu Bakar. "PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN-GOLD NANOPARTICLES: PART 1 (OF 2). EFFECT OF REDUCING TECHNIQUE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (June 17, 2010): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21621.
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Chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous formic acid, citric, or acetic acid with and without chitosan as the stabilizer. Refluxing in methanol, addition of hydrazine or sodium borohydride, photo-irradiation were employed as the reducing agents & reduction technique of gold ions. Dispersed particles of chitosan-stabilized gold were obtained in aqueous acetic acid-methanol solution. The chitosan-stabilized gold colloids (chi-Au) were dispersed and the particle size were in range of 9-30 nm, some of which were crystalline with various shapes. Chi-Au prepared with hydrazine as the reducing agent resulted in large and aggregated particles. The finest and dispersed chi-Au particles were obtained if NaBH4 was used as the reducing agent and the diameters could be controlled within 2.2-2.3 nm. Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, chitosan, size control
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Mohammadjafar Hadad. "Some Experimental Aspects of Grinding Soft Steel Under Different Machining Conditions." Engineering Science & Technology 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37256/est.11202040.
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In this study, the effects of dressing parameters, wheel topography and machining environment on grinding performance of soft steel are investigated. To generate different grinding wheel topographies, dressing speed and depth have been changed during dressing of vitrified Al2O3 wheels using single point diamond dresser. After dressing of grinding wheels, machining tests have been conducted to study the influence of the wheel topography and coolant-lubricant types on the performance of grinding operation. The results suggest that MQL is more suited to grinding of soft material in the finishing step (shallow cut) with the finest dressing than wet and dry grinding.
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Rusanescu, Carmen Otilia, Marin Rusanescu, Florina Violeta Anghelina, and Ileana Nicoleta Popescu. "Study Deformability Ecological Steel (41Cr4)." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.3.5029.
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In this paper is studied the hot plastic deformability (plasticity and resistance to deformation) for the low-alloyed steel of heat treatment for mechanical engineering in two ways: compression and tension. Groups of low alloy steels is very important in terms of quality and quantity, the products of these steels have developed internal and external market. The plasticity variation were plotted with the temperature and it was established that the plasticity of the steel increases in the range 700-12000C, then decreases as a result of the firing of the grain boundaries, for the bars obtained from ingot and continuous cast blown it was noticed that the plasticity values are very close. Deformation resistance decreases as the temperature increases. The finest granulation was obtained for a final plastic deformation temperature of 8000C and a minimum degree of deformation of 45%.
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Xu, Jing, and Yi Tao Yang. "Comprehensive Influence of Cr and Si on Hardness and Wear Resistance of Cold Roll Steel." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.334.
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To improve the service performance of Cr-series steel for cold roller, the combined effects of chromium and silicon on hardness and wear resistance of cold roll steel had been studied in this paper on the basis of MC5 cold roll steel. The results showed that, with increasing Si content the hardness tended to decrease when Cr content was about the same. The hardness was the highest and the wear resistance was the best when Cr content was about 6.7% and Si content about 0.6%. The reason for this found by microscopic analysis was that the carbide size was the finest and carbides were the most dispersively distributed. Meanwhile, the amount of carbides was also the largest.
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Rezaei, SRJ, CW Siyayisa, Z. Tang, and J. Moema. "The influence of austenitization time and temperature on the austenite grain growth in high Ti-V HSLA steels." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 40, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/satnt.2021cosaami.28.
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Generally, in high titanium-containing high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, the challenge is to ensure that an adequate amount of Ti dissolves during soaking for precipitate strengthening during cooling or hot working. Therefore, this work focused on the effect of soaking time and temperature on the austenite grain growth kinetics of HSLA steels, of the three alloys containing 0.1 %Ti, and 0 to 0.12 %V. The samples were austenitized at 1150 and 1280 °C for 1, 2 and 3 hrs and quenched in a 10% NaCl brine. Thereafter, the samples were tempered at 490 °C for 72 hrs in order to reveal the prior austenite grain boundaries. The grain size was analysed by the linear intercept method. The precipitation behaviour was predicted by Thermo-Calc software and confirmed by SEM-EDS. At 1150 °C austenitizing temperature, all three steel grades exhibited the Ti (C, N) (Type 1), (Mn-Ti) (C, S) (Type 2), MnS (Type 3 (Ti4C2S2) (Type 4) and TiC (Type 5) precipitates. After escalating the temperature to 1280 °C, only the TiC dissolved. Type 4 and 5 precipitates were the finest and possibly responsible for the grain size refinement. Consequently, alloy 1 with the highest S content of 140 ppm exhibited the finest grain size at both temperatures.
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Li, Xin Cheng, Yu Ting Luo, Wei Xing Zhu, Xiao Li Wang, and Yi Chen. "Effect of Finish Rolling Process on Improvement of Lamellar Tearing Resistance of High-Rise Building Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.460.
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A process of finish rolling was researched to enhance lamellar tearing resistant of the high-rise building steel EH36. Experimental results indicate that gain size decreased with the decrease of finish temperature. When the finishing temperature on 840/810/780/750°C respectively, microstructure is finest with the size of 11.4μm. Moreover, the size of TiC precipitation turned ideal as the coiling temperature decreased. When coiling temperature is 550°C, the average size of TiC precipitation is only 0.09μm, refined by 40% relative to the conventional process. The microstructure and precipitation phase size of test steel are both effectively controlled because of the improved process. Therefore, high-rise building steel EH36 is finally prepared, and the lamellar tearing resistance reaches up to 78.2%.
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Li, An Ming, Xiang Jie Wang, and Li Juan Huang. "The Austenite Inverse Phase Transformation Quenching in Zero Time Holding of 20MnV Steel." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1177.
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The effect of second quenching temperature in zero time holding on 20MnV steel's strength and hardness was studied by the orthogonal regressive principle. The microstructure and property of the steel after austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding were analyzed. Experiment results showed that the fine lath martensite of 20MnV steel was obtained through austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding at 830°C-930°C. Within the range of Experiment's temperature, the structure of this steel quenched at 830°C is the finest. The microstructure will become coarse and the strength and hardness will become lower if the temperature goes up. The property of this steel can be increased remarkably by austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding at lower temperature.
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Yu Pechenkina, M., and O. A. Nasibullina. "Prevention of local corrosion of aluminum alloy pontoons in steel tanks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2373, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 022070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2373/2/022070.
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Abstract Over the years of existence of the oil and gas industry, increasing the efficiency of equipment at production facilities places increasing demands on operational reliability and durability. The use of aluminum alloys is due to a large range of its features and properties, one of which is the combination of high strength in combination with low density, sufficient corrosion resistance, good moulding ability by casting, pressure and cutting, the possibility of using aluminum parts in all kinds of structures by welding, soldering and other methods. It is important to bear in mind that aluminium alloys do not require regular corrosion coating during operation. It is all about the finest and extremely strong oxide film (0.00001 mm), which forms a reliable adhesion to the metal.
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Iparraguirre, C., Ana Isabel Fernández-Calvo, and Beatriz López. "Effect of Initial Austenite Microstructure on the Softening – Precipitation Interaction in a Low Nb Microalloyed Steel." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.429.
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The influence of initial grain size on the softening-precipitation interaction in a low niobium microalloyed steel has been investigated. The study has revealed that for the largest initial grain size (1000 μm), the recrystallised fraction remains lower than the softening fraction until relatively long times are reached. In contrast, for the smallest initial grain size (166 μm) both magnitudes are similar. As a result, precipitation interacts with recrystallisation in the case of the finest austenite grain size, whereas for the coarsest one, since recrystallisation is significantly retarded, interaction with recovery process is observed. Apparently, the initial austenite grain size does not affect precipitation kinetics.
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Yang, Xiao Ya, Xi Tao Wang, and Gen Qi Wang. "Hot Tensile Deformation Behaviors of an AISI 316LN Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.367.
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The hot tensile deformation behaviors of 316LN austenitic stainless steel (ASS) were studied on a Gleeble-1500D thermal simulator under the deformation temperature of 1173-1473 K and strain rate of 0.01-1 s-1. The effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on hot deformation behaviors were analyzed. Based on experimental data, the constitutive equation was established, and the predicted peak stresses by the developed model agree well with the experimental data. Microstructure near the fracture and the percentage reduction of area were studied, and the results showed that the microstructural evolution has great influences on the percentage reduction of area. Under the deformation temperature of 1473K with the strain rate of 1s-1, the grain was the finest and most homogenous, and in this deformation condition the percentage reduction of area was the highest of 79.8%.
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Askarova, Gulzhan, Mels Shautenov, and Kulzhamal Nogaeva. "Flotation enrichment of resistant gold ores." E3S Web of Conferences 168 (2020): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016800005.
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Ores of the Vasilkovsky deposit include arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, gold, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, faded ore (tennantite)S, bismuthine, native bismuth, lellingite, molybdenite, cubanite, bornite, antimonite, relict minerals, magnetite, apatite and apatite chromite, sericite, chlorite, potassium feldspar, tourmaline), quartz, carbonates (siderite, ankerite, calcite), fluorite, barite. Arsenopyrite is the main ore mineral. It contains the bulk of gold, as well as impurities - copper, cobalt, nickel, bismuth, zirconium, titanium, lead, zinc, antimony, silver, molybdenum. Bismuth and its minerals are widespread, they are constantly associated with arsenopyrite, forming intergrowths with native gold, less often with chalcopyrite and faded ore. Native gold is distributed very unevenly, forms the finest precipitates ranging in size from tenths of a micron to 0.063 mm, grows together with quartz, arsenopyrite, pyrite and bismuth minerals. Rich ores were formed by combining bismuthcontaining associations with arsenopyrite. The role of gold in arsenopyrite increases with depth. Ores are of the gold-quartz-sulfide type. Quartz in ore up to 90 %, sulfides from 3 to 5 %. The content of harmful impurities (arsenic) reaches 2 % or more. Ores are refractory, require special technology for the beneficiation and extraction of gold.
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Xiang, Hong Liang, Dong Liu, and Fu Shan He. "Effects of Solution Temperature on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Casting Duplex Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.818.
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In this paper, effects of solid solution treatment temperature on microstructure and tensile properties of casting SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel were researched by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and tensile test. The results indicate that the amount of γ phase increases according to a linear relationship f(g ) = -0.134T +159.94 during the temperatures from 1100°C to 1250°C. Tensile properties of casting SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel fluctuate with solution temperature change. Austenitic grain size and morphology are the most important factors on tensile property. The tensile strength is the highest owing to the finest austenitic grain at the solution temperature of 1150°C. The elongation is related to the fracture mode. At 1100 , elongation ration is highest because of the ductile fracture.
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Hara, Yasuhiro, Masahiro Yamada, Chikako Tatsukawa, Tomokazu Takahashi, Masato Suzuki, and Seiji Aoyagi. "Fabrication of Stainless Steel Microneedle with Laser-Cut Sharp Tip and its Penetration and Blood Sampling Performance." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 6 (November 4, 2016): 950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0950.
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The demand for minimally invasive injection needles or needle-shaped tools is growing from those who carry out medical practices such as blood or insulin injections. Applying the mosquito biomimetic, we have used a femtosecond laser to fabricate minimally invasive microneedles out of ultrafine hollow SUS304 pipes, 50μm in outer diameter and 20μm in inner diameter. When such a stainless steel needle tip is angled at 15°, it has the lowest penetration resistance, two and a half times lower than that of the finest hollow needle that is commercially available. A blood suction experiment with a newly developed microneedle has demonstrated that 2.8μellof blood can be drawn out in 20 seconds. Such stainless steel microneedles fabricated by femtosecond lasers have great potential as minimally invasive and mass-producible blood sampling needles to be used for diabetic inspections.
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Banshhikova, T. S., and N. A. Leonenko. "TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES OF FINEST GRAIN GOLD EXTRACTION FROM SLUDGE-ARGILLACEOUS DEPOSITS OF TECHNOGENIC RUSSIPES AMUR RIVER REGION." MINING INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL BULLETIN 11, no. 24 (2017): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2017-11-24-109-120.
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Serga, Vera, Aleksej Zarkov, Ervins Blumbergs, Andrei Shishkin, Janis Baronins, Edgars Elsts, and Vladimir Pankratov. "Leaching of Gold and Copper from Printed Circuit Boards under the Alternating Current Action in Hydrochloric Acid Electrolytes." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111953.
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Modern technologies for recycling electronic waste (e-waste) have high economic efficiency and environmental safety requirements. Among the existing technologies, hydrometallurgy is considered to be the most promising technology for e-waste recycling. Increasing attention paid to the chlorination method is associated with the complex recycling of low-grade ores containing noble metals and the raw materials of secondary polymetallic. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for leaching metals from computer printed circuit boards (PCBs) pre-crushed in a disintegrator: The processes of chlorine production and hydrochlorination are implemented in one reactor under the action of an alternating current (AC) of industrial frequency (50 Hz). Three fine fractions of raw material powders with particle size d < 90 µm, d = 90–180 µm, and d = 180–350 µm were used as research objects and the finest fraction of the raw material (d < 90 µm) was studied in more detail. It was found that complete leaching of gold is achieved from fractions of raw materials with a particle size d = 90–180 µm and d = 180–350 µm, containing 277 ppm and 67 ppm of the gold, respectively, at an experiment duration (tex) of 2 h, a current density (i) of 0.66 A·cm−2, and a solid/liquid (S/L) ratio of 8.6 g·L−1. Under the same conditions of the electrochemical leaching process from the fraction of raw materials with a particle size of d < 90 µm and a gold content of 824 ppm, the degree of metal leaching is 80.5%. At the same time, with an increase in particle size in the raw material fractions from d < 90 µm to d = 180–350 µm and a copper content in the raw material from 1.40% to 6.13%, an increase in the degree of its leaching from 81.6% to 95.2%, respectively, is observed. In the framework of the preliminary study presented in this work, for the finest raw material fraction with d < 90 μm the highest gold leaching degree (86.3%) was achieved under the following experimental conditions: tex= 4 h, CHCl = 6 M, i = 0.88 A·cm–2, S/L ratio—8.6 g·L–1 and the highest copper leaching degree (94.2%) was achieved under the following experimental conditions: tex = 2 h, CHCl = 6 M, i = 0.64 A·cm–2, and S/L ratio—2.9 g·L–1.
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Maubane, Dannis Rorisang Nkarapa, Charles Witness Siyasiya, Kevin Mark Banks, and Waldo Edmund Stumpf. "Critical Strain for Complete Austenite Recrystallisation during Rough Rolling of C-Mn Steel and Nb-Ti-V Microalloyed Steel." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.46.
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The influence of roughing strain on the extent of austenite recrystallisation in plain carbon steel and Nb-Ti-V microalloyed steel was investigated. Reheating and roughing simulations were conducted on a deformation dilatometer using industrial heating, soaking times, strain and strain rates. The roughing schedules comprised of varying the pass strain magnitude within a typical roughing temperature range. The double stroke method was used to determine the austenite softening fraction. The austenite grain size, prior to and after rolling, was measured on quenched specimens. Grain refinement was achieved in both steels after all rolling schedules. An applied pass strain of 0.15 was sufficient to completely soften the austenite after the first pass and produced the finest recrystallised grain size. This was attributed to sufficient nucleation sites and driving force for recrystallisation compared to lower strains. Partial recrystallisation occurred after the first pass due to the relatively coarse initial grain size. The steel chemistry played an insignificant role in controlling the recrystallisation kinetics at high roughing temperatures. The through-thickness strain distribution calculated from FEM simulations showed that, for a given applied strain, a similar magnitude of deformation is achieved at the centre of a hot-rolled plate.
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Wang, Tie Bao, Chun Xiang Cui, Lin Fang, and Shao Jing Bu. "Fracture Behavior and Microstructure of 60Si2MnA Spring Steels Modified by V-Nb Inoculants." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1085.
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The microstructure of V-Nb inoculants after melt spinning was investigated by performing TEM examination and to the sample steels, the prior austenite grain sizes and fracture morphology were investigated by SEM observation. The results show that the V-Nb inoculants obtained is amorphous and the sample steel modified by V-Nb inoculants which make it possible to be a large amount of nucleation centers existing in the form of (V, Nb)C and achieve the effect of grain refinement in the solidification stages of liquid steel has been found to have the finest prior austenite grain sizes and the average prior austenite grain sizes of steel without addition of V and Nb(Steel A), steel microalloyed with V and Nb(Steel B) and steel modified by V-Nb inoculants(Steel C) are respectively 30μm, 20μm and 10μm. Tensile behavior of samples was studied under tempering at 400°C for 30 min after quenching, tensile results show that the fracture of steel modified by V-Nb inoculants appears dimples which represent ductile fracture. However the tensile fracture of V-Nb microalloyed steel is mixture of quasi-cleavages and dimples. Under tempering at 550°C for 30 min, Steel B and Steel C both show a fractograph with cleavage fracture.
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Le Gac, Agnès, Isabel D. Nogueira, Mauro Guerra, José Carlos Frade, Stéphane Longelin, Marta Manso, Sofia Pessanha, Ana Isabel M. Seruya, and Maria Luisa Carvalho. "Microscopy and X-Ray Spectroscopy Analyses for Assessment of Gilding and Silvering Techniques of Portuguese Illuminated Manuscripts." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 1 (January 16, 2015): 20–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614013646.
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AbstractThe objects of this study are various local charters (cartas de foral, in Portuguese) granted by Dom Manuel I, King of Portugal (1495–1521), which substituted for medieval ones and were intended to achieve an administrative unification. These are luxuriously illuminated manuscripts, and our study aims at obtaining a better understanding of the gilding and silvering techniques applied to the parchments, in which the forais were written, between 1500 and 1520. The combined use of microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy analyses allowed us to identify the vestigial materials used for making the parchments, including products such as salt (NaCl), lime (CaO), pumice stone (SiO2+Al2O3), and chalk (CaCO3). Chalk was employed as a whitening agent to give the parchment its final color and opacity. Shell-gold and shell-silver mixed in with animal glue or gum binding media were directly applied on type 1 and 3 forais, while very thin gold leaves (<1 µm) were applied over lead-based tempera grounds (50–180 µm thick) in type 2 forais. Silver was always employed in its finest form without a further protective layer (thus its recursive state of corrosion), while gold was used in various alloy grades.
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Marald, Erland. "Our finest gold: agrarian perspectives on urban technology from the mid-19th century to present-day ecocyclical society." Progress in Industrial Ecology, An International Journal 3, no. 4 (2006): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/pie.2006.011744.
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Maheshwari, Rahul, and Vivek Kapoor. "Estimating the opening stock price index for Indian market under the influence of varying crude oil and Dollar values through statistical time series analysis." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 45, no. 4 (2024): 1073–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jios-1692.
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The proposed effort is a research analysis of the effect of various macroeconomic determinants such as price of Oil, Gold price and rate of Exchange (USD to INR) over Indian stock exchange market (we took NSE catalog as a reference for Indian share market). In proposed study, we took recurrent data for time period of 14 years i.e. 2008 to 2022. In proposed work, first of all we established a correlation between various macroeconomic determinants (price of Gold, Oil price and US dollar exchange rate) with NSEI (National Stock Exchange of India). Once correlation is found between these entities, we formulated regression equations to forecast opening value of NSEI centered on historical values of macroeconomic determinants. Here we devised seven different models and concluded the best models amongst them. Then we tested the given results from regression analysis by providing a test data and comparing the results of actual value of NSEI with the predicted value. Finally, we proposed finest prototype to forecast the National Stock Exchange index.
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Chokkalingam, B., V. Raja, J. Anburaj, R. Immanual, and M. Dhineshkumar. "Optimization of Micro-Alloying Elements for Mechanical Properties in Normalized Cast Steel Using Taguchi Technique." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0070.
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Abstract In this study, Taguchi method is used to find out the effect of micro alloying elements like vanadium, niobium and titanium on the hardness and tensile strength of the normalized cast steel. Based on this method, plan of experiments were made by using orthogonal arrays to acquire the data on hardness and tensile strength. The signal to noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to investigate the effect of these micro alloying elements on these two mechanical properties of the micro alloyed normalized cast steel. The results indicated that in the micro alloyed normalized cast steel both these properties increases when compared to non-micro-alloyed normalized cast steel. The effect of niobium addition was found to be significantly higher to obtain higher hardness and tensile strength when compared to other micro alloying elements. The maximum hardness of 200HV and the maximum tensile strength of 780 N/mm2 were obtained in 0.05%Nb addition micro alloyed normalized cast steel. Micro-alloyed with niobium normalized cast steel have the finest and uniform microstructure and fine pearlite colonies distributed uniformly in the ferrite. The optimum condition to obtain higher hardness and tensile strength were determined. The results were verified with experiments.
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Anjum, Salma, and Nazia Bibi. "Impact of Allama Muhammad Iqbal on Najeeb al-Kailani with reference to his Book “Iqbal: The Revolutionary Poet”." Journal of Islamic and Religious Studies 2, no. 1 (February 8, 2020): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36476/jirs.2:1.06.2017.14.
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Najeeb Al-Kailani is a famous Egyptian Islamic writer. He was immensely impressed by Iqbal’s philosophy. He was absorbed in the study of Islamic literature in the early days of his life and dared to write many articles in various magazines, touching various aspects of Iqbal’s poetry. Al-Kailani then by maintaining his interest in Iqbal’s poetry, was compelled to write the book entitled إقبال الشاعر الثائر"”, (Iqbal, the Revolutionary poet). He was awarded with prize by ministry of education and training, and in 1977 President of Pakistan General Muhammad Ziaul haq awarded him gold medal. This article highlighted the impact of Allama Muhammad Iqbal in al-Kailani’ book and analyzed its text by refereeing it to the original poetry of Allama Muhammad Iqbal. This article concluded that Kailani’s book is finest and comprehensive book, which demonstrated the life and philosophy of Allama Muhammad Iqbal.
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Ryż, Karol, and Łukasz Flaga. "Selected construction and technological problems of middle span length steel bridges based on examples over the Danube and Dnieper river." Budownictwo i Architektura 7, no. 2 (December 13, 2010): 005–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2263.
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Every example of bridge both the aesthetic appearance and technological solutions are unique. Differences are a result of a various historical events, neighbour impact and evolving capabilities of bridge building. Based on the unique features of bridge examples taken into consideration one reveals evolution technology of bridge building in time. The aim is to present some examples of steel bridges which have been considered successful. Bridges are still in use. Each of them was created in different period of time. It shows the altered bridge building idea, fluctuation of trend. The successful design was able to have been improved during time when increasing road traffic forced engineers to adapt bridges into new conditions. Bridge builders found a positive solution to every appeared problem. It help to preserve bridges from being rebuild and clearly showed that bridge building is the finest domain of civil engineering.
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Emmerson, Richard K. "The Apocalypse Cycle in the Bedford Hours." Traditio 50 (1995): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900013210.
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The Bedford Hours (British Library MS Additional 18850) has been called one of “the very finest examples of French art of the earlier half of the fifteenth century….” Its lavish use of gold and bright colors, its beautifully conceived calendar pages and large miniatures, its connection with the marriage of John of Lancaster, the duke of Bedford, to Anne of Burgundy, and its fascinating history as a manuscript have received much attention. Scholars, however, have virtually ignored the almost 1,250 marginal illustrations that decorate the manuscript's 289 folios. These tiny pictures are generally woven into the ivy-leaf border, painted within roundels of approximately one inch in diameter. Thematically related, they are usually placed two to a folio side, one within the left or right border, and one within the lower border. The roundels, furthermore, are accompanied by one-line Old French texts. These are always placed together below the lower border and are arranged so that the first text, written in blue, identifies the roundel within the side border, whereas the second text, written in gold, explains the roundel painted within the lower border.
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Fan, Yun Ying, Ying Jie Zhang, and Peng Dong. "Preparation and Property of Electrodeposited Zn-Fe-SiO2 Composite Coating." Key Engineering Materials 373-374 (March 2008): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.373-374.212.
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Electrodeposited Zn and Zn-Fe alloy have been applied widely to protect steel from corrosion, but the property of coating still needs to be improved. In this paper, Zn-Fe-SiO2 composite coatings are electrodeposited from Zn-Fe alloy electrolyte containing SiO2 particles. Zinc based coatings with Fe% >1%(mass) are deposited from sulfate bath, and coatings with Fe% <1%(mass) are deposited from chloride bath. Particle content in the composite coating generally increases with particle concentration under an adequate agitation and then tends to saturation. The optimum particle content in the composite coating is 0.5%(mass). Corrosion resistance, porosity, hydrogen embrittlement and surface morphology of Zn-Fe-SiO2 composite coatings have been tested and compared with electrodeposited Zn and Zn-Fe alloy. The data implies that Zn-Fe-SiO2 composite coating has the best corrosion resistance, lowest porosity, lowest hydrogen content and the finest crystal. All the results show that Zn-Fe-SiO2 composite coating is satisfactory to be used as anti-corrosion material for steel and has a great future in application.
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Liu, Yajun, Xiaolong Gan, Wen Liang, Guang Xu, Jianghua Qi, and Man Liu. "Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Response of a Direct Quenched and Partitioned Steel at Different Finishing Rolling Temperatures." Materials 16, no. 9 (May 6, 2023): 3575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093575.
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The effects of finishing rolling temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a direct quenched and partitioned (DQ&P) steel were investigated by a thermal simulation machine, a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the original austenite grain size was refined by 31% as the finishing rolling temperature decreased from 920 °C to 840 °C, leading to the formation of the finest martensite lath at 840 °C. At the same time, the lower finishing rolling temperature resulted in a higher dislocation density, and consequently improved the stability of the retained austenite. Moreover, compared to the conventional Q&P process, the comprehensive mechanical properties of a steel with similar chemical composition can be enhanced by DQ&P processing. With the decrease of finishing rolling temperature from 920 °C to 840 °C, the strength and total elongation increases. The yield strength, tensile strength, and total elongation reach the maximum values of 1121 MPa, 1134 MPa, and 11.7%, respectively, at 840 °C.
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Chia, Philip Suciadi. "Divided by the Translation, But United in the Concept? The Word Study of מִכְתָּם." Perichoresis 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2023-0024.
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Abstract The Hebrew word מִכְתָּם creates a problem because the meaning is controversy. The Hebrew lexicon, BDB (1906) and TWOT lexicon (2003), confirm this difficulty, saying, “the meaning of this word is unknown.” PONS Kompaktwörterbuch Althebräisch (2015) records that this word is untranslated, while the other sources translate as song, prayer, or epigram. Allen P. Ross (2012:48), a Hebrew scholar, indicates that its meaning is disputed. Ibn Ezra (Strickman 2009:112) interprets that this word refers to a very precious Psalm. He compares with ketem paz or the finest gold in Song of Songs 5:11 because both words are derived from the same root. This perplexity also occurs in ancient texts as they differ in their translations. This article, therefore, attempts to study and solve this dilemmatic word in ancient texts with textual criticism of its methodology. This study argues that the word מִכְתָּם is not only different in translation, but also the concept in ancient texts.
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Rodriguez-Ibabe, J. M., and Beatriz López. "Austenite Grain Refinement in Direct Charging Based Thermomechanical Processes." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.711.
Full textAbstract:
Thermomechanical processes based on direct charging routes combined with near net shape technologies have become one of the main industrial production routes. The singularity of the coarse as cast initial austenite grain size, combined with the limited total applied strain during hot working, requires a tailored design of the composition and deformation schedules in order to achieve the required mechanical properties. This becomes more and more complex as higher steel grades combined with thicker sections are incorporated into production. This paper reviews the role played by the interaction of dynamic-metadynamic-static recrystallisation and strain induced precipitation on achieving the finest and most homogeneous austenite microstructures as possible, prior to transformation in the case of Nb, Nb-Mo and Ti microalloyed steels. Special emphasis will be put on the relevance of the kinetics of combined postdynamic softening mechanisms before a complete stop of recrystallisation due to precipitation occurs.
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Scandurra, Antonino, Valentina Iacono, Stefano Boscarino, Silvia Scalese, Maria Grazia Grimaldi, and Francesco Ruffino. "Model of Chronoamperometric Response towards Glucose Sensing by Arrays of Gold Nanostructures Obtained by Laser, Thermal and Wet Processes." Nanomaterials 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13071163.
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Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors are of great importance in biomedical applications, for the realization of portable diabetic testing kits and continuous glucose monitoring systems. Nanostructured materials show a number of advantages in the applications of analytical electrochemistry, compared to macroscopic electrodes, such as great sensitivity and little dependence on analyte diffusion close to the electrode–solution interface. Obtaining electrodes based on nanomaterials without using expensive lithographic techniques represents a great added value. In this paper, we modeled the chronoamperometric response towards glucose determination by four electrodes consisting of nanostructured gold onto graphene paper (GP). The nanostructures were obtained by electrochemical etch, thermal and laser processes of thin gold layer. We addressed experiments obtaining different size and shape of gold nanostructures. Electrodes have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. We modeled the current-time response at the potential corresponding to two-electrons oxidation process of glucose by the different nanostructured gold systems. The finest nanostructures of 10–200 nm were obtained by laser dewetting of 17 nm thin and 300 °C thermal dewetting of 8 nm thin gold layers, and they show that semi-infinite linear diffusion mechanism predominates over radial diffusion. Electrochemical etching and 17 nm thin gold layer dewetted at 400 °C consist of larger gold islands up to 1 μm. In the latter case, the current-time curves can be fitted by a two-phase exponential decay function that relies on the mixed second-order formation of adsorbed glucose intermediate followed by its first-order decay to gluconolactone.
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Liu, Yunqi. "Study on Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Super Martensitic Stainless Steel Welded Joints." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2499, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2499/1/012018.
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Abstract The ultra-martensitic stainless steel ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo, due to its excellent corrosion resistance, good tensile property and excellent weldability, is widely used in many occasions of hydropower, thermal power, and nuclear power, especially as the preferred material for pump impeller. This type of steel has good weldability due to its low carbon content, but the low content of reversed austenite in the weld will lead to poor plastic toughness of the welded joint. The effect of different tempering processes on the microstructure transformation and mechanical properties of welded joints of ultra-martensitic stainless steel was studied. The 20 mm thick test plate was MIG welding and then tempered at 560 °C, 600 °C, and 640 °C for 2 h. The results show that after increasing tempering temperature, the microstructure gradually decreases from the base metal to the weld and gradually transforms from lath martensite to tempered sorbite; When tempering at 600 °C, the microstructure in the weld is the finest, and the size of grain size is 0.274 μm. The highest content of reversed austenite is 9.39%; In the welded joint, compared with the untempered joint, the hardness of the welded joint area decreases after tempering, and the tensile strength first decreases and then increases. The yield strength and elongation gradually increase.
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Maubane, Rorisang, Kevin Banks, Waldo Stumpf, Charles Siyasiya, and Alison Tuling. "The Influence of Initial Grain Size and Strain Sequence of Slab Hot Rolling on the Austenite Evolution of Peritectic Microalloyed Plate Steels." Advanced Materials Research 1019 (October 2014): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.339.
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The influence of the strain sequence during slab hot rolling (also known as “roughing”) on the evolution of austenite in plain carbon, C-Mn-V and C-Mn-Nb-Ti-V steels was investigated. Reheating and roughing simulations were conducted in a Bähr deformation dilatometer using a constant austenitising temperature, constant soaking time and various heating rates and roughing strain sequences. Stress analysis was used to quantify the austenite softening behaviour and the prior austenite grain size was measured from quenched specimens. The austenite grains of the plain carbon steel were coarser than those of both microalloyed steels, with the C-Mn-Nb-Ti-V grade being the finest due to effective pinning of the grain boundaries. Pass strains greater than 0.2 were sufficient for initiation of dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) for the C-Mn and C-Mn-V steels and led to uniform austenite microstructure with austenite grain sizes less than 40µm after the roughing stage.
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Augspurger, Michael. "Fortune'sBusiness Gentlemen: Culture and Corporate Liberalism in the Early 1930s." Prospects 26 (October 2001): 423–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000995.
Full textAbstract:
Fortuneportentously announced its aim in the first issue in February 1930: “Fortune'spurpose is to reflect Industrial Life in ink and paper and word and picture as the finest skyscraper reflects it in stone and steel and architecture.” The magazine's copious use of painting, literary writing, and artistic photography gave it a luxurious feel that few early reviewers failed to praise. The advertising firm Young and Rubicam, for instance, applauded the magazine's aestheticization of business: “A Toast to YouFortune… You've taken what are sometimes called ‘prosaic business’ and ‘sordid industry’ – you have viewed them with imagination, insight, and beauty … No longer is business a column of figures, or work a daily grind. Here is epic enterprise, a panorama of romance, adventure, conquest – with beauty in factories and derricks.” Upgrading the visual and textual environment of the business magazine,Fortuneprovided business with the elegance of the aristocracy and the allure of a Hollywood star.
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Balasubramanian, P. "A Study on the Sources and Services Rendered to Modern Society by the British Library." Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services 3, no. 1 (May 5, 2013): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ijiss.2013.3.1.374.
Full textAbstract:
The British Library is the United Kingdom’s international organization of educational opportunities and cultural relations. In India the British council operates as a division of the British High commission and has offices in the four metro cities. The present Article studies mainly the sources and services rendered to modern society by the British library at Chennai. The other objective of the study is to collect information regarding the types of readers in British library, Chennai. The users include post graduate students, research scholars, faculty members, lawyers and common public; they formed the population of the study. A sample of 150 respondents has been selected on the basis of stratified random sampling method. There are different types of members such as silver, gold, gold plus, Diamond, Diamond plus and platinum. Apart from the finest Collection of books, the library has educational videos, periodicals and newspapers from the U.K. The British Library has extensive resources. The sources of information can be grouped under two categories (1) Documentary sources and (2) Non-documentary the secondary sources in the British library are Test books periodicals and reference sources. The British libraries provide various services to its users. They can be categorized as: Reference services, Reprographics Service, Clipping Service, Current awareness Services, online services, automated services and SMS alert services.
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Shi, Rui Rui, Sui Yuan Chen, Yong Gang Peng, and Zhao Zhang. "Effect of Preheating Temperature on Microstructure of Fe Based Alloy Coating by Laser Direct Metal Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.94.
Full textAbstract:
A Fe60 alloy coating was deposited on the surface of Q235 steel by semiconductor laser under the different preheating temperature at 25°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C respectively. The structure and hardness of the samples were analyzed by the means of OM、SEM、XRD、micro-hardness tester. The results show that: A Fe60 alloy coating with high Cr and C content was prepared on the steel substrate by using optimized process parameters, the interface bonding was formed between the coating and the substrate, the thickness of the coating without cracks and porosities is about 6-10mm. There are equiaxed and dendrite crystals in the coating and the phase of coating is composed of α-Fe, γ-Fe,{Fe,Ni} solid solution, Fe3C, Cr2B, Cr7C3. Preheating treatment has good eliminating coating cracks role in the laser deposited Fe-based coating with high Cr and C content, the sample preheated at 200°C has the finest crystalline structure, and the thickness is 8mm and the hardness is up to 806HV. Preheating treatment is an effective method to eliminate the cracks in the high thickness Fe60 alloy coating by laser direct deposition.
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Smith, Pamela Jane. "Dorothy Garrod, first woman Professor at Cambridge." Antiquity 74, no. 283 (March 2000): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00066230.
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In May 1939, the accomplished Palaeolithic archaeologist, Dorothy Garrod, was elected Cambridge's Professor of Archaeology — the first woman to hold a Chair at either Cambridge or Oxford. Garrod was well qualified for the position in several ways. Trained by R.R. Marett at Oxford and the Abbé Henri Breuil in France, she was renowned for her excavations in Gibraltar, Palestine, Southern Kurdistan and Bulgaria. By 1939, Garrod was one of Britain's finest archaeologists. She had discovered the wellpreserved skull fragments of ‘Abel’, a Neanderthal child, in Gibraltar, identified the Natufianculture while excavating Shukbah near Jerusalem, directed the large, long-term excavations at Mt Carmel, established the Palaeolithic succession for that crucial region and then travelled, in 1938, to explore the important Palaeolithic cave of Bacho Kiro in Bulgaria. Published reports of her excavations had appeared promptly and were very favourably reviewed. The prehistorian, Grahame Clark, who was to succeed her to the Disney Chair in 1952, described Garrod's The Stone Age of Mount Carmel (1937) as ‘pure gold’ (Clark 1937: 488).
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Qian, Dongsheng, Bin Chen, Feng Wang, and Lingyan Wu. "Rapid Spheroidizing Annealing via Combining Warm Deformation with Divorced Eutectoid Transformation in M50 Steel." Metals 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2022): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020359.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, a novel routine to realize the rapid spheroidizing annealing (SA) process has been proposed in M50 steel via combining warm deformation (WD) and divorced eutectoid transformation (DET). In this process, the sample is first subjected to partial austenitizing to realize the partial dissolution of carbides, then slowly cooled to DET temperature for WD. Finally, the sample is slowly cooled to below the eutectoid transformation temperature to complete the SA. The results show that an excellent spheroidized microstructure can be obtained via the rapid SA process within 2 h. The finest spheroidized carbide (0.295 μm), as well as an appropriate hardness (217 HV), is achieved when the WD and DET processes are conducted at 760 °C. This should be attributed to that the WD not only accelerates the DET but also can break the primary carbides, leading to the uniformly distributed and refined carbides. In addition, the proposed WD that realizes rapid SA shows the excellent roundness of spheroidized carbides compared with the traditional cold/hot deformation which needs a long-term SA process. This work provides a highly efficient routine to simultaneously realize the SA and shape forming, which is of great engineering significance for the manufacturing of bearings.
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Faisal, Muhammad, Aamer Saeed, Danish Shahzad, Nadir Abbas, Fayaz Ali Larik, Pervaiz Ali Channar, Tanzeela Abdul Fattah, Dost Muhammad Khan, and Syeda Aaliya Shehzadi. "General properties and comparison of the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of the triazole derivatives for mild steel." Corrosion Reviews 36, no. 6 (November 27, 2018): 507–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2018-0006.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMild steel (MS) corrosion is a worldwide issue that greatly affects the industrial and natural environment. To extend the lifespan of appliances, the control of MS corrosion is necessary. To shield MS from corrosion, specifically from acidic conditions, one of the practical and finest approaches is the application of inhibitors. Triazole derivatives are eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors (CIs) having inconsequential toxicities, excellent inhibition efficiencies (IEs) against corrosion of MS, and extremely high cost-effectiveness. This critical review discusses the general effect of temperature, concentration, time after the application of CI, and type of acid on the IE of triazole derivatives. Further, the review provides an adequate amount of information about the features of excellent CIs; a summary of the reported properties of triazole-based inhibitors, CIs in industries, and current requirements of industries; and recommendations and implications for researchers to improve IE. Additionally, the review also illustrates the mechanisms of action and the IEs, which are evaluated from potentiodynamic polarization parameters, in various acidic media and concentrations of triazole inhibitors. By IE correlation with numerous concentrations and acidic conditions, this review is advantageous and helpful for synthetic chemists to expand the diversity and complexity of a class of triazole derivatives by synthesizing new triazole derivatives.
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Benlamnouar, Mohamed Farid, Nabil Bensaid, Mohammed Oubelkacem Azzoug, Tahar Saadi, Mosbah Zidani, and Riad Badji. "Optimization and Evaluation of Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel Welding Using Taguchi Design." Key Engineering Materials 973 (February 9, 2024): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-oqmgc5.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this work is to optimize welding parameters of AISI 430 FSS welds, focused to minimization of ferrite grains size using Taguchi’s design. Two input parameters of speed and welding current; were chosen to select the minimum grain size and to ascertain their effects on ferrite grain size. ANOVA method was used to evaluate the influence of varying factors on the overall quality of welds. Optimal combination of the parameters were be predicted by S/N analyses, it was accessed on employing an 80 A with 6mm/s. Experimental characterizations of optimum weld joint were performed by using tensile test assisted by image correlations, optical and electronic microscopy. As a result, welding speed had the main influence on grain size by 84.30%. Optimum welding parameter offered finest microstructure with low rate of martensite precipitates in both fusion zone and heat affected zone, and best combination of strength and ductility, it presented a homogeneous distribution of tensile stresses that caused a ductile fracture in base material. ,it is found that that optimized welding parameters permit to give greater resistance to corrosion, which exhibit a lower corrosion current, indicating that coarse ferrite grains are more susceptible to corrosion compared to fine grains.
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Cottreau, Deborah. "Wolfville Doing It Right: Bawtree’s Atlantic Theatre Festival." Canadian Theatre Review 83 (June 1995): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.83.016.
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Overlooking the Bay of Fundy, situated in the quaint university town of Wolfville, Nova Scotia, stands a steel-supported wooden ‘O’, a proposed 514-seat skating-rink-turned-theatre, soon-to-be home of the Atlantic Theatre Festival. The brainchild of Artistic Director Michael Bawtree and associates, ATF stands as proof positive that local initiative and grass-roots collaboration are the key to Canada’s cultural future. Other than local residents and area politicians, further contributors include some of Canada’s finest theatrical talent: Christopher Plummer is ATF’s Honourary Fundraising Chairman; Michael Shamata, recently-appointed Artistic Director for London’s Grand Theatre, offers ATF invaluable advice on the daily running of, and casting for, a repertory company; Stratford lighting designer Michael Whitfield provided ATF with their initial requirements for stage lighting. He continues to advise project architect Michael Harvey (Halifax), on the theatre’s structural design. Former Artistic Director of Canada’s Stratford Festival, Michael Langham, is the festival’s Associate Director. On 16 June, 1995, ATF will launch its inaugural season with Langham’s mise en scène of Shakespeare’s The Tempest.
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Al-khafaji, Marwa H., and Mohammed H. Hashim. "The synergistic effect of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles with antibiotic against clinical isolates." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2019.13.1.569.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Antibiotic resistance is a life threating problem and the need for an alternative is increasing worldwide.
Objective of this study is: Detecting the combination effect of AuNps with Amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMC) antibiotic against antibiotic resistant clinical bacterial isolates.
Materials and methods: Gold nanoparticles were biosynthesized using food origin Citrobacter freundii isolate (C2) which was isolated from chicken meat samples by pour plate method and identified using cultural characteristics, biochemical tests and the identification to the species level was completed by Vitek-2 system and this identification was confirmed by sequencing of the 16 s r RNA. The biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles was optimized in order to achieve the finest AuNps with a diameter range (30-60) nm. and the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized by visual observation and then characterized using various characterization techniques: Uv-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis and scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The combination effect of AuNps with AMC antibiotic was detected against clinical bacterial isolates.
Results: The results revealed the biosynthesized AuNPs were roughly spherical and poly-dispersed, and they were highly effective with concentration (62.5 µg/ml) that inhibit the bacterial growth, MIC values of AMC antibiotic against clinical isolates were determined as 500 µg/ml, while the combination of gold nanoparticles and AMC had wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against different isolates of the bacteria that used in this study.
Conclusion: There was a significant synergistic effect between the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles when used in combination with antibiotic where the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the combination (AuNps/AMC) were less than its concentration when each of them (AuNps) or (AMC) used separately.
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Miao, Bin, Jinming Zhang, Jiaxu Guo, Xinxin Ma, Liqin Wang, and Xinghong Zhang. "Understanding the Microstructure Evolution of 8Cr4Mo4V Steel under High-Dose-Rate Ion Implantation." Materials 16, no. 17 (August 28, 2023): 5876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175876.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the effect of microstructure under various dose rates of plasma immersion ion implantation on 8Cr4Mo4V steel has been investigated for crystallite size, lattice strain and dislocation density. The phase composition and structure parameters including crystallite size, dislocation density and lattice strain have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and determined from Scherrer’s equation and three different Williamson–Hall (W-H) methods. The obtained results reveal that a refined crystallite size, enlarged microstrain and increased dislocation density can be obtained for the 8Cr4Mo4V steel treated by different dose rates of ion implantation. Compared to the crystallite size (15.95 nm), microstrain (5.69 × 10−3) and dislocation density (8.48 × 1015) of the dose rate of 2.60 × 1017 ions/cm2·h, the finest grain size, the largest microstrain and the highest dislocation density of implanted samples can be achieved when the dose rate rises to 5.18 × 1017 ions/cm2·h, the effect of refining is 26.13%, and the increment of microstrain and dislocation density are 26.3% and 45.6%, respectively. Moreover, the Williamson–Hall plots are fitted linearly by taking βcosθ along the y-axis and 4sinθ or 4sinθ/Yhkl or 4sinθ(2/Yhkl)1/2 along the x-axis. In all of the W-H graphs, it can be observed that some of the implanted samples present a negative and a positive slope; a negative and a positive slope in the plot indicate the presence of compressive and tensile strain in the material.
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Wang, Xuelin, Xiaoya Wang, Wenle Liu, and Chengjia Shang. "Effect of Segregation Band on the Microstructure and Properties of a Wind Power Steel before and after Simulated Welding." Metals 14, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14010129.
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This article uses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) to study the effect of C and Mn segregation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steel with 20 mm thickness used for wind power before and after simulated welding. A Gleeble-3500 (GTC, Dynamic Systems Inc., Poestenkill, NY, USA) was used to study the microstructure evolution of the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of experimental steel under different welding heat inputs (10, 14, 20, 30 and 50 kJ/cm) and its relationship with low-temperature impact toughness (−60 °C). The results indicate that alloy element segregation, especially Mn segregation, significantly affects the impact toughness scatter of the steel matrix, as it induces the formation of low-temperature martensite or hard phase, such as M/A (martensite/austenite) constituent. In addition, segregation also reduces the low-temperature impact toughness of the simulated welding samples and increases the fluctuation range. For high-strength steel with yield strength higher than 460 MPa used for wind power generation, there is an optimal welding heat input (~20 kJ/cm), which enables the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) to obtain the highest impact toughness due to the formation of lath bainite (LB) and the finest crystallographic block units. Excessive or insufficient heat input can induce the formation of coarse granular bainite (GB) or lath martensite (LM), leading to a larger size of crystallographic block units, reducing the hindering effect of brittle crack propagation and deteriorating low-temperature impact toughness.
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Zhu, Zhaoge, Longqing Zou, Huaxing Li, and Hongbin Zhang. "Preparation and Characterization of Pulse Electrodeposited Ni/W-SiC Nanocomposite Coating on Mild Steel Substrate." Coatings 13, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030484.
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In order to improve the performances of metal containers, furnace bodies and agricultural tools manufactured by mild steels, Ni/W-SiC nanocomposites are prefabricated on mild steel substrate by the pulse electrodeposition (PED) method. The morphology, texture, microstructure, microhardness, and wear performances of Ni/W-SiC nanocomposites are examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), hardness tester, and friction wear testing. The results indicate that the SiC size in nanocomposites is ~32.4 nm when its concentration in electrolytes is 7 g/L. The S1 and S4 nanocomposites’ microstructures (the S1 composite was prefabricated at 4 g/L, and the S4 composite was deposited at 13 g/L) reveal many large cauliflower-shaped grains. However, the S2 nanocomposite (the S2 composite was obtained at 7 g/L) demonstrates the homogeneous, finest and smoothest surface morphology. The diffraction angles of S1 nanocomposite are 41.2°, 51.7°, and 71.2° depicting the sharpest diffraction peaks, corresponding to the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), and (2 2 0) crystal planes of Ni-W grains, respectively. Moreover, the S2 nanocomposite exhibits the lowest wear depth and width of 34.2 μm and 5.5 mm, respectively. Some shallow and fine scratches on the as-described nanocomposites’ surface indicate its excellent tribological performance. However, the S4 nanocomposite exhibits a wear depth of 86.3 μm and a width of 11.9 mm.
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Yahy AL-Radi, Helal Hameed, Shen Dejian, and Hussein Kareem Sultan. "Performance of Fiber Self Compacting Concrete at High Temperatures." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2083–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091779.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this study is to assess the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) prepared using locally available materials. This research includes also the impact of polypropylene (PP), steel and hybrid fibers on the same properties. In addition, the mechanical properties of SCC specimens (with and without fibers) at high temperatures, including as compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, will be determined. Four different SCC mixtures (with and without fibers) are prepared, tested, and assessed in order to attain these goals. The specimens were heated to various temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800) at a rate of 5 degrees Celsius per minute for each test. The temperature was remained constant at the target temperature for one hour before cooling to ensure a consistent temperature throughout the specimen. According to the test results, all of the mixes have good consistency and workability in terms of filling and passing ability. In addition, the inclusion of fibers lowered the workability of SCC slightly. Also, the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths improved with increasing temperature up to 200 °C and dropped at temperatures over 200 °C, according to these findings. Within the SCC, the PP fibers lowered and removed the risk of spalling. Concrete mixtures containing steel fibers and hybrid fibers have the finest mechanical characteristics and spalling resistance as temperature rises. Weight losses were lower in SCC mixtures with PP and steel fibers than in those without PP and steel fibers. As the temperature rose, all SCC mixes lost mass and UPV decreased until the samples spalled (as in plain SCC and SCC with steel fibers) or were questionable (as in SCC with PP and SCC with hybrid fibers). Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091779 Full Text: PDF
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Sardar, Md Ranju, and Mohammad Faisal. "Numerical Analysis of Highly Sensitive Twin-Core, Gold-Coated, D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor." Sensors 23, no. 11 (May 24, 2023): 5029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115029.
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This research article proposes and numerically investigates a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the detecting refractive index (RI) of unknown analytes. The plasmonic material (gold) layer is placed outside of the PCF by removing two air holes from the main structure, and a D-shaped PCF-SPR sensor is formed. The purpose of using a plasmonic material (gold) layer in a PCF structure is to introduce an SPR phenomenon. The structure of the PCF is likely enclosed by the analyte to be detected, and an external sensing system is used to measure changes in the SPR signal. Moreover, a perfectly matched layer (PML) is also placed outside of the PCF to absorb unwanted light signals towards the surface. The numerical investigation of all guiding properties of the PCF-SPR sensor is completed using a fully vectorial-based finite element method (FEM) to achieve the finest sensing performance. The design of the PCF-SPR sensor is completed using COMSOL Multiphysics software, version 1.4.50. According to the simulation results, the proposed PCF-SPR sensor has a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 9000 nm/RIU, an amplitude sensitivity of 3746 RIU−1, a sensor resolution of 1 × 10−5 RIU, and a figure of merit (FOM) of 900 RIU−1 in the x-polarized direction light signal. The miniaturized structure and high sensitivity of the proposed PCF-SPR sensor make it a promising candidate for detecting RI of analytes ranging from 1.28 to 1.42.
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Buryakovskaya, Olesya A., Musi Zh Suleimanov, Mikhail S. Vlaskin, Vinod Kumar, and Grayr N. Ambaryan. "Aluminum Scrap to Hydrogen: Complex Effects of Oxidation Medium, Ball Milling Parameters, and Copper Additive Dispersity." Metals 13, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020185.
Full textAbstract:
An effective combination of oxidation medium, ball milling parameters, and copper additive disperstiy ensuring fast aluminum scrap reaction with high hydrogen yield, was suggested. Different milling parameters (5, 10, and 15 mm steel balls; 1 and 2 h; unidirectional and bidirectional rotation modes) were tested for Al-10 wt.% Cu (50–70 μm) composition. The samples milled with 5 (2 h) and 10 mm (1 and 2 h) balls contained undesirable intermetallic phases Al2Cu and Cu9Al4, while those activated with 15 mm balls (1 h) provided the second-finest powder and best preservation of the original Cu and Al phases. Among the tested (at 60 °C) 2 M solutions NaCl, LiCl, KCl, MgCl2, ZnCl2, BaCl2, CaCl2, NiCl2, CoCl2, FeCl2, and AlCl3, the first six appeared to be almost useless (below 4% hydrogen yield), the following four provided better results, and the ultimate 91.5% corresponded to AlCl3. Samples with Cu dispersity of 50–100 nm, 1–19, 50–70, and 150–250 μm, and with no additive, were milled under the optimal parameters and tested in AlCl3. Their total yields were similar (~90–94%), while reaction rates differed. The highest rate was obtained for the sample modified with 50–70 μm powder.
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Feriyanto, Dafit, S. S. Abdulmalik, Hadi Pranoto, and Supaat Zakaria. "The Development of Fine Surface Roughness of FeCrAl Substrate by Gamma Alumina Coating Material Through Nickel Oxide Catalyst." International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials 2, no. 2 (November 18, 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37869/ijatec.v2i2.46.
Full textAbstract:
The most commonly used method for protecting atmospherically exposed steel against corrosion, is the application of protective organic coating systems. It is widely recognized that the stability of the coating-substrate interface is related to the interfacial adhesion forces and electrochemical properties of this region. This study aim to develop fine surface roughness by ultrasonic and electroplating coating methods that applied for FeCrAl catalytic converter. This method consists of thwo methods which are ultrasonic bath that carried out by frequency of 35 kHz and various ultrasonic times of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 hours is imposed and the electroplating was conducted for several variation times of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes, current density of 8 A/dm2. The result shows that the surface roughness of UB samples in between 0.11 to 0.21 µm, UBdEL samples of 0.81 to 2.17 µm, UB+EL samples of 0.64 to 1.63 µm and EL samples of 0.69 to 1.11 µm. The finest surface of each techniques are located at UB 1.5 h, UBdEL 45 minutes, UB 1.5 h+EL 30 minutes and UB 30 minutes. That data is supported by coating thickness of coated FeCrAl substrate where UB samples in between 2 -2.8 µm, UBdEL samples of 4.1 to 5 µm, UB+EL samples of 9.1 to 12 µm and EL samples of 6.2 to 11.3 µm.
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Reñones, Anibal, Cristina Vega, and Mario de la Rosa. "Vibration-Based Smart Sensor for High-Flow Dust Measurement." Sensors 23, no. 11 (May 24, 2023): 5019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115019.
Full textAbstract:
Asphalt mixes comprise aggregates, additives and bitumen. The aggregates are of varying sizes, and the finest category, referred to as sands, encompasses the so-called filler particles present in the mixture, which are smaller than 0.063 mm. As part of the H2020 CAPRI project, the authors present a prototype for measuring filler flow, through vibration analysis. The vibrations are generated by the filler particles colliding with a robust steel bar capable of withstanding the challenging conditions of temperature and pressure within the aspiration pipe of an industrial baghouse. This paper presents a prototype developed to address the need for quantifying the amount of filler in cold aggregates, considering the unavailability of commercially viable sensors suitable for the conditions encountered during asphalt mix production. In laboratory settings, the prototype simulates the aspiration process of a baghouse in an asphalt plant, accurately reproducing particle concentration and mass flow conditions. The experiments performed demonstrate that an accelerometer positioned outside the pipe can replicate the filler flow within the pipe, even when the filler aspiration conditions differ. The obtained results enable extrapolation from the laboratory model to a real-world baghouse model, making it applicable to various aspiration processes, particularly those involving baghouses. Moreover, this paper provides open access to all the data and results used, as part of our commitment to the CAPRI project, with the principles of open science.