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Ciorciari, Joseph, and jciorciari@swin edu au. "Topograhic distribution of human brain electrical activity associated with schizophrenia." Swinburne University of Technology, 1999. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20050610.152013.
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A literature review of the schizophrenia brain electrophysiology was undertaken with specific emphasis placed on the topographical distribution of evoked potentials (EPs). The outcomes of this review suggests that schizophrenia brain electrophysiology, demonstrate some differences, but with a variability reflective of the symptom heterogeneity. The literature associated with the use of attentional tasks while recording EPs, tended to demonstrate some consistency. The methodological issues associated with the EEG and EP recordings may also account for this variability. An evoked potential technique, which has been demonstrated to be sensitive to the changes in cognitive processes associated with attention, is the Steady State Probe Topography (SSPT) technique. The SSPT is a combination of both the Steady State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) and the Probe-ERP paradigm. This technique allows the SSVEP to be measured continuously, is relatively insensitive to artifact, and can display the topographic distribution of the SSVEP measures during the attentional task. The technique employs the use of a sixty-four channel EEG recording system. This consists of a multichannel electrode helmet; multichannel amplifier/filter, task presentation computer and a computer controlled data acquisition system. Software was also developed to analyse the recorded brain electrical activity to produce the SSVEP magnitude and phase versus time series for each electrode site. The topographic distribution of the SSVEP measures associated with specific events during attentional tasks could also be displayed. At the time of the pilot study, this technique had not been applied previously to the study of schizophrenia and therefore warranted further study. Two separate studies are reported; an investigative pilot study and a chronic group study. The pilot SSVEP and schizophrenia study was designed to examine the changes in the SSVEP and its topography, during the performance of a number of attentional or activation tasks to examine the possibility of hypofrontality. The tasks selected for the study were those previously used for the examination of hypofrontality with metabolic imaging techniques; the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and the Wisconsin Card Sort (WCS). The SSVEP was elicited by a superimposed 13Hz flicker on the visual field, while subjects performed computerised versions of the neuropsychological tasks. Topographical maps of the SSVEP magnitude distribution were then interpolated and displayed as an animated sequence synchronised with particular events occurring during the tasks. In comparison to the male control group, male schizophrenic patients exhibited differences in the SSVEP topography for all tasks, possibly reflecting the deficits in behavioural indices. Overall, the findings indicated that the technique demonstrated some merit for further examination of frontal SSVEP topography in schizophrenia. In a larger study of twenty chronic schizophrenia patients, the frontal topographical distribution of the SSVEP was examined. The earlier pilot study finding of reduced frontal SSVEP amplitude was replicated. The issue of hypofrontality in schizophrenia was applied as a possible interpretation.
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Yurtkolesi, Mustafa. "Imaging Electrical Conductivity Distribution Of The Human Head Using Evoked Fields And Potentials." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609828/index.pdf.
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In the human brain, electrical activities are created due to the body functions. These
electrical activities create potentials and magnetic fields which can be monitored elec-
trically (Electroencephalography - EEG) or magnetically (Magnetoencephalography -
MEG). Electrical activities in human brain are usually modeled by electrical dipoles.
The purpose of Electro-magnetic source imaging (EMSI) is to determine the position,
orientation and strength of dipoles. The first stage of EMSI is to model the human
head numerically. In this study, The Finite Element Method (FEM) is chosen to han-
dle anisotropy in the brain. The second stage of EMSI is to solve the potentials and
magnetic fields for an assumed dipole configuration (forward problem). Realistic con-
ductivity distribution of human head is required for more accurate forward problem
solutions. However, to our knowledge, conductivity distribution for an individual has
not been computed yet.
The aim of this thesis study is to investigate the feasibility of a new approach to
update the initially assumed conductivity distribution by using the evoked potentials
and fields acquired during EMSI studies. This will increase the success of source
localization problem, since more realistic conductivity distribution of the head will be
used in the forward problem. This new method can also be used as a new imaging
modality, especially for inhomogeneities where the conductivity value deviates.
In this thesis study, to investigate the sensitivity of measurements to conductivity
perturbations, a FEM based sensitivity matrix approach is used. The performance
of the proposed method is tested using three different head models - homogeneous
spherical, 4 layer concentric sphere and realistic head model. For spherical head models
rectangular grids are preferred in the middle and curved elements are used nearby
the head boundary. For realistic cases, head models are developed using uniform
grids. Tissue boundary information is obtained by applying segmentation algorithms
to the Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. A paralel computer cluster is employed to
assess the feasibility of this new approach. PETSc library is used for forward problem
calculations and linear system solutions.
The performance of this novel approach depends on many factors such as the head
model, number of dipoles and sensors used in the calculation, noise in the measure-
ments, etc. In this thesis study, a number of simulations are performed to investigate
the effects of each of these parameters. Increase in the number of elements in the
head model leads to the increase in the number of unknows for linear system solu-
tions. Then, accuracy of the solution is improved with increased number of dipoles
or sensors. The performance of the adopted approach is investigated using noise-free
measurements as well as noisy measurements. For EEG, measurement noise decreases the accuracy
of the approach. For MEG, the effect of measurement noise is more pronounced and may lead to a larger
error in tissue conductivity calculation.
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Sadykova, Saltanat. "Electric microfield distributions and structure factors in dense plasmas." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16316.
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Die elektrischen Mikrofeldverteilungen (EMDs) und ihre Auswüchse wurden in einkomponentiger (OCP) Elektron-, zweikomponentigen (TCP) Elektron-Positron-, Wasserstoff- und einwertig ionisierten Alkaliplasmen im Rahmen verschiedener Pseudopotentialmodelle (PM) untersucht und mit sowohl Molekulardynamik (MD) und Monte-Carlo Simulationen als auch mit Experimenten vergliechen. Die verwendeten theoretischen Verfahren zur Berechnung von EMDs gehen zurück auf die von C. A. Iglesias entwickelte Kopplungsparameter Integrationstechnik (KPIT) für OCP und die von J. Ortner et al. vorgeschlagene verallgemeinerte KPIT für TCP. EMDs wurden im Rahmen der abgeschirmten Kelbg-, Deutsch-, Hellmann-Gurskii-Krasko(HGK)-PM untersucht, welche quantenmechanische Effekte, Abschirmungseffekte und die Struktur der Ionenrümpfe (HGK) berücksichtigen. Die Abschirmungseffekte wurden auf Grundlage der Bogoljubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon- Methode eingeführt. Wir haben das abgeschirmte HGK-Pseudopotential in der Debye-Näherung sowie in einer mäßig gekoppelten Plasma-Näherung verwendet. Wir haben verschiedene Typen vom asymptotischen Verhalten der Verteilungsauswüchse in Abhangigheit von Plasmaparameter, Plasmatypen und Strahler bestimmt. Der Vergleich der experimentell gewonnenen Daten mit sowohl einem synthetischen Li2+-Lyman-Spektrum als auch mit einer synthetischen Li II 548 nm Linie lassen den Schluss zu, daß die EMD, welche auf der Grundlage der Iglesias-Methode für OCP im HGK-PM und der MD erhalten wurde, eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Werten liefert. Die statischen partiellen und Ladung-Ladung-Strukturfaktoren (SSF) wurden für Alkali- und Be2+-Plasmen unter Verwendung der von G. Gregori et al. beschriebenen Methode berechnet. Die dynamischen Strukturfaktoren (DSF) für Alkaliplasmen wurden unter Verwendung der durch V. M. Adamyan et al. entwickelten Methode der Momente berechnet. Bei beiden Methoden wurde das abgeschirmte HGK-Pseudopotential verwendet.The electric microfield distributions (EMDs) and its tails have been studied for electron one-component plasma (OCP), electron-positron, hydrogen and single-ionized alkali two-component plasmas (TCP) in a frame of different pseudopotential models (PM) and compared with Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Monte-Carlo simulations as well as with experiments. The theoretical methods used for calculation of EMDs are a coupling-parameter integration technique (CPIT) developed by C. A. Iglesias for OCP and the generalized CPIT proposed by J. Ortner et al. for TCP. We studied the EMDs in a frame of the screened Kelbg, Deutsch, Hellmann-Gurskii-Krasko (HGK) PMs which take into account quantum-mechanical, screening effects and the ion shell structure (HGK) due to the Pauli exclusion principle. The screening effects were introduced on a base of Bogoljubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon method. We used the screened HGK pseudopotential in the Debye approximation as well as in a moderately coupled plasma approximation. The influence of the plasma coupling parameter on the EMD along with the ion shell structure was investigated. We determined different types of asymptotic behaviour of EMD tails in dependence on the plasma type, parameters and radiator. Comparison of a synthetic Li2+ Lyman spectrum as well as comparison of a synthetic Li II 548 nm line with experimental data allows us to conclude that the EMD, obtained on a base of the CPIT method for OCP within the HGK PM and MD, provides a good agreement with the experiment. We have calculated the partial and charge-charge static structure factors (SSF) for alkali and Be2+ plasmas using the method described by G. Gregori et al.. We have calculated the dynamic structure factors (DSF) for alkali plasmas using the method of moments developed by V. M. Adamyan et al. In both methods the screened HGK pseudopotential has been used.
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Mattlet, Benoit. "Potential benefits of load flexibility: A focus on the future Belgian distribution system." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271127/5/contratBM.pdf.
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Since the last United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015 in Paris (the COP 21), world leaders acknowledged climate change. There is no need any more to justify the switch from fossil fuel-based to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, this transition is far from being straightforward. Besides technologies that are not yet mature -- or at least not always financially viable in today's economy -- the power grid is currently not ready for a rapid and massive integration of renewable energy sources. A main challenge for the power grid is the inadequacy between electric production and consumption that will rise along with the integration of such sources. Indeed, due to their dependence on weather, renewable energy sources are intermittent and difficult to forecast with today's tools. As a commodity, electricity is a quite distinct good for which there must be perfect adequacy of production and consumption at all time and characterized by a very inelastic demand. High shares of renewable energy sources lead to high price volatility and a higher risk to jeopardize the security of supply. Additionally, the switch to renewable energy sources will lead to an electrification of loads and transportation, and thus the emergence of new higher-consumption loads such as electric vehicles and heat pumps. These new and higher-consumption loads, combined with the population growth, will cause over-rated power load increases with less predictable load patterns in the future.This work focuses on issues specific to the distribution power grid in the context of the current energy transition. Traditional low-voltage grids are perhaps the most passive circuits in power grids. Indeed, they are designed primarily using a fit and forget approach where power flows go from the distribution transformer to the consumers and no element has to be operated or regularly managed. In fact, low-voltage networks completely lack observability due to very low monitoring. The distribution grid will especially undergo drastic changes from this energy transition. Distributed sources and new high-consumption -- and uncoordinated -- loads result in new power flow patterns, as well as exacerbated evening peaks for which it is not designed. The consequences are power overloads and voltage imbalances that deteriorate grid components, such as a main asset like the medium-to-low voltage transformer. Additionally, the distribution grid is characterized by end-users that pay a price for electricity that does not reflect the grid situation -- that is, mostly constant over a year -- and allow little to no actions on their consumption.These issues have motivated authorities to propose a global approach to ensure security of electricity supply at short and medium-term. The latter requires, among others, the development of demand response programs that encourage users to take advantage of load flexibility. First, we propose adequate electricity pricing structures that will allow users to unlock the potential of such demand response programs; namely, dynamic pricings combined with a prosumer structure. Second, we propose a fast and robust two-level optimization, formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, that coordinates flexible loads. We focus on two types of loads; electric vehicles and heat pumps, in an environment with solar PV panels. The lower level aims at minimizing individual electricity bills while, at the second level, we optimize the power load curve, either to maximize self-consumption, or to smoothen the total power load of the transformer. We propose a parametric study on the trade-off between only minimizing the individual bills versus only optimizing power load curves, which have proven to be antagonist objectives. Additionally, we assess the impact of the rising share of flexible loads and renewable energy sources for scenarios from today until 2050. A macro-analysis of the results allows us to assess the benefits of load flexibility for every actor of the distribution grid, and depending on the choice of a pricing structure. Our optimization has proved to prevent evening peaks, which increases the lifetime of the distribution transformer by up to 200%, while individual earnings up to 25% can be made using adequate pricings. Consequently, the optimization significantly increases the power demand elasticity and increases the overall welfare by 10%, allowing the high shares of renewable energy sources that are foreseen.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Partridge, James M. "Development of a micro-retarding potential analyzer for high-density flowing plasmas." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-111005-142414/.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: Ion Energy Distribution; Current Collection Theory; Energy Diagnostic; Retarding Potential Analyzer; Electric Propulsion. Includes bibliographical references. (p.91-95)
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Johns, Gerald D. "Analyzing the potential impact of low-cost compact fluorescent lamps on a rural distribution system in the Tennessee Valley Authority service territory a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2000377731&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1279294449&clientId=28564.
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Liang, Meng. "Spatial organization of electric charges and discharge kinetics of nanofibers elaborated by electrospinning : application to the elaboration of 3D structured nanofibrous materials." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAE002.
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L’electrospinning est un procédé permettant la production de matériaux nanofibreux sous l'action d'un champ électrostatique intense. Au cours du procédé, une solution de polymère en régime semi-dilué enchevêtré est introduite dans une aiguille métallique soumise à un potentiel électrique élevé. Lorsque le champ électrique entre l'aiguille et une contre-électrode métallique reliée à la terre électrique, appelée collecteur, est suffisamment fort (de l’ordre de 1 kV/cm), un jet de la solution est violemment éjecté vers le collecteur. Pendant le vol entre l'aiguille et le collecteur, le jet est soumis à des instabilités électro-hydrodynamiques qui provoquent des mouvements de fouet favorisant l'évaporation du solvant et la réduction du diamètre. Après un temps de vol de quelques ms, une nanofibre polymère solide est déposée sur le collecteur sous la forme d’un scaffold non-tissé. Lorsque la nanofibre chargée électriquement est mise en contact avec le collecteur, elle se décharge progressivement. La cinétique de la décharge électrique mais aussi la façon dont les charges sont réparties à la surface du matériau pendant le procédé déterminent l'organisation et la structuration 3D finale du scaffold.Les travaux de cette thèse ont consisté à mesurer les charges électriques portées par la nanofibre lors de son dépôt mais aussi à étudier comment ces charges se dissipent dans la membrane et dans le temps, une fois la nanofibre déposée. Cette étude a ensuite été appliquée au développement de scaffolds nanofibreux de structure contrôlée en 3DElectrospinning is a process allowing the production of nanofibrous materials under the action of an intense electrostatic field. During the process, a polymer solution in a semi-diluted entangled regime is fed to a metal needle submitted to a high electrical potential. When the electric field between the needle and a metal counter electrode connected to the electrical ground, called a collector, is strong enough (i.e. about 1 kV/cm), a jet of the solution is violently ejected towards the collector. During the flight between the needle and the collector, the jet is subjected to electro-hydro-dynamic instabilities resulting in whipping movements that promote solvent evaporation and diameter reduction. After a flight time of a few ms, a solid polymer nanofiber in the form of a non-woven membrane is deposited on the collector. When the electrically charged nanofibre is brought into contact with the collector, it gradually discharges. The kinetics of electrical discharge but also the way in which the charges are distributed on the surface of the material during the process determine the organization and the final 3D structuring of the membrane.The work of this thesis consisted in measuring the electrical charges carried by the nanofibre during its deposition but also in studying how these charges dissipate in the membrane and over time once the nanofibre has been deposited. This study was then applied to develop nanofiber membranes with a controlled 3D structure
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Volat, Christophe. "Modélisation physique et numérique par la méthode des éléments finis de frontière de la distribution du potentiel et du champ électrique le long d'un isolateur standard de poste 735 KV recouvert de glace /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2002. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Beaude, Olivier. "Modélisation et optimisation de l'interaction entre véhicules électriques et réseaux d'électricité : apport de la théorie des jeux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS131/document.
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Cette thèse étudie l'interaction technico-économique entre véhicules électriques et réseaux d'électricité. Le développement récent de la mobilité électrique invite en effet à analyser les impacts potentiels de la recharge de ces véhicules sur les réseaux électriques, mais aussi le soutien que ceux-ci pourraient apporter dans les réseaux du futur. Ce travail s'inscrit résolument dans le cadre des réseaux d'électricité intelligents ; la plupart des résultats de cette thèse s'appliquent tout aussi bien à un lave-linge, un chauffe-eau, une télévision tant que l'on leur prête la capacité d'intelligence ! Dès lors que les décisions des consommateurs électriques flexibles interagissent, ce cadre d'étude offre un terrain de jeu propice aux outils de théorie des jeux. Ceux-ci ont un apport direct lorsque le problème considéré a un fondement stratégique, mais leur application permet aussi de proposer des solutions sur des aspects où la théorie des jeux n'est pas forcément attendue : algorithmique, dans l'échange d'information entre acteurs, etc. La description de cet apport est l'objet principal de ce travail de thèse et se décompose en trois parties. En fil rouge, le cas des profils de charge rectangulaires – soutenus par de nombreux arguments pratiques mais souvent délaissés par les chercheurs – est analysé. En premier lieu, des questions algorithmiques se posent pour coordonner la charge de véhicules électriques dans un même périmètre du système électrique. Proposant et étudiant un algorithme de coordination, il est montré comment les propriétés fondamentales de celui-ci - sa convergence, l'efficacité de ses points de convergence – peuvent être déduite d'un jeu auxiliaire sous-jacent. L'analyse de ce jeu est faite en montrant qu'il appartient à la classe des jeux de potentiel, sous des hypothèses physiques et économiques très générales. Sur le plan de l'échange d'information, un modèle est proposé pour réfléchir à la bonne communication entre un opérateur du réseau et un véhicule. Ces deux agents ont intérêt à communiquer pour planifier la charge intelligente du véhicule électrique, mais ont des objectifs distincts. Ce cadre est très proche du Cheap-talk en théorie des jeux, mais aussi de la problématique de la quantification en traitement du signal. Ce travail tisse au passage des liens entre ces sujets. Il propose aussi une méthode pour que l'agent du réseau et le véhicule s'accordent hors-ligne sur un bon mécanisme d'échange d'information. Enfin, la théorie des jeux est appliquée dans un cadre plus habituel, pour analyser le jeu des acteurs. Ceci est fait quand des ensembles de véhicules de taille importante, vus comme des flottes, cohabitent avec des véhicules individuels. Ceci offre un terrain de jeu applicatif aux outils très récents des jeux composites. Dans ces trois directions de recherche, des simulations sont effectuées dans le cadre d'un réseau de distribution d'électricité, maille du système électrique qui pourrait vivre des impacts significatifs si la charge est non-coordonnée. En particulier, elles montrent la robustesse des méthodes proposées face aux incertitudes sur les données lorsque des profils de charge rectangulaires sont considérésThis thesis studies the technical and economical interaction between electric vehicles and electrical networks. The recent development of electric mobility leads to the analysis of potential impacts of electric vehicle charging on the electrical networks, but also to the possible support that these particular electric consumers could provide in the future smart grids. In this direction, most of the results given in this thesis also apply to a washing machine, a water-heater, a TV, as soon as these equipments are capable of being smart! When the decisions of flexible electric consumers interact, the considered framework naturally offers a unique exercise area for the tools of game-theory. The interpretation is straightforward when the considered problem is strategic by definition, but these tools allow also shedding light on other aspects: algorithmic coordination, information exchange, etc. The description of the benefits of using game-theory in this context is the aim of this work. This is done according to three aspects. In these three directions, a particular attention is drawn to the case of rectangular charging profiles, which are very practical, but often ignored by the literature. First, algorithmic issues arise when coordinating the charging of electric vehicles in a same area of the electrical network. A charging algorithm is proposed and analyzed. This is done by studying an underlying auxiliary game. This game is proved to belong to the class of potential games under very general physical and economic assumptions. In turn, it inherits from the strong properties of this class of games, namely convergence and an efficiency result in the case of a large number of electric vehicles. Considering information exchange, a model is proposed to design a good communication scheme between an operator of the electrical system and an electric vehicle. Both agents have an interest in exchanging information to schedule optimally the charging profile of the electric vehicle but they do not share the same objective. This framework is closely related to Cheap-talk in game theory and to quantization in signal processing. Amongst others, this work explains interesting connections between both topics. Furthermore, a method, which is used offline, is given to obtain a good communication mechanism between both agents. Finally, game theory is used in its traditional form, studying the strategic interaction when groups of a large number of electric vehicles – seen as fleets – coexist with individual vehicles. This allows the application of the very recent concept of composite games. In the three parts of the work, simulations are conducted in a French realistic distribution network, which could be the first part of the electrical system severely impacted by a non-coordinated charging. This highlights the robustness of rectangular charging profiles against forecasting errors on the parameters of the models
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Білан, Анатолій Валентинович. "Послідовна електроерозійна та електрохімічна обробка сталей незмінним дротяним електродом." Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2013. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/3166.
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Liu, Jian. "Electric cars in China : energy, infrastructure and market potentials." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ade81f60-f967-4312-99e6-91c077dcf724.
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The electric vehicle (EV) has been regarded as one of the most promising alternative fuel vehicle technologies that could reduce China’s energy reliance on imported oil and transport sector carbon emissions. The success of EVs in China will depend on a series of determinants including their energy consumption and emission reduction potentials, battery performance and costs, charging infrastructure provision, the driving behaviour and the commercialization strategies. Some issues have been intensively investigated by previous research whilst some others gradually receive academic and governmental attentions. Instead of covering all determinants, this thesis focuses on four key aspects of the electric car development in China: the energy consumption and carbon emissions of electric cars based on the country’s energy mix; the expected electric car driving behaviour and its impacts on the power grid; the deployment strategy of charging infrastructure and the business operation models that could reduce the purchase cost of electric cars and accelerate their market diffusion. The research finds that according to the current energy mix and driving behaviour in China, the introduction of electric cars would largely reduce the transport sectors’ oil consumption. However, the carbon emission saving of electric cars requires a synchronized progress in the energy industry and the power grid infrastructure. Without the growing adoption of renewable sources in the electricity generation mix and the high efficient power transmission infrastructure, electric cars could achieve little environmental benefits particularly for carbon emission reduction. This research also finds that the current external costs of carbon emissions from cars are not high enough to justify financial policies that would favour electric vehicles. Moving towards cleaner technologies at present may not be justified on economic terms but it is justified on political and environmental terms. In addition, the performance of current electric cars, the driving range per charge in particular, is still significantly inferior to conventional vehicles running on petroleum fuels, which poses a remarkable challenge for electric cars’ market acceptance and implies the importance of charging infrastructure provision. This research estimates the charging impact of electric cars on the power grid in two case study cities through comparing charging infrastructure deployment strategies integrating three charging methods in both cities. Some innovative business operating models that aim to reduce the high initial purchase costs of electric cars are simulated. It shows all these models require substantial political and financial interventions to stimulate both supply (charging service and infrastructure provision) and demand (consumers purchase) in the early stage of market penetration for electric cars. Finally, the thesis provides recommendations for the policy implementation timing and stresses the importance of the parallel development in the upstream low carbon energy supply and the downstream vehicle (battery) research and development (R&D) in the near term.
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Ozel, Kerem. "Losses In Electric Distribution System." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607916/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the technical losses in Electric Distribution Systems, the sources of the losses, minimum levels of the losses, ways to decrease the losses and current applications in Turkey. The wrong and weak parts of the current applications are determined and emphasized. Ways to decrease losses in Distribution Systems are advised.
The energy resources in the world are decreasing rapidly. There is a rapid growth in consumption. It is a must to use existing resources in most efficient way because there is no unlimited energy source. Losses in the electric distribution systems are one of the most important subjects because the most of the technical losses in electric systems occur in the distribution systems.
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Dale, Joel Kelly. "Electric field lines and voltage potentials associated with graphene nanoribbon." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2471.
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Graphene can be used to create circuits that are almost superconducting, potentially speeding electronic components by as much as 1000 times [1]. Such blazing speed might also help produce ever-tinier computing devices with more power than your clunky laptop [2]. Graphite is a polymorph of the element carbon [3]. Graphite is made up of tiny sheets of graphene. Graphene sheets stack to form graphite with an interplanar spacing of 0.335 nm, which means that a stack of 3 million sheets would be only one millimeter thick. [1] This nano scale 2 dimensional sheet is graphene. Novoselov and Geim's discovery is now the stuff of scientific legend, with the two men being awarded the Nobel Prize in 2010 [4]. In 2004, two Russian-born scientists at the University of Manchester stuck Scotch tape to a chunk of graphite, then repeatedly peeled it back until they had the tiniest layer possible [2]. Graphene has exploded on the scene over the past couple of years. "Six years ago, it didn't exist at all, and next year we know that Samsung is planning to release their first mobile-phone screens made of graphene." - Dr Kostya Novoselov [4]. It is a lattice of hexagons, each vertex tipped with a carbon atom. At the molecular level, it looks like chicken wire [4]. There are two common lattice formations of graphene, armchair and zigzag. The most studied edges, zigzag and armchair, have drastically different electronic properties. Zigzag edges can sustain edge surface states and resonances that are not present in the armchair case Rycerz et al., 2007 [5]. This research focused on the armchair graphene nanoribbon formation (acGNR).
Graphene has several notable properties that make it worthy of research. The first of which is its remarkable strength. Graphene has a record breaking strength of 200 times greater than steel, with a tensile strength of 130GPa [1]. Graphene has a Young's modulus of 1000, compared to just that of 150 for silicon [1]. To put it into perspective, if you had a sheet of graphene as thick as a piece of cellophane, it would support the weight of a car. [2] If paper were as stiff as graphene, you could hold a 100-yard-long sheet of it at one end without its breaking or bending. [2]
Another one of graphene's attractive properties is its electronic band gap, or rather, its lack thereof. Graphene is a Zero Gap Semiconductor. So it has high electron mobility at room temperature. It's a Superconductor. Electron transfer is 100 times faster than Silicon [1]. With zero a band gap, in the massless Dirac Fermion structure, the graphene ribbon is virtually lossless, making it a perfect semiconductor. Even in the massive Dirac Fermion structure, the band gap is 64meV [6].
This research began, as discussed in Chapter 2, with an armchair graphene nanoribbon unit cell of N=8. There were 16 electron approximation locations (ψ) provided per unit cell that spanned varying Fermi energy levels. Due to the atomic scales of the nanoribbon, the carbon atoms are separated by 1.42Å. The unit vector is given as, ~a = dbx, where d = 3αcc and αcc = 1.42°A is the carbon bond length [5]. Because of the close proximity of the carbon atoms, the 16 electron approximations could be combined or summed with their opposing lattice neighbors. Using single line approximation allowed us to reduce the 16 points down to 8. These approximations were then converted into charge densities (ρ). Poisson's equation, discussed in Chapter 3, was expanded into the 3 dimensional space, allowing us to convert ρ into voltage potentials (φ). Even though graphene is 2 dimensional; it can be used nicely in 3 dimensional computations without the presence of a substrate, due to the electric field lines and voltage potential characteristics produced being 3 dimensional. Subsequently it was found that small graphene sheets do not need to rest on substrates but can be freely suspended from a scaffolding; furthermore, bilayer and multilayer sheets can be prepared and characterized.
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Zhou, Li. "A Retarding-potential Analyzer for Measuring Energy Distributions in Electron Beams." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4744.
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An energy analyzer for electron beams, based on a retarding-potential method, has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. In this method a potential energy barrier at right-angles to the beam acts as a high-pass energy filter allowing electrons having energies greater than the barrier height to pass through while turning back electrons of lower energy. The potential barrier in the present study was created by applying a negative potential to an electrode consisting of a 600/inch hexagonal copper mesh or an electrode having a pair of single apertures in series (compound aperture). Two different compound apertures, of diameters 0.4 mm and 1.0 mm, were used. The retarding electrode was mounted between two grounded outer electrodes having openings centered on the axis for entrance and exit of electrons. The barrier height was adjusted by means of a small variable bias voltage between the electron gun cathode and the retarding electrode. Auxiliary electron lenses external to the retarding module were used to satisfy the conditions that the beam be normal to the retarding electrode and, for an imaging filter, that an image plane be focused at the retarding electrode. A beam having a narrow distribution of energies was used to calibrate the energy analyzer as a function of bias voltage for the three different configurations of retarding electrode. The calibration curves were then compared with the transmission curve for a beam having a broadened energy distribution. The feasibility of obtaining a filtered image was explored by observing the image of a fine mesh focused into an aperture of the retarding electrode. The experiments were carried out for a beam voltage of 15 kV. At this beam voltage the energy resolution is poor, being 3. 6 volts for the smaller compound aperture, 3. 7 volts for the mesh, and 5.2 volts for the larger compound aperture. Typically, electrostatic analyzers operate on a beam which has been decelerated to low energies before entering the analyzer, in which case the energy resolution is proportionately better. For example, at 150 V the above resolution figures would be 0.036, 0.037, and 0.052, respectively. In view of the potential for high energy-resolution and the attractive features of in-line, rotationally-symmetric systems, it is felt that the retarding-potential analyzer is a promising candidate for further development.
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Sa, Yingshi 1965. "Reliability analysis of electric distribution lines." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29546.
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Wood Poles are extensively used in North America as supports for electric distribution lines. On average, wood poles have a service life of 40 years with a replacement cost of approximately $2000. Since the distribution network is of relatively recent construction, maintenance and replacement costs have been relatively small compared to the total number of poles in service.The goal of this thesis is to use the FORM/SORM algorithm to evaluate the reliability of a single pole and the results obtained when applied to a sample of 887 wood poles inspected in the field. The procedure was also applied to a sample of poles designed according to the current codes in order to calibrate the evaluation procedure. The results indicate that the proposed procedure will improve the current maintenance and replacement strategy by guarantying a more uniform level of reliability throughout the network and by decreasing by up to 33% the number of wood pole replacements. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Fletcher, Robert Henry. "Optimal distribution system horizon planning /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6018.
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Thrän, Daniela, Katja Bunzel, Ulrike Seyfert, Vanessa Zeller, Marcel Buchhorn, Klaus Müller, Bettina Matzdorf, et al. "Final Report Global and Regional Spatial Distribution of Biomass Potentials." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-137748.
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The German Government’s Integrated Energy and Climate Programme (IEKP) and the National Biomass Action Plan set ambitious targets for the further development of bioenergy until 2020. The share of energy from biomass is supposed to reach 8 % and 9.7 % of the total power consumption and of the total heat usage, respectively. The share of biofuels on the total consumption of fuels for transportation should rise up to 12 % (energetic) by 2020. This project aims to assess the possibilities of achieving the IEKP targets for bioenergy in a regional and global context. On a regional as well as global level, the potentials of different biomasses were determined in different development scenarios until 2020. Furthermore, the extent to which remote sensing could contribute in improving the spatial specification of biomass resources and whether it could be used as a monitoring system for the early detection of land use changes was investigated. On the regional level, the spatial implications of energetic biomass use was analysed with regard to environmental impacts and land use conflicts. Depending on their significance of spatial impacts, instruments of spatial planning were assessed in order to steer the supply of bioenergy. [... from Executive Summary]
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Thrän, Daniela, Katja Bunzel, Ulrike Seyfert, Vanessa Zeller, Marcel Buchhorn, Klaus Müller, Bettina Matzdorf, et al. "Final Report Global and Regional Spatial Distribution of Biomass Potentials." DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum, 2011. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A4324.
Full textAbstract:
The German Government’s Integrated Energy and Climate Programme (IEKP) and the National Biomass Action Plan set ambitious targets for the further development of bioenergy until 2020. The share of energy from biomass is supposed to reach 8 % and 9.7 % of the total power consumption and of the total heat usage, respectively. The share of biofuels on the total consumption of fuels for transportation should rise up to 12 % (energetic) by 2020. This project aims to assess the possibilities of achieving the IEKP targets for bioenergy in a regional and global context. On a regional as well as global level, the potentials of different biomasses were determined in different development scenarios until 2020. Furthermore, the extent to which remote sensing could contribute in improving the spatial specification of biomass resources and whether it could be used as a monitoring system for the early detection of land use changes was investigated. On the regional level, the spatial implications of energetic biomass use was analysed with regard to environmental impacts and land use conflicts. Depending on their significance of spatial impacts, instruments of spatial planning were assessed in order to steer the supply of bioenergy. [... from Executive Summary]
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Uguz, Mustafa. "Performance Based Ratemaking In Electric Distribution Services." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607887/index.pdf.
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Regulation is one of the main elements in electric distribution services. The objective of the regulation is to maintain the balance between the rates and the service quality of electric distribution on behalf of both utilities and customers. In rapidly changing world the regulation regimes are also changing .In this thesis, an increasingly implemented regulation model in electric distribution, performance based ratemaking is studied. Its advantages and disadvantages, implementing methods and its quality effects are analyzed.
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Papadopoulos, Panagiotis. "Integration of electric vehicles into distribution networks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/19539/.
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The objectives of this research were to investigate the impact of electric vehicle battery charging on grid demand at a national level and on the steady state parameters of distribution networks. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles according to electric vehicle owner preferences, distribution network technical limits and electricity prices was designed and developed and its operation was tested experimentally. The impact on grid demand peak increases at the national systems of Great Britain and Spain was evaluated using low and high electric vehicle uptake levels of 7% and 48.5% of the car fleet for the year 2030 with a deterministic method. It was found that a low uptake will not raise significantly the grid demand peaks in both countries under investigation. However, a high uptake will raise significantly the grid demand peaks. The impact from residential electric vehicle battery charging on steady state voltages, power line losses, transformers’ and cables’ loadings of distribution networks was evaluated using a deterministic and a probabilistic method. It was found that low and medium uptake levels of electric vehicles equivalent to 12.5% and 33% per residential area of 384 customers in 2030, can be safely accommodated by reinforcing the distribution network. A combination of reinforcements, installation of microgenerators and control of electric vehicle battery charging will be required to accommodate safely a high uptake of 71% with regards to the constraints studied. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles was designed and developed. Search techniques and neural networks were used for the decision making processes. The ability of the agent-based control system to operate successfully in both normal and abnormal conditions for the electrical network was proved with experimental validation in the laboratory of Tecnalia research institute in Spain.
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Eyisi, Chiebuka. "Load Estimation for Electric Power Distribution Networks." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5935.
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In electric power distribution systems, the major determinant in electricity supply strategy is the quantity of demand. Customers need to be accurately represented using updated nodal load information as a requirement for efficient control and operation of the distribution network. In Distribution Load Estimation (DLE), two major categories of data are utilized: historical data and direct real-time measured data. In this thesis, a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art methods for estimating loads in distribution networks is presented. Then, a novel method for representing historical data in the form of Representative Load Curves (RLCs) for use in real-time DLE is also described. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) is used in this regard to determine RLCs. An RLC is a curve that represents the behavior of the load during a specified time span; typically daily, weekly or monthly based on historical data. Although RLCs provide insight about the variation of load, it is not accurate enough for estimating real-time load. This therefore, should be used along with real-time measurements to estimate the load more accurately. It is notable that more accurate RLCs lead to better real-time load estimation in distribution networks.
This thesis addresses the need to obtain accurate RLCs to assist in the decision-making process pertaining to Radial Distribution Networks (RDNs).This thesis proposes a method based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) architecture to estimate the RLCs for Distribution Networks. The performance of the method is demonstrated and simulated, on a test 11kV Radial Distribution Network using the MATLAB software. The Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) criterion is used to justify the accuracy of the RLCs.M.S.E.E.
Masters
Electrical Engineering and Computing
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
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Campillo, Javier. "From Passive to Active Electric Distribution Networks." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-31592.
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Large penetration of distributed generation from variable renewable energy sources, increased consumption flexibility on the demand side and the electrification of transportation pose great challenges to existing and future electric distribution networks. This thesis studies the roles of several actors involved in electric distribution systems through electricity consumption data analysis and simulation models. Results show that real-time electricity pricing adoption in the residential sector offers economic benefits for end consumers. This occurs even without the adoption of demand-side management strategies, while real-time pricing also brings new opportunities for increasing consumption flexibility. This flexibility will play a critical role in the electrification of transportation, where scheduled charging will be required to allow large penetration of EVs without compromising the network's reliability and to minimize upgrades on the existing grid. All these issues add significant complexity to the existing infrastructure and conventional passive components are no longer sufficient to guarantee safe and reliable network operation. Active distribution networks are therefore required, and consequently robust and flexible modelling and simulation computational tools are needed for their optimal design and control. The modelling approach presented in this thesis offers a viable solution by using an equation-based object-oriented language that allows developing open source network component models that can be shared and used unambiguously across different simulation environments.
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Matavalam, Roop Kishore R. "Power distribution reliability as a function of weather." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006668.
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Zhang, Yaowei. "The Bourgain Spaces and Recovery of Magnetic and Electric Potentials of Schrödinger Operators." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/math_etds/41.
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We consider the inverse problem for the magnetic Schrödinger operator with the assumption that the magnetic potential is in Cλ and the electric potential is of the form p1 + div p2 with p1, p2 ∈ Cλ. We use semiclassical pseudodifferential operators on semiclassical Sobolev spaces and Bourgain type spaces. The Bourgain type spaces are defined using the symbol of the operator h2Δ + hμ ⋅ D. Our main result gives a procedure for recovering the curl of the magnetic field and the electric potential from the Dirichlet to Neumann map. Our results are in dimension three and higher.
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Javanshir, Marjan. "DC distribution system for data center." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39344952.
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Oka, Ashok A. "Reliability and restoration algorithms for electrical distribution systems." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08232007-111001/.
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Mbango, Fessor. "Investigation into alternative protection solutions for distribution networks." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1107.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009Recently, due to concerns about the liberalization of electricity supply, deregulation and global impact on the environment, securing a reliable power supply has become an important social need worldwide To ensure this need is fulfilled, detailed investigations and developments are In progress on power distribution systems protection and the monitoring of apparatus which Is part of the thesis. The main objective of a protection schemes is mainly to keep the power system stable by isolating only the affected components or the section of the electricity network in which the fault has developed while allowing the rest of the network to continue operating. It is important to note that the protection equipment does not prevent faults from occurring, but it limits the damaging effect of the fault and protects other healthy equipment. This is only achieved if the protection system of the electrical network involved complies with the requirements and purpose of the electrical protection standards. These requirements include the Operational speed, Reliability, Security and Sensitivity. In conventional substations that are still existing Within the utilities networks, a number of long cables are then used to complete the links between substation equipment in order for them to communicate (hardwired). This method is uneconomical and is being phased out completely in the near future. Over the last few years a new standard for substation automation communication has been developed Within the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the IEC 61850. This standard defines the integration requirements of multi-vendor compliant relays and other lED's for multiple protection schemes as well as control and automation techniques. In this particular thesis, Distribution protection is the area of interest, particularly the application of Time and Overcurrent protection schemes. A look into different protection alternatives and the application of new technologies for Electrical Power Distribution Systems that unify protection and control units so that they can be incorporated into Intelligent Substation as opposed to the most existing (conventional substation) is analyzed. The proposed algorithm has been verified through simulations of the CPUT and Eureka three phase power distribution systems. A testing Lab is also part of this thesis and Is meant for experiments as well as simulation performance in order to gain knowledge and skills for designing and engineer substations with lEG 61850 standards equiprnents. The results indicate that the reduction of copper wiring cable has increased and the communication speed has improved and simplified.
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Xia, Xiuxian. "Dynamic power distribution management for all electric aircraft." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6285.
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In recent years, with the rapid development of electric and electronic
technology, the All-Electric Aircraft (AEA) concept has attracted more and
more attention, which only utilizes the electric power instead of conventional
hydraulic and pneumatic power to supply all the airframe systems. To meet the
power requirements under various flight stages and operating conditions, the
AEA approach has resulted in the current aircraft electrical power generation
capacity up to 1.6 MW. To satisfy the power quality and stability requirements,
the advanced power electronic interfaces and more efficient power distribution
systems must be investigated. Moreover, with the purpose of taking the full
advantages of available electrical power, novel dynamic power distribution
management research and design for an AEA must be carried out.
The main objective of this thesis is to investigate and develop a methodology
of more efficient power distribution management with the purpose of
minimizing the rated power generating capacity and the mass of the electrical
power system (EPS) including the power generation system and the power
distribution system in an AEA. It is important to analyse and compare the
subsistent electrical power distribution management approaches in current
aircraft. Therefore the electrical power systems of A320 and B777, especially
the power management system, will be discussed in this thesis.
Most importantly the baseline aircraft, the Flying Crane is the outcome of the
group design project. The whole project began in March 2008, and ended in
September 2010, including three stages: conceptual design, preliminary
design and detailed design. The dynamic power distribution management
research is based on the power distribution system of the Flying Crane.
The main task of the investigation is to analyse and manage the power usage
among and inside typical airframe systems by using dynamic power
distribution management method. The characteristics and operation process of
these systems will be investigated in detail and thoroughly. By using the
method of dynamic power distribution management, all the electrical
consumers and sub-systems powered by electricity are managed effectively.
The performance of an aircraft can be improved by reducing the peak load
requirement on board. Furthermore, the electrical system architecture,
distributed power distribution system and the dynamic power distribution
management system for AEA are presented. Finally, the mass of the whole
electrical power system is estimated and analysed carefully.
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Kline, Daniel B. "Graphical modeling of shipboard electric power distribution systems." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA276742.
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Bertling, Lina. "Reliability-centred maintenance for electric power distribution systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Electrical Systems, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3391.
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Davuluri, Sruthi. "Decentralized economic dispatch for radial electric distribution systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122161.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 87-93).
Electricity power systems, typically a very slow-moving and traditional industry, is in a state of flux as technological innovations, such as rooftop solar, home energy management systems, and electric vehicles, are being rapidly integrated into electric distribution systems. As the need to decarbonize the electricity sector becomes increasingly important, a distribution system operator could serve a useful purpose by operating distribution systems and acting as the market operator at a sufficiently granular level to potentially improve resiliency, decrease delivery losses, and send appropriate price signals to its customers. Currently, this latter functionality is assumed to be done using centralized economic dispatch. Given a very large number of small customers and their diverse preferences, it would be computationally expensive to implement centralized economic dispatch at the distribution level with perfect information. In this thesis, an alternative algorithm, referred to as decentralized economic dispatch, is introduced which dispatches power for radial electric distribution systems while accounting for heterogeneous demand functions across customers, demonstrating computationally feasibility, and respecting the physical limits of the system. Unlike other approaches proposed in literature, which often take many iterations or do not converge, the algorithm introduced here converges to the same solution as a centralized operator with perfect information, and does so with only two sweeps across the system. A proof-of-concept example on a 46-bus system demonstrates the physical and economic benefits of the distributed algorithm with varying levels of distributed energy resources.
by Sruthi Davuluri.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
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Daels, Reinout. "The potential of residentialdemand response to reduce lossesin an urban low-voltagedistribution grid." Thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210251.
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Demand response (DR) has been widely documented as a potential solution for severalchallenges the electrical power system is facing, such as the integration of intermittentrenewable electricity generation and maintaining system reliability undera rapid, global electrification. While l ots of r esearch has been done i nto differentmarket designs and tariffing methods, less work is available on the implications ofdemand response on power grid operation, especially for the low voltage side. Thepurpose of this thesis is to estimate the impact of a demand response program on thepower losses in the low-voltage distribution network.The thesis will also contributeto the, currently limited, knowledge base on practical implementation of demandresponse by evaluating the outcome of a real-life DR pilot project. This pilot is partof smart cities development project ’Stockholm Royal Seaport’ (SRS) in the east ofStockholm.The study compared the consumption behaviour of around 400 reference consumerswith a group of 154 DR enabled apartments, that are provided with an hourly varyingelectricity tariff. The goal was to evaluate what percentage of daily consumptionis being shifted from peak to off-peak hours by the active consumers in responseto the price signal, using hourly metering data collected between the 1st of Januaryand the 22nd of March 2017. During this period, grid measurements were also collectedfrom the SRS smart grid and used to estimate the technical power losses inthe low-voltage distribution network. By combining the daily load shift of the DRconsumers and the observed daily power loss fraction in the grid, an estimation wasmade of the impact of the demand response on the grid losses. A simulation modelwas also proposed, and used to simulate the effect of load shift on losses in a givengrid situation.It was found that the DR apartments overall exhibit a load shift of 2.8% of dailyelectricity consumption towards peak hours, and have a lower average load factor(0.57 versus 0.62 for the reference group). This could either mean that the pricesignal does not sufficiently manage to change load behaviour, or that the referencegroup was not representative. However, a strong variation in average load shift wasobserved amongst the individual DR apartments, ranging from -16% (shift towardspeak hours) to 7%. Especially the most electricity consuming apartments showedpositive load shifts. No direct influence of the load shift on the level of grid losseswas found. This could be due to a too small amount of DR consumers in the grid orconfounding factors such as variations in power factor and load size. To circumventthis problem, the simulation model was used to calculate loss reductions for severalpossible reference consumer groups and their possible reactions to a price signal. Itwas found that in the SRS project, the potential for loss reductions is limited becausethe reference group are already ’good’ consumers. The maximum loss reductionwould be around 4%. For grids with severe peak consumption however, optimalloss reductions from load shifting up to 25% were found.The key take-away is that, while the technical potential for loss reduction is considerablein grids with strong peak loads, more research is needed to identify incentivesthat effectively manage to make households change their consumption behaviour.More work should also be done to find methods that can correctly evaluate loadshifts.Efterfrågeflexibilitet (DR) har i stor utsträckning setts som en möjlig lösning för flerautmaningar som elsystemet står inför, till exempel integration av intermittent förnybarelproduktion och för att upprätthålla tillförlitligheten i elsystem under en snabb, globalelektrifiering. Medan mycket forskning har gjorts i olika marknadslösningar ochtariffsystem är mindre arbete tillgängligt om konsekvenserna av efterfrågeflexibilitetpå elnätet, speciellt för lågspänningssidan. Syftet med detta examensarbete är attuppskatta inverkan av ett efterfrågeflexibilitetprogram på förluster ilågspänningsdistributionsnätet. Rapporten kommer också att bidra till den förnärvarande begränsade kunskapsbasen om praktisk genomförande avefterfrågeflexibilitet genom att utvärdera resultatet av ett verkligt DR-pilotprojekt.Denna pilot är en del av ett utvecklingsprojekt för smarta städer "Stockholm RoyalSeaport" (SRS) i östra delen av Stockholm.Studien jämförde konsumtionsbeteendet hos cirka 400 referenskonsumenter med engrupp av 154 DR-aktiverade lägenheter, som är försedda med ett varierande timprisför el. Målet var att utvärdera vilken procentandel av daglig förbrukning de aktivakonsumenterna flyttar från höglasttimmar till låglasttimmar som svar på prissignalen.Studien är baserad på timmätningsdata samlad mellan den 1:a januari och den 22:amars 2017. Under denna period samlades också mätdata från elnätet in och dessa datahar använts för att uppskatta de tekniska förlusterna i lågspänningsdistributionsnätet.Genom att kombinera den dagliga lastförflyttningen av DR konsumenterna och denobserverade dagliga effektförlustfraktionen i nätet gjordes en uppskattning av effektenav efterfrågeflexibilitetet på nätförlusterna. En simuleringsmodell föreslogs också, ochanvändes för att simulera effekten av lastförflyttning på förluster i en given situationför nätet.Det konstaterades att DR-lägenheterna totalt sett uppvisar en lastförflyttning på 2,8 %av det dagliga elförbrukning mot höglasttimmar, och har en lägre genomsnittliglastfaktor (0,57 mot 0,62 för referensgruppen). Detta kan antingen betyda attprissignalen inte lyckas tillräckligt med att ändra förbrukningsbeteende eller attreferensgruppen inte var representativ. En stark variation i genomsnitt lastförflyttninghar emellertid observerats bland de enskilda DR-lägenheterna, från -16 % (flyttningtill höglasttimmar) till 7%. Speciellt de mest elförbrukande lägenheterna visadepositiva lastförflyttningar. Inget direkt inflytande av lastflyttning på nätförlusternahittades. Detta kan bero på en för liten mängd DR-konsumenter i nätet eller andrafaktorer som variationer i effektfaktor och belastningsstorlek. För att kringgå dettaproblem användes simuleringsmodellen för att beräkna förlustreduktioner för fleramöjliga referenskonsumentgrupper och deras eventuella reaktioner på en prissignal.Det konstaterades att potentialen för förlustreduktioner är begränsad i SRS-projekteteftersom referensgruppen är redan "bra" konsumenter. Den maximalaförlustreduktionen skulle vara omkring 4 %. För nät med hög topplast hittadesoptimala förlustreduktioner från lastförflyttning upp till 25 %. Den viktigasteslutsatsen är att medan den tekniska potentialen för förlustreduktion är stor i nät medhög topplast så krävs det mer forskning för att identifiera incitament som effektivtlyckas få hushållen att förändra sitt konsumtionsbeteende. Mer arbete bör också görasför att hitta metoder som korrekt kan utvärdera lastförflyttningar.
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Khan, Asif H. "Analysis of time varying load for minimum loss distribution reconfiguration." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-171313/.
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Lee, Seung Jae. "Configuration control of distribution feeders in normal and emergency states /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5923.
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Brown, Richard E. "Reliability assessment and design optimization in electric power distribution systems /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6036.
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Radibratovic, Branislav. "Reactive optimization of transmission and distribution networks." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28264.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Begovic, Miroslav; Committee Member: Divan, Deepakraj; Committee Member: Dorsey, John; Committee Member: Ferri, Bonnie; Committee Member: Lambert, Frank.
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Ajitkumar, Rohit. "An analysis of DC distribution systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39590.
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The Master's Thesis research focuses on analyzing the possibilities of using Direct Current distribution systems to distribute power to end users. Considering the shift in load types in the past few decades and also a growing demand of distributed generation, DC distribution can potentially offer higher efficiencies and cost savings to utilities. The incorporation of DC distribution offers the opportunity to eliminate multiple conversion stages for devices which are powered using DC electricity. The integration of power sources such as photovoltaics and fuel cells, which produce DC power, offer further incentives to consider the use of DC systems. Using DC systems can help eliminate the conversion losses associated with rectifiers and inverters which would be part of the infrastructure if AC distribution was used. In the literature, the study of DC distribution has been limited to customized systems. The objective of this research is to analyze DC distribution when applied to systems based on standard IEEE test feeder systems. The IEEE 13 node test feeder and the IEEE 37 node test feeder will be used as the basis for the analysis. Issues such as associated costs, protection and integration of appliances will also be addressed.
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Gasper, Rebecca Elizabeth. "Action potentials in the peripheral auditory nervous system : a novel PDE distribution model." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1321.
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Auditory physiology is nearly unique in the human body because of its small-diameter neurons. When considering a single node on one neuron, the number of channels is very small, so ion fluxes exhibit randomness.
Hodgkin and Huxley, in 1952, set forth a system of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) to track the flow of ions in a squid motor neuron, based on a circuit analogy for electric current. This formalism for modeling is still in use today and is useful because coefficients can be directly measured.
To measure auditory properties of Firing Efficiency (FE) and Post Stimulus Time (PST), we can simply measure the depolarization, or "upstroke," of a node. Hence, we reduce the four-dimensional squid neuron model to a two-dimensional system of ODEs. The stochastic variable m for sodium activation is allowed a random walk in addition to its normal evolution, and the results are drastic. The diffusion coefficient, for spreading, is inversely proportional to the number of channels; for 130 ion channels, D is closer to 1/3 than 0 and cannot be called negligible.
A system of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) is derived in these pages to model the distribution of states of the node with respect to the (nondimensionalized) voltage v and the sodium activation gate m. Initial conditions describe a distribution of (v,m) states; in most experiments, this would be a curve with mode at the resting state. Boundary conditions are Robin (Natural) boundary conditions, which gives conservation of the population. Evolution of the PDE has a drift term for the mean change of state and a diffusion term, the random change of state.
The phase plane is broken into fired and resting regions, which form basins of attraction for fired and resting-state fixed points. If a stimulus causes ions to flow from the resting region into the fired region, this rate of flux is approximately the firing rate, analogous to clinically measuring when the voltage crosses a threshold. This gives a PST histogram. The FE is an integral of the population over the fired region at a measured stop time after the stimulus (since, in the reduced model, when neurons fire they do not repolarize).
This dissertation also includes useful generalizations and methodology for turning other ODEs into PDEs. Within the HH modeling, parameters can be switched for other systems of the body, and may present a similar firing and non-firing separatrix (as in Chapter 3). For any system of ODEs, an advection model can show a distribution of initial conditions or the evolution of a given initial probability density over a state space (Chapter 4); a system of Stochastic Differential Equations can be modeled with an advection-diffusion equation (Chapter 5). As computers increase in speed and as the ability of software to create adaptive meshes and step sizes improves, modeling with a PDE becomes more and more efficient over its ODE counterpart.
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Bachry, Andrzej. "Power quality studies in distribution systems involving spectral decomposition." Magdeburg : Univ, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0604/2005390390.html.
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Chen, William Wen-Hou. "An auxiliary power distribution network for an electric vehicle." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2284.
Full textAbstract:
The University of Canterbury purchased a modern Toyota MR2 sports car with the
intention of converting it into an electric vehicle. Similar to the common combustion engine
vehicles, electric vehicles requires power and control systems to operate the 12Vdc
auxiliaries, such as lights, indicators and wipers. Traditional technology results in a large
number of wires in the wiring harness. To reduce the number of wires, an alternative
method is to use a pair of control lines and a universal power connection around the
vehicle. This power and control system is named the "Power Distribution Network" and it
is implemented by using multiple power converters and a differential control system.
This thesis presents the design, implementation, and test results of the Power
Distribution Network for the MR2. The 300Vdc nominal battery voltage is converted to an
intermediate voltage of 48V. This configuration is considered more efficient than the usual
12V distribution system since smaller and lighter wires can be used to carry same amount
of power. The Power Distribution Network operates off the 48V intermediate voltage, and
provides 12V output power to drive all the auxiliaries in the vehicle. The Power
Distribution Network also has the ability of detect faults from the auxiliary loads as well as
turn on and off these loads.
The Power Distribution Network is implemented with two major systems: the
Auxiliary Power System, which consists of a 360W Cuk converter with current limiting
control circuits to step-down voltage from the 48V intermediate voltage to the 12V. The
other system is the CAN Control system, it is developed using micro-controllers and standalone
CAN controllers that control and monitor the auxiliary loads in the vehicle.
The prototype Power Distribution Network is fully operational and has been tested
with eight of 12V light bulbs which are used to simulate the auxiliary loads in the vehicle.
Experimental measurements show that the prototype is able to successfully control the light
bulbs under the full load condition. This confirms that in principle the Power Distribution
Network is suitable as the power and control system for the auxiliary loads in an electric
vehicle.
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Grau, Iñaki. "Management of electric vehicle battery charging in distribution networks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/48664/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigated the management of electric vehicle battery charging in distribution networks. Different electric vehicle fleet sizes and network locations were considered. The energy storage capacity and backup generator’s energy requirements were calculated to achieve daily energy balance in a low voltage distribution network with micro-generation. The effect of the electric vehicle battery demand as controllable loads on the backup generator energy requirements was assessed. It was found that the use of electric vehicles as controllable loads reduced the energy requirements from the backup generator or made it unnecessary to achieve energy balance. Two control algorithms for the battery charging management of electric vehicles clustered in battery charging facilities were designed and developed. One algorithm calculates electric vehicle battery charging profiles for vehicles located in a parking space. Different charging policies were investigated, showing the ability of the control algorithm to define the electricity profile of the parking space according to network constraints and the policies’ objectives. The second algorithm calculates the number of batteries and chargers that are required to satisfy the battery demand of electric vehicle battery swapping stations. The impact of the number of chargers and batteries on the swapping station’s electricity load profile were evaluated. An agent-based control system was designed and developed for the battery charging management of electric vehicles dispersed in distribution networks. The electric vehicle battery charging schedules are calculated according to electricity prices and distribution network technical constraints. The real-time operation of the agent-based control system was demonstrated in the laboratory of TECNALIA’s research centre in Bilbao, Spain. A series of experiments showed the ability of the control system to operate and manage the electric vehicle battery charging when the distribution network is operated within its loading capacity and when the network technical limits are violated.
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Kelchev, Boyan Lyubomirov. "Predicting rejection rates of electric distribution wood pole assets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111538.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 60).
Pacific Gas & Electric Companys (PG&E) electric distribution system includes approximately 2.4 million wood utility poles. The Pole Test & Treat (PTT) program at PG&E is responsible for inspecting these poles, prolonging their service life through the use of chemical treatments or structural reinforcements, and identifying poles that need to be replaced. Following industry best practices and taking advantage of the vast knowledge and experience of the PTT team, PG&E inspects poles every 10 years. The company believes that the next step in improving the performance of the PTT program is to leverage the data collected since the inception of the program and utilize modern statistical methods to better understand and predict decay in their wood pole assets. In this thesis, we describe the possibilities and limitations of using PG&E's current data to predict the results of future inspections. We study both the possibility of making predictions at the individual pole level, predicting whether a pole will be rejected during the next inspection cycle, and at the aggregate level, predicting what the overall rejection rate in a subpopulation of poles will be in the future. In order to accomplish this, we first studied the available data sources and performed exploratory analysis to understand the characteristics of the different variables and form hypotheses about the main drivers of rejections during pole inspections. Next, we attempted to build a classification model to predict the results of future inspections. This showed us that our current data cannot be used to yield an accurate prediction at the individual pole level. Then, we developed a model to estimate the overall rejection rates of subpopulations of poles. The result was a prediction with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error of about 30%. While not ideal, this model gives PG&E the ability to budget and plan for future work better. Finally, we leveraged the results of the prediction model to simulate the evolution of rejection rates in the future. The simulation highlighted a well-known problem in the utility industry - the problem of aging infrastructure. The relatively low average age of poles and the low replacement rates observed in the past few inspection cycles mean that PG&E will likely experience a drastic increase in rejection rates as the average age of its pole population grows. Planning for the accompanying increase in manpower and work hours required will be of great importance to PG&E in the next few decades.
by Boyan Lyubomirov Kelchev.
M.B.A.
S.M.
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Yu, Xuebei. "Distribution system reliability enhancement." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41091.
Full textAbstract:
Practically all everyday life tasks from economic transactions to entertainment depend on the availability of electricity. Some customers have come to expect a higher level of power quality and availability from their electric utility. Federal and state standards are now mandated for power service quality and utilities may be penalized if the number of interruptions exceeds the mandated standards. In order to meet the requirement for safety, reliability and quality of supply in distribution system, adaptive relaying and optimal network reconfiguration are proposed. By optimizing the system to be better prepared to handle a fault, the end result will be that in the event of a fault, the minimum number of customers will be affected. Thus reliability will increase.
The main function of power system protection is to detect and remove the faulted parts as fast and as selectively as possible. The problem of coordinating protective relays in electric power systems consists of selecting suitable settings such that their fundamental protective function is met under the requirements of sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, and speed. In the proposed adaptive relaying approach, weather data will be incorporated as follows. By using real-time weather information, the potential area that might be affected by the severe weather will be determined. An algorithm is proposed for adaptive optimal relay setting (relays will optimally react to a potential fault). Different types of relays (and relay functions) and fuses will be considered in this optimization problem as well as their coordination with others. The proposed optimization method is based on mixed integer programming that will provide the optimal relay settings including pickup current, time dial setting, and different relay functions and so on.
The main function of optimal network reconfiguration is to maximize the power supply using existing breakers and switches in the system. The ability to quickly and flexibly reconfigure the power system of an interconnected network of feeders is a key component of Smart Grid. New technologies are being injected into the distribution systems such as advanced metering, distribution automation, distribution generation and distributed storage. With these new technologies, the optimal network reconfiguration becomes more complicated. The proposed algorithms will be implemented and demonstrated on a realistic test system. The end result will be improved reliability. The improvements will be quantified with reliability indexes such as SAIDI.
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Chan, Morgan Hing-Lap. "Communication channel characteristics and behaviour of intrabuilding power distribution circuits." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25081.
Full textAbstract:
Intrabuilding power distribution circuits offer a number of unique advantages for local area networking. To enable the selection of proper error-control codes and protocols for reliable data communication services, error pattern statistics of intrabuilding power line channels are obtained. Also, error-causing disturbances are identified and their relationships to specific types of error patterns are determined. It is found that error occurrence is highly periodic, with periodicity being a function of the power line frequency which is nominally 60Hz in North America. Furthermore, results indicate that error pattern behaviour is relatively insensitive to communication carrier frequency and modulation schemes.
Based on the measurement results, hybrid ARQ with bit-interleaving is suggested for reliable data transmission at high data rate (19,200bps). Burst error correcting codes can be used to reduce decoder cost and complexity with some sacrifices in performance. At lower data rates (1,200bps or below), effective error control can be accomplished more easily.
Finally, the attenuation characteristics of a number of typical power line channels are presented. It is found that high frequency bypass can be used to improve signal transmission between different phases of the distribution transformer.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Nduku, Nyaniso Prudent. "Development of methods for distribution network power quality variation monitoring." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1144.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009The purpose of this project is to develop methods for distribution network power quality' variations monitoring. Power quality (PO) has become a significant issue for both power suppliers and customers. There have been important changes in power system regarding to power quality requirements. "Power quality" is the combination at voltage quality and current quality. The main research problem of the project is to investigate the power quality of a distribution network by selection of proper measurement, applying and developing the existing classic and modern signal conditioning methods for power disturbance's parameters extracting and monitoring. The research objectives are: To study the standard lEC 61000-4-30 requirements. to investigate the common couplings in the distribution network. To identity the points for measurement, to develop MySQL database for the data from the measurement and to develop MATLAB software tor simulation of the network To develop methods based on Fourier transforms for estimation of the parameters of the disturbances. To develop software for the methods implementation, The influence of different loads on power quality disturbances are considered in the distribution network. Points on the network and meters according to the lEC power quality standards are investigated and applied for the CPUT Bellville campus distribution network. The implementation of the power quality monitoring for the CPUT Bellville campus helps the quality of power supply to be improved and the used power to be reduced. MATLAB programs to communicate with the database and calculate the disturbances and power quality parameters are developed.
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Wang, Yen-Ju. "Modeling, prediction and mitigation of power distribution system voltage distortion caused by nonlinear loads /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974696.
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Yang, Xiaoguang Miu Karen Nan. "Unbalanced power converter modeling for AC/DC power distribution systems /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/1231.
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Julie, Ferdie Gavin. "Development of an IEC 61850 standard-based automation system for a distribution power network." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1183.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyThe electric power distribution network, an essential section of the electric power system, supplies electrical power to the customer. Automating the distribution network allows for better efficiency, reliability, and level of work through the installation of distribution control systems. Presently, research and development efforts are focused in the area of communication technologies and application of the IEC 61850 protocol to make distribution automation more comprehensive, efficient and affordable. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the relevance of the IEC61850 standard-based technology in the development and investigation of the distribution automation for a typical underground distribution network through the development of a distribution automation algorithm for fault detection, location, isolation and service restoration and the building of a lab scale test bench Distribution Automation (DA) has been around for many decades and each utility applies its developments for different reasons. Nowadays, due to the advancement in the communication technology, authentic and automatic reconfigurable power system that replies swiftly to instantaneous events is possible. Distribution automation functions do not only supersede legacy devices, but it allows the distribution network to function on another lever. The primary function of a DA system is to enable the devices on the distribution network to be operated and controlled remotely to automatically locate, isolate and reconnect supply during fault conditions. Utilities have become increasingly interested in DA due to the numerous benefits it offers. Operations, maintenance and efficiencies within substations and out on the feeders can be improved by the development of new additional capabilities of DA. Furthermore, the new standard-based technology has advanced further than a traditional Distribution Supervisory and Control Data Acquisition (DSCADA) system. These days the most important components of a DA system include Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). IEDs have evolved through the years and execute various protection related actions, monitoring and control functions and are very promising for improving the operation of the DA systems. The thesis has developed an algorithm for automatic fault detection, location, isolation and system supply restoration using the functions of the IEC61850 standard-based technology. A lab scale system that would meet existing and future requirements for the control and automation of a typical underground distribution system is designed and constructed. The requirement for the lab scale distribution system is to have the ability to clear faults through reliable and fast protection operation, isolate faulted section/s, on the network and restore power to the unaffected parts of the network through automation control operation functions of the IEC61850 standard. Various tests and simulations have been done on the lab scale test bench to prove that the objective of the thesis is achieved. Keywords: IEC61850 Standard, Distribution automation, Distribution automation system, IEDs, Lab scale test bench, Protection, Algorithm for automatic control
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Park, Ju-chirl. "Modeling and simulation of selected distributed generation sources and their assessment." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1104.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 99 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-91).
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Ureh, Henry Chigozie. "IMPACTS OF PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE ON RESIDENTIAL ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING STOCHASTIC AND SENSITIVITY APPROACH." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/642.
Full textAbstract:
Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are projected to become a viable means of transportation due to advances in technology and advocates for green and eco-friendly energy solutions. These vehicles are powered partially, or in some cases, solely by the energy stored in their battery packs. The large sizes of these battery packs require large amount of energy to charge, and as the demand for PEV increases, the increase in energy demand needed to recharge these PEV batteries could pose problems to the present electric distribution system. This study examines the potential impacts of PEV on a residential electric distribution system at various penetration levels.
An existing residential distribution network is modeled up to each household service point and various sensitivity scenarios and stochastic patterns of PEV loads are simulated. Impact studies that include voltage drop, service transformers overload, energy loss, and transformer thermal loss-of-life expectancy are analyzed. Results from the study are reported and recommendations to mitigate the impacts are presented.