Academic literature on the topic 'The Effects of Seismic Forces on the Performance of Building'
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Journal articles on the topic "The Effects of Seismic Forces on the Performance of Building"
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Gajbhiye, Shobhit. "Seismic Effects on Different Structural Members." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 1481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36589.
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Civil engineers deal with constructing differing types of structures with guaranteeing safety, sturdiness and utility. Currently days “earthquake “is a natural tragedy that affects the structures with their safety and utility. The quantity of harm that earthquake will cause to structures is rely upon sort of building, sort of soil, Technology used for earthquake resistance, and last however not the smallest amount Location of building. Effects of earthquake area unit mostly counting on sort of soil within which foundation of building is finished as a result of earthquake changes the motion of ground that results the failure foundation. Therefore it's vital to check the behavior of various soils at the time of construction of structures. Earthquake will be resisted by varied technologies utilized in building, one amongst these area unit shear wall. It improves the structural performance of building subjected to lateral forces because of earthquake excitation. Much analysis comes area unit afoot worldwide for development of effective ways for estimating unstable demands for performance-based engineering of buildings.
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Nizamani, Zafarullah, Seah Kay Seng, Akihiko Nakayama, Mohamad Shariff Bin Omar Khan, and Haider Bilal. "Seismic Effects on a Horizontally Unsymmetrical Building using Response Spectrum Analysis." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820306014.
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Most of the residential buildings in Malaysia are not designed to withstand the seismic forces, while the high-rise buildings. However, since the Sumatra 2004 earthquake, there had been increasing concerns about the structure vulnerability in our country to earthquakes. Several recent studies had also revealed that Malaysia had the possibility to be influenced by both local and far field earthquakes. This study is conducted to analyze the vulnerability of a high rise building to local and far field earthquakes using Scia Engineer. Modal Response Spectrum method of Scia Engineer is used. The model is a 12 story hotel building from Ipoh, Perak. The designing code is the Eurocode with Malaysia Annex. Different Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA) that represents the local and far field earthquakes is acted on the model to obtain the seismic performance. The deformation of the building by the seismic combinations is compared to the ASCE-7 design to evaluate the vulnerability. Research of seismic performance of the flat slab system is also conducted along with beam frame system. The result shows that the building is in a safe condition in terms of deformation and the seismic performance of the flat slab system is advantageous.
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Pillai, Manoj S., and Jency Sara Kurian. "Hybrid Model for Retrofitting: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.200.
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Beam-column joint is considered as a crucial zone in moment resisting frames. It is subjected to large forces during an earthquake, due to ground shaking and the response of the building depends on the behavior of the beam-column joint. During analysis, the joints are usually treated as rigid and this fails to consider the effects of various shear forces developed within the joint. So there emerges the need of seismic upgrading owing to structural deterioration, change in functions or increased performance requirements. Damping is one of the commonly adopted methods proposed for achieving optimal performance of the building subjected to seismic actions. In the present study, an economical approach towards the use of dampers in buildings to reduce the seismic effect is studied. A hybrid combination of dampers with steel bracings for retrofitting is studied in this paper. A cost effective hybrid configuration is presented which can simultaneously reduce the seismic effect and the overall cost for retrofitting.
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Hasan, A., K. I. M. Iqbal, S. Ahammed, and A. Ghosh. "Nonlinear Time History Analysis for Seismic Effects on Reinforced Concrete Building." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 19, no. 4 (January 28, 2023): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v19i4.12.
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A typical Reinforced Concrete (RC) building frame comprising of RC columns and connecting beams that participates in resisting the earthquake forces. Due to earthquake, reversal tension generates at both faces of a beam and column; and hence damage occur in the frame for the disability of tension carrying capacity of concrete. Therefore, the structural performance of RC building for seismic load has been analyzed by nonlinear time history analysis method for this study. A residential building located in Dhaka, Bangladesh subjected to various types of gravity load and seismic load was considered to analyze using ETABS software as per the guideline of BNBC (2020). According to the guideline of ATC 40 (1996), the seismic performances like maximum displacement and story drift for RC building were evaluated both at structural and element levels by applying El Centro (1940) ground motion at the base of the structure. Formation of plastic hinges is used as the basis to evaluate the local performance and story drift is used to evaluate the global performance. At first, the considered building was designed only for gravity load, and then for both gravity and seismic load according to BNBC (2020). Further studies have been performed on that building considering double height column at a story level. It was observed that the maximum displacement and story drift exceeds the allowable limit for all the considered cases if seismic load is applied on the structure.
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Shukla, Kusamakar, and Dr Gunjan Shrivastava. "Comparative Study of 30-Storey Building with and without Seismic Load Combination by using STAAD PRO." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 1426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54888.
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Abstract: This comparative study aims to evaluate the structural behaviour of a 30-storey building using STAAD Pro under two scenarios: with and without seismic load combinations. By comparing the results obtained from both cases, the study seeks to determine the significance of seismic design provisions and the impact they have on the structural performance of the building. The findings of this research will contribute to the understanding of the importance of incorporating seismic load combinations in the design process of high-rise buildings and aid in improving their safety and resilience.Seismic design provisions and load combinations are essential in ensuring the structural integrity of high-rise buildings. These provisions consider the effects of lateral forces generated by seismic activity and aim to minimize structural damage and protect human life during an earthquake. It is crucial to evaluate the performance of buildings under different loading conditions, including seismic load combinations, to ensure they meet safety standards and codes.
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Panthi, Ashim, Ashin Lamsal, Binod Pathak, Kishor Poudel, and Bharat Pradhan. "Design Demands of RC Buildings Due to Irregularities." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 8, no. 1 (June 23, 2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v8i1.55915.
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The RC-framed building is one of the most common construction technique for seismic-resistant structures due to its ductile nature. However, the seismic performance of RC structures can be significantly influenced by different factors, irregularities being one of the most important aspect. Irregularities on buildings increase the lateral seismic forces and inter-storey drifts thus increasing seismic demands in the structural elements. Due to architectural or functional requirements, many times irregularities cannot be avoided even though such arrangements are discouraged in the building codes including the Nepal National Building Code (NBC) 105:2020. Although many studies have been performed to quantify the effects of such irregularities internationally, design effect has not been analyzed in the context of Nepal and NBC 105:2020. Therefore, this study aims to present the variation in design demand for RC buildings in different irregularities scenarios. Three buildings models exhibiting irregularities in torsion, stiffness, and diaphragm are taken and analyzed in Finite Element platform SAP 2000 and compared with a regular building in terms of storey drift, internal forces, etc. The final design of the structural elements shows that the design demand in terms of section size and reinforcements can be significantly influenced by the presence of such irregularities.
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Heidebrecht, A. C. "Insights and challenges associated with determining seismic design forces in a loading code." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 28, no. 3 (September 30, 1995): 224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.28.3.224-246.
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This paper presents and discusses a number of important topics which affect the determination of seismic design forces in a loading code. These range broadly from seismic hazard through to design philosophy and include the following aspects: influence of uncertainty in determining seismic hazard, seismic hazard parameters, site effects, probability level of design ground motions, role of deformations in seismic design, performance expectations and level of protection. The discussion makes frequent reference to the seismic provisions of both the National Building Code of Canada (1995) and the New Zealand Loading Standard (1992). Also, comparisons are made of seismic hazard and seismic design forces for several Canadian and New Zealand cities.
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G, Gayathri, K. M Mini, and Sruthy S. "Seismic and blast loading performance of a gypsum panelled prefabricated building." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.25055.
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Urge for modern technologies and limited space leads to the idea of light weight building technology that can resist major loading condi- tions and can even be used in lands with very poor soil profile. For proper understanding of the structural response, building needs to be evaluated for natural hazards like seismic and manmade calamities like blast loading along with the normal forces acting on the structure. Whole building and structural components are also to be evaluated to study the progressive collapse of the building. This paper includes the study of static, seismic and blast loading effects on a conventional and a prefabricated building. The structural components and con- nections are also evaluated to forecast the strength of a prefabricated building using FE method. Gypsum wall panel incorporated with glass fibres and casted with cavities, as hollow and filled, are used as building panel. This study is useful in suggesting an innovative technology which is light in weight and cost effective with composite structural components.
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Rana, UpasanaR, SnehalV Mevada, and VishalB Patel. "Seismic Risk Assessment of Asymmetric Buildings using Fragility Curves." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 1727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.712.
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It is very important and necessary to assess the seismic risk for the buildings subjected to uncertain and highly unpredictable dynamic forces produced from earthquakes. Fragility curves are the best tools for the representation of seismic risk assessment. In the present study, risk assessment of structure subjected to seismic loading is evaluated. Further, the effects of different eccentricities are also studied for seismic risk assessment. The fragility curves are developed for G+5 storied RCC bare frame building as well as G+5 storied RCC building with shear wall. The considered buildings are subjected to ground motions of past recorded earthquakes. Buildings with different eccentricities and various structural configurations are studied for various failure criteria. The responses of the considered buildings subjected to earthquake excitations are evaluated by Incremental Dynamic Analyses. Fragility curves are developed using Monte Carlo method considering various performance levels as per ATC-40. It is observed that for immediate occupancy failure criteria, the probability of failure is increased constantly with increasing the percentage of structural eccentricity. Further, it is observed that very less variation is observed in the probability of failure under life safety and collapse prevention failure stages.
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Bairán, J. M., R. Moreno-González, and J. Peguero. "Seismic Behavior of Medium and High Strength Concrete Buildings." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2015): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010308.
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Current concrete technology has made higher concrete grades more affordable to mid and high-rise buildings; hence its use has been increasing in the late years as it allows for smaller cross-sections, reduction of the structure’s weight, improve durability, among other benefits. However, it is known that brittleness of plain concrete increases with the strength; therefore, some national codes have limited the concrete’s strength in high seismic zones. In this paper, the seismic behavior of a 10 storey dual frame-wall building, designed with concrete grades C30, C60 and C90 is studied in order to assess the advantages and disadvantages of this material and investigate the effects of high concrete strength on the seismic behavior of buildings. In total, three models were studied. Furthermore, a comparison between Force-Based-Design (FBD) and Displacement-Based-Design (DBD) methodologies is made. DBD showed advantages in determining the adequate design ductility and the distribution of forces between frame and wall. The structures are designed according to Eurocode 8 for seismic design high ductility structures. To assess the seismic performance of the building, pushover analyses were made according to the Eurocode 8 (N2 method) in order to determine the performance point. It is observed that adequate design could accommodate concrete’s reduction of ductility. Needed confinement levels can objectively be defined for different concrete strength. Some benefits of the overall increase of strength are highlighted in the paper. The C90 building showed adequate response, although changes on the failure mode were observed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The Effects of Seismic Forces on the Performance of Building"
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Cole, Gregory Lloyd. "The effects of detailed analysis on the prediction of seismic building pounding performance." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8384.
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Building pounding is a recognised phenomenon where adjacent buildings collide under lateral loading due to insufficient provision of building separation. The consequences of this interaction are known to be complex, and both buildings’ responses can be significantly affected. In the absence of extensive experimental data, numerical modelling has been frequently adopted as a means of evaluating building pounding risk during earthquakes. In performing numerical analysis, it becomes necessary to create specialised ‘contact’ elements to simulate building contact. While many contact elements have been previously proposed, detailed consideration of their inherent assumptions has frequently been overlooked. This thesis considers the significance and consequences of using the Kelvin contact element for a variety of pounding situations and with varying levels of model detail.
Pounding between two adjacent floors (floor/floor collision) is considered as a one dimensional wave propagation problem. By modelling each floor as a flexible rod (termed distributed mass modelling), theoretical relationships for collision force, collision duration and post-collision velocity are derived. This theory is then compared to the predictions made when using the traditionally adopted assumptions of fully rigid colliding floors (termed lumped mass modelling). The post-collision velocities obtained from each method are found to agree only when the axial period of both floors is identical. Relationships between lumped mass and distributed mass models are formed, and an ‘equivalent lumped mass’ method is developed where distributed mass effects can be emulated without explicit modelling of floor flexibility.
The theoretical solution method is then adapted for use in Non-Linear Time History Analysis (NLTHA) software to model specific pounding situations. Numerical modelling of a single collision is performed to compare these results to the theoretical predictions. Good agreement is found, and the model’s complexity is simplified until a sufficiently accurate simulation is performed without overly onerous computational requirements. Five methods are detailed that incorporate energy loss during collision into the distributed mass models and a calibration method is developed that enables researchers to define the level of energy loss that occurs during a single collision.
Using the developed modelling methods, the pounding response of two existing Wellington buildings is predicted. This is first performed using 2D analysis of the stiffest frame from each building. The predicted building pounding damage is categorised into local damage (damageresulting from the magnitude of the force applied during contact) and global damage (damage due to the change in dynamic building properties resulting from momentum transfer during collision). Local and global damage effects are found to be fundamentally different consequences of collision, with the two categories responding differently to changes in the modelled system. The effects of building separation, scaling of input motion, modelling of soil-structure-interaction, collision damping, and floor rigidity are investigated for the considered system.
3D analysis of the building configuration is then investigated. Additional complications arising from the transverse movement of buildings prior to and during collision are identified and refined modelling methods are developed. The 3D configuration of these buildings causes torsional interaction, despite both buildings being perfectly symmetrical. This torsion is due to the eccentric positioning of the buildings relative to each other, which causes an eccentric contact load when pounding occurs. The 3D models are used to test the effects of building separation, 2D vs. 3D modelling, collision damping, floor rigidity, and the significance of the torsional interactions.
Attention is then focused on collisions between a building’s floors and an adjacent building’s columns (floor/column collision). Due to the high frequency content of pounding impacts, the significance of using Timoshenko beam theory instead of Euler-Bernoulli theory is assessed. The shear stiffness in the Timoshenko formulation is found to significantly affect the columns’ predicted performance, and is used in subsequent modelling. An appropriately accurate method of modelling that minimises computational effort is then developed. The simplified model is used to predict the performance of two three-storey buildings that experience floor/column collision. The effects of floor/column impact are predicted for collisions at mid-height, and near the support of the impacted column. Each of these scenarios investigates the effect of building separation on local damage and global damage.
Finally, a method to model collision between two adjacent walls that collide out-of-plane is developed (wall/wall contact). The adopted contact element properties are selected using analogous situations that have been previously investigated. The method is used to investigate a single collision between two different wall configurations. In the conclusions, the developed modelling methods from all the considered collision configurations are collected and presented in a summary table. It is intended that these recommendations will assist other researchers in selecting appropriate building pounding modelling properties.
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KOTHARI, PRIYESH. "BEHAVIOUR OF A MULTI-STOREY BUILDING UNDER THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN STRENGTH." Thesis, 2015. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14321.
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For the study of effect of irregularity in strength i.e. discontinuity in capacity – weak storey on the performance of the building, a three dimensional 16 storey model of a RCC building is done in STADD PRO v8i.
The base floors of the existing buildings are generally arranged as garages or offices. No
wall are built in at these floors due to its prescribed usage and comfort problems. But
Upper floors do have walls separating rooms from each other for the residential usage. In
these arrangements, the upper floors of most buildings are more rigid than their base floors. As a result, the seismic behaviour of the base and the upper floors are significantly different from each other. This phenomenon is called as the weak-storey irregularity. Weak storey is subjected to larger lateral loads during earthquakes and under lateral loads their lateral deformations are greater than those of other floors so the design of structural members of weak stories is critical and it should be different from the upper floors.
In this thesis the effects of seismic forces on the performance of building with weak storey is studied.
Design of the building for 5 cases of strength ratio viz. full strength, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, is done and Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of building in each storey is varied for these 5 strength ratio. Loads were applied on each floor in accordance with the IS 1893 2002 Part 1 for the study of weak storey phenomenon in multi storey building.
Thus varying the % strength ratio for each storey as the input parameter , various performance parameter are found out viz. frequency , time period, spectral acceleration, peak storey shear, roof drift, max forces and moments are calculated as output parameters.
Thus it can be concluded from the present study that as the strength ratio of building is being decreased the base shear is decreasing for the base of the building. The effect of change in shear is more pronounced for 1st storey and top storey than for middle storey.As the strength of building is decreased, the roof drift is increasing. Peak storey shear decreases with increase in height.MR. ALOK VERMA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
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MEENA, RAHUL KUMAR. "EFFECTS OF BRACING SYSTEM ON MULTISTORYED STEEL BUILDING." Thesis, 2018. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16202.
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In recent years, steel construction has shifted from moment-resisting frames to concentric braced frames in regions of highly seismic prone area. Bracing element in structural system by providing more stiffness plays a vital role in structural behaviour to resist earthquake forces. Concentric bracing is one of the most common lateral load resistant systems in building frames due to their manufacturing simplicity and economy. In this work, different types of bracing (X bracing, Inverted V bracing, K bracing, V bracing, Forward bracing, Backward bracing ) have been analysed and comparison has been made on the basis of maximum lateral displacement at each floor level due to seismic and wind loading. The main parameters considered to compare the seismic performance of buildings were bending moment, shear force, story drift, storey shear and concluded that the braced building of the storey drift decreases as compared to the unbraced building which indicates that the overall response of the building decreases, the displacement of the building decreases depending upon the different bracing system employed and the bracing sizes. In the present study, a 20 storey steel frame structure is analysed. For this purpose, seven different models were generated by changing the bracing system in steel frame and analysed for wind and seismic forces. It may be concluded from this study that bracing element will have very important effect on structural behaviour under seismic loading. Most suitable bracing system is Backward bracing system. Lateral displacement at top floor is reduced approximately 50% for Backward braced in frame structure compared to without bracing system.
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Perera, U. "Seismic performance of concrete beam-slab-column systems constructed with a re-usable sheet metal formwork system." 2007. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/4835.
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This report describes an investigation of seismic performance of a ribbed slab system constructed with an innovative re-usable sheet metal formwork system. Experimental results from quasi-static cyclic lateral load tests on half-scale reinforced concrete interior beam-slab-column subassemblages are presented. The test specimen was detailed according to the Australian code (AS 3600) without any special provision for seismicity. This specimen was tested up to a drift ratio of 4.0 %. Some reinforcement detailing problems were identified from the first test. The damaged specimen was then rectified using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRPs), considering detailing deficiencies identified in the first test. The repaired test specimen was tested under a lateral cyclic load as per the original test arrangement up to a drift level of 4%. The performance of the repaired specimen showed significant improvement with respect to the level of damage and strength degradation. The results of the rectified specimen indicate that the use of CFRPs may offer a viable retrofit/repair strategy in the case of damaged structures, where this damage may be significant.Two finite element analysis models were created and results of the first test were used to calibrate the FE model. The second FE model was used to obtain detail information about stress and strain behaviour of various components of the beam-column subassemblage and to check the overall performance before carrying out expensive lab tests. It was concluded that finite element modelling predictions were reliable and could be used to obtain more information compared to conventional type laboratory tests.
Time-history analyses show that the revised detailing is suitable to withstand very large earthquakes without significant structural damage.
Books on the topic "The Effects of Seismic Forces on the Performance of Building"
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V, Leyendecker Edgar, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. USGS Spectral response maps and their relationship with seismic design forces in building codes. [Denver, CO]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.
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Ambrose, James E. Simplified building design for wind and earthquake forces. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1990.
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1933-, Vergun Dimitry, ed. Simplified building design for wind and earthquake forces. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "The Effects of Seismic Forces on the Performance of Building"
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Morris, Gareth, Mark Browne, Kirsti Murahidy, and Mike Jacka. "Christchurch Town Hall Complex: Post-Earthquake Ground Improvement, Structural Repair, and Seismic Retrofit." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 145–72. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.145.
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<p>The Christchurch Town Hall (CTH) complex contains six reinforced concrete buildings constructed circa 1970 in Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ). The complex is used for performing arts and entertainment, with an Auditorium that is internationally recognized for its acoustics. It is listed as a Grade-1 heritage building due to its cultural and historical significance. Unfortunately, the CTH foundation system was not originally designed to accommodate liquefaction-induced differential settlement and lateral spreading effects, as highlighted by the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Although the most extreme ground motions exceeded the NZS 1170.5 code-defined 1/2500 year earthquake loads, the CTH structures performed remarkably well for a design that pre-dated modern seismic codes. Most of the observed structural damage was a result of the differential ground deformations, rather than in response to inertial forces. The post-earthquake observations and signs of distress are presented herein. The primary focus of this paper is to describe two major features of the seismic retrofit project (initiated in 2013) which were required to upgrade the CTH complex to meet 100% of current NZS 1170.5 seismic loadings. Firstly, the upgrade required extensive ground improvement and a new reinforce concrete mat slab to mitigate the impacts future ground deformations. Soil stabilization was provided by a cellular arrangement of jet-grout columns, a relatively new technique to NZ at the time. The new mat slab (typically 600-900 mm) was constructed over the stabilized soils. Secondly, upgrading the superstructure had many constraints that were overcome via a performance-based design approach, using non-linear time-history analysis. Recognizing the heritage significance, the superstructure “resurrection” as a modern building was hidden within the original skin minimized disruption of heritage fabric. Retrofit solutions were targeted, which also minimized the overall works. The 2015–2019 construction phase is briefly discussed within, including jet-grout procedures and sequencing considerations.</p>
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Yagoub, Nouraldaim F. A., and Xiuxin Wang. "Finite Element Analysis of Self-centering Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 481–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_41.
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AbstractPost-tensioned precast concrete walls are an attractive research trend in structural engineering, which replaces cast-in-place concrete walls in earthquake-prone buildings. Precast concrete walls use mild steel and high-strength post-tensioning steel for flexural resistance. Mild steel reinforcement yields in tension and compression, dissipating inelastic energy. Unbounded tendons are used inside the wall to give self-centering capability, which lowers residual displacements. At the wall-foundation, horizontal slots are installed equally. Meanwhile, the middle-wall concrete is still anchored to the base. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model is developed in this study to assess the lateral load response of shear walls with horizontal bottom slots. The seismic performance of three distinct walls is evaluated using the Abaqus software FEA. The model is validated by comparing the experimental data accessible in the literature. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of bottom slit length, steel strand position, initial prestressing level, and concrete strength. All of these criteria are critical for constructing structures with the new concept. The results of this study show that the three-dimensional finite element model accurately predicts all of the above-mentioned properties, including the lateral force–displacement response and toe area damage of self-centering shear walls.
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C. Crawford, Kenneth. "Vibration Control in Bridges." In Vibration Control of Structures [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107501.
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The purpose of this chapter is to examine methods to control induced vibrations in steel and reinforced concrete (RC) highway bridges caused by three primary vibration forces, specifically wind, heavy traffic, and seismic events. These forces manifest their effects in bridge structural elements to different degrees, from small vibrations to large forces causing destruction of the bridge. This chapter examines bridge failures caused by induced vibrations, from wind loading, traffic loading, and seismic vibration loading and presents solutions developed to compensate for these vibrations. Bridge failures from seismic vibrations are the most destructive and are described in two major earthquakes in California. A major bridge failure from induced wind vibrations is considered, and two bridge failures caused by vibrations from heavy traffic loading are described. With lessons learned from these and other bridge failures, new design criteria and methods have been established to reduce and mitigate the destructive forces of induced vibrations. Significant changes in bridge structural engineering codes and design philosophy were made. While bridge structural design improvements have reduced the effects of wind, seismic, and heavy traffic vibrations, further research is needed to mitigate the long-term effects of vibrations on bridge performance and structural integrity.
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Ozcelik, Mehmet. "The Effects of Vertical Stress on the Liquefaction Potential Originated from Buildings in The Urban Areas." In Sustainable Infrastructure, 351–72. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0948-7.ch015.
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Main purpose of this paper is to study the influence of vertical stress on soil liquefaction in urban areas. The literature provides limited information on vertical stress analysis of multiple footings, and, as a result, there is no accurate way to account for the effect of the foundation depth on liquefaction. Additionally, practical methods do not exist for considering the interaction between the neighboring foundations vertical stress and seismic forces in the urban area. Vertical stress distribution was calculated in examining the soil liquefaction potential exhibited by building foundations as a case study. The vertical stresses were chosen randomly for some buildings with foundation depths of 3.00 m; 4.50 and 6.00 m at the Burkent site (Burdur-Turkey). The influence of 5-storey buildings on the liquefaction potential of sandy soils was evaluated in terms of the safety factor (FS) against liquefaction along soil profile depths for different earthquakes. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results were used based on simplified empirical procedure.
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Hayat, Naeem, and Abdullah Al Mamun. "Malaysian Tourism Industry Achievement From a Knowledge Management Perspective and Emergent Trends." In Accelerating Knowledge Sharing, Creativity, and Innovation Through Business Tourism, 99–115. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3142-6.ch006.
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This chapter deals with the tourism industry in general from the Malaysian context. Tourism industry (TI) across the globe is gaining momentum and is respected as an emerging business sector bringing the much needed foreign exchange and employment opportunities for the countries. Tourism as a service sector depends on the knowledge assets of the firms for building innovate services on the management of knowledge. Introduction and the evolution of knowledge management (KM) are discussed as enabling forces for the industry and making competitive advantage for Malaysia. Malaysian achievements in TI bring much needed foreign revenues and bring employment opportunities as well. KM systems stem from the need to manage service orientation of the tourism industry associated with a higher level of diversity in services requirements of the customer coming to Malaysia from across the globe. Finally, a particular set of empirical results are reported to establish the effects of KM on service innovation and performance of Malaysian tourism players. Moreover, emerging trends in the TI are highlighted as well.
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Montz, Burrell E., and John A. Cross. "Hazards." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0042.
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In August of 1992, Hurricane Andrew battered south-eastern Florida, causing fifty-eight deaths, and more than $27 billion in property losses (National Climatic Data Center 1999). The following year, widespread flooding occurred within the Upper Mississippi River basin, inundating 5.3 million hectares during the worst flood to affect much of the region in this century. The Northridge earthquake (magnitude 6.7) led to sixty-one deaths and more than $20 billion in property damage and loss in 1994. A year later, Kobe, Japan, experienced a magnitude 6.9 earthquake. Despite massive efforts to prepare for such events, more than 6,000 lives were lost, and $150–200 billion in property damage was experienced. In 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated Honduras, Nicaragua, and other parts of Central America. More than 5,600 people died in Honduras alone and approximately 70,000 homes were damaged. In Nicaragua, more than 850,000 people were affected, with approximately 2,860 deaths. Estimates of losses in agriculture, housing, transportation and other infrastructure are in excess of $1.3 billion dollars (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 1998). These are just a few, albeit particularly devastating, events that continued to focus our attention in the 1990s on hazards and disasters. The widespread news media coverage of these disaster events provided a backdrop for fictional portrayals as Hollywood rediscovered the disaster movie genre. With enhanced special effects and big-named stars, popular films such as Twister, Volcano, Dante’s Peak, Armageddon, Deep Impact, Titanic, and A Civil Action added a different slant to the media coverage of disasters and the public’s perception of hazards throughout the decade. The public’s interest and fascination in actual disasters also propelled several books to the bestseller list (Barry 1997; Junger 1997; Larson 1999). Both the fictional representations and the consequences of real disasters illustrate the shift in our understanding of the forces at work in such events. Some of the damage in Hurricane Andrew, for example, is attributed to inadequate enforcement of building standards. In Kobe, structures engineered to withstand seismic activity failed, prompting concern about just how safe infrastructure is in tectonically active areas. And Hurricane Mitch’s devastating toll cannot be explained solely by the storm. Decades of land abuse and a combination of social, political, and economic factors combined with the storm to cause the severe losses.
Conference papers on the topic "The Effects of Seismic Forces on the Performance of Building"
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Edip, Kemal, Jordan Bojadjiev, Done Nikolovski, and Julijana Bojadjieva. "SEISMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS ON A HIGH RISE RC BUILDING." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.62.
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Soil-structure interaction (SSI) is for sure one of the most neglected effects in seismic structural design practice. However, many researchers showed that it might notably affect seismic performance results. In fact, the state-of-the-art seismic codes are encouraging including SSI for structures with considerable p-Δ effects and mid to high-rise buildings. In the current research, seismic soil-structure interaction analysis is made for a selected mid-rise reinforced concrete building with several different SSI techniques (models). In order to quantify the effect of SSI on the overall response of the selected structure, the global seismic response within a frame of force-displacement relationship for different earthquake intensities, different SSI mathematical models and different soil categories is presented. Comparing the outcome of the performed analysis it was observed that the structural performance was affected significantly by the foundation system and contributes considerably to the overall structural performance of the selected structure in specific soil conditions. As the results indicate, more code-based recommendations are required for the improvement of the SSI structural seismic design, especially in soft soil cases, where the soil-structure interaction might significantly affect the seismic response of buildings.
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Pong, Wenshen, and David Nesbet. "Design Implications of Structural Irregularity." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1418.
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Irregular building designs present special problems to the structural engineer due to their uneven distributions of mass, stiffness, and strength. Because of these factors, irregular structures may have significantly different dynamic performance than a regular structure, which can lead to unanticipated force concentrations, deflections, and subsequent stresses on building members. Irregular building designs, while often more visually and architecturally interesting, are significantly more challenging to engineer for seismic loads. Discontinuities and irregularities in mass, configuration, and form can create many unwanted and unexpected effects when a structure is subjected to seismic forces. The Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1997 edition has addressed this concern by requiring dynamic analysis of irregular building designs greater than five stories in areas with greater seismic activity (seismic zones 3 and 4). The UBC’s requirement of a dynamic lateral force analysis, along with the requirement of a higher base shear force for irregular building designs (regular buildings are given a 10% base shear reduction bonus when dynamic analysis is performed), has made irregular building designs unattractive to structural engineers. Some structural engineers may question whether the UBC provisions are unnecessarily punitive to irregular building analysis, particularly for smaller buildings. To test this hypothesis, this study compares the results of using much simpler static seismic loading analysis with the results obtained from a dynamic analysis on two steel-frame six-story irregular building designs. The first building is irregular due to a type 3 vertical geometric irregularity (specifically a 3-story tower asymmetrically located above the remaining 3 stories). The second building is irregular due to a plan structural irregularity (a large central courtyard which creates diaphragm discontinuities in the top three stories). Both buildings are considered to be located in seismic zone 4, with a forcing input based on the 1997 UBC figure 16-3 used for the dynamic analysis. This study aims to present the design implications of structural irregularity. It seeks to investigate the differences in the calculated seismic forces, deflections, and stresses due to the two different methods of analysis.
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Houston, Thomas W., Greg E. Mertz, and Andrew Maham. "Comparison of Seismic Design Provisions Using ASCE 43 With Conventional Design Based on ASCE 7 Seismic Loads." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63681.
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One graded approach for the design of nuclear facilities would design high hazard facilities to meet the provisions of ASCE 43 while low hazard facilities would be designed as conventional structures based on the seismic loading and design criteria in ASCE 7. In structures with an intermediate hazard it is not immediately obvious which standard provides a more conservative design. This paper presents a case study that compares the performance of an intermediate hazard structure with ASCE 7 seismic loading and criteria to the target performance goals described in ASCE 43 and DOE-STD-1020. The purposes of seismic design associated with ASCE 7 are; 1) to provide minimum design criteria for structures appropriate to their primary function and use considering the need to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the general public by minimizing the earthquake-related risk to life, and 2) to improve the capability of essential facilities and structures containing substantial quantities of hazardous materials to function during and after design earthquakes. Designs developed using the provisions of ASCE 7 are targeted to a collapse prevention limit state probability of 1% in 50 years. The goal of the earthquake provisions in ASCE 43 is to ensure that high hazard nuclear facilities can withstand the effects of earthquakes with desired performance, expressed as probabilistic Target Performance Goals and various limit, or damage, states. These Target Performance Goals range from 1×10−4 to 1×10−5 with limit states ranging from essentially linear response to short of collapse. There are requirements invoked by ASCE 7 that are different than the requirements of ASCE 43 which prevents a direct computation of performance based on comparing the seismic demand levels required by each standard. These differences include the use of building R values in ASCE 7 compared to component specific Fu values in ASCE 43, the use of different analyses methods, ASCE 7 upper bound limits on seismic forces for some components, the limitations on framing system types, among others. The effect of these differences on the performance achieved between the two standards is evaluated for the design of a reinforced concrete shear wall structure that is representative of the types of structures used in nuclear facilities.
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Murari, Krishna, Harvinder Singh, and Savleen Takkar. "Performance-based methodology for seismic assessment of code- conforming RC buildings." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.1079.
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<p>The current Indian code for seismic design of structures is based on the force-based design (FBD) philosophy but the damage is more related to strain and displacement rather than strength. Also, structures can’t be designed for target design objectives by FBD method under a specified hazard level. Hence it became necessary to develop new codes and standards based on more robust design methodology to overcome the various shortcomings. The paper presents the results of a study conducted to evaluate the effect of provisions mandated by BIS design guidelines on the performance of a multi-storeyed building in event of a seismic activity. The performance of the building was evaluated on the parameters given in the FEMA guidelines. It was observed that the RC buildings designed as per Indian standard is found to be under-utilized and its overstrength ratio is observed to be of order two, leading to uneconomical design as compared to the building designed according to Performance based methodology for achieving a similar value of the performance level.</p>
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Chirez, Sebastien, Satoshi Fujita, and Keisuke Minagawa. "Effect of Nonlinearity of Rubber Bearing on a Seismic Isolated Structure Considering Their Layout." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28474.
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In Japan, in order to ensure seismic safety requirements for buildings such as hospitals, nuclear power plants and communication centers for instance, seismic isolation systems have been developed. The most widely used technologies are rubber bearings and oil dampers, which can enhance the protection of equipment or machinery set up in those buildings. However, the isolation performance may face difficulties in case of huge earthquakes because of the nonlinearity of rubber bearings. In a former study of our laboratory, an earthquake response analysis based on the Runge-Kutta-Gill’s method had been carried out in order to assess the behavior of the rubber bearings[1]. In this paper, we use the same method but for further accurate and more realistic simulations, the analytical model has been improved in order to assess the response of rubber bearings depending on their layout when we consider the rocking of the building.
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Agus, Agus, and Maidiawati Maidiawati. "Effects of Brick Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of R/C Building." In International Conference on Technology, Innovation and Society. ITP Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21063/ictis.2016.1066.
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Gou, Hongliang, ZiDuan Shang, Yugang Sun, Meng Chu, and Honghui Ge. "Seismic Performance of PCS Water Storage Tank Considering Fluid-Structure Interaction." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66338.
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Water sloshing of PCS water storage tank (PCSWST) can cause a significant effect on the dynamic response of Shield Building under seismic loads. It is complicated to perform the calculation of water sloshing especially for the tanks with irregular shapes. Consequently, it is important to establish an appropriate equivalent mechanical model for simulation[1], [2]. In this paper, the water sloshing is firstly investigated based on the potential flow theory, which including the seismic modal analysis. Based on the theoretical research, a highly efficient (simplified) calculation formula is derived, which mainly considering the impulse mass, convective mass, position function and spring stiffness etc., through this way the equivalent model for PCSWST is established by applying mass-spring element. The equivalent models based on Housner & Graham theory[3], [4] are also established. Additionally, the 3-D finite element model of water sloshing considering fluid-structure interaction is established by using the software of Ansys. Total of four models are built as shown in the paper, then modal analysis and dynamic response under earthquake excitation are performed using ANSYS. The results are compared to justify the equivalent model in this paper. The results indicate that Graham formula did not provide the correct location expressions for the convective masses. The expressions for the impulsive mass and its position given by Housner are not satisfactory. As a comparison, the results from the equivalent model, which is recommended in this paper, can best fit the data from finite model. From above results and comparisons, a more reasonable and refined equivalent model for PCSWST design is provided. Based on the equivalent model established, the influence on structure caused by the increase of water mass is analyzed. The results from the seismic analysis are compared, including member force, shear strain and shear force. Based on the research, the feasibility of the design is analyzed, which can provide important support for the structural design. Finally, the seismic reduction of water tank is studied using the finite element model established in this paper. The horizontal and vertical anti-sloshing baffles are designed. The maximum acceleration and displacement corresponding to different baffle length are compared to study the effect of the seismic reduction.
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Fatahi, Behzad, Hamid Reza Tabatabaiefar, and Bijan Samali. "Performance Based Assessment of Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction Effects on Seismic Response of Building Frames." In Georisk 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41183(418)29.
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Yang, Dixiong, Kaisheng Yang, and Guohai Chen. "Recent advances in engineering characteristics of near-fault ground motions and seismic effects of building structures." In International Conference on Performance-based and Life-cycle Structural Engineering. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/uql.2016.636.
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Mettam, Kirk. "Seismic Upgrade of Historic Buildings/ Performance Based Design Approach: 1789 Massachusetts Ave. Case Study." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1329.
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<p>Built over 100 years ago, 1789 Massachusetts Avenue NW was one of the earliest luxury apartment buildings in Washington, DC, and was home to several distinguished individuals including millionaire industrialist and art patron Andrew Mellon. In 1976 the Building was purchased and became home to The National Trust for Historic Preservation. A new owner purchased the building in 2013 and proposed long-needed repairs and modernizations. To achieve the goals of this renovation, a new penthouse was added above the existing roof, and a full floor was added below the original historic building footprint.</p><p>Among several unique aspects of this project, one which makes it note-worthy from a preservation engineering perspective, was the design approach used to achieve seismic code compliance for the lateral system of the building. Given the level of Structural Modification, the project was considered a Level 3 Alteration in the IEBC. The historic façade is integral with the original steel frame of the building and absorbs lateral forces. The degree of fenestration and composite wall construction makes its contribution difficult to quantify. Ignoring the contribution of historic facades can lead to overly conservative design of new lateral systems. Conversely, assuming that the existing facades can resist seismic forces without careful consideration can lead to damage of the historic finishes and unintended consequences in the building envelope performance. Silman performed a series of nonlinear analyses as part of a 'performance based' approach, more common to the west coast, to benefit from the contribution of the existing historic masonry on the lateral resistance of the building while quantitatively limiting damage to the historic fabric under the seismic events. The resulting design achieved an optimal balance reducing the lateral demand on the new components of the building while providing the quantified protection of this important historical resource.</p>
Reports on the topic "The Effects of Seismic Forces on the Performance of Building"
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SHAKING TABLE TEST OF NEW LIGHT STEEL STRUCTURE SYSTEM. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.342.
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The low-rise cold-formed thin-walled steel buildings have good seismic performance, and their lateral force resistance is generally provided by the pull-out parts, the wall skeleton support system, and the skin effect between the wall skeleton and the wall. However, the current cold-formed thin-walled steel residential system is difficult to meet the seismic requirements of multi-storey cold-formed thin-walled steel buildings in high intensity areas. In this paper, the thin steel brace and light steel skeleton are combined to form a wall skeleton with a new support system with "truss structure" at the top and bottom of the skeleton. A full-scale shaking table test model is designed and made, and its structural dynamic characteristics and dynamic response are studied by shaking table test. The results show that the horizontal steel strap and inclined steel strap are used to form a "flat" structure with steel columns and guide beams, and the triangular element on the "flat" structure is used to restrict the displacement of the local area at the top and bottom of the wall skeleton and improve the stiffness of the area. T1 model performs better than T2 model, and has better seismic application potential for developing multi-storey cold-formed thin-walled steel residential buildings, which can meet the engineering needs.