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1
Pienaar, Juanita Magrietha. "The Battle of the Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela Community: Access to and Control of Communal Land." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal / Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (November 7, 2017): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1444.
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Like numerous other traditional communities in South Africa, the Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela community lost portions of their ancestral land in the pre-constitutional era. Under an all-encompassing land reform programme, which also provides for the restitution of land in particular circumstances, a land claim was lodged. Having been successful with the land claim as all of the requirements set out in the Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994 were met, the first battle of the community in reclaiming their land had been won. The initial victory was short-lived as a second battle ensued, dealing with the governance of and form of control over the newly restored land. While the community wanted a communal property association, provided for in the Communal Property Associations Act 28 of 1996, the traditional leader preferred a trust. In this regard the various options of forms and constructs of collective ownership came into play. The second battle resulted in the Constitutional Court's deciding in favour of a communal property association in the light of the overall scheme of the Communal Property Associations Act, its objectives, the particular role of the Director-General of the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, and all that had transpired in this particular case. This contribution deals with both of these battles, first setting out the struggle to reclaim the lost land, and then discussing the conflict over ownership and governance issues brought to finality in Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela Communal Property Association v Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela Tribal Authority 2015 6 SA 32 (CC). In this regard the judgment is analysed and thereafter reflected on with respect to recent developments linked specifically to communal property association legislation and then to other developments impacting on communal land and traditional communities in general. With regard to the former, recent draft amendments to the Communal Property Associations Act are highlighted, whereas policy developments and draft legislative measures are discussed with regard to the latter. While it is possible that some of the recent suggested amendments embodied in the Amendment Bill would have streamlined the process had these amendments been in operation when the Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela community fought the second battle, various problems remain. In this context markedly different - conflicting - approaches emerged from the Constitutional Court judgment and official policy measures. Whereas the Court confirmed more democratic forms of ownership and governance in general, but specifically with respect to traditional communities, official policy documents coupled with draft legislative measures relating to traditional courts entrench traditional leadership constructs. In this regard more democratic forms of governance and ownership are seemingly reserved for areas outside traditional communal areas, most notably outside the former homelands. While the judgment handed down in the Constitutional Court may have brought closure to the Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela community regarding the formation of a communal property association, the struggle of other traditional communities opting for communal property associations may just be beginning.
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Fu, Yujian, and Steven Drager. "Reconfiguration of Autonomous Robotics." International Journal of Robotics Applications and Technologies 3, no. 1 (January 2015): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrat.2015010103.
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Autonomous robotics systems (ARSs) consist of multiple heterogeneous objects and intelligent inferences that are expected to take appropriate actions even in unforeseen circumstances. Dynamic reconfiguration of ARSs is a key enabling technology and plays a major role in the future cyber-enabled battle field. This research work, focused on the development of a formal approach to the specification and verification of reconfigurability of ARSs. Two typical problems w.r.t. the dynamic adaptation and reconfiguration of ARSs were identified and studied. The first problem is how to formally represent the ARSs and describe the reconfigurable behavior precisely so that the ARSs can adapt to the new changes. The second problem focuses on how to analyze and verify the formal model of the reconfiguration and ensure the correctness of the system during reconfiguration. Considering behavior preserving in the reconfiguration model, a net reconfigurations based on the natural transformation is introduced.
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Goździewicz, Wiesław. "Targeting in the Russian-Ukrainian War: The Crossroads of Legal and Technical Aspects." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 106 (March 30, 2024): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.106.03.
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Article 82 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions requires competent legal advisors to be available, when necessary, to advise military commanders at the appropriate level on the application of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). One of the most important fields of IHL application which requires legal advice is attacks on the enemy, which need to follow the principles of military necessity, humanity, distinction, and proportionality, and are also affected by the requirement to undertake all feasible precautions in order to avoid or at least minimise incidental harm to civilians (collateral damage). One of the ways to ensure that attacks on enemy remain compliant with the requirements of IHL is by adopting appropriate targeting procedures and tools facilitating avoidance or minimising collateral damage, such as the Collateral Damage Estimation Methodology (CDEM). Media coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian war has contributed significantly to the misperception of IHL provisions applicable to targeting. During the war in Ukraine, political declarations were made several times that a war crime had occurred in the form of a deliberate attack on the civilian object. However, the legality of a particular strike can rarely be judged based upon the results of the strike or via post-strike Battle Damage Assessment (BDA). The so-called Rendulic rule emphasises that military necessity, proportionality, and precautions are judged a priori, based upon by the information available at the time of the decision (circumstances ruling at the time) and not on the basis of information emerging after the decision had been made. Legal Advirsors’ role in the targeting process requires them to possess at least the basic knowledge of the Targeting Process and the CDEM, general military expertise in the fields of Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs), as well as effects of the employment of particular weapon systems in given circumstances. This should be supported by thorough knowledge of IHL, in particular the practical aspects of its application in military operations. It should be about the intersection of legal and technical expertise.
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Steinhart, Julija. "SUSTAINABLE ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE, ITS TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 22, 2024): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2024vol1.8011.
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The interest in sustainable organizational performance has increased strongly in the last decade. With the rising macroeconomic pressure and unforeseen circumstances such as global pandemic, an increased number of economies battle to ensure prosperity, performance, and target trans-formation. The aim of this study is to spot trends and developments on sustainable organizational performance observed in the academia for the last decade. More precisely, main sources of publications as well as biases within geographical, citation, authorship and thematic dimensions are to be identified. To achieve this aim, a qualitative study based on bibliometric analysis has been performed. In total, 1286 relevant articles were retrieved for the last decade that examined sustainable organizational performance, however none of them has implemented a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis and elaborate on progress within academic research. The bibliometric analysis within this study is based on a literature review of publications obtained from Scopus using an inclusive search strategy. In addition, the visualization of the data was carried out with the use of Bibliometrix and VOSviewer. The article strives to contribute to the research on sustainable organizational performance, while performing keywords and co-occurrence analysis. It further defines top productive authors, structure of the research topic in the journals and countries. In addition to that, Lotka analysis has been performed to understand the interactions and structure of publications of the subject area. The importance of the organizational framework, management and governance were identified as main keywords underlying once again that functional framework provides structure and hierarchy the entity may build on, while effective management ensures the utilization of resources within the established framework. Oversight, in turn, is organized by governance that guides both the framework and management practices. The study comes with the conclusion and recommendations for both business and academia. ;
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Yang, Hong Mian, Kwok Kit Tong, Juliet Honglei Chen, Eilo Wing-yat Yu, and Anise M. S. Wu. "Growing amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: The interplay among transformational leadership in government, public trust, and posttraumatic growth." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 17 (January 2023): 183449092211462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18344909221146254.
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Individuals may experience positive changes or gain growths after struggling with traumas or challenging circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess potential levels of posttraumatic growth (PTG) of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic and PTG's associations with perceptions of transformational leadership in local government and public trust. The data of a probability sample of 1011 community-dwelling adults (61.2% females; Mean age = 41.2 years, SD = 15.8) in Macao, China, were collected via a telephone poll survey. Multiple regression analyses were conducted and a bootstrapping approach was utilized to test the hypothesized moderating effects and mediating effects of trust in local government on the association between perceived transformational leadership and PTG, respectively. Results showed that about half of the respondents reported at least a medium level of PTG. Whereas perceived transformational leadership in the Macao local government was positively associated with four individual aspects of PTG (i.e., appreciation of life, new possibilities, personal strength, and relating to others) as well as the overall PTG, while controlling for the demographic variables, trust in the local government showed no moderating or mediating effects in these associations. Our findings suggest the value of governments’ transformational leadership in promoting people's PTG in the face of public crises such as COVID-19. More transformational leadership behaviors, such as attending to citizens’ personal needs and conveying an inspirational vision, in government are called for to bring about greater positive responses from individuals and ensure social vitality and resilience during this long-term public health battle.
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Lavnichenko, O., I. Lipatov, and S. Pavlov. "MAINTAINING THE COMBAT CAPABILITY OF FORMATIONS (MILITARY UNITS) OF THE NATIONAL GUARD OF UKRAINE DURING PARTICIPATION IN JOINT OPERATIONS, HOSTILITIES." Scientific journal of the National Academy of National Guard "Honor and Law" 2, no. 85 (2023): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2078-7480/2023/2/85/282528.
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According to the results of scientific research and analysis of guiding documents, according to the authors of the article, the concept of maintaining the combat capability of formations (military units) of the NSU should be understood as the activities of commanders, headquarters, management bodies, moral and psychological support structures regarding their ability to put on alert, conduct hostilities, perform combat missions by maintaining the quality of management to ensure the readiness of units (military units) to perform tasks for purpose, provision of their weapons and military equipment, material means, maintenance of personnel, available forces and means of the MPZ of the moral and psychological state, its mental stability and psychological readiness for an equal level that ensures the fulfillment of the tasks. The improvement of the means of armed struggle and the complication of hostilities led to an increase in combat losses. All this exacerbated the problem of maintaining the combat capability of the troops because the combat capability of formations (military units) should first of all be maintained when put on alert, training and conducting combat operations, and secondly, if necessary, quickly recover to a level that ensures the successful completion of tasks. The experience gained in past wars to maintain the combat capability of troops basically retains value in modern conditions. But at the same time, many new circumstances have arisen that greatly complicate the solution of this problem. This is primarily due to the emergence and widespread development of the means of mass destruction, as well as systems of high-precision weapons, which can be used suddenly on a massive scale both during training and during combat, to simultaneously hit all elements of the combat order ‒ not only the first, but also the second echelons, reserves, rear units and units, regardless of their distance from the front line. Today, the likelihood of instant destruction of certain elements of the combat order of a unit and a unit, violation of the control and communication system, combat, technical, logistics support, as shown by the experience of war in the Persian Gulf, other conflicts, wars in the Middle East, Yugoslavia and especially combat operations in Ukraine, is becoming a reality. Of course, these circumstances make it extremely difficult to implement support measures, and if necessary, restore the combat capability of units, in many respects change their nature and methods of conduct. In the practice of combat activities, they are divided into tactical and special. They are reflected in the decision of the commander to battle, in setting up combat missions for units, organizing interaction and comprehensive support. When maintaining the moral and psychological state of the personnel, their mental stability and psychological readiness at the level that ensures the fulfillment of the tasks set, it is necessary to take into account the fact that in addition to losses from the influence of the enemy, the loss of combat capability is also affected by physical and nervous exhaustion, hunger, cold, etc. For this purpose, if necessary, the rotation of units (military units) should be carried out. At the same time, as the experience of the Israeli army's participation in hostilities shows, it should be borne in mind that the maximum period before the onset of nervous exhaustion for an experienced and motivated unit is about 30 days, and sleep should be no later than 48 hours. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that most of all it demotivates and frightens such stress factors as: light ‒ tracers, flashes of explosions, fire; smells – the smell of burning and burnt meat; noise – explosions, whistles, roars; shouts – commanders, wounded, dying. Therefore, when maintaining combat capability, during preparation for combat operations, it is important for commanders and their deputies to work with personnel to at least partially prepare servicemen for these stress factors (light, smells, noise, screams) so that they are not distracted from their combat missions and work, despite the unnatural and dangerous environment.
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Muschamp, Amy. "Operation Devon, Termoli 1943: ‘A catalogue of errors’?" War in History 29, no. 1 (January 2022): 248–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344520969723.
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The little-known World War II battle for Termoli, code named Operation Devon, took place in early October 1943 and began with the only Allied amphibious landing on Italy’s Adriatic coast. It was a joint operation between newly formed elite groups and regular units of the Allied armed forces. A brigade made up of two units of commandos and the 1st Special Air Service, known during this operation as the Special Raiding Squadron, was given the task of making the first landing. Despite the initial success of the operation, a drawn out and fierce battle ensued. With the help of archival material from the Imperial War Museum, London, and The National Archives, Kew, this article reconstructs the key elements of a battle that has received little scholarly attention, particularly in relation to the role of conventional forces in the fighting. In doing so, it provides an overview of the battle, analysing the main factors that led to a chaotic handover between special and regular infantry forces and what made the action ultimately successful. Finally, it reveals how the operation was part of an evolutionary process for special forces and helped to cement their role in UK military doctrine.
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Marjanovic-Dusanic, Smilja. "Relics, miracles and furta sacra: A contribution to the study of Serbo-Bulgarian relations in the 1230s." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 46 (2009): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0946281m.
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A contribution to the study of Serbo-Bulgarian relations in the 1230s The enquiry into the cult of relics and its manifestations such as miracle working, transfer of mortal remains and the act of translatio that involves the topos of furta sacra relies on two lives of St Sava of Serbia, one penned by Domentijan (Domentianus), the other by Teodosije (Theodosius). The hagiographic episodes most relevant to this enquiry are certainly those describing Sava's stay in Tirnovo, his death (1236) and the translation of his remains to his homeland (1237). The narrative about the future saint's stay and death in Tirnovo gives conscious hints of the hero's sanctity using various hagiographic devices. Especially interesting to us is the account of the miracle Sava worked in Tirnovo while officiating the Epiphany service at the church of the Forty Martyrs. According to our analysis, the reference to the Epiphany service and the association of the miracle with that particular feast are certainly not an accident. The ideology of the Second Bulgarian Empire attached great importance to the epic victory over the Romaioi at the Battle of Tryavna in 1190, which was commemorated annually on the Day of Epiphany. The Byzantine historians Niketas Choniates and George Akropolites report that the Bulgarians seized the imperial insignia during the battle. It is irrelevant whether Sava's two hagiographers were aware of the importance of the feast or simply reiterated the well-known information about the service celebrated on that day at the church of the Forty Martyrs; what is quite certain is that the great honour of officiating the service-a celebration pregnant with symbolism-was bestowed upon the most distinguished guest and that it was then that, we believe not at all by chance, his miracle-working power was manifested in public-in front of the Bulgarian tsar, all clergy and the notables. As a natural consequence of the power of working miracles manifested in one's lifetime, the holy body of Sava, who passed away shortly afterwards, joined the most highly treasured relics of the Second Bulgarian Empire deposited in the church of the Forty Martyrs. The decision of Bulgarian tsar John II Asen to have Sava buried in his own foundation dedicated to the Forty Martyrs seems to have conveyed unequivocal symbolic messages. Not only that the hagiographer uses the topos of Christ-like haste, a quality of the ideal ruler, to depict the tsar's devout haste (to have Sava's tomb built in stone and marked with imperial insignia) but he also employs the device of connecting the tsar's actions with the well-established pattern of the ruler standing firm in the faith of Christ to build an imago pietatis as well known and required in that particular place in the text. The latter obviously helps the holy remains-referred to in both hagiographies much before the reference to the revelation of hero's sanctity through the elevation of his incorrupt body-to obtain the status of relic. In that respect, the power of sepulchral dust constitutes a distinctive feature of Sava's sanctity-it testifies to the miraculous power of the place itself even after the body was removed, continuing until the ban placed on Sava's cult after the death of John Asen (1241). The ultimate proof of sanctity is the discovery of the incorrupt body after its elevatio. That is exactly what happened, after the holy one himself had appeared in the tsar's dream prompting the translation and thus the elevation of the body from the first grave. The apparition of the holy one in the form of 'a terrifying vision' came as a consequence of the request made by the Serbian side: king Vladislav, the tsar's son-in-law, had come to Tirnovo to solicit Sava's return to Serbia. As the Bulgarian side was unwilling to part with the prestigious relics, preparations for their translation began clandestinely and in great haste. To describe the events that ensued, Domentijan, the writer of the earlier of Sava's two lives, uses a recognizable narrative: the account of the furtum sacrum is placed in the framework of a parallel he was familiar with. Domentijan uses an interesting metaphor to offset the vague circumstances surrounding the event. By likening Sava's relics to the epitome of the most precious relic - the icon of the Virgin with child, well known after the apocrypha concerning the birth of Christ, he in fact uses the language of apocrypha to bypass several important topoi contained in the narrative of furta sacra. The motif in question is that of the clandestine translation of relics amidst great fear and haste and the flight from the city (the 'Persian' story used by John of Damascus in his Homilies on nativity). The purpose of the hagiographic story is to function as a double parallel. On the one hand, the holy one's relics are likened to the oldest icon taken in its symbolic, apotropaic meaning-as the shield of the fatherland and a sign of God's grace-and on the other, the story is a framework, a recognizable model of finding a parallel, used by the hagiographer to evade further clarification of the circumstances and details of the famed furtum sacrum. It is for this reason that Domentijan's emphasis on the motif of likening appears quite expectable: 'in the same way the children of this Holy One, overwhelmed by great fear and in great haste, fled secretly from the city of Tirnovo'. Teodosije's account is much more straightforward: quoting the words of the Bulgarian tsar, he overtly accuses the Serbian king of having stolen the holy one's relics and the Bulgarians notables of having been bribed, and his account seems to match the reality much more. Viewed in the context of analysis of the symbolic language of political messages, the accounts of the two hagiographers become a telling testimony to the multilayeredness of medieval texts and to the possibility of their various interpretations.
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Wardley, T., J. Goacher, S. Neep, S. Fleet, R. White, A. Banks, R. Dale, et al. "Medical and logistics aspects of the Peninsular War, 1808-1814." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 103, no. 3 (2017): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-103-206.
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AbstractFollowing the failure of the French maritime force at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon sought to dominate Europe through his ‘Continental System’, using large, conscripted, land forces to control nation states and close European ports to British trade. To counter this denial of economic opportunity Britain deployed a large force to the Iberian Peninsula in 1808. Thus ensued the Peninsular War of 1808–14. This article discusses some of the medical advances identified from the war, including force health protection measures, surgical techniques and medical evacuation.
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Lucas, Thomas W., and John A. Dinges. "The Effect of Battle Circumstances on Fitting Lanchester Equations to the Battle of Kursk." Military Operations Research 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5711/morj.9.2.17.
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Goman, Yu, and V. Liustei. "MILITARY AND POLITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE VICTORY OF THE MUSLIMS IN THE BATTLE OF AL-KAZIMA IN 633." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 149 (2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.149.2.
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The Battle of Kazima in 633 marked the beginning of a series of successful victories by General Khalid ibn al-Walid on the west bank of the Euphrates, which opened up opportunities for the Arab Caliphate to defeat the Iranian Sassanid Empire. The battle was a minor and secondary skirmish between Iranian border guards and nomadic robbers. The number of soldiers involved in the battle on both sides was not significant. In fact, the battle of Kazima was a clash between Arab Muslims and non-Muslim Arabs with the support of a small contingent of professional Iranian troops. The Iranian command followed passive and wait-and-see tactics, while the Arab military leader Khalid ibn al-Walid used mobile rapid maneuvering tactics to determine its course. The Iranian army and its allies were forced to fight after a long grueling march through the desert and weakened fighting spirit. At the beginning of the battle, the Arabs managed to trap and kill the Iranian commander Hormuzd, which further worsened the moral and psychological condition of the Arab Confederates allied with the Sassanids and led to their escape from the battlefield. The victory in the battle of Kazima had a largely moral and psychological significance for the Muslims, as it persuaded non-Muslim Arab tribes to join the Arab Caliphate. As a result of the victory at al-Kazimah, Muslims received significant material resources as military booty, which increased the influence of Muslims among the Arab leaders. It is not scientifically appropriate to call the battle of al-Kazimah a "battle of chained or tied" because of the absolute fiction of the plot about a load of iron chains in the convoy of the Iranian army. The fact that soldiers were tied up during combat formation was common in Iranian military practice, but its use was inappropriate in the Battle of Kazima.
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Shim*, Hosub. "The Battle of An Khe Pass (1972): The Implications of the South Korean Army’s Pyrrhic Victory in the Vietnamization Phase of the Vietnam War." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 40, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 74–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-20190003.
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The Battle of An Khe Pass (1972) was a Pyrrhic victory. The South Korean forces’ conduct in this battle neither frustrated the enemy’s purpose nor minimized Korean sacrifices; and the combination of the Korean’s passive attitude and the pressure to act quickly resulted in poor performance and heavy casualties. This battle revealed the Korean forces’ inherent problems and heightened their pre-existing frictions with the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces during the Vietnamization period (1969–1973). Yet, the result of the battle created the necessary circumstances to justify the Koreans’ further presence in Vietnam. Based on extensive research of various U.S. and South Korean archives, this article explores the Battle of An Khe Pass in the context of the Vietnamization phase of the Vietnam War.
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Hyder, Qurratulain, and Khawaja Husnain Haider. "The ongoing battle against COVID-19." Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine 2, no. 4 (August 16, 2020): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53986/ibjm.2020.0060.
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After spillover from Wuhan (China) in December, 2019, SARS-CoV-2 related respiratory disease (COVID-19) has rapidly affected all countries. The pandemic has posed a serious threat to world health resources. At present, there is no recommended treatment or vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. However, various drug combinations are under trial. Reversion to general principles of prevention is the preferred strategy under such circumstances. We discuss the importance of wearing a face mask and present a cost-effective approach for long-term management of COVID-19.
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Leśniewski, Michał. "Deconstructing the Myth of the Deaths of Piet and Dirk Uys." Journal of African Military History 2, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680966-00201001.
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Abstract The Battle of eThaleni was an important Zulu victory during the early stages of the Zulu-Boer War of 1838–1840. There is a surprisingly large number of studies on this battle, yet most focus on the deaths of Piet and Dirk Uys, and the heroic circumstances of their deaths, rather than on the battle itself. The lack of classical studies on this battle has led to the persistence of several assumptions concerning this battle and the causes of the Voortrekker defeat. Among these are the crucial role played in the defeat by the conflict between Potgieter and P.L. Uys, and Potgieter’s over-cautiousness during the battle, which supposedly put P.L. Uys in danger and led to his death. The goal of this text is to discuss and question these assumptions. The author argues that blame should be more evenly distributed, and that P.L. Uys was no less responsible than Potgieter for the defeat. Moreover, this text seeks to better appreciate the role of the Zulu commander, Nzobo kaSobadli, whose generalship was crucial to the Zulu victory.
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Teoc, Flavia. "Battle as a sacred game." Scandinavian Studies in Language 14, no. 2 (December 19, 2023): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sss.v14i2.142543.
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In my research, I propose a linguistic approach to skaldic praise poetry pursued and explained in the framework of Eugeniu Coseriu´s text linguistics. My study aims to demonstrate the different degrees of integration of battle’s proper meaning, from a calculated strategy in pre-Christian poems, to performing a sacred game in later Christian skaldic poems and eventually to the insertion in a ready-made structure as a unit of repeated speech. Considering kenning metaphors as sequences of repeated speech, I will also investigate to what extent the idiocultural class of battle, employed in some biblical circumstances (1 Corinthians 9:24.26; 2 Timothy:2-5; 2 Timothy 4-7, etc.), suggests a cultural model engaged in a semantic tension with the old Norse setting of the eleventh century. In my study, I will identify and discuss the sequences of repeated speech (kennings) which designate the battle and I will clarify these tensions. Taking the theory of repeated speech as a point of departure, the discussion of these issues will be structured around three types of kennings for battle: battle is storm, battle is senna (fierce verbal duels), battle is a game to play.
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McBride, Mark. "The Unavoidability of Evaluation for Interest Theories of Rights." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 33, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.11.
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In debates over rights, as much as, or perhaps more than, in any philosophical debate, it is important to see the wood from the trees. A little while ago, new life was breathed into debates over rights, as a new candidate theory emerged to rival the extant options. More specifically, Gopal Sreenivasan’s hybrid theory of (claim-) rights emerged to rival both will theory and interest theory. This new hybrid theory underwent a series of skirmishes with the interest theory. Moving from the wood, one principal ground over which battle ensued is the so-called third party beneficiary issue. And, more specifically still, descending into the trees, a particular problem within the foregoing third party beneficiary debate centred on what I shall dub Gopal’s Granny, a case wielded by Gopal Sreenivasan, particularly against one of the foremost defenders of the interest theory, Matthew Kramer.
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Tompros, Nikos, and Nikos Kanellopoulos. "The Battle of Peta (1822): when the Philhellenes fought like the Greek irregulars." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 45, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/byz.2021.5.
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The most direct and definite expression of Philhellenism during the Greek War of Independence (1821–9) was military action by European volunteers, generally officers, on the side of the revolutionaries. This article discusses the Philhellenes’ military action at the Battle of Peta in 1822, as recorded in the diary of one of the few survivors, the physician Johann-Daniel Elster. Elster's information is compared with other Greek and European sources about the battle and the conditions of the campaign in Epirus and the circumstances that led to the Philhellenes’ defeat re-evaluated.
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de Kok, Gerhard, and Harvey M. Feinberg. "Captured on the Gold Coast." Journal of Global Slavery 1, no. 2-3 (2016): 274–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00102006.
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In May of 1746, slaving captain Christiaan Hagerop illegally captured ten Gold Coast canoe paddlers, seven of whom were free Africans from Elmina and Fante. Hagerop subsequently sailed to Suriname, where he sold the paddlers into slavery. To appease the relatives of the captured men and to safeguard its reputation among local Africans, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) launched a search for the kidnapped paddlers. Six of the men were eventually located in Suriname in 1749, the seventh having died in slavery. While the Africans were transported back to the Gold Coast via Amsterdam, the WIC tried to have Hagerop extradited to its Gold Coast possessions to receive punishment for his crime. A legal battle over jurisdictional competence ensued in the Dutch Republic, the outcome of which was that the captain was made to stand trial in Amsterdam, but in the end he received very little punishment.
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SHESTAKOV, А. A. "THE COMBAT PATH OF THE 6th OREL RED BANNER RIFLE DIVISION IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: EVENTS OF 1941." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 11, no. 1 (2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2022-11-1-11-18.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the history of the creation of the 6th Orel Rifle Division and its participation in wars and armed conflicts in the period 1918-1941. Special attention is paid to the events of summer and winter in 1941. The author studies the circumstances of the division combat activity in the Border Battle, the Battle of Smolensk, the Battle for Moscow, the Yelets-Livensky offensive operation. The key event that determined the fate of the Orel Rifle Division in the Great Patriotic War is the battles in the Brest Fortress area in June 1941. As a result of the research, the author draws the conclusion that there is a relationship between the high level of combat readiness of the division and the quality of training of its command staff on the eve and at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War.
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Stankiewicz, Aleksander. "„Bitwa pod Lepanto” Tomasza Dolabelli z Kaplicy Różańcowej przy kościele podominikańskim w Poznaniu." Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe 2020(41), no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21852/sem.2020.3.10.
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The Article deals with the circumstances of ordering in 1632 the painting “The Battle of Lepanto” with the painter Tomasso Dolabella. This work has so far received numerous references in the literature, but the proposals for its interpretation have aroused discussion among researchers. The painting was originally exposed in the rosary chapel next to the former Dominican church in Poznań, where it was part of an ideological program, referring to the cult of Our Lady of the Snows and Saint Jack. The Foundation of the Rosary Brotherhood was part of the tradition of commemorating the Battle of Lepanto, which was considered a victory thanks to the intercession of the Mother of God.
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Niegowski, Krzysztof. "XXXI Międzynarodowy Festiwal Muzyki Religijnej im. ks. Stanisława Ormińskiego w Rumi (Rumia, 24-26.10.2019)." Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe 2020(41), no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21852/sem.2020.3.11.
Full textAbstract:
The Article deals with the circumstances of ordering in 1632 the painting “The Battle of Lepanto” with the painter Tomasso Dolabella. This work has so far received numerous references in the literature, but the proposals for its interpretation have aroused discussion among researchers. The painting was originally exposed in the rosary chapel next to the former Dominican church in Poznań, where it was part of an ideological program, referring to the cult of Our Lady of the Snows and Saint Jack. The Foundation of the Rosary Brotherhood was part of the tradition of commemorating the Battle of Lepanto, which was considered a victory thanks to the intercession of the Mother of God.
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Zajtchuk, Joan T. "Otolaryngic Health Service Support in the Airland Battle." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 98, no. 5_suppl (May 1989): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894890980s502.
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The Blast Injuries of the Ear Seminar was conducted to better define the state of knowledge about the medical care and consequences of blast injuries of the ear in battle. The immediate concern of this discussion was the relative importance of the finding of widespread eardrum ruptures in penetrating attacks by shaped charge munitions against the Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the M113 Armored Personnel Carrier. In order to focus on the care of the soldier with such injuries, a brief description of the current medical care and evacuation chain of the US Army, as well as the proposed future evacuation chain in the Airland Battle scenario, will be discussed. Detailed treatment of patients will be discussed in the descriptions from the Quad Service Clinical Data Base regarding wounds of the tympanic membrane. Most blast injuries of the ear would not be considered as incapacitating casualties by the Army Medical Department, except in severe circumstances.
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Chirkin, Sergei A. "Military Actions at Narva in 1700 According to the Memoirs of Swedish Warriors." RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-3-384-393.
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The beginning of the Great Northern War was extremely unfortunate for the Russian State. The siege of Narva by the Russian troops and the defeat they suffered from Karl XII in the Battle of Narva (1700) were the hardest failures of Peter I during the Great Northern War and, at the same time, they gave an impetus to the acceleration of institutional development and reforms. This explains the attention of Russian historians to the circumstances of the “Narva catastrophe.” The memories, diaries and letters of Swedish soldiers, published at the turn of the 20th century, allow us to take a fresh look at the battle and the events that preceded it, given that there is practically no such evidence from the Russian side. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to fill in the gaps in the historiography of the initial period of the Great Northern War, to clarify some details concerning the state and actions of the Russian army on the eve and at the time of the Battle of Narva, as well as its position immediately after the battle. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that most of these materials have not yet been put into circulation in Russian historical science.
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Kashirin, Vasiliy B. "The Last Victory of the Crimean Yurt: The Battle near Migeya Tract on June 7(18), 1769." Crimean Historical Review 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 29–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2023.2.29-65.
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The article is devoted to one remarkable and dramatic, but still completely unknown combat episode from the history of the initial period of the Russo-Turkish war of 1768–1774, the battle at Migeya Tract in the summer of 1769 between two regiments of light cavalry of the Russian 2nd army and the vastly superior cavalry forces of the Crimean Khanate. As a result of the mistakes of their command and the fatal coincidence of a number of circumstances, the Russian regiments were surrounded by Tatars on the banks of the Southern Bug and tried to defend themselves in wagenburg. Despite of their fierce resistance, it was taken by storm, and most of the Russian detachment was destroyed. This was the last victory in history of the armed forces of the Crimean Khanate in a field battle. The tragedy at Migeya led to an official investigation of the surviving officers and lower ranks of the two defeated Russian regiments. The materials of their interrogations contain valuable factual and psychological details related to the events of that battle. The circumstances of the fighting at Migeya reflected both: some of the strengths of the armed forces of the Crimean Khanate in the last period of its existence, and natural shortcomings of semi-regular cavalry units guarding the borders of Russian Ukraine – Company Cossacks and settled lancers regiments. Also, the events at Migeya are a remarkable episode from the history of the command of General Count P.A. Rumyantsev of the Russian 2nd army in Ukraine in the campaign of 1769, and his reaction to what happened adds new details to his portrait as a commander and a human. The article is based on previously unpublished documents from the collections of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA). The most important of them, Rumyantsev’s report and an extract from the interrogations of the participants of that battle, are published in the appendix to the article.
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Bland, Robert D. "“A GRIM MEMORIAL OF ITS THOROUGH WORK OF DEVASTATION AND DESOLATION”: RACE AND MEMORY IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 1893 SEA ISLAND STORM." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, no. 2 (April 2018): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781417000846.
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“‘A Grim Memorial of Its Thorough Work of Devastation and Desolation’: Race and Memory in the Aftermath of the 1893 Sea Island Storm” explores the political struggle that ensued in the aftermath of the August 1893 hurricane. The storm, which decimated the predominantly African American South Carolina Sea Islands, required a nine-month relief effort to assist the region's citizens in their time of need. Led by the American Red Cross, the relief effort became a new proxy for a long-standing debate over the legacy of Reconstruction and the meaning of black citizenship. This battle, waged by leaders in South Carolina's Democratic Party, Red Cross officials, writers in the national press, former abolitionists, and African Americans living in the South Carolina Sea Islands, exposed growing fissures in how Americans understood notions of charity and self-help. More than a battleground for still-nascent ideas of disaster relief, the political turmoil that followed the 1893 Sea Island Storm played a critical role in redefining the racial boundaries of the United States on the eve of the Jim Crow era.
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Pasquino, Pasquale. "Constitutionalizing Emergency Power in a Time of Jihadist Terrorism: France 2016 as a Case of Misunderstanding and Failure." German Law Journal 19, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022689.
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In this article, I present some aspects of the debate on the state of emergency that ensued in France after the terrorist attack at the Bataclan on November 13, 2015. The proposal by President Hollande to constitutionalize emergency provisions triggered the debate. I will also discuss why that attempt failed. In agreement with what Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde wrote in his article “The Repressed State of Emergency: The Exercise of State Authority in Extraordinary Circumstances,” I intend to show that constitutionalizing emergency measures—rather than presenting a threat to theRechtsstaat—may be the best way to protect it. In the absence of a constitutionalized definition of competence and limits of such an exceptional power, the government can act without limits as to the exceptional measures that it may want to take.
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Stavitsky, Vladimir V. "The problem of locating the battle of 1223 between the Mongols and the Volga Bulgars." Golden Horde Review 12, no. 2 (2024): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-2.282-291.
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Research objectives: To clarify the localization and circumstances of the battle that took place in 1223 between the Mongols and the Volga Bulgars. Research materials: Data from the Complete History of Ibn al-Asir, Russian chronicles, archaeological materials of Zolotarevsky settlement are analyzed, hypotheses of Russian historians are considered: A.Kh. Khalikov, L.N. Gumilev, I.L. Izmailov and others. Research results and scientific novelty: The 800 years since the battle of Volga Bulgars with Mongols is celebrated this year. Direct information about the battle is contained only in the work of Ibn al-Asir. Geographical coordinates of the battle are absent; it is only recorded that it took place when the Mongols approached the city of Bulgar. A.Kh. Khalikov suggested that the battle took place in the Volga region, near Samarskaya Luka. L.N. Gumilev believed that the Mongols were defeated at the crossing of the Volga, but this point of view does not agree with the data provided by Ibn al-Asir. I.L. Izmailov came to the conclusion that the battle took place on the, Upper Sura in the vicinity of the Zolotarev settlement where a significant collection of elite Mongol armament was gathered. The settlement was on a trade way from Bulgar to Kiev. Therefore, if the Mongols went from the territory of the Don region, they could hardly pass it. However, according to Chinese and Old Russian sources, the main goal of the Mongols was to defeat the Cumans. In pursuit of them they had to go to Saksin and only from there turn to the north. In the message of Ibn al-Asir there is a figure of 4 thousand Mongol warriors. A number of historians believe that it refers only to the number of troops who retreated to Saksin, but more likely is the assumption that this is the number of those who died in the battle. In this connection, only the vanguard detachment pursuing the Polovtsians was defeated in the battle.
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Laszlovszky, József, and Tibor Ákos Rácz. "Research Using Metal Detectors at the Battlefield of Muhi : Community Archaeology, Battlefield Investigation and Related Methodological Issues." Hungarian Archaeology 9, no. 4 (2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36338/ha.2020.4.7.
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The defeat of the Hungarian forces at the battle of Muhi was a key historical episode, since it opened the country to the Mongol invasion. This event had complex consequences that have not yet been fully clarified regarding the further development of Hungarian society and its economy. The identification of the site of the battlefield has contributed to the better understanding of the events of 11 April 1241. The known course of events has been established through subjective written sources that were often based on indirect information. The identification of certain elements of the battle can provide new information, since it may be possible to reconstruct the tactical options provided to the leadership of the Hungarian and Mongolian forces by the geographical circumstances and how the location influenced the outcome of the battle. The research on the battlefield of Muhi gained momentum through the assistance of volunteers associated with a number of museums using metal detectors. In this article, we investigate the following question: what kind of opportunities does community archaeology provide in the interdisciplinary investigation of an Árpád Period (1000–1301) battlefield, and what kind of practical and methodological problems face research using metal detectors?
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Goron, Alin. "Promotion of Atheism as a Principle of the Communist Ideology - Case Study: Romania." ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.7-2-2.
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The Communist ideology called for the denial of Christianity as a form of "mysticism" filled with "superstitions", but particularly as one of the factors that impeded social, economic and cultural progress. Scientific socialism, however, was meant to awaken class consciousness, setting Romanian society on a path towards true modernity. Thus a real battle ensued on the ideological front between two entities, the secular and ecclesiastical authorities, arising from the divide between traditional religious beliefs and atheist Marxism. The actions of the authorities against religious propaganda included both practical measures, which involved activities that filled the free time of the villagers, but also coercive measures consisting in political pressure or arrests. In spite of the communist regime's efforts to impose its own cultural agenda, the effects were long overdue, with rather modest results. Romania's forced development was faced with some inherent problems of the process of modernization and industrialization. The forced imposition of a foreign ideology to a conservative Eastern European area relying on obsolete mindsets, a society where 80% of the population lived in rural areas as of the end of the Second World War, required a longer period of time than the regime had originally planned.
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Nandanam, Meera K. G. "Voicing Silence: A Postcolonial Reading of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 3, no. 5 (October 17, 2023): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.5.27.
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Many African countries have been disposed to colonialism and its consequences on their livelihoods. Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Adichie Ngozi sets the scene for a long battle well known as the Biafran civil war between the Igbo tribe and its counterpart, the Hausa tribe. For two years, both ethnic tribes fought for leadership and dominance, land and its accompanying resources. This ensued into poverty, diaspora, loss of identity, identity reformation, and the deaths of countless Civilians and soldiers. This paper is an attempt to analyse Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's, Half of a Yellow Sun using the post-colonial theory. The study attempts to address the following: the context of the Biafran war, the causes of the Biafran Civil war, how the identity of the Igbo tribe was shaped under the Biafran civil war, specifically, reviewing the lived experiences of major characters within the mentioned novel, namely, Olanna, Richard and Ugwu. This study found that the identity of all three characters under preview has been shaped during the Biafran war and as a result, they have emerged from the war well rooted in their culture.
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WELLS, CHRISTOPHER J. "“Spinnin' the Webb”: Representational Spaces, Mythic Narratives, and the 1937 Webb/Goodman Battle of Music." Journal of the Society for American Music 14, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196320000061.
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AbstractBenny Goodman and Chick Webb's 1937 battle of music has become a mythic event in jazz historical narratives, enshrined as the unique spectacle that defines Harlem's Savoy Ballroom and its legacy. While this battle has been marked as exceptional and unique, as an event it was a relatively typical instantiation of the “battle of music” format, a presentational genre common in black venues during the 1920s and 1930s. Within African American communities, battles of music re-staged ballrooms as symbolically loaded representational spaces where dueling bands regularly served as oppositional totems that indexed differences of locality (Chicago vs. New York), gender (men vs. women), ethnicity (Anglo- or African American vs. Latin), or race (black vs. white). This article details the ten-year history of battles of music that preceded the Webb/Goodman battle and that made its signifying rhetoric legible within African American communities. It then argues that the disconnect between the battle's relatively typical signifying rhetoric and its subsequent enshrinement as an exceptional event occurred due to a specific confluence of circumstances in the mid-1930s that shaped its immediate reception and subsequent legacy: Goodman's emergence as the “King of Swing” during a new period of massive mainstream popularity for swing music, a coterminous vigilance among both white and black jazz writers to credit black artists as jazz's originators and best practitioners, and the emergence of athletes Jesse Owens and Joe Louis as popular black champions symbolically conquering white supremacy at home and abroad.
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ESSEX, STEPHEN, and MARK BRAYSHAY. "Boldness diminished? The post-war battle to replan a bomb-damaged provincial city." Urban History 35, no. 3 (December 2008): 437–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926808005725.
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ABSTRACTThe retreat from bold reconstruction planning in Britain's blitzed cities is now well established, although there are two notable exceptions: Coventry and Plymouth. While the circumstances in Coventry have been fully researched, the narrative in Plymouth remains untold. The aim of this article is therefore to evaluate the main formal measures required to embark on the comprehensive redevelopment of Plymouth's heavily blitzed core area and whether, despite Whitehall's failure to deliver the necessary legal and administrative powers in a timely and co-ordinated manner, the city maintained its faith in bold plans and planners.
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Walker, Clarence E. "You Can't Go Home Again: The Problem with Afrocentrism." Prospects 18 (October 1993): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300005019.
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In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Karl Marx observes, Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given, and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living. And just when they seem engaged in revolutionizing themselves and things, in creating something that has never yet existed, precisely in such periods of revolutionary crisis they anxiously conjure up the spirits of the past to their service and borrow from them names, battle cries, and costumes in order to present the new scene of world history in this timehonored disguise and this borrowed language.
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Umar Mushtaq. "A STUDY OF RELIGIOUS ISSUES INORHAN PAMUK’S THE WHITE CASTLE." International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) 3, no. 5 (August 12, 2023): 1506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i5.1119.
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Abstract:
The present paper delves into the deep-seated conundrums about faith and secularist activities in Turkey that are prominently displayed Pamuk’s narrative. It also discusses Pamuk's depiction of the dominant value system, moral norms and religious standards in modern Turkey and the Ottoman Empire. The protagonist constantly find himself in unpleasant and perplexing circumstances due to the ongoing battle to define his religious identity. The clash between secularist values and religious fanaticism remains a contentious issue in contemporary Turkey.
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Umar Mushtaq. "A STUDY OF RELIGIOUS ISSUES INORHAN PAMUK’S THE WHITE CASTLE." International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) 3, no. 5 (August 12, 2023): 1506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i5.1119.
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Abstract:
The present paper delves into the deep-seated conundrums about faith and secularist activities in Turkey that are prominently displayed Pamuk’s narrative. It also discusses Pamuk's depiction of the dominant value system, moral norms and religious standards in modern Turkey and the Ottoman Empire. The protagonist constantly find himself in unpleasant and perplexing circumstances due to the ongoing battle to define his religious identity. The clash between secularist values and religious fanaticism remains a contentious issue in contemporary Turkey.
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Kalu Obasi, Kalu,. "Echo of Poesy in South Africa’s Politics: Form and Resistance in Dennis Brutus’ “Simple Lust” and “Letters to Martha”." English Linguistics Research 6, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n4p25.
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Apartheid in South Africa began in 1948 AD with the introduction of separatist rule that introduced draconian principles in government. This made formation of associations impossible. There was no free movement of the Blacks. Pass laws were imposed to prevent the Blacks from free movement. This approach brought protest among reasonable people of the World. Within the literary circle, protest literature ensued and emerged to join forces with organizations to clamp down on the draconian system operatives in South Africa. From the 1950s through the 60s and 80s witnessed a plethora of protest literature against the system of government in South Africa. This paper entitled “Echo of Poesy in South Africa Politics: Form and Resistance in Dennis Brutus’ Letters to Martha and A Simple Lust examined South Africa’s protest literature with particular reference to Dennis Brutus’s poetry of resistance showing the various circumstances which Dennis Brutus offers his poetry of resistance.
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Khoso, Nasir Majeed, Aziz-ur-Rehman Saifee, and Qari Badruddin. "E-1 Intelligence Dimensions of Battle of Uhad." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/e1.v4.01.1-11.
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The knowledge of Intelligence/espionage is part of the secret branches of knowledge. Intelligence is the name of true and authentic information the acquisition of which is not possible generally without intense struggle and endeavor. It is such a knowledge that belongs both to the state of war and peace. It is the study of such a knowledge which is about the power and of the enemy forces and about such circumstances in which an armed action can be taken against the enemy. In other words, its objective is to have a correct, balanced and highly accurate analysis of the situation and the availability of information all the time about foes’ capabilities and intentions. The required information is gathered about the enemy during the peace time and the commander fights from beginning to the end during a war by keeping in view this information. The Battle of Uhad is a fine example of the intelligence victories. The timely transmission of information to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) about the plan of the Quraish prepared in utmost secrecy, variation in the war strategy according to the prevailing scenarios by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) and keep changing his strategy constantly according to the information acquired was a brilliant example of his complete mental and practical harmony with his intelligence department. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) always used to have flexibility in his war strategies and used to amend them off and on as per the information received.
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WÓJTOWICZ, PhD, Tomasz, and Dariusz KRÓL. "MULTI-DOMAIN BATTLE. NEW DOCTRINE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 112, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0879.
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This article describes the newest doctrine of the U.S. Armed Forces, i.e. the Multi- Domain Battle (MDB) concept. It constitutes a description of several operational principles related to a potential conflict with the People’s Republic of China or the Russian Federation, such as the time and space for conducting military operations, the operating environment, the forces (base of operations), the target, the concentration of forces and the operational leeway. The article looks at the origins of the doctrine, the circumstances under which it was formed and people who contributed to its development. The authors also refer to historical U.S. doctrines, such as the AirLand Battle or AirSea Battle concepts. Along with the authors’ enthusiastic approach to MDB, the article also features some critical opinions which imply that the U.S. Army is not ready for MDB operations. The research methods that were used by the authors included analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalisation. Much space is devoted to analysing the U.S. Army’s official documents, including Multi-Domain Battle: Evolution of Combined Arms for the 21st Century 2025-2040, FM 3-0 Operations and TRADOC Multi-Domain Battle: Combined Arms for the 21st Century. The authors believe that Multi-Domain Battle is about to become the official military doctrine of the U.S. Armed Forces. In spite of the criticism, transformations of individual combat teams in the MDB spirit should be expected in the upcoming years. This doctrine also provides a military response to the geo-political changes occurring in the world, manifested as the United State’s limited role in certain regions, China’s growing power and Russia’s aggressive foreign policy. The conclusions formulated in the article may serve as the starting point for further studies dealing, inter alia, with the Polish Army’s readiness for conducting military operations, based on the MDB doctrine, jointly with the U.S. Army, the Polish Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2AD) capabilities and the role of military technologies in the MDB doctrine. The article makes use of the exact translation of the term, i.e. “Multi-Domain Battle.” However, the reader should bear in mind that it describes capabilities not only at the tactical level but also in operational terms, enabling the accomplishment of the strategic objective.
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Francis, R. "Representations of Restructuring in the Meat-Packing Industry of Victoria." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 12 (December 1993): 1725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251725.
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Disappointment with narrowly cast industrial—political agendas and an irreconcilable gap between theory and everyday life has brought under scrutiny post-Fordist-derived accounts of industrial restructuring and capitalist social change. In this paper, it is suggested that this inadequacy can be traced to the commitment of post-Fordist writers to periodizing capitalist development as a way of defining the philosophy of capitalism. Both these tasks are pursued with, at best, a limited awareness of postmodern critiques of the modernist project. After a critique of post-Fordist methodologies, an alternative for understanding industrial restructuring is outlined by means of a case study. Recently, in Victoria, a southern state of Australia, a bitter industrial dispute has ensued concerning various attempts at restructuring. It is argued that the role of language is crucial in defining communities of interest and in defining social norms. The economic circumstances of this case indicate that they are not an automatic determinant of industrial restructuring.
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Sechenov, Igor. "The Unknown Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: the Gunners Feat." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2019.20(1).66-79.
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The article is dedicated to an episode of the Khalkhyn Gol battle that may seem insignificant at first glance. Still this episode reveals some relevant details of those events and namely, the circumstances of the battle against Japanese units in which the armor-piercing cannon crew led by lieutenant commander A. Migutin took part. Such details are normally omitted when studying historical events of different periods to present these events at a large scale. However, in our opinion, such details are relevant for research because they reflect some nonprogrammed aspects of battles against the enemy which eventually led to victory. Soviet and Japanese documents not only help reveal some bare facts, but also emotional perception of the events by the parties. Japanese officers considered the incident significant and recorded it comprehensively in their documents. Besides, Japanese documents contain comparison of Russian soldiers with Japanese ones which is the best praise a Japanese commander can give. Japanese officers were certainly impressed by Soviet gunners’ resilience and by courage of the captured junior officer. At the same time one should pay attention to the fact that the crew led by the commander not only showed extraordinary heroism and courage but also unjustifiable negligence not having taken appropriate measures of surveillance. The combination of the above mentioned facts should be taken into account when reconstructing the Khalkhyn Gol battle.
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ZOTOV, Sergey. "How Russia, after the withdrawal of Russian troops from Latvia, managed to keep the early warning radar station in Skrunda for 6 years. The Russian Ambassador’s Memoirs." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 4 (20) (December 2019): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2019-4-33-44.
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After Latvia gained independence in 1991, the question arose of withdrawing Soviet troops and military installations from the territory of the Republic. It was not only difficult, but it seemed impossible to achieve acceptable withdrawal conditions for Russia, in the euphoria of "new thinking" and the furious campaign of Latvian national radicals. The author, who was the head of the Russian State delegation at the talks with Latvia on these issues, reveals the hidden story of the ensuing diplomatic battle within its domestic and international context, analyzes its course, circumstances, lessons and importance.
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Bennett, Roger C., David S. Litvack, and Devi Singh. "Merging Theories to Explain Recent Retail Evolution." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 2, no. 1 (January 1998): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722629x98002001005.
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Retailing theory has failed to explain the massive growth of direct marketing and the evolution of factory outlets and the heightening battle between brands and powerful retail outlets. This is because of the failure of the theory to consider supply side considerations. On the other hand, channel theory largely fails to consider the role of the consumer. We argue that retailing theory must integrate supply side influences if it wants to remain relevant in present circumstances and we suggest that channel theory would be a good place to start this integration.
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Chirca, Dorin. "Security of Communications and Informatics Systems within the Modern Battle Space." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0005.
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Abstract A basic requirement for a modern communications system is the protection of the communications services provided and of the information transmitted through them. This consists of a set of security measures and procedures organized in accordance with the legal provisions in force within each military structure, for the protection of the stored, processed and transmitted information through communications and informatics systems against threats and actions/inactions that may affect their confidentiality, integrity, availability and authenticity or may affect the operation of communications and informatics systems. In these circumstances, the development of communications equipment and the growing integration of the related technical equipment is accompanied by the emergence of numerous means and processes whereby unauthorized access to classified information may be achieved, both by direct interception of the traffic - especially the one transmitted by electromagnetic waves and the unintended (parasite) radiation of the communications and computing equipment. Therefore, a secure communications system within the modern battle space cannot be concieved without technical equipment needed to protect classified information, mainly based on automatic encryption and on appropriate organizational measures
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Makse, Todd, and Anand E. Sokhey. "Revisiting the Divisive Primary Hypothesis: 2008 and the Clinton—Obama Nomination Battle." American Politics Research 38, no. 2 (March 2010): 233–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x09359560.
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The 2008 Democratic primary was marked by divisiveness as notable as its historic candidates. And while Barack Obama won the general election,political scientists would be remiss in studying divisive primary effects only when they are electorally decisive. Accordingly, we examine this largely forgotten storyline, searching for these effects throughout different segments of the electorate. Our analysis pursues evidence at multiple levels, focusing on the illustrative case of Franklin County in the bellwether state of Ohio. First, we use aggregate data and ecological inference to ascertain levels of abstention and defection among Clinton supporters, noting patterns in precincts. Next, we analyze original survey data drawn from individuals observed displaying yard signs, examining rates of participation within this engaged population. Overall, the evidence suggests that the primary produced lasting effects in terms of turnout, defection, and other participatory acts—effects that might have cost Obama the presidency under different circumstances.
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Lund, Janna. "Engelsk socialrealisme reenacted. Slaget ved Orgreave (nu og dengang)." Periskop – Forum for kunsthistorisk debat, no. 19 (May 30, 2018): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/periskop.v0i19.114006.
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The article “English social realism re-enacted – The Battle of Orgreave (now and then)” is taking inspiration from the professor in theatre and performance studies Rebecca Schneider’s study of living history and the re-enactment wave in Performing Remains from 2011. Based on Schneider’s publication, the article opens a discussion of Jeremy Deller’s comprehensive and much debated re-enactment, The Battle of Orgreave (2001). Initially the historical circumstances surrounding the clash between police and striking miners is introduced, after which the making of the piece and its execution is presented. Following this, the reception of Deller’s work in art criticism is deliberated, which forms the vantage point for a discussion of re-enactment as a medium for art. This is done through a critical examination of the reception history of Deller’s piece, along with thoughts on what impact the piece has had from the perspective of memory – both for the collective and for the individual participants in the piece. Finally, the article raises a discussion of what re-enactment can be said to contribute to our experience and reception of historical events.
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Susilo, I. Basis. "Sikap Inggris terhadap Indonesia menjelang pertempuran Surabaya 1945." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v30i12017.68-75.
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This article discusses the difference of British Government decision maker's behavior towards Indonesia since Indonesian independence until the battle of Surabaya, 10 November 1945. There are two assumptions underlying this paper: (1) that behavioural differences are frequently happened and create crises and problems, and (2) that the differences rise were based on interests and each party’s capacity that measured by the law of A=f-I&C (Attitude is the function of Interest & Capability). Based on that assumptions, this article proposes two hypotheses: (1) that the Battle of Surabaya was initialized with differences of attitudes taken by the British decision makers. and (2) that the differences were shaped by the realities they were dealing with. This paper focuses on attitudes toward: (1) the task of the British force in the Netherlands East Indies, and (2) the need to confer with the Indonesian leaders. The findings are; not only decision maker’s behaviour were different, they also dynamic depending on how they defined circumstances and development of events in Indonesia, in Netherlands, and international affairs.
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Morris, Donald, and Pingjing Qiao. "The Courts' Role as a Backstop in the Battle against Tax Complexity." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 9, no. 1 (November 1, 2011): 14–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr-10142.
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ABSTRACT Though tax complexity is a frequent topic of debate, the difficulty of defining or measuring what is meant by complexity is a stumbling block to tax simplification. Most measures of tax complexity are indirect or anecdotal. One dimension of tax complexity is addressed by the courts at an operational level—the final decision on the meaning of key words in a tax controversy. Faced with a word whose meaning is unfamiliar, unclear, or ambiguous, but critical to a tax dispute, the result may be a fork in the road. Is the term defined by statute, is it a term of art, or is it an ordinary English word? After exploring the courts' stated reliance on dictionaries in appropriate circumstances, the paper presents over 200 examples drawn from tax case law. Based on the courts' apparently increasing role as final arbiter of meaning in tax disputes, we suggest a general approach for slowing the pace of tax complexity.
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Worthington, Ian. "The Context of [Demades] On the Twelve Years." Classical Quarterly 41, no. 1 (May 1991): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800003566.
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This speech attributed to Demades has provoked controversy on the grounds of its authenticity and the circumstances to which the piece refers. The date generally assigned to its content of about 326 is determined by ‘counting forward’ twelve years (the title of the speech) from 338, since the speech details some aspects of Demades' political career starting with his diplomacy in the immediate aftermath of the battle of Chaeronea (2 August 338). The date of 326 and its implied context merit question, but first some remarks on the authenticity of the speech may be made since this is relevant to its subject.
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Jolly, R. T. "Ajax Bay." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 104, no. 1 (2018): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-104-59.
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SummaryAs a result of fierce aerial attacks on the fleet supporting the landing force on Friday, 21 May 1982, SS CANBERRA was ordered to sail from San Carlos Water. Elements of her medical organisation were hurriedly put ashore into a deserted refrigeration plant at Ajax Bay. Three weeks later they had treated over 650 battle casualties, performed 210 operations under general anaesthetic, and been bombed by Argentinian aircraft. Despite appalling circumstances, their results were a triumphant success. As Officer Commanding Medical Squadron, Commando Logistics Regiment RM, the author was in charge at Ajax Bay throughout the land phase of hostilities.
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제장명. "A Study on the Sea Battle of Noryang and the Circumstances around Yi Sun-sin's Death." military history ll, no. 78 (March 2011): 33–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29212/mh.2011..78.33.
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