Academic literature on the topic 'The finest gold; the finest steel'
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Journal articles on the topic "The finest gold; the finest steel"
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Mager, Mary. "Improving the Resolution of Sputter-coated Films." Microscopy Today 8, no. 2 (March 2000): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500057448.
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After an inquiry from the Microscopy Listserver, I went back to my 1980 copy of Scanning Electron Microscopy, volume I. Several authors had investigated the structure of thin metal films by depositing the films onto carbon-film-covered TEM grids and imaging the films at high magnification. There were several proposals for new devices that have since become standards for high-resolution coaters, but the Listserver inquiry was for a fine conducting film suitabie for high-resolution SEM from an existing sputter coater.There were several factors studied that influenced the fine structure of the films. The first was the materials sputtered: for a given set of conditions of voltage, current and time, platinum gave the finest film, 60% gold-40% palladium (Au/Pd) the next finest and pure gold the least fine.
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Wang, Yong, Chengyi Zhu, Guangqiang Li, Yulong Liu, and Yu Liu. "Influence of Nb Content on Precipitation, Grain Microstructure, Texture and Magnetic Properties of Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 5581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235581.
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The effects of Nb content on precipitation, microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of primary recrystallized grain-oriented silicon steel were investigated by various methods. The results show that the precipitates in primary recrystallized sheets are mainly MnS, Nb(C,N), composite precipitates of MnS and AlN, and composite precipitates of Nb(C,N) and AlN. Adding niobium could refine the primary recrystallized microstructure. The steel with 0.009 wt% Nb possesses the finest and the most dispersed precipitates, which contributes to the finest primary recrystallized microstructure due to the strong pinning force. Adding niobium is beneficial to obtain large volume fraction favorable texture for grain-oriented silicon steel, and the effect of Nb addition is not obvious when the content is higher than 0.009 wt%. After final annealing, the steel with 0.009 wt% Nb shows the best magnetic properties, B800 = 1.872 T, P1.7/50 = 1.25 W/kg.
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Adlim, Adlim, and Mohamad Abu Bakar. "PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN-GOLD NANOPARTICLES: PART 1 (OF 2). EFFECT OF REDUCING TECHNIQUE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (June 17, 2010): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21621.
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Chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous formic acid, citric, or acetic acid with and without chitosan as the stabilizer. Refluxing in methanol, addition of hydrazine or sodium borohydride, photo-irradiation were employed as the reducing agents & reduction technique of gold ions. Dispersed particles of chitosan-stabilized gold were obtained in aqueous acetic acid-methanol solution. The chitosan-stabilized gold colloids (chi-Au) were dispersed and the particle size were in range of 9-30 nm, some of which were crystalline with various shapes. Chi-Au prepared with hydrazine as the reducing agent resulted in large and aggregated particles. The finest and dispersed chi-Au particles were obtained if NaBH4 was used as the reducing agent and the diameters could be controlled within 2.2-2.3 nm. Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, chitosan, size control
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Mohammadjafar Hadad. "Some Experimental Aspects of Grinding Soft Steel Under Different Machining Conditions." Engineering Science & Technology 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37256/est.11202040.
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In this study, the effects of dressing parameters, wheel topography and machining environment on grinding performance of soft steel are investigated. To generate different grinding wheel topographies, dressing speed and depth have been changed during dressing of vitrified Al2O3 wheels using single point diamond dresser. After dressing of grinding wheels, machining tests have been conducted to study the influence of the wheel topography and coolant-lubricant types on the performance of grinding operation. The results suggest that MQL is more suited to grinding of soft material in the finishing step (shallow cut) with the finest dressing than wet and dry grinding.
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Rusanescu, Carmen Otilia, Marin Rusanescu, Florina Violeta Anghelina, and Ileana Nicoleta Popescu. "Study Deformability Ecological Steel (41Cr4)." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.3.5029.
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In this paper is studied the hot plastic deformability (plasticity and resistance to deformation) for the low-alloyed steel of heat treatment for mechanical engineering in two ways: compression and tension. Groups of low alloy steels is very important in terms of quality and quantity, the products of these steels have developed internal and external market. The plasticity variation were plotted with the temperature and it was established that the plasticity of the steel increases in the range 700-12000C, then decreases as a result of the firing of the grain boundaries, for the bars obtained from ingot and continuous cast blown it was noticed that the plasticity values are very close. Deformation resistance decreases as the temperature increases. The finest granulation was obtained for a final plastic deformation temperature of 8000C and a minimum degree of deformation of 45%.
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Xu, Jing, and Yi Tao Yang. "Comprehensive Influence of Cr and Si on Hardness and Wear Resistance of Cold Roll Steel." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.334.
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To improve the service performance of Cr-series steel for cold roller, the combined effects of chromium and silicon on hardness and wear resistance of cold roll steel had been studied in this paper on the basis of MC5 cold roll steel. The results showed that, with increasing Si content the hardness tended to decrease when Cr content was about the same. The hardness was the highest and the wear resistance was the best when Cr content was about 6.7% and Si content about 0.6%. The reason for this found by microscopic analysis was that the carbide size was the finest and carbides were the most dispersively distributed. Meanwhile, the amount of carbides was also the largest.
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Rezaei, SRJ, CW Siyayisa, Z. Tang, and J. Moema. "The influence of austenitization time and temperature on the austenite grain growth in high Ti-V HSLA steels." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 40, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/satnt.2021cosaami.28.
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Generally, in high titanium-containing high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, the challenge is to ensure that an adequate amount of Ti dissolves during soaking for precipitate strengthening during cooling or hot working. Therefore, this work focused on the effect of soaking time and temperature on the austenite grain growth kinetics of HSLA steels, of the three alloys containing 0.1 %Ti, and 0 to 0.12 %V. The samples were austenitized at 1150 and 1280 °C for 1, 2 and 3 hrs and quenched in a 10% NaCl brine. Thereafter, the samples were tempered at 490 °C for 72 hrs in order to reveal the prior austenite grain boundaries. The grain size was analysed by the linear intercept method. The precipitation behaviour was predicted by Thermo-Calc software and confirmed by SEM-EDS. At 1150 °C austenitizing temperature, all three steel grades exhibited the Ti (C, N) (Type 1), (Mn-Ti) (C, S) (Type 2), MnS (Type 3 (Ti4C2S2) (Type 4) and TiC (Type 5) precipitates. After escalating the temperature to 1280 °C, only the TiC dissolved. Type 4 and 5 precipitates were the finest and possibly responsible for the grain size refinement. Consequently, alloy 1 with the highest S content of 140 ppm exhibited the finest grain size at both temperatures.
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Li, Xin Cheng, Yu Ting Luo, Wei Xing Zhu, Xiao Li Wang, and Yi Chen. "Effect of Finish Rolling Process on Improvement of Lamellar Tearing Resistance of High-Rise Building Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.460.
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A process of finish rolling was researched to enhance lamellar tearing resistant of the high-rise building steel EH36. Experimental results indicate that gain size decreased with the decrease of finish temperature. When the finishing temperature on 840/810/780/750°C respectively, microstructure is finest with the size of 11.4μm. Moreover, the size of TiC precipitation turned ideal as the coiling temperature decreased. When coiling temperature is 550°C, the average size of TiC precipitation is only 0.09μm, refined by 40% relative to the conventional process. The microstructure and precipitation phase size of test steel are both effectively controlled because of the improved process. Therefore, high-rise building steel EH36 is finally prepared, and the lamellar tearing resistance reaches up to 78.2%.
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Li, An Ming, Xiang Jie Wang, and Li Juan Huang. "The Austenite Inverse Phase Transformation Quenching in Zero Time Holding of 20MnV Steel." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1177.
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The effect of second quenching temperature in zero time holding on 20MnV steel's strength and hardness was studied by the orthogonal regressive principle. The microstructure and property of the steel after austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding were analyzed. Experiment results showed that the fine lath martensite of 20MnV steel was obtained through austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding at 830°C-930°C. Within the range of Experiment's temperature, the structure of this steel quenched at 830°C is the finest. The microstructure will become coarse and the strength and hardness will become lower if the temperature goes up. The property of this steel can be increased remarkably by austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding at lower temperature.
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Yu Pechenkina, M., and O. A. Nasibullina. "Prevention of local corrosion of aluminum alloy pontoons in steel tanks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2373, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 022070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2373/2/022070.
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Abstract Over the years of existence of the oil and gas industry, increasing the efficiency of equipment at production facilities places increasing demands on operational reliability and durability. The use of aluminum alloys is due to a large range of its features and properties, one of which is the combination of high strength in combination with low density, sufficient corrosion resistance, good moulding ability by casting, pressure and cutting, the possibility of using aluminum parts in all kinds of structures by welding, soldering and other methods. It is important to bear in mind that aluminium alloys do not require regular corrosion coating during operation. It is all about the finest and extremely strong oxide film (0.00001 mm), which forms a reliable adhesion to the metal.
Books on the topic "The finest gold; the finest steel"
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Melton, Gil. Steel sculpture: From vision to fine art : forty years of my finest steels. Bloomington, IN]: Xlibris Corporation, 2012.
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inc, Home Planners, ed. Home Planners gold: 200 of our finest home plans in full color! Tucson, Ariz: Home Planners, 1995.
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Ryder, Jay. The greater Palm Springs golf guide: A comprehensive reference guide to playing the desert's finest gold courses. Palm Desert, Calif. (73-140 Highway 111, Suite 8105, Palm Desert 92260): Ryder Publications, 1989.
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Stephens, James. Crock of Gold : (Finest Annotation). Independently Published, 2022.
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Crock of Gold: (Finest Annotation). Independently Published, 2022.
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Cooper, Brad. Finest Gold: The Making of an Olympic Swimmer. Scribe Publications, 2018.
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Finest Gold: The Making of an Olympic Swimmer. Scribe Publications, 2019.
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Robert Louis Stevenson. Treasure Island : (Finest Illustration). Independently Published, 2022.
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Holder, Edison. Desperadoes Musical Conquerors: History of Trinidad and Tobago's Finest Steel Orchestra. Outskirts Press, Incorporated, 2020.
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Inc, Home Planners, and Inc Home Planners. Home Planners Gold: 200 Of Our Finest Home Plans in Full Color! Home Planners, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "The finest gold; the finest steel"
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Aigbodion, V. S., and P. A. Ozor. "New Insights into the Polymer Coating of Mild Steel Using Activated Orange Juice Functionalized Rice Husk Nanoparticles." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1037–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_115.
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AbstractNovel insights in the development of polymer coating of mild steel using functionalization of rice husk ash nanoparticles by activated orange juice were investigated. For the potentiostat/galvanostat corrosion performance of the coated materials, 5 wt% potassium sulfate (K2SO4(aq), 5 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl(aq), and 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4(aq) were used. 78.81, 71.86, and 55.11% corrosion resistance of the samples of K2SO4, H2SO4, and NaCl. It was concluded that orange juice was able to enhance the dispersion of RHnp in the epoxy coating. The presence of citrate ions in the orange juice acts as a stabilizer and reducing agent, which was attributed to the fine grain size and good corrosion resistance of the composite coating. The work has established that rice husk ash nanoparticles by activated orange juice can be used in the development of composites coating mild steel.
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Kresojevic, Milan, and Vesna Ristic Vakanjac. "Ship Maneuvering Using a Ship Simulator in Search and Rescue Operation." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 969–77. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_86.
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AbstractIn order to successfully steer a ship, a man, ship’s watch officer, or commander of the ship must be physically ready and must know the maneuvering characteristics of the ship he steers, as well as the forces acting on him. For that, it is necessary for him to know the specifics of the ship because each ship has its own "mood", its specific properties that depend on the type, and size of the ship. Therefore, maneuvering properties differ even in ships of the same type and therefore it is important to know the specifics of a particular ship. Also, the same ship will behave differently in different situations. When the ship finds itself in situations that require urgent reaction during the voyage, then the experience and skills of the ship's captain come to the fore. Then it is important that the captain, based on his experience, chooses the right maneuver, but also that he always has at least one reserve maneuver in his head. That decision in certain situations must be made in a very short period of time, and the future of the ship and human lives often depends on it, as well as the resources on board. Every skill is acquired through practice, and it is logical that the commander will react faster and more correctly in every new situation. Precisely because of this, the most intensive training is necessary for the formation of quality ship commanders. For that reason, the training of future ship commanders on ship simulators gives excellent results. On ship simulators, they can gain a lot of experience and go through countless scenarios. In this paper, the use-value of ship simulators from the aspect of the training was verified through the Search and Rescue (SAR) exercise realized on the ship simulator Wärtsilä Navigation Simulator NTPRO 5000. It has been shown that the simulator can successfully check and recognize the optimal SAR pattern, maneuvering characteristics of the ship, as well as practice, maneuvering the ship and resolving specific situations that ship commanders may encounter in real situations. Training on ship simulators cannot completely replace training in real situations, but it can be used to get acquainted with the maneuvering characteristics of the ship, train in working with navigation devices, and be a good starting point in preparing people who are trained to perform tasks in real situations. The use of hydrological data of relationships between different types of data using an autoregressive model (AR model) can contribute to the creation of more realistic scenarios on ship simulators. It is also possible to apply data in the modeling of the environment and connect them with the current hydrological situation of the waterway. In the exercise evaluation process, we can see if the ship's captain used the hydrological data in the right way.
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"How Independent Is Independent Review? Partner Notification in a Study of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Mpumalanga, South Africa." In Ethical Issues in International Biomedical Research, edited by James V. Lavery, Christine Grady, Elizabeth R. Wahl, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel, 233–45. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195179224.003.0015.
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Abstract Mpumalanga province in South Africa is the former Eastern Transvaal province, which borders Swaziland and Mozambique Its name, which means ‘‘place where the sun rises,’’ was changed in 1995. It is home to Kruger National Park and other game reserves, as well as some of the world’s finest trout streams. The economy depends upon mining, primarily coal, gold, and platinum, tourism to the wildlife parks, and agriculture. Nevertheless poverty is extreme and employment has actually declined in the last decade. The province has the second lowest literacy rate in South Africa.
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Crivelli, Tatiana. "‘She Showed the World a Beacon of Female Worth’ : Vittoria Colonna in Arcadia." In Vittoria Colonna. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723947_ch15.
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The Accademia dell’Arcadia (founded 1690) deserves to play a leading role in any account of Vittoria Colonna’s posthumous influence. The author of the first ‘critical’ edition of Colonna’s verse, Ercole Visconti, was an Arcadian, as was Giovan Maria Crescimbeni, who presented Colonna’s work in his Istoria della volgar poesia as an ‘inexhaustible mine of the finest gold’. The many female poets of the Academy also recognised and paid tribute to Colonna’s inspiration. This chapter investigates Colonna’s role as literary model within the Academy, covering all the key phases, from the early eighteenth to the nineteenth century, and examining the ways in which gender inflected the practices and stylistic ideals of this powerful cultural institution.
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Shakespeare, Critics Theatre. "8 November 1880, anonymous review from The Times on Edwin Booth (1833-93) as Hamlet at the Princess’s Theatre, London, reprinted in Shakespearean Criticism, vol. 21, ed. Joseph C. Tardiff (Detroit, Gale Research, 1993), pp. 69-70." In Shakespeare in the Theatre, 126–28. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198711773.003.0033.
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Abstract Booth, member of a famous American acting family, was the finest American tragedian of his time. He toured extensively, and was to alternate the roles of Othello and Iago with Irving at the Lyceum in 1881. I omit the opening para¬ graphs of the review, which include the information that Booth ‘first essayed Hamlet in 1853 in San Francisco’, that he had played the role ‘in Australia, after the gold-rushes, and in the Sandwich Islands, where for two .months Mr Booth “ran” the Hawaiian Theatre Royal, under the patronage of His Majesty King Kameeyah IV’, and that ‘In New York Mr Booth played Hamlet for mo nights at the Winter Garden.’
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Lie, Einar. "Occupation and Loss of Autonomy." In Norges Bank 1816-2016, 161–89. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860013.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on Norges Bank during the Second World War. The Second World War came to Norway on 9 April 1940, when German forces invaded the country. This was one of the darkest days in Norwegian history, but still one of the finest in Norges Bank’s history. In the chaotic morning hours, the large gold reserve was evacuated and, by a long journey in inland Norway and along the coast, finally brought to safety overseas. However, the rest of the war, and of the first pre-war years, brought less glory to Norges Bank. Already before the gold had departed Norway, a gradual inflation of the Norwegian monetary system had started because of the Germans’ requisitions of legal tender through the central bank. In the following years, large sums of Norwegian kroner were withdrawn from Norges Bank as a part of the financing of the occupational force’s activities in Norway. This created a large liquidity surplus, which made monetary policy more or less inefficient, until the surplus was finally eliminated around 1950.
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Clorinda Matto De, Turner. "11." In Torn From the Nest, edited by John H. R. Polt, 31–32. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195110067.003.0012.
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Abstract Doña Petronila Hinojosa, Don Sebastian Pancorbo’s wife according to the law and sacrament of the Church, was approaching the age of forty and had come into possession of a robust and well-proportioned body, heavy without reaching the point of obesity. Her face clearly revealed a good heart that in the course of life and in a better place than the one in which she had been fated to be born might have distinguished itself for its nobility and high aspirations. Her dress is the finest you will find in Killac and the surrounding region. Her fingers are encrusted with inexpensive rings; enormous gold hoops with circles of choice diamonds frame her face; her beige wool skirt has five rows of delicately gathered flounces; and her cashmere shawl with its large scarlet and black checks is fastened on the right with a silver brooch in the form of an eagle.
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Lie, Einar. "The 1930s Crisis." In Norges Bank 1816-2016, 142–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860013.003.0009.
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This chapter examines Norges Bank during the 1930s. There is hardly any single year that stands out as prominently in the history of Western central banks as the year 1931. That was the year when the gold standard collapsed, caused by the severe banking crisis on the continent, negatively impacting the entire Western world and rapidly developing into a deep and widespread international crisis. In addition to that, problems brought forth by the crisis stretched beyond the sphere of the financial system. The aftermath of the crisis was dominated by bankruptcy and unemployment, with adverse effects that would persist for the entire decade. The year 1931 was one of economic crisis, yet one of the finest moments in Norges Bank’s institutional history. The new exchange rate policy prevented a tight policy with high interest rates to defend the value of the krone. This new policy also made room for support measures and a relatively flexible monetary policy, first during the run-up to the new banking crisis, and later as a more general policy throughout the decade.
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Ganjoo, Richika, Shveta Sharma, Ashish Kumar, and M. M. Arêmou Daouda. "Activated Carbon: Fundamentals, Classification, and Properties." In Activated Carbon, 1–22. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781839169861-00001.
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A class of amorphous carbonaceous materials with large porosity and internal surface area is referred to as “activated carbon,” or AC. Coconut shells, coal, and wood are the basic sources of ACs. Anthracite and bituminous coals have been the main sources of AC until recently, although AC may be made from any carbonaceous material. AC is an extremely effective adsorbent. It may be used to clean, dechlorinate, deodorize, and decolourize both liquid and vapour applications because of its large surface area, pore structure, and high degree of surface reactivity. Since the removal of contaminants requires carbonaceous materials with a high degree of porosity, well-developed surface area, and distinct functional groups, use of ACs is one of the finest methods for eliminating pollutants from aqueous solution and the atmosphere. ACs are also cost-effective adsorbents for a variety of sectors, including water purification, food-grade goods, cosmetics, automotive applications, industrial gas purification, petroleum, and precious metal recovery, mostly for gold. The classification, characteristics, and usage of AC are the main topics of this chapter.
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Attabi, Selma, Abdelaziz Himour, Lakhdar Laouar, and Amir Motallebzadeh. "Surface Integrity of Ball Burnished 316L Stainless Steel." In Stainless Steels [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101782.
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316L is a type of austenitic stainless steel that offers a good combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In some industrial applications, it is necessary to proceed to finish treatments to extend the lifetime of the mechanical parts. In the present chapter, ball burnishing treatment is applied to improve the surface integrity of 316L since the performance behavior of parts is directly dependant on the surface properties of the used material. Both surface topography and surface microhardness of 316L after subjection to ball burnishing are studied. The number of burnishing passes is varied by up to five to investigate its effect on the results. Optical profilometer and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze the surface roughness and surface topography texture while measurements of microhardness Vickers were proceeded to investigate the changes in surface hardening.
Conference papers on the topic "The finest gold; the finest steel"
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McNulty, I., J. Kirz, C. Jacobsen, M. R. Howells, and E. H. Anderson. "Experiments with soft-x-ray Fourier-transform holography." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.mmm5.
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We report tests of a holographic microscope with submicrometer resolution. We used the microscope to record Fourier-transform holograms of gold test patterns (50 nm finest dimension) with 3.4 nm wavelength radiation from the soft-x-ray undulator at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The high-brightness undulator source enabled us to generate holograms of sufficient contrast to be numerically reconstructed from exposures of 10-30 min obtained with a chargecoupled-device (CCD) detector. The coherent x-ray flux through the 100 µ2 test objects was 9 × 105 photons/s and was 2 × 106 photons/s in the reference source. The microscope used a 90 µm diameter zone plate as a beam splitter (50 nm finest zone width) both to illuminate the object and to form a focused reference spot. A low-noise integrating CCD camera recorded the interference between the reference and object wavefields, which had a mean spatial period of ~200 µm. After making background corrections, we performed discrete Fourier-transform reconstructions of 512 × 512 pixel arrays of the hologram data, which yielded images of the test patterns having features resolved to better than 1 µm. This approach to Fourier-transform holography demonstrates high-resolution x-ray microscopy by using a relatively coarse-grained detector; this permits fast turnaround from hologram acquisition to wave-front reconstruction.
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Ade, H., J. Kirz, R. Rosser, Y. Vladimirsky, D. Kern, and H. Rarback. "Performance of electron beam fabricated x-ray zone plates." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.ms4.
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We tested a new generation of high resolution x-ray zone plates with the scanning x-ray microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source.1 The zone plates were fabricated by electron beam lithography at IBM.2 They consist of gold rings on a silicon nitride window and have finest rings in the 68–100-nm range. The central region has a thick solid gold plating to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in the foci. Collection efficiencies into first-, second-, and third-order foci were measured, and the nature of the first-order focus was examined in detail. The best zone plates showed negligible astigmatism and a first-order efficiency of ~5 %. One of these was used as the focusing element in scanning x-ray microscopy of biological specimens.
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Nagai, Yoshihide, Hidenori Fukami, Hajime Inoue, Takao Nakashima, Akihiko Kojima, Toshiyuki Kajitani, Toshihiko Adachi, and Yuzuru Yoshida. "Production of High-Strength and High-Toughness Steel for Offshore Structures." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37436.
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By the utilization of new fine particles, steels refining the heat affected zone (HAZ) structure have been developed. This has made possible the mass-production of offshore structural steels which have high-strength of 460–500N/mm2 in yield strength (YS) and excellent crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) properties. These newly developed steels for offshore structures have been mass-production to over 45,000 tons. The new particles are dispersed finely in the developed steels and show a strong pinning effect. The newly developed steels also use the intragranular ferrite (IGF) like titanium oxide bearing steel (TiO steel). In mass-production heats, γ grain size is restricted below 200 μm under conditions of 1400°C for 60 seconds. The improvement of HAZ toughness and the utilization of the thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP) has restrained the increase in carbon equivalent (Ceq,PCM) far as possible. By application of these technologies, it has been possible to mass-produce steels with high-strength, excellent CTOD properties and good weldability. As for steel plates of YS500N/mm2, the production of steel plates up to 70mm in thickness was carried out. The properties of welded joints for the 70mm-thick plates of YS500N/mm2 steel have been evaluated under heat input in 0.7kJ/mm of flux-cored are welding (FCAW) and 3.5kJ/mm of sub-merged arc welding (SAW). They have shown excellent CTOD and Charpy impact properties at welded joints; and have moreover indicated good weldability when PCM has been restricted to 0.22% or lower.
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Atayo, Asonganyi Ateh, Mahmood Bashir, Muhammad Mustafizur Rahman, and Rajeev Nair. "Analysis of Laser Cutting of 1.2mm Thick Austenitic Stainless Steel." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24513.
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Abstract Stainless steel 304 is one of the most commonly used steel types for corrosion resistance applications, but higher melting point is a limitation in industries from a manufacturing point of view. The non-conventional and subtractive manufacturing technique of laser cutting — a beam directed method, is suitable for these applications. A Gaussian laser beam is directed at the material that melts, burns, vaporizes, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving a fine edge with good surface finish. In this study, a numerical study was performed to study the multi-physical fluid processes of laser cutting. Towards this, modeling was performed using 1.2 mm thick austenitic stainless-steel coupons that was cut using a continuous width neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (CW Nd: YAG) laser. The results showed smoother surface cut, little dross formation, lower temperature rise in heat affected zones, and less finish time at a cutting speed of 8m/min, higher laser power above 1000 W, gas pressure of 11 bars, and focus distance of −1.0 mm. It was observed that an increase in laser power at a faster cutting speed led to an increase in kerf width, reduction in dross formation, lower temperature rises in heat affected zones and a reduced finish time. The simulation results were compared with published experimental data and found to be well within a maximum difference of 15%.
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Bobzin, K., L. Zhao, M. Öte, and T. Königstein. "Highly Economical Fe-Based Protective Coating System by Novel Material Design and Full Utilization of the Atomized Powder." In ITSC 2016, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. DVS Media GmbH, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2016p0700.
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Abstract In this work, the aim is to develop a cost-effective coating to protect cast iron and carbon steel from corrosion and wear. An alloy with a composition of FeCr25Mn10BC was designed that could be readily converted to powder form by gas atomization. Different sized powders were produced, characterized, and subsequently sprayed using a three-cathode air plasma generator. It was found that fine powders with fractions of -25 +10 μm and -10 μm had a much higher affinity to oxidation than coarser ones. Nevertheless, using suitable parameters, dense coatings with low oxide content could be realized even with the finest powder. The results show that full utilization of the powder is achievable due to the wide parameter window of three-cathode plasma spraying and that the average deposition efficiency is more than 70%. In addition to savings in material and processing costs, the new alloy system provides greater wear resistance than stainless steel coatings and exhibits significantly higher corrosion resistance than unprotected cast iron and carbon steel.
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Gaudet, Michael J., and Warren J. Poole. "Tensile and Fracture Properties of X80 Steel Microstructures Relevant to the HAZ." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90485.
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The girth welding of steel pipelines creates a substantial heat affected zone (HAZ) within the base pipeline steel. The HAZ can be considered to be a complex graded microstructure. While there is significant concern as to the fracture and mechanical properties of the HAZ as whole, detailed knowledge about the mechanical properties of the individual microstructures is lacking. For this study, X80 is heat treated in a Gleeble simulator to create samples of bulk microstructures with differing amounts and morphologies of bainite, ferrite and martensite-retained austenite (MA) with a total of 8 microstructures being investigated. The heat treatments were selected specifically to control the level of niobium in solid solution; that is to control whether niobium was fully in solution or contained mainly in niobium carbonitride precipitates. From the heat treated samples a matching tensile and fracture specimens were made. The strongest microstructure proved to be the finest bainitic microstructure, while the lowest strength microstructure was the coarsest bainite sample containing a significant amount of martensite-retained austenite connected along grain boundaries. The fracture behaviour at ambient temperature was studied using the Kahn tear test. The Kahn tear test is a machine notched, thin-sheet, slow strain rate fracture test which has the advantage of being a simple test to conduct. All Kahn tests failed in a ductile manner and it showed that the sample with the coarse bainite, with a connected martensite-retained austenite phase had the lowest unit propagation energy and tear strength while the fine, fully bainitic sample had the highest unit propagation energy and tear strength. Further investigation using SEM measurements of the final fracture surface from the tensile test to determine the tensile toughness. A comparison of the tensile toughness and unit propagation energies showed that there was a complex relationship between the two measurements. However, the samples which had the highest content of MA gave the in lowest unit propagation energy.
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Yin, Yuqun, Yixin Huang, Yongkuan Yao, Daoyuan Wang, Yonglong Wu, and Douglas G. Stalheim. "Improved DWTT Performance on Heavy Gauge API Plate and Coil From 150 and 180 mm Thickness Slab at Nanjing Iron and Steel Company, Nanjing China." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64213.
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Economical movement of energy through densely populated regions of China to support economic growth has resulted in typical natural gas transmission pipeline designs of API grade X70 that utilize wall thicknesses in a range between 17 and 32 mm and OD at 1016 mm. The DWTT requirement for many of the specifications is ≥ 85% shear average at −10 °C to −15 °C in the plate or coil. Achievement of good fracture toughness, such as DWTT is heavily related to the total reduction from slab thickness to finish plate thickness. Ideally a total slab to finish plate thickness reduction in excess of 12:1 or at a minimum 10:1 is desirable to properly condition the austenite grains for good DWTT performance. Many of the Chinese steel producers, including Nanjing Iron and Steel Company (NISCO) have slab thicknesses less than 250 mm with several less than 200 mm, especially in wider widths to support the 1016 mm OD. This results in total slab to finish plate thickness reductions less than 10:1 and in some designs total reductions down to 7:1. This challenges the steel producer of plate or coil in achieving the required specification average DWTT percent shear on a consistent basis. For heavy gauge plate and coil in the widths required for the Chinese pipeline industry NISCO typically uses a 150 mm slab or a 180 mm slab. NISCO has to routinely use slab to finish plate or coil thickness total reductions less than 10:1. This paper will describe NISCO’s successful development related to production of heavy gauge API X70/X80 grade plate and coil meeting the DWTT percent shear requirement in China utilizing slabs that result in total slab to finish plate/coil reductions of less than 10:1.
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Sharma, Udit, and Douglas G. Ivey. "Microstructure of Microalloyed Linepipe Steels." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-125.
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The aim of this study was to characterize the microstructure of microalloyed linepipe steels. The steels investigated were X70 (0.04 wt% C - 0.02 wt% Ti - 0.07 wt% Nb) and X80 (0.04 wt% C - 0.025 wt% Ti - 0.09 wt% Nb) steels, where the numbers refer to their specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) in ksi. This class of steels has the advantage of high strength and good toughness combined with minimal wall thickness (15.5 mm for X70 steel). These attributes result in considerable cost savings when installation of several hundreds of kilometers of pipeline is required for oil and natural gas recovery and transport. The present study focused on phase identification and quantification, distribution of alloying elements and inclusions and segregation effects. Both steels were primarily composed of a mixed ferrite structure, i.e., polygonal ferrite and acicular ferrite/bainite, with characteristic low angle grain boundaries and high dislocation densities. The proportion of acicular grains was higher for the X80 steel. Pockets of retained austenite, exhibiting a Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship (KS-OR) with the adjoining ferrite, were found in both steels. Five general classes of precipitates were identified in both steels: 1) Very large (2–10 μm) cuboidal TiN particles nucleated on inclusions; 2) large (0.1–1.0 μm) cuboidal TiN particles; 3) medium sized (30–50nm), irregular shaped Nb-Ti carbonitrides; 4) fine (<20nm), rounded precipitates of Nb carbonitrides with traces of Mo; 5) very fine dispersed precipitates (<5 nm in size). For X80 steels many of the large TiN precipitates were observed with Nb-rich carbonitrides precipitated epitaxially on them. Inclusion content and morphology were analyzed in both steels. The inclusions in X70 steels were found to be primarily CaS with significant amounts of Al, O, Ti, Fe and Mn. They were essentially spherical in shape with small elliptical distortions along the rolling direction and across the width of the plate. The morphology of the inclusions in the X80 steel was very similar, however, they showed higher Mn levels.
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Lu, Junfang, Douglas Ivey, and Hani Henein. "Quantification of Nano-Sized Precipitates in Microalloyed Steels by Matrix Dissolution." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10600.
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Microalloyed steels possess good strength, toughness and excellent weldability, all of which are necessary attributes for oil and gas pipelines in northern climates. These properties are attributed in part to the presence of nano-sized Nb/Ti carbide precipitates. In order to understand the strengthening mechanisms and to optimize the strengthening effects, it is necessary to quantify the size distribution, volume fraction and chemical speciation of these precipitates. However, characterization techniques suitable for quantifying fine precipitates are limited. A matrix dissolution method has been developed to extract the nano-sized precipitates from microalloyed steels. The results from Grade 100 microalloyed steel are presented in this paper.
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Ding, Wenhua, Zhonghang Jiang, Jiading Li, Shaopo Li, Chunhe Zha, Xuejun Bai, Qun Li, Guodong Zhang, and Douglas Stalheim. "Research and Development Into Low Temperature Toughness of Large Diameter Heavy Wall X80 Pipeline Steel at Shougang Steel." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90326.
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In recent years the trend in oil and gas transmission pipelines has been toward higher operating pressures. This trend, while the desire to keep steel costs low, has resulted in an increased demand for large diameter heavy wall X80 with good low temperature toughness. It is well known that improving the low temperature toughness with increasing wall thickness of the pipeline is very difficult. To overcome the difficulty of producing consistent low temperature toughness in heavy wall pipe Shougang Steel Research in cooperation with the Shougang Steel Qinhuangdao China (Shouqin) 4.3 m heavy wide plate mill research was conducted. This paper describes the background, composition design and process strategy to produce good low temperature toughness in heavy wall API plate. The importance of the slab reheating schedule and recrystallized rolling process/schedule that occurs during the roughing process will be discussed. The effect of per pass reductions and work roll speed rotation on the strain introduced was analyzed by means of the numerical simulation technology. Furthermore, the center thickness microstructure and low temperature toughness of plate under the different rolling schedules were researched. The results showed a low reheating temperature and slow rough rolling speed should be implemented. The per pass reductions during recrystallized rough rolling should be increased in a steady fashion, with special emphasis on the reduction of the final roughing pass prior to the intermediate hold (transfer thickness for finishing). When the final roughing pass had a per pass reduction of more than 15%, the main microstructure of plate consists of uniform (surface to center) fine ferrite/acicular ferrite with a small volume fraction of M-A constituent. This fine uniform microstructure results in good low temperature fracture toughness in heavier plate thicknesses. Results of this research and development work will be discussed.
Reports on the topic "The finest gold; the finest steel"
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Dodd, Hope, David Bowles, John Cribbs, Jeffrey Williams, Cameron Cheri, and Tani Hubbard. Aquatic community monitoring at Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, 2008?2017. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303263.
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Land use changes that degrade water quality and stream habitat can negatively impact aquatic communities. Monitoring trends in aquatic community composition and habitat conditions is a robust way to assess stream integrity and health. Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (NHS) is in eastern Iowa where dominant land use consists of row-crop and grassland agriculture. A portion of an unnamed tributary of the West Branch of Wapsinonoc Creek, known as Hoover Creek, flows through the park. In 2008, the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (Heartland Network) of the National Park Service (NPS) began monitoring aquatic communities (fish and invertebrates), physical habitat, and water quality at Hoover Creek within the park. This report summarizes four years of data to assess the baseline conditions of Hoover Creek within Herbert Hoover NHS. Aquatic invertebrate taxa richness ranged from 21 to 32 among all years monitored. Three of these taxa are sensitive to poor water quality and habitat conditions. The invertebrate community was dominated by true flies in the Chironomidae family, Oligochaete worms, and mayflies in the Baetidae family. These taxa are all tolerant of poor water quality and habitat conditions. However, in 2011, the sensitive caddisfly Ceratopsyche was also abundant. Mean Hilsenhoff Biotic Index values indicated the invertebrate community fluctuated over time, ranging from fairly poor in 2017 to good condition in 2011. Ten fish species were collected at Hoover Creek across the four years sampled with seven of those species found in all years. All fish species collected were either moderately tolerant or tolerant to poor habitat and water quality conditions; the community was dominated by johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus). Based on the Index of Biotic Integrity developed for Iowa streams, the fish community ranged from fair condition in 2008, 2014, and 2017 to good condition in 2011. Hoover Creek was found to have predominately fine to medium gravel substrate with high embeddedness, and banks were steep and tall and consisted of fine silt substrate. With the exception of turbidity after a rain event in 2008, water quality parameters were within state standards. The four years of stream biota data coupled with habitat data should form a good baseline for assessing changes or trends in the aquatic community and overall stream health of Hoover Creek.
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Rosse, Anine. Stream channel monitoring for Wind Cave National Park 2021 Data report. National Park Service, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296623.
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The Northern Great Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network (NGPN) began stream channel monitoring in Highland Creek at Wind Cave National Park (WICA) in 2021. This data report summarizes the data collected during the 2021 season pertaining to watershed, reach, and physical habitat. After data are collected for at least four cycles, trends may be reported. This report covers three main areas: 1) Reporting on upland channel characteristics data that may affect habitat such as: land cover, drainage area, and total stream length; 2) Reporting of geomorphic dimensions such as: channel widths, bank angles, vegetative cover, reach slope, measures of bank stability; and 3) Determining physical habitat characteristics such as: size and distribution of bed sediment, large woody debris, and canopy cover. Indices, benchmarks, and other studies are provided in the table for informational purposes to help put Highland Creek’s measurements in context but should not be considered as a reference condition. Upland characteristics of the watershed indicate high natural land use cover (forest, grassland, and shrubland) with little development in the area. Reach characteristics include bank cover, heights, bank stability index, and vegetative cover. In addition to animal-induced erosion of the banks, bank sloughing and widening are occurring. Angles are steep, and there are some sandy banks that are unstable. When plots are revisited in three years, there will be greater understanding of the processes at play and the condition of the stream. Physical characteristics include median particle size, percentage fine substrate, geomorphic units, and canopy cover. Gravel substrate still covers much of the stream; there are wide meanders in the stream bed; and a variety of geomorphic channel units (pool, riffle, run) occur in the creek all of which are indicators of healthy habitat. While there is an absence of large woody debris and canopy cover is low, many grassland streams in good condition can have similar characteristics. More data are needed to fully assess those components and determine a suitable reference condition that can be used to later assess the status and trends of Highland Creek. The reach data contained in this report are specific to a short 150-m segment of Highland Creek and cannot be extrapolated to conditions elsewhere in the creek or to the park in general. Bank erosion and bank instability were observed along the majority of transects at site WICA SCM 001.
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STABILITY PERFORMANCE AND WIND TUNNEL TEST OF STEEL HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWER CONSIDERING SKINNED EFFECT. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2023.19.3.10.
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With the development of industry, cooling towers play a very important role in thermal power generation, and steel cooling towers are being used more widely. The surface of cooling towers is covered with profiled panels, and the skinned effect on the mechanical performance and stability of the structure should be considered. At present, most studies on steel cooling towers have not considered the skinned effect. In steel cooling towers, the skin panels are usually connected to members by self-tapping screws., the shearing test of self-tapping screw connection is carried out considering different screw diameters and plate thicknesses to obtain the shear stiffness of the screws. Then, three FE models of steel hyperbolic cooling towers are established and compared: in Mode–1, the skin panel is not considered; in Model–2, the panel and the member node are rigidly connected; in Model–3, the spring elements are established to simulate the shearing and tension stiffness of self-tapping screws connecting skin panel and members. Based on the finest Model–3, a parametric analysis is done to investigate the effect of the skinned effect on the overall structural stability. Considering different landform types and the roughness of the inner and outer surfaces, a total of 18 measurement conditions are tested in the wind tunnel to study the outer and internal wind pressure coefficients. Furthermore, based on the wind tunnel test, the wind-induced response analysis of steel hyperbolic cooling towers is performed.
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APPLICATION RESEARCH OF V CONTAINING HIGH STRENGTH WEATHERING STEEL IN STEEL STRUCTURE BUILDING. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.090.
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Application research of V containing high strength weathering steel in steel structure building was conducted. The research shows that: adding 0.04% V into weathering steel can lead to grain refinement of ferrite, thereby improving steel performance. Fine polygonal ferrite can make for obvious yield platform, and front cooling method can make V(C, N) precipitation in ferrite fine and dispersive to enhance dislocation pinning, which can further enhance yield effect. In this research V containing weathering steel can realize 500MPa of strength grade, 0.84 of yield ratio, 26.0% of elongation, 3.0% of yield point elongation, 225J of -20℃ impact value (three quarters size). The combination property can satisfy earthquake resistant behavior requirement of steel structure building, and realize replacement of low strength steel for steel structure building, thereby reducing material thickness and weight to realize purchase cost reduction. Cyclical soaking corrosion experiment was conducted, when atmosphere corrosion index of tested steel is around 6.0, the relative corrosion ratio comparing to Q355B is around 40%, which indicates good atmosphere corrosion resistance. In cyclical soaking corrosion experiment, v containing weathering steel for steel structure can realize 5.9g/(m2·h) of 72h average weight loss and 43.4% of relative corrosion ratio, the atmosphere corrosion resistance is good, exposed application of v containing weathering steel for steel structure in industrial atmosphere can obviously reduce rust protection and reduction cost of steel structure building
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LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL S30408 UNDER LARGE PLASTIC STRAIN AMPLITUDE. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.1.10.
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The application of stainless steel materials in civil structures for seismic protection lies in its low-cycle fatigue characteristic. However, the data of existing research are mainly based on the low-cycle fatigue in small strain amplitudes. To this end, we perform low-cycle fatigue testing of Austenitic stainless steel S30408, which has low yield point and good elongation performance, under the cyclic load with a maximum strain amplitude reaching up to 5%, to fill the gap. The stress-strain response characteristics of the stainless steel material under the cyclic load are analyzed; then, the parameters of the strain-fatigue life relationship and the cyclic-plastic constitutive model used for FEA simulation are extracted. Results show that the stainless steel’s stress-strain curve is nonlinear without a yield plateau, thus presenting a high strength yield ratio and ductility. The hysteresis loops of the material are plump with a shuttle shape and are symmetric to the origin, indicating a fine energy dissipation capacity. The skeleton curve under cyclic loading with cyclic hardening can be significantly reflected by the Ramberg Osgood model, which is affected by the strain amplitude and loading history; it is also different from the monotonic tensile skeleton curve. The strain-fatigue life curve fitted by the Baqusin Manson Coffin model can predict the materials’ fatigue life under different strain amplitudes. The mixed hardening model, including isotropic and kinematic hardening, based on the Chaboche model, is able to simulate the cyclic stress-strain relationship. Further, its parameters can provide basic data information for the seismic design of civil structures when Austenitic stainless steel S30408 is used.