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1
Gajbhiye, Shobhit. "Seismic Effects on Different Structural Members." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 1481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36589.
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Civil engineers deal with constructing differing types of structures with guaranteeing safety, sturdiness and utility. Currently days “earthquake “is a natural tragedy that affects the structures with their safety and utility. The quantity of harm that earthquake will cause to structures is rely upon sort of building, sort of soil, Technology used for earthquake resistance, and last however not the smallest amount Location of building. Effects of earthquake area unit mostly counting on sort of soil within which foundation of building is finished as a result of earthquake changes the motion of ground that results the failure foundation. Therefore it's vital to check the behavior of various soils at the time of construction of structures. Earthquake will be resisted by varied technologies utilized in building, one amongst these area unit shear wall. It improves the structural performance of building subjected to lateral forces because of earthquake excitation. Much analysis comes area unit afoot worldwide for development of effective ways for estimating unstable demands for performance-based engineering of buildings.
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Nizamani, Zafarullah, Seah Kay Seng, Akihiko Nakayama, Mohamad Shariff Bin Omar Khan, and Haider Bilal. "Seismic Effects on a Horizontally Unsymmetrical Building using Response Spectrum Analysis." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820306014.
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Most of the residential buildings in Malaysia are not designed to withstand the seismic forces, while the high-rise buildings. However, since the Sumatra 2004 earthquake, there had been increasing concerns about the structure vulnerability in our country to earthquakes. Several recent studies had also revealed that Malaysia had the possibility to be influenced by both local and far field earthquakes. This study is conducted to analyze the vulnerability of a high rise building to local and far field earthquakes using Scia Engineer. Modal Response Spectrum method of Scia Engineer is used. The model is a 12 story hotel building from Ipoh, Perak. The designing code is the Eurocode with Malaysia Annex. Different Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA) that represents the local and far field earthquakes is acted on the model to obtain the seismic performance. The deformation of the building by the seismic combinations is compared to the ASCE-7 design to evaluate the vulnerability. Research of seismic performance of the flat slab system is also conducted along with beam frame system. The result shows that the building is in a safe condition in terms of deformation and the seismic performance of the flat slab system is advantageous.
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Pillai, Manoj S., and Jency Sara Kurian. "Hybrid Model for Retrofitting: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.200.
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Beam-column joint is considered as a crucial zone in moment resisting frames. It is subjected to large forces during an earthquake, due to ground shaking and the response of the building depends on the behavior of the beam-column joint. During analysis, the joints are usually treated as rigid and this fails to consider the effects of various shear forces developed within the joint. So there emerges the need of seismic upgrading owing to structural deterioration, change in functions or increased performance requirements. Damping is one of the commonly adopted methods proposed for achieving optimal performance of the building subjected to seismic actions. In the present study, an economical approach towards the use of dampers in buildings to reduce the seismic effect is studied. A hybrid combination of dampers with steel bracings for retrofitting is studied in this paper. A cost effective hybrid configuration is presented which can simultaneously reduce the seismic effect and the overall cost for retrofitting.
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Hasan, A., K. I. M. Iqbal, S. Ahammed, and A. Ghosh. "Nonlinear Time History Analysis for Seismic Effects on Reinforced Concrete Building." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 19, no. 4 (January 28, 2023): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v19i4.12.
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A typical Reinforced Concrete (RC) building frame comprising of RC columns and connecting beams that participates in resisting the earthquake forces. Due to earthquake, reversal tension generates at both faces of a beam and column; and hence damage occur in the frame for the disability of tension carrying capacity of concrete. Therefore, the structural performance of RC building for seismic load has been analyzed by nonlinear time history analysis method for this study. A residential building located in Dhaka, Bangladesh subjected to various types of gravity load and seismic load was considered to analyze using ETABS software as per the guideline of BNBC (2020). According to the guideline of ATC 40 (1996), the seismic performances like maximum displacement and story drift for RC building were evaluated both at structural and element levels by applying El Centro (1940) ground motion at the base of the structure. Formation of plastic hinges is used as the basis to evaluate the local performance and story drift is used to evaluate the global performance. At first, the considered building was designed only for gravity load, and then for both gravity and seismic load according to BNBC (2020). Further studies have been performed on that building considering double height column at a story level. It was observed that the maximum displacement and story drift exceeds the allowable limit for all the considered cases if seismic load is applied on the structure.
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Shukla, Kusamakar, and Dr Gunjan Shrivastava. "Comparative Study of 30-Storey Building with and without Seismic Load Combination by using STAAD PRO." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 1426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54888.
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Abstract: This comparative study aims to evaluate the structural behaviour of a 30-storey building using STAAD Pro under two scenarios: with and without seismic load combinations. By comparing the results obtained from both cases, the study seeks to determine the significance of seismic design provisions and the impact they have on the structural performance of the building. The findings of this research will contribute to the understanding of the importance of incorporating seismic load combinations in the design process of high-rise buildings and aid in improving their safety and resilience.Seismic design provisions and load combinations are essential in ensuring the structural integrity of high-rise buildings. These provisions consider the effects of lateral forces generated by seismic activity and aim to minimize structural damage and protect human life during an earthquake. It is crucial to evaluate the performance of buildings under different loading conditions, including seismic load combinations, to ensure they meet safety standards and codes.
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Panthi, Ashim, Ashin Lamsal, Binod Pathak, Kishor Poudel, and Bharat Pradhan. "Design Demands of RC Buildings Due to Irregularities." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 8, no. 1 (June 23, 2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v8i1.55915.
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The RC-framed building is one of the most common construction technique for seismic-resistant structures due to its ductile nature. However, the seismic performance of RC structures can be significantly influenced by different factors, irregularities being one of the most important aspect. Irregularities on buildings increase the lateral seismic forces and inter-storey drifts thus increasing seismic demands in the structural elements. Due to architectural or functional requirements, many times irregularities cannot be avoided even though such arrangements are discouraged in the building codes including the Nepal National Building Code (NBC) 105:2020. Although many studies have been performed to quantify the effects of such irregularities internationally, design effect has not been analyzed in the context of Nepal and NBC 105:2020. Therefore, this study aims to present the variation in design demand for RC buildings in different irregularities scenarios. Three buildings models exhibiting irregularities in torsion, stiffness, and diaphragm are taken and analyzed in Finite Element platform SAP 2000 and compared with a regular building in terms of storey drift, internal forces, etc. The final design of the structural elements shows that the design demand in terms of section size and reinforcements can be significantly influenced by the presence of such irregularities.
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Heidebrecht, A. C. "Insights and challenges associated with determining seismic design forces in a loading code." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 28, no. 3 (September 30, 1995): 224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.28.3.224-246.
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This paper presents and discusses a number of important topics which affect the determination of seismic design forces in a loading code. These range broadly from seismic hazard through to design philosophy and include the following aspects: influence of uncertainty in determining seismic hazard, seismic hazard parameters, site effects, probability level of design ground motions, role of deformations in seismic design, performance expectations and level of protection. The discussion makes frequent reference to the seismic provisions of both the National Building Code of Canada (1995) and the New Zealand Loading Standard (1992). Also, comparisons are made of seismic hazard and seismic design forces for several Canadian and New Zealand cities.
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G, Gayathri, K. M Mini, and Sruthy S. "Seismic and blast loading performance of a gypsum panelled prefabricated building." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.25055.
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Urge for modern technologies and limited space leads to the idea of light weight building technology that can resist major loading condi- tions and can even be used in lands with very poor soil profile. For proper understanding of the structural response, building needs to be evaluated for natural hazards like seismic and manmade calamities like blast loading along with the normal forces acting on the structure. Whole building and structural components are also to be evaluated to study the progressive collapse of the building. This paper includes the study of static, seismic and blast loading effects on a conventional and a prefabricated building. The structural components and con- nections are also evaluated to forecast the strength of a prefabricated building using FE method. Gypsum wall panel incorporated with glass fibres and casted with cavities, as hollow and filled, are used as building panel. This study is useful in suggesting an innovative technology which is light in weight and cost effective with composite structural components.
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Rana, UpasanaR, SnehalV Mevada, and VishalB Patel. "Seismic Risk Assessment of Asymmetric Buildings using Fragility Curves." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 1727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.712.
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It is very important and necessary to assess the seismic risk for the buildings subjected to uncertain and highly unpredictable dynamic forces produced from earthquakes. Fragility curves are the best tools for the representation of seismic risk assessment. In the present study, risk assessment of structure subjected to seismic loading is evaluated. Further, the effects of different eccentricities are also studied for seismic risk assessment. The fragility curves are developed for G+5 storied RCC bare frame building as well as G+5 storied RCC building with shear wall. The considered buildings are subjected to ground motions of past recorded earthquakes. Buildings with different eccentricities and various structural configurations are studied for various failure criteria. The responses of the considered buildings subjected to earthquake excitations are evaluated by Incremental Dynamic Analyses. Fragility curves are developed using Monte Carlo method considering various performance levels as per ATC-40. It is observed that for immediate occupancy failure criteria, the probability of failure is increased constantly with increasing the percentage of structural eccentricity. Further, it is observed that very less variation is observed in the probability of failure under life safety and collapse prevention failure stages.
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Bairán, J. M., R. Moreno-González, and J. Peguero. "Seismic Behavior of Medium and High Strength Concrete Buildings." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2015): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010308.
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Current concrete technology has made higher concrete grades more affordable to mid and high-rise buildings; hence its use has been increasing in the late years as it allows for smaller cross-sections, reduction of the structure’s weight, improve durability, among other benefits. However, it is known that brittleness of plain concrete increases with the strength; therefore, some national codes have limited the concrete’s strength in high seismic zones. In this paper, the seismic behavior of a 10 storey dual frame-wall building, designed with concrete grades C30, C60 and C90 is studied in order to assess the advantages and disadvantages of this material and investigate the effects of high concrete strength on the seismic behavior of buildings. In total, three models were studied. Furthermore, a comparison between Force-Based-Design (FBD) and Displacement-Based-Design (DBD) methodologies is made. DBD showed advantages in determining the adequate design ductility and the distribution of forces between frame and wall. The structures are designed according to Eurocode 8 for seismic design high ductility structures. To assess the seismic performance of the building, pushover analyses were made according to the Eurocode 8 (N2 method) in order to determine the performance point. It is observed that adequate design could accommodate concrete’s reduction of ductility. Needed confinement levels can objectively be defined for different concrete strength. Some benefits of the overall increase of strength are highlighted in the paper. The C90 building showed adequate response, although changes on the failure mode were observed.
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Boonyapinyo, Virote, and Norathape Choopool. "Seismic Performance and Cost Evaluations of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Various Ductility in Moderate Seismic Zone." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 08, no. 02 (June 2014): 1450005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431114500055.
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This study is focused on the effects of the new standard of the building design under seismic loading in Thailand (DPT 1302-52) on cost estimates and the seismic performance of nine-story reinforced concrete apartment buildings with various ductility in moderate seismic zone and a gravity load designed (GLD) building. Both the nonlinear static pushover and nonlinear dynamic analyses are applied. Comparisons of performance point (PF) evaluation of studied frames are investigated by three different methods, namely, capacity spectrum method (CSM), inelastic demand diagram method (IDDM), and nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) method. Five selected ground motion records are investigated in the analyses. In order to examine the influence of design ductility classes, the seismic forces on moment resisting frame buildings are defined according to the new standard of the building design under seismic loading in Thailand with ductility from 8, 5, and 3, corresponding to special ductile frame (SDF), intermediate ductile frame (IDF), and ordinary ductile frames (ODF), respectively. For the cost estimates, ODF is the most expensive among ODF, IDF, and SDF. Costs of SDF and IDF in Chiang Mai are quite similar. The results show that SDF is more ductile than that of ODF, however, the strength of SDF is less than ODF. The results indicate that all frames including GLD are able to withstand a design earthquake. The study also found that the average ductilities at the failure state for SDF, IDF, ODF, and GLD are 1.45, 1.42, 1.28, and 1.17, respectively. The average PGAs at the failure state for SDF, IDF, ODF, and GLD are 0.85 g, 0.83 g, 0.63 g, and 0.35 g, respectively when these buildings have the volumetric ratio of horizontal confinement within joint panel greater than 0.003. Moreover, at the failure state of GLD with volumetric ratio of horizontal confinement within joint panel less than 0.003, the average PGA is only 0.17 g which is lower than the design earthquake of PGA of 0.39 g in the draft DPT. The SDF and IDF are the two best options in consideration of cost and seismic performance.
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Akcelyan, Sarven, and Dimitrios Lignos. "Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Pre-Northridge High Rise Steel Moment Resisting Frame Buildings with Bilinear Oil Dampers." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010139.
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This paper presents quantitative information on the effectiveness of seismic retrofit solutions using bilinear oil dampers for seismically deficient existing tall steel buildings. For this purpose, a benchmark 40-story steel space moment-resisting frame building is studied that represents 1970s design practice in North America. Rigorous seismic performance assessment based on ASCE 41 recommendations reveals a high collapse risk for the existing building. The local engineering demand parameters are comprehensively assessed to quantify the impact of seismic retrofit on steel columns and column splices, which are particularly vulnerable due to the time of construction. Multiple retrofit schemes are explored with numerous damping levels and vertical damping distribution methods. The dampers are designed via a recently developed multi-degree-of-freedom performance curves method. A new balanced vertical damping method is proposed to account for the effects of frame inelasticity. This strongly depends on the supplemental damping level, and it determines the effectiveness of the employed vertical damping distribution method. The results indicate that the proposed retrofit strategies can minimize the collapse risk of the tall building. It is shown that the balanced vertical damping distribution method provides the most uniform drift distribution along the building height. Despite the reduction in story drift ratios, the axial force demand in exterior columns remains relatively high in the bottom stories regardless of the seismic retrofit solution. On the other hand, bilinear oil dampers produce relative constant forces despite exhibiting higher velocity demands than expected.
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Yang, Yuefeng, Juanjuan Cao, Renquan Qu, and Zigang Xu. "Numerical Simulation of the Seismic Damage of Daikai Station Based on Pushover Analyses." Buildings 13, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030760.
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Numerical analysis is an important method for the study of seismic performance of underground structures. Current research on the seismic damage of Daikai station and the subway tunnel during the Great Hanshin earthquake mainly focuses on the dynamic time-history analysis. However, the modeling process of the dynamic time-history analysis is complicated and shows the characteristics of the enormous calculation amount, long running time and low computation efficiency. This paper briefly introduces the seismic phenomena of Daikai station and the subway tunnel during the Great Hanshin earthquake. The internal forces of Daikai station and the subway tunnel under horizontal and vertical bi-directional seismic effects are obtained by simplified seismic analysis. The pushover analyses of the columns are carried out to obtain the seismic performance curves of the columns under different vertical pressures by considering various loading and restraint conditions. Finally, the pushover analyses of the soil-structure system are carried out to reproduce the seismic damage of Daikai station and subway tunnel under horizontal and vertical bi-directional seismic effects. The results show that the computed damage is similar to the actual damage. The pushover analysis method, which considers both horizontal and vertical inertia forces of the soil, can be used to simulate the damage and study the collapse mechanism at Daikai station. Compared with the dynamic analysis, the calculation efficiency of the pushover analysis method is significantly higher; it is therefore suggested to use pushover analysis in seismic analysis of underground stations.
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D. Abdulateef, Ahmed, and Ammar A. Abdul Rahman. "Performance of column-to-column mechanical connection in precast concrete building under seismic loading." 3C TIC: Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2023.121.46-63.
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Precast columns in precast concrete structures with floor heights require connections that need confident, reliable, and cost-effective design and implementation methods that can speed up both processes. At the same time, still ensure adequate strength, stiffness, and ductility to the column behavior. Columns specifically have the main role in structures for transmitting vertical and horizontal loads due to seismic effects to the base to fulfill life safety requirements, but the existence of a connection in the column cannot ensure the required. This work aims to study the performance and efficiency of mechanical bolted column connections under the action of seismic loading. In this regard, a column connection used in the precast structure of the new Karbala Provincial Council (KPC) under seismic loading is used as the case study. This building was analyzed and then designed employing special mechanical bolted connections produced by Peikko’s products (Column-shoe & Anchor bolts). The analysis gave the exact forces at the connection location and the design using Peikko’s column connection performed well under all loading cases including the seismic case. The analysis and design lead to smaller column section selection since it takes into account the interaction of applied loads using special equations.
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Rawat, Aruna, Naseef Ummer, and Vasant Matsagar. "Performance of bi-directional elliptical rolling rods for base isolation of buildings under near-fault earthquakes." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 5 (August 25, 2017): 675–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217726896.
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Rolling base isolation system provides effective isolation to the structures from seismic base excitations by virtue of its low frictional resistance. Herein, dynamic analysis of flexible-shear type multi-storey building mounted on orthogonally placed elliptical rolling rod base isolation systems subjected to bi-directional components of near-fault earthquake ground motions is presented. The orthogonally placed rods would make it possible to resist the earthquake forces induced in the structure in both the horizontal directions. The curved surface of these elliptical rods has a self-restoring capability due to which the magnitude of peak isolator displacement and residual displacement is reduced. The roughness of the tempered curved surface of the rollers dissipates energy in motion due to frictional damping. The seismic performance of the multi-storey building mounted on the elliptical rolling rod base isolation system is compared with that mounted on the sliding pure-friction and cylindrical rolling rod systems. Parametric studies are conducted to examine the behavior of the building for different superstructure flexibilities, eccentricities of the elliptical rod, and coefficients of friction. It is concluded that the elliptical rolling rod base isolation system is effective in mitigation of damaging effects of the near-fault earthquake ground motions in the multi-storey buildings. Even under the near-fault earthquake ground motions, the base-isolated building mounted on the elliptical rolling rods shows considerable reduction in seismic response. The isolator displacement with the elliptical rolling rod base isolation system is less in comparison to the pure-friction and cylindrical rolling rod systems.
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Mata, Ramón, Eduardo Nuñez, Matías Hernández, Claudio Correa, and Guillermo Bustamante. "Seismic Performance of RC Moment Frame Buildings Considering SSI Effects: A Case Study of the New Venezuelan Seismic Code." Buildings 13, no. 7 (July 2, 2023): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071694.
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The Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) effect has been widely evidenced during several earthquakes around the world. In the Venezuelan context, the seismic event in Caracas in 1967 showed the significant consequences of designing buildings without considering the SSI effect. Nevertheless, limited research on the seismic performance of concrete moment frames (commonly used as structural systems in office and residential buildings in Venezuela and Latin America) considering the SSI effects has been developed, although there have been continuous updates to the Venezuelan Seismic Code. In this research, the influence of the SSI on the seismic performance of RC moment frame buildings designed according to the New Venezuelan Seismic Code was studied. An extensive numerical study of 3D buildings using concrete moment frames supported by mat foundations on sandy and clayey soils was performed. The response spectrum method, non-linear static analysis, and non-linear dynamic analysis were used to assess the seismic response of the archetypes studied. The results show that SSI effects can have a significant impact on the seismic response of RC moment frame buildings, increasing the interstory drift ratio and decreasing the shear forces. As is shown in fragility curves, the probability of collapse increases for cases with flexible bases in comparison to the cases of models with fixed bases. Additionally, in the 24-story archetype, the fixed-base model reached a maximum probability of collapse. Finally, a new proposal for the reduction of the strength-reduction factor (R) must be incorporated into the Venezuelan Seismic Code to improve the safety of the structures. Limitations in the use of RC moment frames must be incorporated for high-rise buildings since, as the present work demonstrates, for high-period structures, the normative provisions are not reached.
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Saatcioglu, Murat, Ahmed Ghobarah, and Ioan Nistor. "Performance of Structures in Indonesia during the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2209171.
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A reconnaissance was conducted in Indonesia to investigate the effects of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami on buildings, bridges, and other physical infrastructure. The infrastructure in the coastal regions of Banda Aceh was completely devastated by both tsunami wave pressures and seismic ground excitations. The damaging effects of the tsunami were most pronounced in unreinforced masonry walls, nonengineered reinforced concrete buildings, and low-rise timber-framed buildings. Engineered structures survived the tsunami pressure, but many suffered extensive damage due to seismic forces. The majority of the seismic damage was attributed to poor design and detailing of nonductile buildings. Specific observations made during the reconnaissance indicate the engineering significance of the disaster.
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Sharma, Ajay, and Sudhir Soni. "Seismic Performance of Irregular Building with different Variable sliding isolators and Semi active Dampers." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 659–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.567.
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The comparative performances of semiactive friction and stiffness dampers with different control laws in the base-isolated Irregular building subjected to bi-directionally acting strong earthquakes have been studied. The Irregular building is hybridly isolated with rubber bearings and friction pendulum system (FPS) or variable frequency pendulum isolator (VFPI) or variable curvature friction pendulum system (VCFPS). The shear type base-isolated Irregular building is modeled as three-dimensional linear elastic structure having three degrees-of-freedom at each floor level. Time domain dynamic analysis of the building has been carried out with the help of constant average acceleration Newmark-Beta method and non-linear isolation forces has been taken care by fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The effects of variation of characteristic properties of semiactive dampers on their hysteresis loops and on the structural response of Irregular building is studied through parametric study. Comparative performances of different semiactive dampers with sliding isolation systems for seismic control of Irregular building have been observed through time history plots and peak response performance indices. It has been found that semiactive electromagnetic friction damper work efficiently with VFPI and VCFPS in comparison FPS for the Irregular building for near field earthquakes as it not only reduces base displacement at lower control force but also give lower base shear and story drift in base-isolated Irregular building. The control laws based on modulated homogeneous friction control semiactive friction dampers better than the predictive control law.
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Saritaş, Fevzi, Idris Bedirhanoglu, Arova Konak, and Mehmet Salih Keskin. "Effect of Seismic Isolation on the Performance of High-Rise Buildings with Torsional Instability." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010036.
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Seismic bearings have been used to mitigate the harmful effect of the earthquakes. Torsion mode, one of the most important irregularities, generally increases the shear forces to the vertical members such as columns and shear walls in turn this may results in brittle failure of the reinforced concrete (RC) members. Accordingly, it is vital to eliminate the torsion failure mode or switch to the higher modes with lower mass contribution. This study has evaluated the seismic performance of a high-rise building with torsion mode through push-over analysis including nonlinear time history analyses. The damage conditions of RC structural members are defined considering the Eurocode definitions and general performance assessments of the building have been evaluated accordingly. Lead rubber bearings have been used for base isolation system. By using enough number of rubber bearings, the dominant torsion mode (first free vibration mode) has been shifted to higher modes. Various earthquake records have been used in non-linear dynamic analysis to evaluate the positive effects of the bearings. The results revealed that proper arrangement of rubber bearings in structural plan of ground floor can effectively improve dynamic behavior of a high rise building with torsional instability to achieve better seismic performance.
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Kaushik, Pranav, and Akash Kumar. "Research Paper on ROTUNDA." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 1417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50355.
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Abstract: This Paperwork focuses on the comparison of seismic analysis of Modern office building design. The performance of the building is analyzed in Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. The study includes understanding the main consideration factor that leads the structure to perform poorly during the earthquake for humans. Provision of shear walls are installed is installed to enhance the lateral stiffness, ductility, minimum lateral displacements, and structure safety to enhance the lateral stiffness, ductility, minimum lateral displacements, and safety of the structure. Storey drift and lateral displacements are the critical issues in seismic design of buildings. Due to the Industrial revolution, availability of jobs and facilities, population from rural area is migrating towards cities. Because of this metro cities are very thickly populated. Availability of land goes on decreasing and land cost also increases. To overcome this problem the use of multistoried buildings is necessary. But such provisions increase self-weight and live load along with earthquake forces. With increase in height stress, strain, deformation and displacement in the structure, the cost of construction increases due to increased cross-sections of the elements. Multi-Storey buildings are designed to carry gravity loads, earthquake loads and their combinations. I.S. codes provide these loading combinations for which structure needs to be analyzed and designed. The analysis is aimed at finding the internal forces in component of structures and to find displacements developed in the structure leading to the development of strains. Structure must be safe from both strength viewpoint and serviceability as well. While vertical forces are most significant, the primary problem for most structures is force in the horizontal or lateral direction, which tends to subject buildings to large horizontal distortion. Therefore, most buildings are designed with lateral-force-resisting systems to resist the effects of earthquake forces. Bare frames are found to be more flexible and have large section requirement to with stand forces induced.
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Collins, Kevin R. "A Reliability-Based Dual Level Seismic Design Procedure for Building Structures." Earthquake Spectra 11, no. 3 (August 1995): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585821.
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structural design, Limit design, Spectra The seismic design provisions of most building codes in the United States specify ground motion parameters for various regions of the country and provide simple formulas to determine a distribution of lateral forces for which the structure should be designed. The simple formulas typically involve the use of one or more “factors” to account for anticipated inelastic behavior of the structure, relative importance of the structure, and site soil effects. Although these code provisions are very simple to use, they oversimplify a complex problem and are based on many implicit assumptions which many designers may not appreciate. Furthermore, the reliability of the final design is not known. This paper describes the key features of an alternative seismic design procedure in which the underlying assumptions are more clearly defined and which provides a more uniform level of reliability in the final design. The procedure requires the designer to consider two levels of earthquake excitation. An “equivalent” single-degree-of-freedom model and uniform hazard response spectra are used to predict structural performance. The alternative procedure should enable designers to achieve code-specified target performance objectives for moderate and severe levels of earthquake excitation.
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Yeh, Harry, and Nobuo Shuto. "Tsunami Forces and Effects on Structures." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0375.
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The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami claimed more than 220,000 lives. It was a low-probability high-consequence event. A similar disaster could strike elsewhere, particularly in the Pacific but also in Caribbean, Atlantic, and Mediterranean regions. Unlike in seismic ground shaking, there is usually a short lead-time precedes tsunami attack: from a few minutes for a local source to several hours for a distant source. Because mega-tsunamis are rare and because forewarning of these events is possible, the primary mitigation tactic to date has been evacuation. Hence, most efforts have focused on the development of effective warning systems, inundation maps, and tsunami awareness. This strategy makes sense from the standpoint of saving human lives. However, it does not address the devastating damage to buildings and critical coastal infrastructure, such as major coastal bridges, oil and LNG storage facilities, power plants, and ports and harbors. Failure in critical infrastructure creates enormous economic setbacks and collateral damage. The accelerating construction of critical infrastructure in the coastal zone demands a better understanding of design methodology in building tsunamiresistant structures. In some coastal areas such as low-elevation coastal spits or plains, evacuating people to higher ground may be impractical because they have no time to reach safety. In these situations, the only feasible way to minimize human casualties is to evacuate people to the upper floors of tsunami-resistant buildings. Such buildings must be designed and constructed to survive strong seismic ground shaking and subsequent tsunami impacts. The primary causes of structural failure subject to tsunami attack can be categorized into three groups: 1) hydrodynamic force, 2) impact force by water-born objects, and 3) scour and foundation failure. Tsunami behaviors are quite distinct, however, from other coastal hazards such as storm waves; hence the effects cannot be inferred from common knowledge or intuition. Recent research has addressed tsunami forces acting on coastal structures to develop appropriate design guidelines, and mechanisms leading to tsunamigenerated scour and foundation failures. This special issue is a compilation of 14 papers addressing tsunami effects on buildings and infrastructure. The four main groupings begin with two papers on tsunami force acting on vertical walls. Arikawa experimentally investigates the structural performance of wooden and concrete walls using a large-scale laboratory tank in Japan. Also using a similar large-scale tsunami flume but in the US, Oshnack et al. study force reduction by small onshore seawalls in front of a vertical wall. The second grouping focuses on tsunami force on 3-D structures. Arnason et al. present a basic laboratory study on the hydrodynamics of bore impingement on a vertical column. Fujima et al. examine the two types of formulae for tsunami force evaluation: the one calculated from flow depth alone and the other based on the Euler number. Lukkunaprasit et al. demonstrate the validity of force computation recommended in a recently published design guideline (FEMA P646) by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency. The other two papers look into the specific types of structures: one is for light-frame wood buildings by van de Lindt et al, and the other is for oil storage tanks by Sakakiyama et al. The topic of debris impact force is the focus of the third grouping. Matsutomi summarizes his previous research on impact force by driftwoods, followed by the collision force of shipping containers by Yeom et al. Yim and Zhang numerically simulate tsunami impact on a vertical cylinder; this paper is included in this grouping because their numerical approach is similar to that of Yeom et al. As for the fourth grouping, Shuto presents field observations on foundation failures and scours, and Fujii et al. discuss the erosion processes of soil embankments. There are two more papers: those are the application of fragility analysis to tsunami damage assessment by Koshimura et al. and evaluation of an offshore cabled observatory by Matsumoto and Kaneda. The topics presented here are undoubtedly in progress, and many revisions and improvements are still needed in order to achieve better predictability for tsunami effects on buildings and infrastructure. We hope you find the papers in this issue intriguing and the information useful, and become further interested in this important natural hazard. Lastly, we wish to express our appreciation to the authors for their timely contributions, and to the reviewers for their diligent and time-consuming efforts.
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Taylor, Andrew W., Albert N. Lin, and Jonathan W. Martin. "Performance of Elastomers in Isolation Bearings: A Literature Review." Earthquake Spectra 8, no. 2 (May 1992): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585682.
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Laminated elastomeric bearings have been used for about 30 years in the United States to isolate bridge substructures from the lateral forces induced by shrinkage and creep of their superstructures. More recently, elastomeric bearings have been increasingly employed in buildings and bridges as a means of decoupling the structure from seismic ground motions. Since most buildings and bridges have service lives of at least 30 to 60 years, questions about the long-term behavior of base-isolation bearings arise. This paper presents a review of literature relating to the long term performance of the elastomers used in seismic isolation bearings. Bearing performance requirements are discussed and material characteristics and fabrication procedures are outlined. Field experience and laboratory findings are reviewed. Finally, long-term environmental effects are discussed, including ozone degradation, corrosion, temperature effects, and the influence of bombardment of elastomers by high energy radiation.
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Jadhav, Kalyani. "Comparative Study, Design and Analysis of a G+12 Structure in Earthquake Zone in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 25, 2021): 2319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36719.
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Seismic isolation is a technology that decouples a building structure from the damaging earthquake motion. It is a simple structural design approach to mitigate or reduce potential earthquake damage. In base-isolated structures, the seismic protection is obtained by shifting the natural period of the structure away from the range of the frequencies for which the maximum amplification effects of the ground motion are expected; thus, the seismic input energy is significantly reduced. At the same time, the reduction of the high deformations attained at the base of the structure is possible, thanks to the energy dissipation caused by the damping and the hysteretic properties of these devices, further improving the reduction of responses of the structures. Base isolation is also an attractive retrofitting strategy to improve the seismic performance of existing bridges and monumental historic building. The method of base isolation was developed in an attempt to mitigate the effects of earthquakes on buildings during earthquakes and has been practically proven to be the one of the very effective methods in the past several decades. Base isolation consists of the installation of support mechanism which decouples the structure from earthquake induced ground motions. Base isolation allows to filter the input forcing functions and to avoid acceleration seismic forces on the structure. If the structure is separated from the ground during an earthquake, the ground is moving but the structure experienced little movement. To minimize the transmission of potentially damaging earthquake ground motions into a structure is achieved by the introduction of flexibility at the base of the structure in the horizontal direction while at the same time introducing damping elements to restrict the amplitude or extent of the motion caused by the earthquake somewhat akin to shock absorbers. In recent years this relatively new technology has emerged as a practical and economic alternative to conventional seismic strengthening. This concept has received increasing academic and professional attention and is being applied to a wide range of civil engineering structures. To date there are several hundred buildings in Japan, New Zealand, United States, India which use seismic isolation principles and technology for their seismic design.
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Shankar, H. Sanni, and Kulkarni Vilas. "Comparative analysis of seismic response of buildings with different base isolation systems." i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering 10, no. 4 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.4.18414.
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When a structure is subjected to earthquake forces, vibrations are setup in the structure leading to severe damages to the structure and results in loss of property and life. Now a days, keen attention is given to research and development of vibration control devices to mitigate the seismic effects. The present duty of civil engineer is to discover earthquake resisting design approach to reduce structural damages. The basic technology used to protect the structure from damaging earthquake effects is “base isolation”. The base isolation system decouples the super-structure from the substructure by means of flexible devices through which seismic energy is dissipated. In the present context G+15 storey structure situated in zone V is modeled and analyzed using ETABS-2017 software by providing different base isolation systems namely a) RC structure having fixed base b) RC structure with Fluid Viscous Damper (FVD) and Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB). Response of the structure is studied in terms of story displacement, story drift, base shear, natural time period and design lateral forces. It is found that the provision of Fluid Viscous Damper (FVD) and Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) in a same structure shows better performance in story displacement, base shear, story drift, natural time period and design lateral forces as compared to fixed base model.
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Abate, Mistreselasie, Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista, and Vivian W. Y. Tam. "Comparative Response Spectrum Analysis on 15- and 50-Story Reinforced Concrete Buildings Having Shear Walls with and without Openings as per EN1998-1 Seismic Code." Buildings 13, no. 5 (May 16, 2023): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051303.
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Medium-rise reinforced concrete (RC) framed apartment complexes with stories ranging from 15 to 50 are becoming more common in Ethiopia’s main cities. In these RC-framed structures, shear walls are included for lateral load resistance. As apertures are frequently provided in shear walls, it is critical to evaluate their influence on story drift, stiffness, shear and moments, and stress within the shear walls. A 3D study with five different cases was carried out with ETABS version 19.00 software to investigate the influence of apertures in a building’s shear wall. This study looks at the effects of changing the size and location of these apertures. Based on this analysis, extensive data were acquired, and useful conclusions were formed that will be useful to practicing engineers. The seismic parameter utilized for the response spectrum study was Building Code of Ethiopia ES8-15, which conforms to Eurocode 8-2004 seismic code guidelines (based on EN1998-1) with target response spectrum type-I. The following parameters were used: ground acceleration, ag/g = 0.1, spectrum type = I, ground type = B, soil factor, S = 1.35, spectrum period, Tb, = 0.05 s, spectrum period, Tc = 0.25 s, spectrum period, Td = 1.2 s, lower bound factor, beta = 0.2, behavior factor = 1, and damping ratio = 5%. The outcomes are compared using various parameters such as displacement, story drift, story stiffness, story shear, and story moment both with and without shear wall opening cases. This study will give tremendous insight into the effect of shear wall openings on the performance of the structure. The analysis in this work was carried out on a linear model, which may not represent the complete local response of the structure; thus, future researchers should perform nonlinear analysis based on a performance-based design. It was concluded from this investigation that incorporating shear walls considerably enhanced the performance of the building over framed structures. Shear wall openings in a structure have a significant influence on the building’s performance. Due to their significant resistance to earthquake forces, shear wall structures are highly recommended for seismic hazard zones.
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Song, Pengyan, Shuang Guo, Wenao Zhao, and Qin Xin. "Seismic Response Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures Considering Slope Effects." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2023): 5149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13085149.
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According to the seismic damage due to past events, buildings located on slopes can present a worse seismic performance. To explore this, this study established a finite element model based on a 6-story RC frame structure and soil models based on a practical slope using OpenSees software. Combining the superstructure model with the soil model through soil spring elements, three soil-structure interaction systems with different slope rates were set up. Twenty near-field seismic actions were used as input loads for dynamic time–history analysis. The analysis shows that in the process of seismic action, the deformation tendency of the structure is affected by the slope. There is a clear tendency for lateral displacement towards the slope, and it is more obvious with a greater slope ratio. Meanwhile, the slope has no impact on the shear force at the base of the structure or at the bottom of the column. In addition, there is no correlation between the degree of impact and the slope gradient on the peak value of internal forces and deformations of structure.
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Çavdar, Özlem. "Earthquake Analysis of a High-Rise Building Retrofitted with Support Braced Systems." International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 10, no. 12 (December 2021): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7753/ijsea1012.1002.
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The use of support braced systems represents one of the best solutions for retrofitting or upgrading the tall reinforced concrete buildings in areas with a high earthquake hazard. In this study, the behavior of a reinforced concrete tall structure under seismic loads is examined based on the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2019 (TBEC-2019). Support braced systems were added to the 25-story structure on 0.4H and 0.8H levels (H is height of structure). For two different models, firstly, the Mode-Superposition Method for linear computational methods used within the scope of strength-based design is performed. In order to determinate more accurately the behavior of tall buildings, as in the earthquake regulations of other developed countries, the TBEC-2019 advises a nonlinear deformation-based design approach. In addition, the nonlinear time history analyses of these buildings were performed. As a result of these analyzes, it was determined whether the two models examined were within the targeted performance effects or not. In the model having support braced system, stiffness and shear forces in shear walls were increased. Thus, displacements, relative story drift, plastic rotations and bending moments of shear walls were decreased.
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Zheng, Wenzhi, Hao Wang, Hong Hao, Kaiming Bi, and Huijun Shen. "Performance of Bridges Isolated with Sliding-Lead Rubber Bearings Subjected to Near-Fault Earthquakes." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 02 (January 13, 2020): 2050023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420500236.
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This paper investigates the seismic performance of bridges installed with a sliding-lead rubber bearing (LRB) isolation system subjected to near-fault earthquakes. A three-span continuous bridge isolated with sliding-LRB system is used as an example. Nonlinear time history analyses are conducted to investigate the sensitivity effects of isolation period, friction coefficient and sliding displacement limit on the bridge responses. The responses of the sliding-LRB system are compared with those of the conventional LRB system. The results show that the base forces of the piers can be reduced by employing proper friction coefficients. However, the residual displacement of the sliding-LRB system may be larger compared with that of the conventional LRB system. To overcome this disadvantage, an improved solution to reduce the residual displacement is proposed with its effectiveness investigated. It was also demonstrated that the residual displacement and peak displacement can be effectively reduced by employing the shape memory alloy devices in the sliding-LRB system without significantly increasing the base forces.
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Madgounkar, Sachin Sunil, Naveen Kumar H. S, and Chethan Gowda R. K. "Comparative Study on Seismic Behavior of High–Rise Steel Building with and Without Friction Damper and Fluid Viscous Damper: A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46373.
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Abstract: Seismic forces are induced on the structure present in earthquake prone areas. These are induced due to the movement of tectonic plates. Multi-storey buildings are those that have more than two stories, hence undergo large amount of deflection due to their slender structure. Due to the deflection caused by the ground accelerations during earthquakes, the structure is unstable and the structure undergoes damage which is not safe. Passive energy dissipation devices are gaining significance in design of earthquake resistant structures because of their effective performance in controlling seismic effects on structures during earthquake. Friction dampers and fluid viscous damper are passive energy dissipating devices which are used widely as seismic control devices. The present study was conducted analytically on a 15-storey steel frame with regular and irregular configuration and performance of structure against non-linear time history ground movement with and without friction damper and fluid viscous damper. Time history ground acceleration data of Bhuj earthquake (2001) were applied on the structure and the response of friction damper and fluid viscous damper was analyzed and compared. The analysis of the structure for the non-linear dynamic ground acceleration was conducted using ETABS software. The results show that when a friction damper is used instead of a fluid viscus damper, storey displacement is greatly reduced by 25.52%. whereas results shows that storey shear, storey drift, and storey acceleration are greatly reduced by 27.75%, 30.39% and 15.27%, when fluid viscous damper is used instead of a friction damper.
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Kaushik, Hemant B., Durgesh C. Rai, and Sudhir K. Jain. "Code Approaches to Seismic Design of Masonry-Infilled Reinforced ConcreteFrames: A State-of-the-Art Review." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 4 (November 2006): 961–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2360907.
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Masonry infill (MI) walls are remarkable in increasing the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, and being the stiffer component, attract most of the lateral seismic shear forces on buildings, thereby reducing the demand on the RC frame members. However, behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature. As a result, MI walls have often been treated as nonstructural elements in buildings, and their effects are not included in the analysis and design procedure. However, experience shows that MI may have significant positive or negative effects on the global behavior of buildings and, therefore, should be addressed appropriately. Various national codes differ greatly in the manner effects of MI are to be considered in the design process from aseismic performance point of view. This paper reviews and compares analysis and design provisions related to MI-RC frames in seismic design codes of 16 countries and identifies important issues that should be addressed by a typical model code.
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Resatoglu, Rifat, and Shahram Jkhsi. "Evaluation of Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Shear Walls having Different Thicknesses and Different Positions." IIUM Engineering Journal 23, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v23i2.2070.
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Ductility is one of the main criteria in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. ASCE 7-10 seismic design code recognizes the importance of ductility in earthquake-resistant structures. The structures need to be designed to have sufficient strength and ductility for overall safety against earthquake forces. Both the strength and the ductility are mutually associated to enhance structural seismic safety in this study. Previous studies showed that a shear wall gives different performance based on its position in building structures. This paper presents the position of the shear walls and shear wall thicknesses effects on ductility. A total of 96 two-dimensional (2D) models are analyzed for this work using ETABS software. The non-linear static analysis (pushover) method is used to analyze and design these RC building structures with shear walls. It is concluded that an increase in shear wall thickness causes a decrease in ductility values, and a decrease in ductility value will also occur when the shear wall position changes from edge to middle. ABSTRAK: Kemuluran adalah salah satu kriteria utama dalam struktur konkrit bertulang (RC). Kod reka bentuk ASCE 7-10 seismik dunia menyedari pentingnya kemuluran dalam struktur tahan gempa. Struktur perlu dibina bagi mencapai ketahanan kekuatan dan kemuluran yang mencukupi bagi keselamatan keseluruhan terhadap kekuatan gempa. Kekuatan dan kemuluran dihubungkan bersama bagi meningkatkan keselamatan tahan gempa dalam kajian ini. Kajian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahawa dinding ricih memberikan prestasi yang berbeza berdasarkan kedudukannya dalam struktur bangunan. Kertas ini menunjukkan kedudukan dinding ricih dan ketebalan dinding ricih kesan pada kemuluran. Sebanyak 96 model dua dimensi (2D) dianalisis dalam kajian ini menggunakan perisian ETABS. Kaedah analisis statik bukan linear (pushover) digunakan bagi menganalisis dan merancang struktur bangunan RC ini dengan dinding ricih. Kesimpulannya peningkatan ketebalan dinding ricih menyebabkan penurunan nilai kemuluran, dan penurunan nilai kemuluran juga akan terjadi ketika posisi dinding ricih berubah dari tepi ke tengah.
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Brignola, Anna, Stefano Pampanin, and Stefano Podestà. "Evaluation and control of the in-plane stiffness of timber floors for the performance-based retrofit of URM buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 42, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.42.3.204-221.
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The seismic response of existing un-reinforced masonry (URM) buildings is strongly dependent on the characteristics of wooden floors and, in particular, on their in-plane stiffness and on the quality of connection between the floors and the URM elements. It is generally well-recognized that an adequate in-plane-stiffness and proper connections can significantly improve the three-dimensional response of these buildings, obtaining a better distribution and transfer of forces to the lateral load resisting walls. However, the extensive damage observed during past earthquakes on URM buildings of different types have highlighted serious shortcomings in typical retrofit interventions adopted in the past and based on stiffening the diaphragm. Recent numerical investigations have also confirmed that increasing the stiffness of the diaphragm is not necessarily going to lead to an improved response, but could actually result to detrimental effects. The evaluation of the in-plane stiffness of timber floors in their as-built and retrofitted configuration is still an open question and a delicate issue, with design guidelines and previous research results providing incomplete and sometimes controversial suggestions to practicing engineers involved in the assessment and/or retrofit of these type of structures. In this contribution, the role of the in-plane stiffness of timber floors in the seismic response of URM buildings is critically discussed, based on the relatively limited available experimental and numerical evidences. A framework for a performance-based assessment and retrofit strategy of URM buildings, capable of accounting for the effects of a flexible diaphragm on the response prior to and after the retrofit intervention, is then proposed. By controlling the in-plane stiffness of the diaphragm, adopting a specific strengthening (or weakening) intervention, the displacements, accelerations and internal force demands can be maintained within targeted levels. This will protect undesired local mechanisms and aim for a more appropriate hierarchy of strength within the whole system.
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Forcellini, Davide. "The Role of the Water Level in the Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability for the 23 November 1980 Irpinia–Basilicata Earthquake." Geosciences 10, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060229.
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The seismic vulnerability of structures is closely related to changes in the degree of soil saturation that may cause significant changes in volume and shear strength, and consequently, bearing capacity. This paper aims to consider this issue during the strong earthquake that struck Southern Italy on 23 November 1980 (Ms = 6.9) and affected the Campania and Basilicata regions. Several 3D numerical finite element models were performed in order to consider the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI) on a representative benchmark structure. In particular, the role of the water level depth is herein considered as one of the most significant parameters to control the shear deformations inside the soil, and thus the performance of the superstructure. Results show the importance of considering the water level for buildings on shallow foundations in terms of settlements, base shear forces and floor displacements.
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Rezaei, Sima, and Gholamreza Ghodrati Amiri. "Effect of Supplemental Damping on the Seismic Performance of Triple Pendulum Bearing Isolators under Near-Fault Ground Motions ." Applied Mechanics and Materials 845 (July 2016): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.845.240.
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The isolating system absorbs part of the earthquake energy before transferring it to the structure, by shifting the natural period of the isolated structure. This period shift results in a reduction in the inertial forces. It is clear that the effects of near-fault (NF) ground motions with large velocity pulses can bring the seismic isolation devices to critical working conditions. In this study, two three-dimensional RC buildings with the heights of 9.0m and 21.0m which are supported by Triple Friction Pendulum Bearing (TFPB) isolators are idealized. Various TFPB configurations are selected for isolation systems. There are also viscous dampers to limit the excess deformation of isolators. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed by using OpenSees to study the influence of supplemental dampers on structural responses such as isolator displacements and maximum drifts under ten near-fault ground motion records. The results show noticeable reduction in isolator displacement when using dampers. However, maximum drift rises considerablely. Moreover by increasing the period range or reducing the damping ratio of isolation system, maximum driftreduces but the displacement of isolator increases.
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Chaithra, M., A. Krishnamoorthy, and A. R. Avinash. "A Review on the Modelling Techniques of Liquid Storage Tanks Considering Fluid–Structure–Soil Interaction Effects with a Focus on the Mitigation of Seismic Effects through Base Isolation Techniques." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 14, 2023): 11040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411040.
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Globally, tanks play a major part in the provision of access to clean drinking water to the human population. Beyond aiding in the supply of fresh water, tanks are also essential for ensuring good sanitary conditions for people and for livestock. Many countries have realized that a robust water supply and a robust sanitation infrastructure are necessary for sustainable growth. Therefore, there is large demand for the construction of storage tanks. Further, liquid storage tanks are crucial structures which must continue to be operational even after a catastrophic natural event, such as an earthquake, to support rehabilitation efforts. From an engineering point of view, the various forces acting on the tanks and the behaviour of the tanks under various loads are important issues which need to be addressed for a safe design. Analyses of the tanks are challenging due to the interaction between the fluid and tank wall. Thus, researchers have conducted several investigations to understand the performance of storage tanks subjected to earthquakes by considering this interaction. This paper discusses the historical development of various modelling techniques of storage tanks. The interaction with the soil also influences the behaviour of the tanks, and hence, in this paper, various modelling approaches for soil structure interaction are also reviewed. Further, a brief history of various systems of base isolation and modelling approaches of base-isolated structures are also discussed in this article.
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Pudjisuryadi, P., B. Lumantarna, C. J. Arcan, and H. Pratama. "Application of modified partial capacity design on six-story L-shaped reinforced concrete buildings with variations on elastic columns configurations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1195, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1195/1/012006.
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Abstract Modified Partial Capacity Design (M-PCD) is an alternative design method for seismic-resistant structures. M-PCD adopts the partial side sway mechanism for its failure mechanism where beams and some columns are allowed to develop plastic hinges. This method uses two models for design. The first model simulates a small earthquake occurrence and is used to design beams and plastic columns. The second model simulates a larger earthquake occurrence and damages on the structure. The elastic columns are designed based on the superposition of internal forces from the first and second models, provided that the effects from gravity loads are considered only once. This study focuses on the application of M-PCD on six-story L-shaped reinforced concrete buildings with variations on elastic columns configurations. Nonlinear time history analyses are used to determine the buildings’ performance on two earthquake levels (EDRS and MCER) and two earthquake directions (0° and 45° rotated earthquake). The results show that the partial side sway mechanism is observed in most of the analyzed structures and drifts are within set boundaries.
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Rangwani, Kiran, Gregory MacRae, and Geoffrey Rodgers. "Performance of rocking frames with friction tension-only devices." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1583.
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The implementation of a new friction tension-only “GripNGrab” device attached to a rocking steel frame is described. The device, when subject to significant tension dissipates energy via sliding in the frictional component. When the device is loaded in the compression direction, almost no compressive force is carried, but displacement occurs in the ratchetting component. This absence of any significant compressive force within the dissipative system means that the rocking frame will always recentre after uplift from earthquake shaking. A 9 m tall 4.75m wide 3-storey steel concentrically braced rocking frame is designed for low-damage seismic performance. Restoring forces are provided by (i) gravity, (ii) friction “GripNGrab” (GNG) tension-only dissipation devices at the base, and (iii) beam-slab effects. The initial fundamental period of the structure was 0.16s. The initial structure used a 10mm GNG ratchet pitch, and had a GNG strength to not slide under serviceability level shaking. Elastic, pushover, cyclic pushover, as well as time history analyses, with different shaking intensities are conducted using OpenSEES software. The scope of work is limited to a single building and a single ground motion. Parameters varied included the presence of beam-slab effects, and the GNG device stiffness, strength and tooth pitch. It is shown that the full behaviour of the frame could be understood considering cyclic pushover analysis. The peak uplift displacement was conservatively estimated from the peak roof displacement using rigid body mechanics and the tension-only device provided no resistance to full frame recentring. For the frames considered, cumulative uplift displacements, necessary to determine the inelastic displacement capacity of the tension only device, were up to 28 times the peak uplift displacement, not necessarily occurring at the maximum shaking intensity. Maximum frame base shear force demands were up to 1.43 times that from pushover analysis. When the beam-slab, connecting the rocking frame to the rest of the structure, increased the lateral force resistance, the base shear increased significantly, reduced peak roof displacements, and increased the effective number of peak uplift displacement cycles (NPUDc). For large shaking intensities, yielding of the beam-slab occurred resulting in permanent peak roof and uplift displacements. The GNG device strength, stiffness and tooth pitch variations for the cases studied did not significantly affect the response. Initial stiffness, and secant stiffness, based methods to predict the response of rocking frames were non-conservative for these short-period structures with small energy dissipation, and a simple improvement to match the behaviour was developed for the case studied based on the R-T-m relationship for a range of shaking intensity.
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BAIG, MIRZA AAMIR, and Rizwan Rashid. "EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL ON PERFORMANCE OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 4, no. 5 (September 28, 2020): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v4.i5.2020.111.
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Seismic force, predominantly being an inertia force depends on the mass of the structure. As the mass of the structure increases the seismic forces also increase causing the requirement of even heavier sections to counter that heavy forces. And these heavy sections further increase the mass of the structure leading to even heavier seismic forces. Structural designers are met with huge challenge to balance these contradictory physical phenomena to make the structure safe. The structure no more can afford to be rigid.
This introduces the concept of ductility. The structures are made ductile, allowing it yield in order to dissipate the seismic forces. A framed structure can be easily made ductile by properly detailing of the reinforcement. But again, as the building height goes beyond a certain limit, these framed structure sections (columns) gets larger and larger to the extent that they are no more practically feasible in a structure. There comes the role of shear walls. Shear walls provide ample amount of stiffness to the building frame resisting loads through in plane bending. But they inherently make the structure stiffer. So, there must be a balance between the amount of shear walls and frame elements present in a structure for safe and economic design of high-rise structures.
Here an attempt has been made to study the behavior of different structures of reinforced concrete with different heights with and without shear walls. Coupled shear walls have also been studied to understand the comparative merit or demerit of framed structures with shear wall structures. Studies have been carried out on sample model structures and analysis has been carried out by ETABS software. It has been ensured to consider sample models that represent the current practices in structural design to include different structural configurations. Models having varied structural configurations like framed, shear wall, coupled shear wall, central core shear wall, core in core etc. have been taken into consideration. The inherent asymmetry present in the structures have also been dealt.
The results have been tabulated and plotted to study their comparative behavior and interaction with each other. The findings of the study have been summarized and discussed.
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Taniwangsa, Wendy. "Seismic Performance of a Base-Isolated Demonstration Building." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 4 (November 2002): 777–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1517065.
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This paper presents the dynamic analyses and seismic performance of a base-isolated demonstration building (BIDB). This building was designed and built in Indonesia in accordance with the Indonesian Seismic Code (ISC) and the Uniform Building Code (UBC) provisions for isolated buildings. The building is a four-story reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill walls supported on 16 high damping natural rubber (HDNR) isolators attached to the superstructure using recessed connections. The building superstructure was modeled using both three-dimensional (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) frame models. The isolators were modeled as a combination of linear springs and viscous dampers, whose properties were determined from testing. Time-history (TH) and response-spectra (RS) analyses performed on this building demonstrated that this newly developed isolation system, designed specially for low axial pressure applications, was effective in protecting the building superstructure from earthquake forces for all seismic risk levels being considered. The total isolator displacement obtained using the TH and RS approaches is also compared and discussed.
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Chanchi Golondrino, Jose Christian, Gregory Anthony MacRae, James Geoffrey Chase, Geoffrey William Rodgers, Allan Charles Nye Scott, and George Charles Clifton. "Steel Building Friction Connection Seismic Performance – Corrosion Effects." Structures 19 (June 2019): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2018.11.008.
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Hur, Moo-Won, and Tae-Won Park. "Seismic Performance of Story-Added Type Buildings Remodeled with Story Seismic Isolation Systems." Buildings 12, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030270.
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Story-added type apartments have recently been introduced as an option to resolve the housing supply shortage in areas that are undergoing rapid industrialization and urbanization. However, the infrastructure of old apartment buildings (>20 years old) makes it difficult to introduce convenient facilities and recent technologies such as those involving the Internet of Things and augmented realities. Applying housing technologies to existing older apartments can increase housing supply and potentially address the aforementioned issues. However, story-added building remodeling increases the weight of existing buildings, necessitating seismic reinforcement, which is the major obstacle when performing vertical building extensions. This study presents methods for lowering seismic loads associated with vertical augmentation of buildings while improving the seismic performance. A model of a vertically extended building with three additional stories constructed on top of an existing 15-story apartment building was used. The applied seismic isolation system decreased the maximum response acceleration on top of the remodeled building by approximately 70% and 65% in the X-direction and Y-direction, respectively, while decreasing the base shear plane by approximately 30% in both the X- and Y-directions in comparison with forces on a non-seismically isolated building. These results demonstrate that the use of a seismic isolation system can significantly reduce seismic loads.
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Abass, Haider Ali, and Husain Khalaf Jarallah. "Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of an Existing Buildings-State of the Art." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 24, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.24010052.
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In this study, previous researches were reviewed in relation to the seismic evaluation and retrofitting of an existing building. In recent years, a considerable number of researches has been undertaken to determine the performance of buildings during the seismic events. Performance based seismic design is a modern approach to earthquake resistant design of reinforcement concrete buildings. Performance based design of building structures requires rigorous non-linear static analysis. In general, nonlinear static analysis or pushover analysis was conducted as an efficient instrument for performance-based design. Pushover analysis came into practice after 1970 year. During the seismic event, a nonlinear static analysis or pushover analysis is used to analyze building under gravity loads and monotonically increasing lateral forces. These building were evaluated until a target displacement reached. Pushover analysis provides a better understanding of buildings seismic performance, also it traces the progression of damage and failure of structural components of buildings.
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Raut, Shruti Diliprao, and Prof Vishal Sapate. "Comparative Study on Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Building Using STAD Pro." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 1676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54933.
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Abstract: In this study, a comparative analysis of the seismic performance of a number of different building models was made using the STAAD.Pro software. The main purpose is to measure and compare the behavior of different buildings under seismic loads. The decision model includes changes in external properties such as shear walls at different locations, and analyzes are made for the link between horizontal and vertical forces, reactions and moments. The results provide useful information regarding the behavior of each structure under seismic forces. The maximum combined horizontal displacement (X) for the Model-2 is 165 mm, indicating significant movement in the X direction. The Model-5's maximum combined horizontal displacement (Z) is 171mm, meaning there is more horizontal movement in the Z direction. For Combined Vertical Displacement (Y), the Model-2 experienced the highest vertical displacement at 21.7mm. The results of this comparison provide important guidance for improving building configurations to improve their seismic performance. The results can assist in decision making during design and construction, making construction safer and stronger than many buildings in earthquake zones.
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Bolotbek, T., K. M. Mirlanov, A. Y. Telin, E. S. Chukanov, and A. T. Talgatov. "SPECTRAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE SEISMIC FORCES OF BUILDINGS." Herald of KSUCTA, №2, Part 1, 2022, no. 2-1-2022 (April 30, 2022): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2022.2.426-434.
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The article discusses methods for calculating seismic effects on buildings and structures along the spectral curve, creating a dynamic calculation scheme for load-bearing structural elements, inertial reactions and displacements of building structures, natural and forced vibrations of buildings under the effect of seismic forces.
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Giordano, Nicola, Khalid M. Mosalam, and Selim Günay. "Probabilistic performance-based seismic assessment of an existing masonry building." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019878191.
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Existing unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings represent a significant part of the constructed facilities. Unfortunately, in case of seismic actions, their structural behavior is negatively affected by the low capacity of masonry components to withstand lateral forces. For this reason, in the past decades, URM buildings have been responsible for fatalities and large economic losses even in the case of moderate earthquakes. This article presents the seismic loss assessment of an old masonry building damaged during the 2014 South Napa earthquake using the framework of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. For this purpose, the performance is expressed in terms of expected monetary loss curves for different hazard scenarios. Structural and non-structural losses are considered in the analysis using a practical, yet accurate, structural idealization of the URM building, which is validated by the observed damage from the 2014 South Napa earthquake.
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Apurba Rakha, Vikram Choudhry, and Md. Zeyaul Haque. "Structural design and analysis of G+5 framed structure using STADD. Pro." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0131.
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This paper is an overview of the work done for the design and analysis of the multi-storey building (G+5) under the effect of various forces acting on the building such as dead load, imposed load, wind load, and seismic load. The work was done for the purpose of designing and analyzing the building to withstand the effects of these various forces. The fact that these pressures are working on the building demonstrates that if the buildings are not carefully planned and built with enough strength, then this may lead to the partial or entire collapse of the multi-storey structures. It is necessary to do an analysis and design the structures of multi-story buildings in such a way that they are able to resist the numerous pressures that operate on these buildings in order to guarantee the inhabitants' safety. The primary purpose of this endeavor is to investigate and analyze the effects of wind and seismic activity on the structures. The residential building is a G+5 storey construction, and it is situated in Raipur city, which is the capital of Chhattisgarh state. According to the criteria for the study of seismic load, zone II applies to the location of the building. Throughout the course of its lifetime, every structure will be susceptible to the impacts of a variety of forces, including those caused by dead load, live load, wind forces, and seismic forces. Both wind load and earthquake load contribute to the dynamic load, whereas dead load and imposed load only contribute to the static load. The whole of the structure was analyzed with the assistance of the STAAD PRO programme.
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Chernov, Yu T., and J. Qbaily. "Accounting for horizontal torsional vibrations of foundations when calculating seismic load." Bulletin of Science and Research Center “Stroitelstvo” 31, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2021-4(31)-66-78.
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The article presents a method for calculating in-plane vibrations of building structures under seismic load taking into account the possibility of foundation displacement, which is similar to horizontal torsional vibrations when calculating earthquake forces. The method is illustrated by the structural design of a seven-storey tower-like building with a massive foundation. We develop transfer functions for a massive rigid body, which are subsequently used for calculating the response of the foundation subject to base shears and moments applied to the outer plane of the foundation under seismic forces. The structural calculations conducted for ductile structures with the first frequency of ~2.4 Hz and for more rigid structures with the first frequency of 7.1 Hz showed that, depending on the building stiffness, reduced seismic forces increase by 1.5–2 times. According to the results obtained, when designing structures in areas of high seismic hazard, account should be taken of possible foundation flexibility effects depending on different types of soil and structural solutions of particular buildings.
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Tomer, Sahil, and Mohit Bhandari. "Evaluation of Seismic Response of Irregular Buildings: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012012.
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Abstract The modern design and construction of buildings have led to the adoption of irregular shapes buildings which can attract large seismic forces and induce stress concentrations in the building itself. To investigate this fact a large number of research studies have been carried out. This study presents a review summary of seismic performance of irregular buildings considering vertical irregularity subjected to earthquake loadings. The seismic performance can be found by using linear and nonlinear time history analysis. Different types of irregular buildings are analyzed to review the seismic performance of the structure. It was found that the buildings with the soft story having variation in the storey stiffness yield large inter-storey drift values showing more damage as compared to types of building irregularities.
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Sucuoğlu, HalÛk. "Implications of Masonry Infill and Partition Damage in Performance Perception in Residential Buildings after a Moderate Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 2 (May 2013): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000147.
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Engineers usually focus on the performance of structural members, whereas the occupants of a residential building are affected mostly by the performance of infill and partition walls in buildings after a moderate earthquake. This often creates controversy and discussion regarding the post-earthquake use of buildings. Seismic rehabilitation codes for existing buildings offer sophisticated measures in rating the seismic performances of structural components, whereas performance measures suggested for infill and other partition walls are crude by comparison. Furthermore, seismic design codes for new buildings totally disregard such disparity, since their force-based approaches are built on single-level performance targets specified implicitly for the entire building under a design level, that is, a rare earthquake. In this paper, performance levels of buildings after an earthquake of moderate intensity are discussed from the viewpoints of engineers and building occupants. Suggestions are made for achieving uniform performance in structures where the seismic forces are resisted by structural members as well as the infills and partition walls coupling with the structural system although the contribution of such walls to seismic resistance and their performance is not usually considered in design.