Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The Convention'
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1
Malde, Neil. "[Convention and intention." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/716.
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Alloush, Ayman. "A comprehensive conventional weapons convention : military expenditure, conflict, democracy, and development nexus." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4030.
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Military expenditure continues to rise and conventional weapons continue to reach areas of conflict, violators of human rights, and terrorist groups, increasing the number of internal and external conflicts, escalating the level of internal oppression and contributing to the deterioration of living conditions. Every day, thousands of lives are lost, and many more people are injured, orphaned or displaced because of armed violence by conventional weapons, yet no comprehensive treaty on conventional weapons has yet been reached. There has been no lack of effort and initiatives, but rather a lack of goodwill, proper guidelines, and instruments that would control the arms trade. Therefore, the central arguments the present thesis seeks to examine are the consequences of this lack of an international conventional arms trade treaty on international security, especially in the conflict-torn Middle East. In order to support the claims made in this study the statistics of global arms sales in different time periods are presented and the relationships between armament, conflict, and development examined. Initiatives to regulate arms sales are also reviewed. In order to elicit information on the role of conventional arms deals on the stability, security, and development of Middle-Eastern countries a questionnaire was distributed to a cross-section of people from those countries, and interviews were conducted with a number of diplomats and politicians. The findings reveal that increasing armament does not decrease the internal or external threat against the country, instead it jeopardizes its economic growth and prevents progress. The findings also indicate that lack of democracy plays an important role in increasing armament, so arms can be used against opponents of the regime, and not to defend the homeland. The thesis recommends that governments and international agencies such as the UN should work seriously towards an international conventional arms treaty similar to those on weapons of mass destruction.
3
Gällerspång, Josefine. "A Comparison between the Mexico City Convention and the Rome Convention." Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-259.
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This thesis is a comparison between the Mexico City Convention and the Rome Convention concerning the Conventions’ scope of application, how the applicable law to a contract is determined, and how the applicable law is affected by mandatory rules and public policy. The two Conventions deal with the question of which country’s law is to apply to a contract with international connections.
The Conventions do in several situations lead to the same outcome as far as the applicable law is concerned. The reason for this is partly that the Mexico City Convention is based on the Rome Convention. However, there are also differences. One difference between the Conventions is the structure used. The wording of the Rome Convention is more detailed than the wording used in the Mexico City Convention. Another difference that exists concerns the characteristic performance test which is not used in the Mexico City Convention. Moreover, the Mexico City Convention is the more recent one of them, something that is notable in certain provisions since another and more modern approach is chosen. A more notable adjustment to the needs of the international trade is chosen.
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Bonnieu, Daniel. "La convention de croupier." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10026.
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La convention de croupier est un contrat par lequel, un titulaire de droits sociaux (le cavalier) s'engage, en contrepartie de diverses prestations, envers une personne (le croupier), tiers a la societe dont le cavalier est associe ou actionnaire, a partager profits et risques financiers, sur la totalite ou une fraction, desdits droits. La convention de croupier, nee sous le droit romain, revet habituellement une nature societaire. L'etude complete du mecanisme nous a permis de contester cette nature pour lui preferer une nature contractuelle et proposer un regime ad hoc. En application de cette contractualisation, un modele de convention de croupier est, d'ailleurs, propose a la fin de cette etude.
5
Wester-Ouisse, Véronique. "Convention et juridiction pénale." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT4007.
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La convention dans toutes ses nuances envahit les rapports sociaux. Les juridictions pénales participent à cette évolution, malgré les critiques dont elles font l'objet : sanctions pénales inefficaces, procédures inadaptées et droit pénal accuse d'inflationnisme. Les conventions sont un instrument de leur œuvre de qualification et de sanction des infractions. Le droit pénal des conventions, définissant les pouvoirs du juge pénal, s'est étoffé, en réaction contre les importants déséquilibres apparus entre les contractants. Le droit de la consommation, de la concurrence, du travail ou médical montrent la préoccupation d'équilibrer les liens contractuels : des incriminations assurent l'information, la durabilité du consentement du contractant faible, l'absence d'abus du contractant fort. Grâce à cet important corpus d'incriminations, le juge pénal rencontre souvent les notions du droit civil des conventions et peut, grâce à une certaine autonomie, redéfinir des notions (consommateur, groupe de sociétés, etc. ) Ou rejeter des fictions (transfert de propriété solo consensu, effets des nullités, etc. ). L'omniprésence des conventions conduit le juge pénal à utiliser les régimes contractuels à l'examen de l'action civile, grâce à une qualification plus attentive du préjudice et du fait générateur. La convention devient instrument de sanction des conflits pénaux. L'action publique s'empreint de consensualisme : les procédures pénales simplifiées ou accélérées sont acceptées par les accusés ; la peine fait l'objet d'expressions de volonté (le travail d'intérêt général par exemple). L'action publique est aussi négociée : les transactions pénales, autorisées ou pas par la juridiction pénale, éteignent l'action publique. L'action civile connait les mêmes évolutions avec la médiation pénale. Ces procédés négociés de résolution des conflits illustrent le rapprochement des notions de sanction et de réparation et manifestent une privatisation des conflits pénauxSettlement in all forms permeate our social relationships. The criminal courts participate in this development despite criticisms of penalties which do not work, of inappropriate procedure and of the over-extention of the criminal law. Such settlements are a means of qualifying and punishing offences. The criminal law sets the limits to the court's powers, in effect removing it, as a reaction to the major imbalance between the contracting parties. Consumer law, competition law, labour law and medical law all show the preoccupation with balancing the contractal relationship; criminal law ensures that the weaker party is informed and his consent is maintained, and that their is no abuse by the stronger party. Thanks to this large body of offences, the criminal court is often confronted by civil law concepts, it may, thanks to its independance, redefine these notions ; of consumers, of legal personality, or rejet spurious arguments (such as the solo consensu transfer of property, or the effect of void contract). The omnipresence of negociated settelments leads the judge to follow contractual principles to resolve the civil action, paying great attention to the damage and the facts in issue. The settlement becomes a method of resolving criminal cases. The prosecution become a tacit agreement. Simplified or fast-track procedures are agreed to by defendant. The punishement is a result of his acceptance (community service orders for example). The prosecution is also agreed, plea-bargains whether approved by the court or not, bring the prosecution to an end. The civil action follows the same patterns with negociated settlements to criminal cases. These consensual procedures illustrate the increasing convergeance of the ideas of punishment and of reparation of damage, and show the increasing use of private settlements of criminal cases
6
Bryan, Benjamin. "Natural Rights and Convention." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1467724912.
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Oberdan, Thomas. "Protocols, truth and convention." Amsterdam ; Atlanta, GA : Rodopi, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35609110v.
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Swart, Magdalena Petronella. "Service quality a survey amongst convention consumers at the CSIR International Convention Centre /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07062007-160628.
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Ngai, Yee-hong, and 魏怡康. "Macau Convention & Exhibition Centre." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31983613.
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Shen, Wei. "Beyond the New York Convention." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2167/.
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Many critical issues in today's international commercial arbitration are unsettled. The purpose of this research is to study how the New York Convention shall be reformed or evolved on a jurisprudential basis. The New York Convention to a certain extent is a legal discourse with some crucial norms such as party autonomy and the split of powers (involving judicial review and sovereignty). Social, historical, economic and cultural factors affect the formation and application of norms in this discourse. With this in mind, the disciplines of law, sociology, and economics will be adopted occasionally. Darwinian legal theory and game theory are two major analytic approaches. There are six chapters in this dissertation. The purpose, task and methodologies of this research are outlined in Chapter 1. No research on arbitration would be complete without some discussion of the historical context, which can help to explore the differences between different times and show the evolution of critical norms and theories. The discussion concerning Darwinian legal theory and the evolution of the New York Convention is in Chapter 2. The theory can be a tool to explain the future development of the New York Convention in a changing legal environment. Game theory is often used to study such legal phenomena as jurisdictional competition and legal harmonisation. The basic idea is that states act in their self-interest like private parties in the game, which requires a "federalism" system in place to harmonise self-interest-oriented national rules. Under the New York Convention, the enforcement of vacated arbitral awards involve multiple states and naturally touches upon the actions these states may take. Game theory is used in Chapter 3 to study the possibility of harmonising national rules in the trend of de-localisation and globalisation. The modern arbitration has become more legalistic. The business community desire applicable rules and procedures more business-oriented and simpler than those used by national courts. Instead of rigid national laws, the business community prefers the stability and predictability offered by law merchant or lex mercatoria. Historical and neo-economic studies of lex mercatoria are offered in Chapter 4 to demonstrate the necessity of recognising lex mercatoria in practice. Public policy is a critical concept in the New York Convention. Apart from the arbitrability and public policy review in the enforcement procedure, Chapter 5 tries to explore the possibility of framing "normative" public policy on the basis of game theory. States are the key actor in implementing public policy. Thus, the role and function of the states in the era of globalisation will be studied as well by reference to the neo-economic theories. A conclusion is set out in Chapter 6.
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Bitter, James. "Brief Therapy (pre-convention workshop)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1995. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6128.
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Ngai, Yee-hong. "Macau Convention & Exhibition Centre." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25955834.
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Froehlich, Joachim. "The Vienna Convention: A uniform approach to fill gaps within the scope of the Convention." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4617.
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Pembegul, Tugba. "Assessment Of Convention Centers From Users." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610581/index.pdf.
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This study firstly aims to identify facility features of the convention centers and then propose a method in order to identify users&rsquopriorities and evaluate what extent these were provided by the convention centre. Data has been collected using self-administered questionnaires from three group of users
attendees, employees and meeting planners. The study has been conducted in istanbul Lü
tfi Kirdar Convention and Exhibition Center as a case, because of being the most remarkable convention center of Turkey. Each participant will be required to assess this convention center in terms of their priorities of expectations and features provided. The results have been evaluated statistically, and significant differences between the level of importance and performance of the facility features have been presented. This research is expected to be useful for constitution of design criteria of convention centers and effective management of the facilities, in terms of both identifying the features of convention centers and providing a method evaluating the performance of the facilities from the users&rsquo
perspective.
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Mah, Geoffrey. "The Warsaw Convention : points of controversy." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23917.
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The Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air of 1929 is a multilateral treaty that seeks to unify the legal regime the international carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo by air. One aspect of this regime is the regime of liability imposed on air carriers, which is characterised by a presumption of fault and liability on the carrier, thereby reversing the burden of proof, while at the same time imposing monetary limits to the damages for which the carrier is liable.In the sixty-one years that the Convention has been in force, several points of controversy have arisen in the interpretation of the Convention. Of these, the main controversies are whether carriers are liable for mental injury under Article 17, whether punitive damages may be awarded to victims, and what is meant by willful misconduct under Article 25.
Since there are 126 States party to the Convention, the investigation of the above issues is necessarily multi-jurisdictional. The conclusion of the investigation is that in the course of judicial interpretation by the various courts, applying various approaches and guided by different policy considerations, the Convention has unfortunately become disunified.
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Jakob, J. Arie. "Aviation terrorism and the Warsaw convention." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23958.
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International air travel is the chosen means of transportation for hundreds of millions of people around the globe. At the same time, international civil aviation has witnessed a systemic threat from terrorists, who consider aircraft and other aeronautical facilities as surrogate targets. Among others, innocent travellers and passengers dissociated entirely from terrorists' personal or political ambitions are the victims. The Warsaw Convention, and subsequent modifications thereto, devised to regulate the civil liability of the air carrier vis a vis its passengers, falls short of recognizing this particular class of victims and may not be seen as an efficient legal instrument for the resolution of the consequences of terrorist related aviation disasters.
17
Vallès, Alain Robert, and Joel Thomas Warshauer. "The convention center in secondary cities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78094.
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Stankiewicz, Lukasz. "L' abus de convention fiscale internationale." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2009_in_stankiewicz_l.pdf.
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Les conventions fiscales internationales peuvent faire l’objet d’une utilisation abusive par les contribuables. Ce phénomène prend essentiellement la forme du chalandage fiscal (treaty shopping), mettant en échec le caractère bilatéral de la convention. L’abus de convention nécessite aujourd’hui une assise juridique. L’étude comparative de son mécanisme et de ses critères, permet de définir l’abus de convention, forme de la fraude à la loi, comme une situation où le contribuable invoque abusivement, au regard de ses intentions et de l’esprit de la convention, une convention fiscale (norme invoquée) pour faire échec à l’application de la norme interne qui fonde l’imposition (norme contournée). Le risque inhérent à cette situation est de provoquer un conflit des normes lorsque l’avantage tiré de la norme invoquée est remis en cause au moyen d’une règle de droit interne, de rang inférieur. Cependant, le risque d’inconventionnalité est limité eu égard, essentiellement, au caractère incomplet de la norme conventionnelle (principe de subsidiarité) et, alternativement, au devoir d’interpréter la convention de bonne foi. L’attitude des Etats face à l’abus de convention révèle des incohérences. D’une part, le nombre et la diversité des instruments anti-abus augmentent alors même que l’intérêt pratique du phénomène s’amenuise eu égard notamment à l’érosion graduelle de l’imposition à la source. D’autre part, l’effort de lutte reste bien asymétrique en ce qu’il est très inégalement partagé, même parmi les Etats de l’OCDE. Ainsi, les Etats-Unis sont le seul Etat à mener une politique cohérente de lutte contre ce phénomène, essentiellement à travers les instruments anti-abus objectifsTaxpayers can abuse double tax treaties. The primary form of abuse is treaty shopping which defeats the bilateral nature of tax treaties. The concept of tax treaty abuse needs to receive a firm theoretical basis. A comparative study of its mechanism and its elements reveals that tax treaty abuse, form of evasion of law, can be defined as a situation where a taxpayer intentionally invokes a tax treaty in a manner that frustrates the spirit and purpose of the treaty (invoked rule) in order to avoid the application of the domestic rule which gives rise to tax liability (avoided rule). A conflict of norms can arise if the treaty benefit claimed by the taxpayer is disallowed by operation of a domestic anti-avoidance rule. However, the risk of incompatibility is limited due to the deficient nature of tax treaties, heavily relying on domestic law for their application, as well as to the duty to interpret treaties in good faith. The attitude of states with respect to tax treaty abuse is incoherent. On one hand, the number and the diversity of anti-abuse rules becomes ever greater while at the same time there are less business reasons to engage in treaty shopping because of the gradual erosion of source taxation. On the other hand, states do not fight treaty abuse with equal determination. In fact, the United States are the only country to engage in a coherent line of policy against treaty abuse through specific anti-abuse rules
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Xin, Shihe. "Simulations numeriques de convention naturelle turbulente." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066275.
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Nous etudions la convection naturelle turbulente en cavite differentiellement chauffee a la fois par simulations directes et par resolution des equations moyennees. Les simulations directes sont effectuees en integrant les equations de boussinesq 2-d instationnaires par methodes spectrales. Dans une premiere etape on s'interesse a la configuration de la double couche limite en supposant la periodicite dans la direction verticale comme probleme modele d'une cavite de tres grand rapport de forme. Bien que n'ayant pu atteindre un veritable regime chaotique, cette etude a permis d'identifier la nature du phenomene physique associe a l'apparition de la quasi-periodicite ainsi que d'etudier quelques effets non lineaires. Des simulations directes en cavite fermee de rapport de forme egal a 4 sont ensuite effectuees pour des valeurs du nombre de rayleigh jusqu'a 10#1#0. Ces simulations donnent acces a la dynamique des solutions chaotiques, a la structure des solutions moyennes et aux quantites turbulentes issues de la decomposition de reynolds qui font l'objet des hypotheses de fermeture. Dans une troisieme phase nous developpons un algorithme de type differences finies base sur une approche multigrille non lineaire afin de resoudre les equations moyennees, le modele de turbulence etant de type k- standard avec discretisation jusqu'a la paroi. Les comparaisons montrent la surestimation de la turbulence produite par ce modele
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Léger, Nicolas. "Synallagmatisme et convention collective de travail." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010329.
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Fondé sur l'ordre public social, l'accord collectif est davantage une convention qu'un contrat synallagmatique. Avec la faculté instituée en 1982 de déroger aux normes légales, la négociation collective a acquis une autonomie fonctionnelle. Partiellement dégagée d'un objectif d'amélioration de la loi, elle peut avoir pour effet d'accroître les pouvoirs de l'employeur. Le canevas est celui d'une négociation " donnant-donnant " dans laquelle l'emploi fait figure de contrepartie aux sacrifices des salariés. Le succès de tels arrangements est d'autant plus important qu'il est suggéré, voire dicté par le législateur. On ne saurait donc nier que la convention peut prendre un tour synallagmatique. Une première partie est consacrée au constat de l'émergence d'une convention collective synallagmatique en droit français, une seconde partie en traite les conséquences, directes (les effets de l'acte collectif) et indirectes (l'évolution du droit du travail).
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Lavigne, Stéphanie. "Investisseurs financiers et convention d' évaluation des firmes : une modélisation de la diffusion institutionnelle de la convention." Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10058.
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Nous proposons une analyse du comportement des investisseurs financiers américains pour comprendre deux phénomènes collectifs : d' une part, l' émergence et la diffusion d' un modèle dominant d' évaluation des firmes; d' autre part, la dynamique spéculative des prix sur le marché financier. Une "convention financière d' évaluation des firmes" émerge sur le marché et traduit le pouvoir d' influence des investisseurs pour imposer leurs exigences de rentabilité financière et leurs exigences en matière de "corporate governance". Cette convention place en son centre l' objectif de création de valeur pour l' actionnaire. Nous montrons que les institutions formelles et cognitives favorisent l' émergence et la diffusion de ce modèle de représentation partagé par les investisseurs ainsi que la formation d' une bulle financière sur le marché. Nous proposons le concept de "diffusion institutionnelle de la convention" pour reconnaître la fonction organisatrice et créatrice des institutions sur la marchéWe propose an analysis of the American financial investors' behaviour to understand two collective phenomena : on the one hand, the emergence and the diffusion of a dominating model of firms' valuation; on the other hand, the speculative dynamics of prices on the stock market. We show that a particular convention of firms' valuation emerges on the market and expresses the influence of investors to impose their requirements for financial profitability and their requirements as regards Corporate Governance. This convention privileges the objective of shareholder value creation. We demonstrate that the formal and cognitive institutions support the emergence and the diffusion of the model of representation shared by the Financial Investors as well as the formation of a financial bubble on the market. We propose the concept of "institutional diffusion of the convention" to recognize the organizing and creative function of institutions on the market
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Bondesson, Andrea. "United Nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities : Swedish compliance with the requirements of the convention." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120752.
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Taylor, Jayme Rebecca. "Convention cosplay : subversive potential in anime fandom." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7116.
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Conventions featuring anime (Japanese animation), manga (Japanese comic books), video games, and related merchandise have accumulated fandoms (fan communities) through the provision of a supportive environment that facilitates consumption of imported products. Anime conventions in the U.S. and Canada attract consumers from across North America. Attendees frequently utilize cultural and symbolic capital to express their enthusiasm as fans. Some fans create elaborate handmade costumes and perform as their favorite characters during the convention. This activity is commonly called cosplay (or “costume play”). Cosplayers borrow directly from Japanese popular culture media texts and aim to make the best possible realization of the characters. Drawing on Bourdieu’s Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (1996), theorists of fandom have examined the consumption of popular texts, such as television, magazines, or books, with regards to dominant cultural standards, or taste. Some fan theorists profess that fan subcultures challenge the institutionalized cultural hierarchy. Fans invest time and money in the consumption of devalued products, namely popular culture. Consumption of popular texts and the fan activities associated with them are denigrated by dominant culture. This thesis draws upon Bourdieu’s concept of taste to examine how conceptualizations of “good” and “bad” taste relate to gender and physical attributes, such as body size and skin color. Cosplay is a social activity where fans temporarily assume and perform a fictional identity. However, interviews with cosplayers indicate that a cosplayer’s decision making is informed by dominant social standards of beauty, based on physical appearance, body size, and to some degree, ethnicity. Conventions provide relatively safe places for the transgression of normative concepts of gender and sexuality. Cosplay provides an opportunity for gender ‘play’ and self-invention through the performance of alternative personas. Cosplayers are stigmatized by dominant society for their inordinate interest and consumption of a devalued commodity. The activity involves skill, time, and devotion that mainstream society prescribes for a career or in some way contributing to the economic system. Fan activities, including cosplay, and online fan communities contribute to an alternative discourse about desire, sexuality, and gender that challenges dominant, patriarchal social norms.
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Egler, Ione. "Implementation of the biodiversity convention in Brazil." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267564.
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Eker, Bihter Kaytaz. "Harmonising role of the New York Convention." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/53583.
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The United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards ("the New York Convention") has provided a unique legal framework for the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and arbitration agreements. Having been adopted by 159 States at the time of this thesis, the New York Convention represents the most significant convention in the field. Having been in force almost 60 years, it is time to assess its meaning for international arbitration. This thesis first examines the contribution of the New York Convention to the development of arbitration to date and second explores whether it has a contemporary role to play. Focusing on both its contribution through its original objective and its effect on the development of a favourable attitude towards international arbitration by courts and legislators, the study demonstrates that the New York Convention has had an impact beyond that which its drafters intended. Regarding its contemporary relevance, the thesis argues that persistent issues in the enforcement of arbitral awards proves that the New York Convention has no active relevance for contributing to facilitate enforcement of arbitral awards.
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Sénéchal, Thierry. "Orbital debris : drafting, negotiating, implementing a convention." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39519.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2007.Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-129).
It is time to recognize that while space may be infinite, Earth orbital space is a finite natural resource that must be managed properly. The problem we face with space pollution is complex and serious. The space treaties and conventions are not sufficient. They were drafted at the time of space exploration in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, they fail to account for rapid changes in the field, especially the increasing commercial activity. Moreover, the existing mitigation guidelines remain voluntary and are not legally binding under international law. As a result, space debris tends to accumulate and remains in orbit for a long period of time. A space debris convention is thus warranted. The proposed international convention would have the following objectives: 1) Implement an international and independent tracking and cataloguing system for space debris; 2) Adopt enforceable space debris mitigation and disposal guidelines; 3) Enforce a space preservation provision for protecting the most vulnerable outer space regions and; 4) Define a space debris compensation and dispute settlement mechanism.
(cont.) The convention must bring all together policy-makers and the civil society for addressing this problem; it is also time for the space industry to play its corporate social responsibility and to actively seek to participate to the drafting and implementing of the convention. More than ever, the space debris problem is hindering space commerce, space tourism, the scientific exploration of space, the use of raw materials from space, and even distant plans for the future settlement of space. The possibility of great harm posed by debris should bring all nations and stakeholders together to find the most appropriate solutions.
by Thierry Senechal.
M.B.A.
27
Ben, Salem Chedly. "Les parties dans la convention d'arbitrage international." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE0010.
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L'arbitrage international ne cesse de marquer son indépendance et de se détacher des règles classiques du droit commun. La création de nouveaux concepts comme la compétence-compétence, l'autonomie de la clause compromissoire, la confidentialité en est la preuve. Dans cette logique des arbitres, en se basant sur l'internationalité de la matière ont élargi la notion de personne tenue par la convention d'arbitrage. Dans ce contexte, des personnes non signataires se trouvent comme parties à part entière dans la convention d'arbitrage. Si cette marginalisation de la volonté peut se justifier pour les personnes de droit privé par la présomption de professionnalité, car si elles se mêlent à un contrat comprenant une clause compromissoire, elles doivent s'attendre à une éventuelle extension de la clause qui le contient. Cette marginalisation ne peut être aceptée pour les personnes de droit public. En effet, l'assimilation de l'Etat à des sociétés commerciales se trouve aberrante. D'u autre côté, le problème de l'extension et de la transmission de la clause compromissoire aux ayants n'a pas posé de difficulté, ici les arbitres ont respecté les règles de droit communThe international arbitrage stop making, its independence and getting loose from classic rules of the common law. The creation of new concepts as the competence-competence, the autonomy of the arbitration clause, the confidentiality is the proof. In this logic the arbitrators, by basing itself on the internationality of the subject widened the notion of nobody held by the agreement of arbitrage. If this marginalization of the will can justify itself for the persons of private law by the assumption of professionality, because if they get involved to a contract including an arbitration clause, they have to expect a possible extension of the clause which contains it. This marginalization cannot be accepted for the persons of public law. Indeed, the assimilation of the State to trading company is absurd. On the other hand, the problem of the extension and the transmission of the arbitration clause in ayant cause did not put difficulty, here the arbitrators respected the rules of common rights
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Binet, Charlyne. "La convention de courtage en matière d'assurance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAA004.
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La convention de courtage d’assurance constitue un accord d’intermédiation d’assurance conclu entre un courtier d’assurance et un preneur d’assurance en vue de la conclusion ou la gestion d’un contrat d’assurance visant la préservation des intérêts à assurance du client. Elle permet ainsi la réalisation d’une opération complexe, l’opération de courtage d’assurance. Quoi qu’il s’agisse d’une convention ancienne et fréquente en pratique, la convention de courtage d’assurance est mal connue et sa qualification juridique reste incertaine. Si d’aucuns la rattachent au contrat de mandat, elle reste pour d’autres un contrat distinct sans qualification juridique précise. Dans un premier temps, une étude analytique des spécificités de la convention de courtage d’assurance est réalisée. La qualification juridique de cette convention est ainsi recherchée au regard de la caractérisation préalable des particularités systémiques que revêt l’activité de courtage d’assurance. Par ailleurs, cette activité lui fournit un cadre normatif spécifique, alliant règles législatives et normes privées et offrant une protection des intérêts du preneur d’assurance pluridisciplinaire. Dans un second temps, la recherche de l’influence des spécificités de l’activité de courtage d’assurance permet de dégager le régime de droit de la relation contractuelle entre le courtier et le preneur d’assurance. Appréciée dans sa dimension bipartite, la convention de courtage d’assurance doit en outre, être envisagée dans la configuration triangulaire de l’opération de courtage d’assurance en ce qu’elle coexiste aux côtés d’autres relations de droit, ce qui induit des influences réciproquesThe insurance brokerage agreement is an insurance mediation contract entered into between an insurance broker and a policyholder for the purpose of entering into or managing an insurance contract which tends to the protection of the client’s insurance interests. It creates a complex operation, the insurance brokerage operation to be realised. Although it is a former and frequent agreement in practice, the insurance brokerage agreement is not well known and its legal classification is uncertain. While some scholars associate this agreement with mandate contract, for others it is a separate agreement without specific legal classification. First, an analytical study of the specificities of the insurance brokerage agreement is carried out. The legal classification of this agreement is thus sought in the light of the prior characterisation of the systemic specificities of the insurance brokerage activity. Furthermore, this activity provides a specific regulatory framework for the insurance brokerage agreement by combining legal rules and private standards and offering a multidisciplinary protection of the policyholder’s insurance interests. Secondly, the search for the influence of the specificities of the insurance brokerage activity allows to identify the legal regime of the contractual relationship between the insurance broker and the policyholder. Appreciated in its bipartite dimension, the insurance brokerage agreement must also be considered in the triangular configuration of the insurance brokerage operation in that it coexists alongside other legal relationships, which induces mutual influences
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Rebora, Jean-François. "La Convention de 1989 sur l'assistance maritime /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39081170z.
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Texte remanié de: Th. doct--Droit--Aix-Marseille 3, 1998.En appendice, choix de documents en français et en anglais, dont le texte français de la Convention internationale de 1989 sur l'assistance maritime. Bibliogr. p. 521-526. Index.
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Guzman, Perez Rosa Amilli. "Convention de Washington : l'approche de l'Amérique latine." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD035/document.
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Trois pays d’Amérique latine – la Bolivie, l’Équateur et le Venezuela – ont dénoncé la Convention pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements entre États et ressortissants d’autres États. Cette « vague » de dénonciations témoigne d’un rejet du système d’arbitrage, créé par la Convention de Washington, considéré comme déséquilibré, antidémocratique, onéreux et discriminatoire. Aux yeux de l’Amérique latine, l’arbitrage CIRDI serait conçu pour bénéficier exclusivement aux investisseurs au détriment des États hôtes des investissements. Dans ce travail de recherche, l’approche de l’Amérique latine relative à la Convention de Washington sera présentée en deux étapes. D’abord, les évolutions liées au cadre économique et juridique latino-américain, des prémices de la Convention en 1964, jusqu’á son adoption définitive dans les années 90, seront analysées. Puis seront abordées les principales critiques émises actuellement contre le système d’arbitrage CIRDI. Quels sont les facteurs déterminants du changement dans les politiques en matière d’investissements étrangers en Amérique latine ? Les pays, qui ont dénoncé la Convention de Washington, ont-ils des raisons suffisamment valables de rejeter l’arbitrage transnational en matière d’investissements ? Le CIRDI a-t-il failli dans l’accomplissement de ses fonctions ? Ce travail de recherche vise à répondre à ces questions en analysant la Convention de Washington sous un angle latino-américainThree countries in Latin America - Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela - have denounced the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States. This "wave" of denunciations reflects a negative perception of the arbitration system created by the ICSID Convention, which is described as unbalanced, undemocratic, expensive and discriminatory. In Latin America’s view, ICSID arbitration was created to benefit only to investors at the expense of investments’ host states. This research focuses on the Latin America’s approach on the Washington Convention addressing it in two stages. First, the Latin American economic and legal framework in the early discussions on the draft of the Convention in 1964 and its subsequent adoption in the 1990s will be addressed. Secondly, the subjects that currently arouse the main criticisms to the ICSID arbitration system will be detailed. What are the reasons of change in foreign investment policies in Latin America? Do the countries that denounced the Washington Convention have acceptable reasons for rejecting investments’ transnational arbitration? Did ICSID failed in the performance of its duties? This research aims to answer these questions by analyzing the Washington Convention from the Latin American perspective
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McGrath, Frank Roland. "The intentions of the framers of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution in the context of the debates at the Australasian Federation Conference of 1890, and the Australasian Federal Conventions of 1891 and 1897-8 The understanding of the framers of the Constitution as to the meaning and purpose of the provisions of the Constitution which they debated at these assemblies /." Connect to full text, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/850.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2001.Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 24, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of History, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 2001; thesis submitted 2000. Includes bibliography and of tables of cases. Also available in print form.
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Pongcharoenkiat, Nongluk. "A case study : the Queen Sirikit National Convention Center /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11855.
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Romero-Royo, Montserrat 1955. "The new convention of the law of the sea and its implications for civil aviation and the Chicago convention /." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61752.
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Truchon, Isabelle. "La Convention de Paris pour la protection de la propriété industrielle : heurs et malheurs d'une convention à vocation universelle." Paris 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA020104.
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Depuis 1883, la convention de paris assure la protection des droits de propriete industrielle - brevets d'invention, modeles d'utilite, dessins et modeles industriels, marques de commerce, de fabrique et de service, indications de provenance, appellations d'origine et noms commerciaux-en dehors de leur pays d'origine. La premiere partie retrace l'histoire de la convention depuis sa naissance jusqu'a la revision avortee des annees 1980. Elle met l'accent sur les choix operes en matiere de protection des droits de propriete industrielle. Le droit unioniste est individualiste : il est fonde sur la consideration des individus et sur la protection de leurs droits subjectifs. Il est unitaire : il s'applique uniformement a tous les ressortissants unionistes et a tous les etats signataires. Enfin, il est universel : il a vocation a regrouper un maximum d'etats et a proteger tous les drits de propriete industrielle. Ce sont ces trois caracteristiques qui permettent a la convention de paris de rassembler quelque 130 etats. Quant a la seconde partie, elle examine les propositions de revision faites par les pays signataires dans les annees 1980. Elles concernent notamment l'integration a la convention du certificat d'auteur d'invention, mode de protection des inventions alors en vigueur en europe centrale, l'exploitation des brevets dans les pays en developpement et la protection des indications geographiques. La these conclut que la revision avortee ne s'inscrit cependant pas dans un mouvement irreversible d'affaiblissement du droit unioniste. Celui-ci garde neammoins toute sa credibilite pour proteger les droits de propriete industrielle presents et futursSince 1883, the paris convention has been protecting industrial property rights-patents, utility models, industrial designs or models, marks, indications of origin and commercial names- out of their country of origin. The first part relates the story of the convention from its conclusion, in 1883, to the failure of its revision, in the eighties. It insists on the choices made to protect industrial property rights. The convention is individualistic : it takes in consideration persons and protects their subjective rights. It is unitary : it uniformly applies to the unionist states and to their nationals. At last, it is universal : its vocations is to regroup all the countries of the world and to protect all the industrial property rights. These three characteristics enable the treaty to gather about 130 states. In the second part, the propositions of revision made by the signatory countries in the eighties are examined. They deal with the inventor's certificate - which was protecting inventions in the eastern europeand its assimilation to the patnet, the exploitation of patents in less developing countries and the protection of geographic indications. The conclusion is that the failed revision is not in keeping with a weakening of the paris convention. This one stays credible for protecting present and future industrial property rights
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Stavraki, Emmanuelle. "La convention pour la protection des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé : une convention du droit international humanitaire." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010290.
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Afin de preserver le patrimoine culturel de l'humanite du danger le plus important qui le menace, la convention de la haye du 14 mai 1954 limite les effets des hostilites en prevoyant une protection generale, couvrant tous les biens culturels et une protection speciale couvrant un nombre limite des biens des tres haute importance. Le respect des dispositions de la convention, applicables a tous les conflits armes, internationaux et non internationaux, est assure par des moyens de controle international, de prevention et de repression.
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Stavraki, Emmanuelle. "La Convention pour la production des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé une convention du droit international humanitaire /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37618701s.
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Kessler, Francis. "Le droit des conventions collectives de travail en République fédérale d'Allemagne." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR30002.
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L'objectif prioritaire de la recherche était de créer une vue d'ensemble du droit des conventions collectives de travail en République Fédérale d'Allemagne. Cette recherche a été menée en trois étapes : il s'agissait tout d'abord d'étudier le pouvoir normateur des parties à la convention collective. Des controverses très importantes subsistent dans la doctrine allemande quant à l'explication du pouvoir normateur autonome des parties à la convention collective. Le contenu de la convention collective est également particulièrement controverse. Seule la subdivision en partie obligatoire et partie normative de l'accord collectif de travail n'est guère contestée. Enfin de nombreuses conventions collectives sont conclues en RFA peu d'accords portent sur le pouvoir économique de l'employeur. Cette situation et les nombreuses controverses sont inexplicables si l'on ne connait pas l'histoire et le contexte actuel de la négociation collective. L'étude de ces deux points précèdera donc l'étude juridique a proprement parler elle-meme subdivisée en deux parties - le pouvoir normateur autonome - la dualité de contenu des conventions collectivesThe main goal of this theses was to describe the rules about collective bargaining in the Federal Republic of Germany. The first part of the work is an historical approach which explains most of the typical aspects of the german industrial relations. We tried to show how economic factors, but also the law doctrine influence the present rules. The seconds pat shows the controverseries about the source of the power of the collective bargaining parties the third part tries to show how collective bargaining has changed since the economic crisis in the middle of the 70'ies
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Graham, Timothy Royce. "An analysis of the convention center market and implications for the planned expansion of the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117303.
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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-51).
The proposed expansion of the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center was approved by the Massachusetts legislature in 2009. In 2010, the governor put the expansion on hold citing an overstated economic impact. Proponents argue that expanding the convention center will lead to increased occupancy and significant economic benefits. But do the benefits outweigh the costs? The first part of this thesis provides an overview of the convention center market in the US as well as two case studies of convention centers that have undergone expansions. The second part closely examines the history and performance of the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center using data from the Massachusetts Convention Center Authority along with data from various other sources to project realistic economic costs and benefits of the expansion as currently proposed.
by Timothy Royce Graham.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
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Hutchinson, Michael R. "The European Convention on Human Rights and terrorism : how the Convention organs have assessed the response of states to terrorism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396102.
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Tober, Tinia. "Towards an international convention against human reproductive cloning." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984729917.
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Amana, Idorenyin Edet. "The Montreal convention of 1999 : problems and prospects." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32793.
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After international transportation by air became a reality, the need to fashion out an appropriate global regime to govern the new relationships created by this development led to the signing of the Warsaw Convention in 1929. As time went on, the need to adjust this original Convention to contemporary technological and legal realities necessitated the enactment of several other instruments that were not new Conventions in themselves, but were merely welded to the original 1929 Convention. With the absence of consolidation, the undesirable result was total confusion created by the concurrent operation of the multiple regimes of the Warsaw System. The overwhelming need to modernise and consolidate all instruments of the Warsaw system into a single uniform text culminated in the signing of the Montreal Convention on 28 May 1999.This thesis attempts to x-ray the Montreal Convention in the light of its potentials to alleviate the numerous problems of the Warsaw system, including the prospects of its ratification. In the same vein, the inherent deficiencies and imperfections of this new instrument, which might militate against its ratification, have been overtly highlighted for reference. This treatise also analysed the need for developing and African nations to ratify the new convention notwithstanding that their interests were given minimal considerations. The conclusion is a call to all nations, particularly the US, to ratify this new convention without further procrastination, in order to enable it come into force without further delay, lest it become just another relic in the kitty of the very Warsaw System that it sought to replace.
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Marchant, James M. "Convention emergence and destabilisation in multi-agent systems." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/104027/.
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Ensuring coordination amongst individual agents in multi-agent systems (MAS) helps to reduce clashes between them that waste resources and time and facilitates the capability of the agent population to solve mutually beneficial problems. Determining this coordinated behaviour is not always possible a priori due to technical issues such as lack of access to individual agents or computational issues due to the large number of possible clashing actions. Additionally, in systems lacking centralised authorities, dictating rules in a top-down perspective is difficult or impossible. Conventions represent a light-weight, decentralised and emergent solution to this problem. Acting as a socially-accepted rule on expected behaviour they help to focus and constrain agent interactions to facilitate coordination. Understanding how these conventions emerge and how they might be encouraged allows scalable coordination of behaviour within MAS with little computational or logistical overhead. In this thesis we consider how fixed strategy Intervention Agents (IAs) may be used to encourage and direct convention emergence in MAS. We explore their efficacy in doing so in various topologies, both static and time-varying dynamic networks, and propose a number of methods and techniques to increase this efficacy further. We consider how these IAs might be used to destabilise an existing convention, replacing it with a more desirable one and highlight the different methods required to do this. We also explore how various limitations such as time or observability of topological structure can impact the emergence of conventions and provide mechanisms to counteract these issues.
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Le, Son Ngoc. "Formal Verification Methodologies for NULL Convention Logic Circuits." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31875.
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NULL Convention Logic (NCL) is a Quasi-Delay Insensitive (QDI) asynchronous design paradigm that aims to tackle some of the major problems synchronous designs are facing as the industry trend of increased clock rates and decreased feature size continues. The clock in synchronous designs is becoming increasingly difficult to manage and causing more power consumption than ever before. NCL circuits address some of these issues by requiring less power, producing less noise and electro-magnetic interference, and being more robust to Process, Voltage, and Temperature (PVT) variations. With the increase in popularity of asynchronous designs, a formal verification methodology is crucial for ensuring these circuits operate correctly. Four automated formal verification methodologies have been developed, three to ensure delay-insensitivity of an NCL circuit (i.e., prove Input-Completeness, Observability, and Completion-Completeness properties), and one to aid in proving functional equivalence between an NCL circuit and its synchronous counterpart. Note that an NCL circuit can be functionally correct and still not be input-complete, observable, or completion-complete, which could cause the circuit to operate correctly under normal conditions, but malfunction when circuit timing drastically changes (e.g., significantly reduced supply voltage, extreme temperatures). Since NCL circuits are implemented using dual-rail logic (i.e., 2 wires, rail0 and rail1, represent one bit of data), part of the functional equivalence verification involves ensuring that the NCL rail0 logic is the inverse of its rail1 logic. Equivalence verification optimizations and alternative invariant checking methods were investigated and proved to decrease verification times of identical circuits substantially. This work will be a major step toward NCL circuits being utilized more frequently in industry, since it provides an automated verification method to prove correctness of an NCL implementation and equivalence to its synchronous specification, which is the industry standard.
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Martinez, Bellet Laurence. "La convention d'Ottawa sur le crédit-bail international." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010311.
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La thèse porte sur l'organisation des relations tripartites entre le fournisseur, le crédit-bailleur et le crédit-preneur par la Convention d'Ottawa confrontée aux solutions retenues en droit interne. La combinaison de trois éléments, la consécration du pouvoir d'initiative du crédit-preneur dans le choix du bien et du fournisseur, de l'exonération de responsabilité du crédit-bailleur à l'égard du crédit-preneur et la création d'un droit d'action directe du crédit-preneur à l'encontre du fournisseur permet, en premier lieu, de transférer le risque technique du crédit-bailleur au crédit- preneur. Le maintien des actions en anéantissement du contrat de crédit-bail et du contrat de fourniture entre les mains respectives du crédit-preneur et du crédit-bailleur permet, en second lieu, de préserver la nature juridique des deux contrats de base de l'opération et de maintenir les risques financiers liés à l'insolvabilité du fournisseur et à la privation de la rentabilité escomptée de l'opération à la charge du crédit-bailleur. A la différence des solutions retenues en droit interne, la Convention atteint son principal objectif qui est d'assurer l'équilibre entre les intérêts des parties à l'opération en faisant peser la charge finale de la responsabilité liée au contentieux technique sur, le fournisseur et en maintenant les risques financiers liés à l'anéantissement de l'opération à la charge du crédit- bailleur.
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Sinnott, Sarah T. "Address Forms in Castilian Spanish: Convention and Implicature." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275449503.
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Waldman, Zachary J. "Majorana Neutrinos in the Jacob-Wick phase convention." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Rodière, Pierre. "La Convention collective de travail en droit international." Lille : A.N.R.T, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36105739j.
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Benthin, Hanne. "The Problems of verifying a chemical weapons convention /." Genève : l'auteur, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36628144g.
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Chiotis, Vangelis. "Morals by convention : the rationality of moral behaviour." Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3913/.
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The account of rational morality presented in Morals by Agreement is based, to a large extent, on the concept of constrained maximisation. Rational agents are assumed to have reasons to constrain their maximisation provided they interact with other similarly disposed agents. On this account, rational agents will internalise a disposition to behave as constrained maximisers. The assertion of constrained maximisation is problematic and unrealistic mainly because it does not explain how the process of internalisation occurs. I propose an amended version of constrained maximisation that is based on a conventional understanding of social behaviour and the social contract. Repeated interactions between rational agents lead to the creation of social conventions, which in turn serve as supportive mechanisms for behaviours that reinforce their stability. In addition, established social conventions facilitate and ensure information sharing, thus making it possible for conventional agents to know others' dispositions. The development and establishment of social conventions are best described and explained through an evolutionary account of social structures. The evolutionary account offers a more powerful and more realistic method of discussing cultural evolution, since it considers large populations over long periods of time and the interdependence between social structures and individual behaviour. In this context, information availability ensures that the most efficient conventions take over and maximising strategies become dominant. While for Gauthier moral behaviour depends on constrained maximisation, in the conventional account of morality it comes about as a result of repeated interactions between rational agents within the bounds of social conventions.
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Mayo-Bobee, Dinah. "Debating the Electoral College at the Constitutional Convention." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/737.
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Dr. Dinah Mayoo-Bobee, Assistant Professor, Department of History, East Tennessee State University, will address one of today’s hot topics at its inception and other issues which confronted the forefathers of our country.