Journal articles: 'The Case of Keli Lane'

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Nishino, Mizuki, James L. Patrick, and Jean M. Connors. "Case 155: Lane-Hamilton Syndrome." Radiology 254, no. 3 (March 2010): 985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.09082062.

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Wu, Ding Xin, Wei Deng, Yan Song, and Xin Luan. "Simulation on Urban High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes - A Case Study in Nanjing." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 3339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.3339.

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Dedicated bus lane (DBL) operation has been implemented in dozens of urban areas in China, and it is considered as one of the most efficient ways to solve the urban transport problem. Since the capacity of DBL is underutilized, it could be enhanced by allowing high occupancy vehicles (HOV) to use DBL lane. And this will turn DBL lane into HOV lane. However, HOV lanes are currently most used in freeways instead of urban areas especially in western countries. There is almost no HOV lane has been implemented in China nowadays.That is why research on HOV is worthy of attention. Simulation is risk-free and cost-effective way to evaluate the hypothetical implemented HOV lane. The hypothetical implemented HOV lane is located in Nanjing and evaluated using VISSIM. The simulation results shows that the HOV lane is suitable for urban areas and it can enhance speed of social vehicles with no significant effect on bus operation. At the same time, traffic delays and queue length of intersections are reduced.

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Arpriyanita, V. P., and T. Tjahjono. "Design of climbing lane on provincial road study case in Magetan Districts East Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1000, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1000/1/012032.

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Abstract The roads from Magetan Districts (East Java) to Surakarta Districts (Central Java) have high climbing conditions. This is because the location is in the mountains. This study, discusses the design of then climbing lane on road Magetan Districts, precisely on Tawangmangu-Plaosan. A climbing lane is a path that is used as an additional route added to a single or multiple traffic lane which serves to increase capacity and/or safety due to a steep gradient. The method of collecting data is by conducting a field survey to review vehicle speed, vehicle volume, road dimensions, and elevation. The results of the study were used to determine the exact location of the climbing lane, to design the climbing lane using the England Standard concept combined with literature studies.

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HUA, WEI, FENG-YAN ZHOU, and JIAN-HUA CHEN. "THE EFFECTS OF OFFSETTING AND WEDGING CELL LATTICES IN THE ON-RAMP SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics C 20, no. 07 (July 2009): 1039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183109014175.

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On-ramp is generally regarded as one of the key bottlenecks along the highway. In the present paper, three different merging relationships between on-ramp and main lane are analyzed and presented. The first case parallels each cellular position of accelerating lane to that of main lane. In the second case, each cell of accelerating lane keeps half cell ahead. The third case wedges each cell of accelerating lane into cells of main lane from 1/4 overlap to all. Based on a cellular automaton model, the simulations have been done to demonstrate how vehicles from on-ramp affect the traffic flow moving on main road under the above three different cases. The results show that driver behavior under the third case is closer to the real traffic situation in China, where an on-ramp car finds it hard to merge into main lane with the same velocity. All three phase diagrams show the complex phase transitions, but this reflects the degree of the stochastic nature of traffic flow in reality.

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Fu, Rui, Yali Zhang, Chang Wang, Wei Yuan, Yingshi Guo, and Yong Ma. "Research on the Influence of Vehicle Speed on Safety Warning Algorithm: A Lane Change Warning System Case Study." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092683.

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Speed has an important impact on driving safety, however, this factor is not included in existing safety warning algorithms. This study uses lane change systems to study the influence of vehicle speed on safety warning algorithms, aiming to determine lane change warning rules for different speeds (DS-LCW). Thirty-five drivers are recruited to carry out an extreme trial and naturalistic driving experiment. The vehicle speed, relative speed, relative distance, and minimum safety deceleration (MSD) related to lane change characteristics are then analyzed and calculated as warning rule characterization parameters. Lane change warning rules for a rear vehicle in the target lane under four-speed levels of 60 ≤ v < 70 km/h, 70 ≤ v < 80 km/h, 80 ≤ v < 90 km/h, and v ≥ 90 km/h are established. The accuracy of lane change warning rules not considering speed level (NDS-LCW) and ISO 17387 are found to be 87.5% and 79.8%, respectively. Comparatively, the accuracy rate of DS-LCW under four-speed levels is 94.6%, 93.8%, 90.0%, and 92.6%, respectively, which is significantly superior. The algorithm proposed in this paper provides warning in the lane change process with a smaller relative distance, and the accuracy rate of DS-LCW is significantly superior to NDS-LCW and ISO 17387.

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Shirke, Chaitrali, Nikhil Sumanth, Shriniwas Arkatkar, Ashish Bhaskar, and Gaurang Joshi. "Modeling expressway lane utilization and lane choice behaviour: a case study on Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway." Transportation Letters 11, no. 5 (June 21, 2017): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2017.1336859.

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Han, Dong-Hee, Yoon-Hyuk Choi, Ki-Young Lee, and So-Young Jeong. "A Case Study of Evaluation for Lane Layout of Toll Plaza including Multi-lane ETCS." Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 16, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12815/kits.2017.16.3.83.

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Abtahi, Sayyed Mahdi, Mohammad Tamannaei, and Hosein Haghshenash. "ANALYSIS AND MODELING TIME HEADWAY DISTRIBUTIONS UNDER HEAVY TRAFFIC FLOW CONDITIONS IN THE URBAN HIGHWAYS: CASE OF ISFAHAN." TRANSPORT 26, no. 4 (January 9, 2012): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.635694.

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The time headway of vehicles is an important microscopic traffic flow parameter which affects the safety and capacity of highway facilities such as freeways and multi-lane highways. The present paper intends to provide a report on the results of a study aimed at investigating the effect of the lane position on time headway distributions within the high levels of traffic flow. The main issue of this study is to assess the driver's behavior at different highway lanes based on a headway distribution analysis. The study was conducted in the city of Isfahan, Iran. Shahid Kharrazi six-lane highway was selected for collecting the field headway data. The under-study lanes consisted of passing and middle lanes. The appropriate models of headway distributions were selected using a methodology based on Chi-Square test for each lane. Using the selected models, the headway distribution diagrams were predicted for high levels of traffic flow in both the passing and middle lanes and the relationship between statistical criteria of the models and the driver's behaviors were analyzed. The results certify that the appropriate model for the passing lane is different than the one for the middle lane. This is because of a different behavioral operation of drivers which is affected by specific conditions of each lane. Through car-following conditions in the passing lane, a large number of drivers adopt unsafe headways. This shows high risk-ability of driver population which led to considerably differences in capacities and statistical distribution models of two lanes.

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Liu, Kaihua, Marco Benetti, Marco Sozzi, Franco Gasparini, and Luigi Sartori. "Soil Compaction under Different Traction Resistance Conditions—A Case Study in North Italy." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111954.

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Tractive efficiency is essential in tillage operations to optimise traction performance. In this field experiment, the tractor performance was measured under different traction resistance conditions. This study quantified the soil stress, soil bulk density, soil moisture, soil cone index, soil surface disturbance, rolling resistance and slip rate under different numbers of passes and traction conditions. The actual power used under different soil and traction conditions was collected. Fuel consumption and savings were calculated between uncompacted soil, compacted soil and the permanent traffic lane. The results show that soil stress increases in each location as traction and the number of passes increase. Soil’s physical properties increase, such as the soil bulk density, soil cone index and soil surface disturbance. Additionally, the slip rate increases with traction in each soil condition as uncompacted soil, compacted soil and the permanent traffic lane. The results show that the permanent traffic lane has a lower slip rate under different traction conditions than the uncompacted and compacted soil. Furthermore, the permanent traffic lane has less energy consumption with the same traction resistance. The permanent traffic lane saved 25.50%, 29.23% and 42.34% fuel compared to the uncompacted field in 7.85, 14.71 and 24.52 kN traction conditions, respectively. Our results confirm that dynamic factors such as traction and rolling resistance should be considered in soil compaction research rather than static weight only. In practice, the controlled traffic farming (CTF) system or driving the tractor more frequently on the permanent traffic lane should be considered to improve working efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

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Lake, Marilyn. "Socialism and Manhood: The Case of William Lane." Labour History, no. 50 (1986): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508782.

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Liu, Tong, Chang Wang, Rui Fu, Yong Ma, Zhuofan Liu, and Tangzhi Liu. "Lane-Change Risk When the Subject Vehicle Is Faster Than the Following Vehicle: A Case Study on the Lane-Changing Warning Model Considering Different Driving Styles." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 9938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169938.

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The research of early warning and control strategy considering driving styles during lane changes is a hotspot in the field of automatic driving. However, many lane-changing studies only emphasize the warning analysis when the following vehicle is faster than the subject vehicle, while neglecting the potential risk when the subject vehicle is faster than the following vehicle in the adjacent lane during lane changes. To study the lane-changing characteristics of drivers considering driving styles and to establish a personalized lane-changing warning model under different relative speed conditions, fifty participants (three females and forty-seven males) were recruited to carry out a real road driving test. A novel Gaussian mixture model with the results of k-means clustering was established to classify driving styles based on two-dimensional variables: average time gap and average minimum time to collision. The clustering result was then verified. In addition, by analyzing the relationship between the subject vehicle and the following vehicle in the adjacent lane during lane changes, a lane-changing warning model considering driving styles under different relative speed conditions was established. Results show that the clustering algorithm proposed in this paper has high separability between samples, achieving a much softer clustering result that can provide a reference for the parameter setting of the personalized driver assistance system. Furthermore, the overall recognition accuracy of the hazardous lane-changing behaviors improved after drivers were classified into different driving styles. The established lane-changing warning model has a better recognition performance for aggressive drivers when compared with the other two driver types. The results provide a basis for the algorithm design of the intelligent lane-changing warning system and can improve the user acceptance of an advanced driver assistance system for self-driving vehicles.

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Alhamdany, M., and A. H. K. Albayati. "Statistical Modeling of Time Headway on Urban Roads: A Case Study in Baghdad." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 3 (June 6, 2022): 8584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4878.

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Time headway is an important feature of traffic engineering, determined by measuring the time elapsed between successive vehicles crossing a point on the road. This paper proposes a time headway modeling of urban roads for each lane of the selected sites based on headway distribution. The study was conducted in the capital of Baghdad, Iraq. The Mohamed Al-Qassim and Qanat Al-Jaish highways were chosen to collect field headway data. Data were obtained using image processing and Python for video analysis. Each road consisted of six lanes divided into three lanes in each direction. The three lanes were studied in the forward movement of both highways. Seven flow rates were considered for the headway data to evaluate the flow state for each lane. The EasyFit 5.5 software was used to select an appropriate headway distribution for each flow rate, using a method depending on the Kolmogorov Smirnov test for each lane. The results demonstrated that the proper model per lane was different. The selected distributions were used to develop a model through nonparametric regression using Theil's slope estimator method.

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Wu, Juan Yu. "Research on Slow Lane System Planning and Design: A Case Study of Guangzhou International Biological Island Greenway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1778.

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This paper will conduct a case study of slow lane system of Guangzhou International Biological Island (GIBI) greenway network in three main phases: (1) describe building standard of slow system in Construction Guidelines of Regional Greenways in Guangdong Province; (2) analyze GIBI Greenway comprehensive plan and investigate the site to illustrate slow lane design; and (3) provide concrete improvement measure and suggestion to slow lane system. We concluded by discussing solutions of these problems, and suggested some proposals in design to meet the visitors’ requirement for the future construction of greenway. The GIBI Greenway has served as a model for riparian greenways elsewhere in Guangzhou. This research hopes to guide slow lane system’s programs and development standards to make bicycling in Guangzhou more safe, comfortable, convenient and enjoyable for all bicyclists.

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Yiğiter, Özlem Ceyhan, and Serhan Tanyel. "Lane by lane analysis of vehicle time headways — Case study of Izmir ring roads in Turkey." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 5 (December 19, 2014): 1498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0267-y.

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Yogesh, Goli Koti Veera, Anuj Sharma, and Lelitha Vanajakshi. "An Improved Inductive Loop Detector Design for Efficient Traffic Signal Operations and Leaner Space Requirements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 18 (September 28, 2018): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118798457.

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Inductive loop detectors (ILDs) are one of the most widely deployed traffic sensors. At present, for lane-by-lane detection, ILDs require separate connecting cables for each loop (each lane) and separate data acquisition systems or detector channels to process them. This becomes problematic with limited conduit and cabinet space. In most cases, transportation agencies use ILDs connected in series to avoid these constraints, in which case the lane-by-lane information is lost. However, research has shown that lane-by-lane detection can lead to safer and more efficient operations at signalized intersections. In order to ease the application of lane-by-lane detection, the current study proposes a solution that uses electronic circuit modification to convert the existing serially connected loops to carry out lane-by-lane detection. This system achieved 100% accuracy of lane-by-lane detection in test runs. The paper also proposes an improved loop design, for future installations, that can be used for vehicle classification and wrong way detection. The study implemented machine-learning algorithms for vehicle classification and direction determination with an accuracy of 99.6% and 78.57%, respectively, using single loop configuration.

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Sasahara, Fabio, Luan Guilherme Staichak Carvalho, Tanay Datta Chowdhury, Zachary Jerome, Lily Elefteriadou, and Alexander Skabardonis. "Predicting Lane-by-Lane Flows and Speeds for Freeway Segments." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 9 (July 17, 2020): 1052–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120933634.

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The Highway Capacity Manual is a major reference for evaluating the capacity and quality of service of road facilities. However, it holds the assumption that lanes perform equally, which can result in inaccuracies in performance estimation. The main purpose of this research is to develop a series of models for estimating flows and speeds by lane for various types of freeway segments, including basic, merge, and diverge types. These models consider the demand-to-capacity ratio, the presence of trucks, grade, and the presence of upstream and downstream ramps. To predict lane performance effectively, it is critical that capacity and free-flow speeds are also determined for individual lanes. Therefore, this study also investigates the relationship between segment average values and lane values for free-flow speeds and capacities, and proposes a method to estimate these parameters for each lane as a function of the segment average. Observed field data has shown that free-flow speeds and capacities have lowest values on the shoulder lanes and highest values on the median lanes. Speed and flow data were collected from 48 segments throughout the U.S.A., including basic, merge, and diverge segments, to develop flow and speed distribution models. A case example is provided to illustrate the application of the developed model and the predicted speed–flow relationship is compared with field data, with satisfactory results.

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Sholeha, Ilma, and Ayu Sholina. "IMPACT OF PORT LANES FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL (A case study of students at SDN 03 Sintete)." Abdau: Jurnal Pendidikan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36768/abdau.v3i1.110.

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This study was motivated by low motivation of students This study aims to find out the impact of port lane as social environment so that it has impact on education in SDN 03 Sintete because most of students live around the port. The study used qualitative approach and data collection techniques used were observation, interview and documentation. Sampling technique used is sampling purposive that determination of the sample based on certain consideration. The result showed that port lane had positive impact on the socio-economic society in Sintete. However, port lane also had negative impact for student’s education in SDN 03 Sintete.

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Hazim, N., L. Shbeeb, and Z. Abu Salem. "Impact of Roadside Fixed Objects in Traffic Conditions." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 2 (April 4, 2020): 5428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3226.

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Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) assumes that traffic flow rates are equally distributed between lanes, which is not always the case. Lane distribution and speed are influenced by lateral clearance on the roadsides. In Jordan, the absence of well-marked lanes and poor lane discipline results in under-utilizing of the freeway capacity. The objective of this study is to look into the impact of the presence of roadside objects on lane distribution and speed. Test sections were selected on six-lane freeway segments located in sub-urban areas on tangent highway segments. Speed measurements and distribution counts made for each lane on a directional three-lane segment of the freeway. The results showed that lane distribution significantly varies depending on lateral clearance and traffic. As lateral displacement increases, right-lane-use and left-lane-use increases while the middle-lane use remains almost at the same level. Average speed increases as the lateral clearance increases. The results also showed that average speed and lane distribution for 1.5m lateral clearances are very similar to no obstacle conditions. The impact of an obstacle is more significant on the right lane while the use of the left lane fluctuates with a significant increase if traffic flow rates reach high levels.

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Boersma, Reanne, Bart van Arem, and Frank Rieck. "Application of Driverless Electric Automated Shuttles for Public Transport in Villages: The Case of Appelscha." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 1 (June 21, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9010015.

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This paper reports on the application of electric automated vehicles in the city of Appelscha, The Netherlands. Appelscha is challenged with a predicted decline of inhabitants and an already shrinking public transport network. To preserve the region’s accessibility, the municipality started a pilot with electric automated vehicles. These vehicles drove on a separate cycle lane for six weeks in 2016. This pilot has shown that a pilot is possible, with little infrastructural changes. Even though the maximum speed of 15 km/h might suggest that automated vehicles are suitable to share the road with cyclists, the cycle lane in Appelscha was not sufficient due to the width of the cycle lane. No accidents occurred during the pilot.

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Chakravarty, Aparna, Rekha Harish, and Rizwan Uz Zaman Naqishbandi. "Lane-Hamilton Syndrome With Respiratory Failure: A Case Report." International Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 9, no. 3 (2020): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/ijcp379.

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Lobonț, Lucian, and Andrei Marius Pînzariu. "Effects of reversible lane implementation, a case study simulation." MATEC Web of Conferences 290 (2019): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929006006.

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In a modern society, transport is a necessity for carrying out certain activities that human communities are involved in. This need for mobility is on a continuous rise and can be characterized by the possibility of moving from one point to another, using different means of transport, in order to facilitate the performed activities. The purpose of this research is to design and evaluate the implementation of a system of reversible lanes using simulation. As methodology, it starts from an analysis of data collected from real traffic condition through implementation and simulation with the Synchro application. The analysis proposes solutions to decongest traffic through the implementation of reversible lanes and the simulation is performed again for impact assessment. Our results suggest that the implementation of reversible lanes can help to decongest traffic if complementary solutions are adopted. The approach can be used successfully in any scientific analysis and design approach to optimize traffic flows.

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Oommen, Esha, and Annette Esper. "A Case of Lane Hamilton Syndrome in an Adult." Chest 152, no. 4 (October 2017): A698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.727.

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Vaitsis, Panagiotis, Ioanna Zarkali, Georgia Liouta, and Socrates Basbas. "Considerations about an outbound bus lane in an urban area." Ekistics and the new habitat 81, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e2021811509.

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This paper examines the feasibility of inserting a new exclusive bus lane in the public transport network of an urban area. It gives data and a case study example that demonstrate how a bus lane can be evaluated especially how a bus lane of a relatively limited length and of a relatively low bus frequency is worth being implemented – normally - in the case of a one-way street connecting the city center with the suburbs. The approach followed, analyses the findings from a case study in the eastern part of Thessaloniki, the second largest city in Greece with a population of approximately one million inhabitants. The bus lane used as the case study is focused on an outbound direction along a one-way street that connects the city center with the eastern suburbs of the city. This bus lane operates during part of the day according to the traffic conditions and the demand needs along the road corridor where it is located. The analysis includes field measurements of traffic data along the bus lane as well as a questionnaire-based survey that was mainly focused to investigate the quality of the service as perceived by the passengers. The paper shows that such bus lane can be fully justified (though with a reduced number of buses per hour), in terms of the travel time savings that it provides, the uninterrupted bus flow operation that it provides (that minimises the time they spend on the bus) and other characteristics. Parking restrictions and other traffic regulations enforcement is, however, necessary to prevent violations by drivers of private cars and minimise any adverse effects on the bus lane’s operation.

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Huang, Junjie, Zhiling Wang, Huawei Liang, Linglong Lin, Biao Yu, Fei Dong, and Yan Xu. "Lane Marking Detection Based on Segments with Upper and Lower Structure." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (June 14, 2019): 2055005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001420550058.

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An effective and accurate lane marking detection algorithm is a fundamental element of the intelligent vehicle system and the advanced driver assistant system, which can provide important information to ensure the vehicle runs in the lane or warn the driver in case of lane departure. However, in the complex urban environment, lane markings are always affected by illumination, shadow, rut, water, other vehicles, abandoned old lane markings and non-lane markings, etc. Meanwhile, the lane markings are weak caused by hard use over time. The dash and curve lane marking detection is also a challenge. In this paper, a new lane marking detection algorithm for urban traffic is proposed. In the low-level phase, an iterative adaptive threshold method is used for image segmentation, which is especially suitable for the blurred and weakened lane markings caused by low illumination or wear. In the middle-level phase, the algorithm clusters the candidate pixels into line segments, and the upper and lower structure is used to cluster the line segments into candidate lanes, which is more suitable for curve and dashed lane markings. In the high-level phase, we compute the highest scores to get the two optimal lane markings. The optimal strategy can exclude interference similar to lane markings. We test our algorithm on Future Challenge TSD-Lane dataset and KITTI UM dataset. The results show our algorithm can effectively detect lane markings under multiple disturbance, occlusions and sharp curves.

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Vargas, Hector, Asif Raihan, Priyanka Alluri, and Albert Gan. "Jurisdiction-Specific versus SafetyAnalyst-Default Safety Performance Functions: Case Study on Two-Lane and Multi-Lane Arterials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119848710.

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Network screening is the most important step in the highway safety management process. Screening criteria based on the empirical Bayes (EB) approach are considered to be most reliable as it accounts for the regression-to-the-mean bias. However, the EB approach requires safety performance functions (SPFs), preferably calibrated to local conditions, which are often unavailable. The SafetyAnalyst software, developed by the Federal Highway Administration, automates the EB approach using the default SPFs which were developed using multiple states’ data. Local agencies are encouraged to develop jurisdiction-specific SPFs to better reflect local conditions. However, the benefits of developing local SPFs for rural and urban two-lane and multi-lane highway facilities are unclear and may vary from state to state. This research compares the performance of Florida-specific SPFs with SafetyAnalyst-default SPFs calibrated to Florida data using mean absolute deviation, mean squared predicted error, and Freeman-Tukey R-square goodness-of-fit measures. The results showed that Florida-specific SPFs generally produced better-fitted models than the calibrated SafetyAnalyst-default SPFs. In contrast, when the crash prediction capabilities of the already-available local SPFs, calibrated to the latest time period for which they will be applied, are compared with the calibrated SafetyAnalyst-default SPFs, the calibrated SafetyAnalyst-default SPFs in general were found to better predict crash frequencies compared with the existing Florida-specific SPFs calibrated to the latest data. Therefore, the local SPFs are recommended when developed using present data; however, the calibrated SafetyAnalyst-default SPFs could be used if local SPFs developed from present data are not available.

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YUAN, YAO-MING, RUI JIANG, QING-SONG WU, and RUILI WANG. "SYNCHRONIZED FLOW AND PHASE SEPARATION IN A TWO-LANE CELLULAR AUTOMATON MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics C 18, no. 02 (February 2007): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183107010401.

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This paper extends a cellular automaton model, named modified comfortable driving (MCD) model, to a two-lane roadway. A symmetric lane-changing rule set has been proposed (Set I). The fundamental diagram, the lane-changing frequency and space-time plots are presented. It is found that for the two-lane model, there exists a density range in which phase separation between synchronized flow and wide-moving jams on one lane, and between light synchronized flow and heavy synchronized flow on the other lane, can be maintained for quite long periods of time. In this density range, (i) the outflow from jams is synchronized flow; (ii) wide moving jams are sparse. These are consistent with the empirical observation. We also investigate a slightly different lane-changing rule Set II in which stopped vehicles are not allowed to change lane. It is shown that in this case, the phase separation, between free flow and wide moving jams on one lane and between free flow and heavy synchronized flow on the other lane, can be maintained for sufficiently long periods of time. Consequently, the flux is enhanced comparing to that of rule Set I.

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Ghariblu, Hashem, and Hossein B. Moghaddam. "Trajectory Planning of Autonomous Vehicle in Freeway Driving." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2021-0021.

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Abstract This paper describes trajectory planning for an Autonomous Vehicle (AV) in the freeway path. Three types of driving modes are analyzed. First was free flow, this constitutes that moving at the desired speed is determined at the beginning of the movement. Second case was car following, when overtaking or lane-change was impossible, distance or speed adaptation is executed using the variable acceleration/deceleration strategy. Third case was lane change or overtaking. For lane change or overtaking paths, the 5th degree polynomial is used to create a curvilinear path to changes its path to the left lane and then returns to its default lane. The velocity and relative distances of cars are main factors for decision making. All proper driving decisions algorithm is introduced. According to autonomous car desired velocity, in the two driving cases (fast and slow desired velocity for AV) are studied by simulation and their results analyzed and compared with together.

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Lv, Ming, Xiaojun Shao, Chimou Li, and Feng Chen. "Driving Performance Evaluation of Shuttle Buses: A Case Study of Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031408.

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The risky behaviours of bus drivers are of great concern to public health and environmental sustainability, especially for the buses operated between cities. With this in mind, the present study examined the distribution of risky behaviours among bus drivers, and the contributing factors to risky performance. To achieve this, 1648 records of GPS trajectory data and 8281 records of advance warning message data from Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge shuttle buses were obtained. The temporal and spatial distribution of risky behaviours was analysed. A random parameters negative binomial model was developed to further investigate the relationship between speed-related factors and risky behaviours. The results indicated that the warning of safety distance, lane departure, forward collision, and distraction were more likely to occur on weekdays. The period between 14 and 16 o’clock obtained the highest frequency of safety distance and lane departure warnings. Regarding the model estimation results, indicators reflecting average speed, acceleration, and number of trips per day showed a statistically significant impact on safety distance and lane departure warnings. Also, the acceleration of bus drivers showed a mixed impact on lane departure warnings. Corresponding implications were discussed according to the findings to reduce the frequency of risky behaviours in shuttle bus operations.

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Li, Li, Qing-Chang Lu, Yun-Tao Chang, and Zhong-Ren Peng. "A Compositional Analysis of Unbalanced Usages of Multiple Left-turn Lanes." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i3.2093.

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Lane usage measures distribution of a specific traffic movement across multiple available lanes in a given time. Unbalanced lane usages decrease the capacity of subject segment. This paper took multiple left-turn lanes at signalized intersections as case study, and explored the influences of some factors on the lane usage balance. Lane usages were calculated from field collected lane volumes and the constant-sum constraint among them was explicitly considered in the statistical analysis. Classical and compositional analysis of variance was respectively conducted to identify significant influential factors. By comparing the results of compositional analysis and those of the classical one, the former ones have better interpretability. It was found that left-turn lane usages could be affected by parameter variance of geometric design or traffic control, such as length of turning curve, length of upstream segment, length of signal phase or cycle. These factors could make the lane usages achieve relative balance at different factor levels.

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Liu, Yanping, and C. K. Wong. "Refining Lane-Based Traffic Signal Settings to Satisfy Spatial Lane Length Requirements." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8167530.

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In conventional lane-based signal optimization models, lane markings guiding road users in making turns are optimized with traffic signal settings in a unified framework to maximize the overall intersection capacity or minimize the total delay. The spatial queue requirements of road lanes should be considered to avoid overdesigns of green durations. Point queue system adopted in the conventional lane-based framework causes overflow in practice. Based on the optimization results from the original lane-based designs, a refinement is proposed to enhance the lane-based settings to ensure that spatial holding limits of the approaching traffic lanes are not exceeded. A solution heuristic is developed to modify the green start times, green durations, and cycle length by considering the vehicle queuing patterns and physical holding capacities along the approaching traffic lanes. To show the effectiveness of this traffic signal refinement, a case study of one of the busiest and most complicated intersections in Hong Kong is given for demonstration. A site survey was conducted to collect existing traffic demand patterns and existing traffic signal settings in peak periods. Results show that the proposed refinement method is effective to ensure that all vehicle queue lengths satisfy spatial lane capacity limits, including short lanes, for daily operation.

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Zhou, Guiliang, Lina Mao, Pengsen Hu, Feng Sun, and Xu Bao. "Research on HOV Lane Priority Dynamic Control under Connected Vehicle Environment." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (August 8, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8892859.

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The optimization of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane management can better improve the efficiency of road resources. This paper first summarized the current research on HOV lane implementation and analyzed and identifies the threshold of setting road HOV lane dynamic control under the connected vehicle environment. Then, the HOV lane priority dynamic control process was determined, and the operating efficiency and energy consumption evaluation method was proposed. Moreover, a case study in Wuxi City, China, was carried out. The results showed that, after implementing the HOV lane priority dynamic control, the total mileage of road network vehicles was saved by 4.93%, the average travel time per capita was reduced by 4.27%, and the total energy-saving rate of road network travel was 21.96%.

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Hastijanti, Retno. "Developing River Lane as an Alternative for Water Tourism Destination — Case Study: “Kalimas” River Lane of Surabaya, Indonesia." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.781.

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Surabaya, is one of the oldest cities in Indonesia. Since 1612, Surabaya has been a very busy trading center. Kalimas River, which is the river that flowing in the middle of the city of Surabaya, necessarily be a "River of Gold". It is used by traders, as a transport route for carrying goods from central Java to Surabaya. And from Surabaya, these goods are distributed throughout the world. The river management of Kalimas River is very complex. On the other hand, the development of tourism in Surabaya is very encouraging. Then, it is needed to propose a new tourism destination base on the potential of Kalimas River. Because there is no type of water attractions in Surabaya yet, so we need a study that focused on understanding the river lane as an alternative of water attraction in Surabaya. This research will be done in the realm of qualitative research. Based on the research objectives, the type of research that will be applied research so that the results can be much easier to implement. As the summary, it concluded that there are 4 steps to develop the Kalimas River lane as an aternative for water tourism destination in Surabaya, which are improving the quality of its existing condition, developing its potential to serve the purpose of water tourism, achieving the needs and expectations of the citizens of Surabaya on the river lane as an alternative water tourism destination, and finding new icon for Surabaya water tourism.

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Aljamal, Mohammad A., Derek Voight, Jacob Green, Jianwei Wang, and Huthaifa I. Ashqar. "Evaluation of the Use of a Road Diet Design: An Urban Corridor Case Study in Washington, DC." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 8964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168964.

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A traditional road diet design converts a four-lane two-way road to a three-lane road consisting of two through lanes and a center two-way left turn lane. This paper introduces a new application of the road diet design in an urban corridor. Specifically, the new application converts a four-lane two-way road into a two-lane two-way road with full-time parking lanes in both directions. The paper analyzed the traffic impacts of the road diet application on the corridor of New Jersey Avenue, northwest, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia. The corridor included five signalized and one unsignalized intersections. Before-and-after analyses using Synchro 11 simulation and Site-Specific Empirical Bayes analysis were used to evaluate and compare existing and proposed scenarios. The proposed scenario provided various benefits including offering accessibility to the businesses in the area and acting as a traffic calming strategy. For signalized intersections, the overall performance remained the same for most intersections except for one intersection (on P Street), as it is significantly impacted by the road diet design due to the dramatic increase of traffic volumes in its minor streets as a result of diverting traffic volumes from the unsignalized intersection for left and through movements. Results showed that the use of a road diet design enhanced the unsignalized intersection performance due to the traffic volume divergence from its minor streets and enhanced the safety of the study area by decreasing the annual number of predicted crashes. To achieve better operational benefits and reflect traffic demands, the paper recommends to re-optimize signal timings when a road diet design is adopted.

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Moreno, Ana Tsui, Carlos Llorca, Scott S. Washburn, Jose Elievam Jr Bessa, and Alfredo Garcia. "Operational Considerations of Passing Zones for Two-lane Highways: Spanish Case Study." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 5 (November 9, 2018): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i5.2776.

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The U.S. Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2010) methodology is used in Spain to evaluate traffic operation and quality of service. In two-lane undivided highways, the effect of limiting where drivers could pass slower vehicles, or passing restrictions, is considered through the percentage of no-passing zones. This measure does not account for how passing opportunities are distributed along the road. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect percentage of no-passing zones and average passing zone length on a two-lane highway and, if significant, incorporate them in the analysis methodology,. The TWOPAS microsimulation program was calibrated and validated to the Spanish conditions. Passing restrictions had little effect on average traffic speed (ATS), with differences lower than 6 km/h between a road segment with no passing restrictions and a road segment with a passing restriction on 100% of its length. Conversely, passing restrictions can increase the percent time spent following (PTSF) up to 30%. Increasing the passing zone length beyond 2,000 m does not improve PTSF. The new models could be used to better estimate traffic operation on Spanish two-lane highways.

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Munro, David. "Are there lane advantages in track and field?" PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): e0271670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271670.

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Shorter distance events in track and field are replete with folk tales about which lane assignments on the track are advantageous. Estimating the causal effect of lane assignments on race times is a difficult task as lane assignments are typically non-random. To estimate these effects I exploit a random assignment rule for the first round of races in short distance events. Using twenty years of data from the IAAF world athletic championships and U20 world championships, there is no evidence of lane advantages in the 100m. Contrary to popular belief, the data suggest that outside lanes in the 200m and 400m produce faster race times. In the 800m, which is unique in having a lane break, there is some weak evidence that outside lanes producer slower race times, possibly reflecting the advantage of inside lanes having an established position on the track at the lane break. Given that these results do not support common convictions on lane advantages, they also serve as an interesting case study on false beliefs.

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Yu, Xue Cai, and Wei Jiang. "MATLAB-Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Intelligent Lane Changing Model and Computer Numerical Emulation." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.885.

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Lane changing is the common behavior when cars are running. It will produce traffic conflict, reduce the efficiency of road system, and lead to malignant traffic accidents. Based on the analysis and evaluation of circular, cosine type, constant lane migration type and ladder lane transformation type, considering the driver behavior, vehicles control and dynamic constraints and thinking the obstacles as an infinite number of circles to idealize them, this paper establishes polynomial in horizontal and vertical directions respectively to indicate the position of vehicle, obtains the lane changing trajectory by testing whether the distance between circles meet some conditions, builds polynomial for the safe lane changing trajectory and real-time dynamic optimal distances between vehicles, and then utilize the MATLAB as the simulation tool to make experiments in various cases. Simulations and experimental results show that the method given in this paper to calculate the vehicle safety lane changing trajectory in the case of high-speed vehicle is feasible, effective and can give quickly safety lane changing distance.

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Zhang, Longwei, Hua Zhao, Eugene J. OBrien, and Xudong Shao. "Virtual Monitoring of orthotropic steel deck using bridge weigh-in-motion algorithm: Case study." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718764081.

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This article outlines a Virtual Monitoring approach for fatigue life assessment of orthotropic steel deck bridges. Bridge weigh-in-motion was used to calculate traffic loads which were then used to calculate “virtual” strains. Some of these strains were checked through long-term monitoring of dynamic strain data. Field tests, incorporating calibration with pre-weighed trucks and monitoring the response to regular traffic, were conducted at Fochen Bridge, which has an orthotropic steel deck and is located in Foshan City, China. In the calibration tests, a 45-t 3-axle truck ran repeatedly across Lane 2, the middle lane in a 3-lane carriageway. The results show that using an influence surface to weigh vehicles can improve the accuracy of the weights and, by inference, of remaining service life calculations. The most fatigue-prone position was found to be at the cutout in the diaphragms. Results show that many vehicles are overweight—the maximum gross vehicle weight recorded was 148 t, nearly 3.6 times heavier than the fatigue design truck.

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Hurley, Jamie W. "Utilization of Auxiliary Through Lanes at Signalized Intersections with Downstream Lane Reductions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1572, no. 1 (January 1997): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1572-20.

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The capacity of multiple through lanes at signalized intersections depends on the distribution of traffic within these lanes, with equal lane distribution corresponding to maximum capacity. However, traffic characteristics, land use, and geometric factors usually prohibit this from occurring. Although the 1994 update of the Highway Capacity Manual considers the case of continuous through lanes at signalized intersections, the default values provided do not address situations in which lane reduction takes place downstream of the intersection. Lane distribution data obtained in the field can remedy the situation but for existing conditions only. This research employed the concept of captive and choice lane users in modeling lane use for intersection configurations with a single continuous through lane and an “auxiliary” through lane, which is continuous upstream of the intersection but is dropped downstream of it. Stepwise multiple regression was performed on data collected at sites in Tennessee to ascertain those factors significantly affecting auxiliary lane use. These factors were found to be ( a) right turns off the facility at the intersection, ( b) total left turns off the facility downstream of the intersection, ( c) right turns onto the facility in the first 122 m (400 ft) upstream of the intersection, ( d) right turns off the facility in the last 152 m (500 ft) of the auxiliary lane, ( e) downstream auxiliary lane length, and ( f) the existence of left-turn bays or two-way continuous left-turn lanes downstream of the intersection. For the configuration studied, lane distribution data often differed considerably from the default values given in the Highway Capacity Manual.

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Tse, Lai Yin, Wing Tat Hung, and Agachai Sumalee. "Bus lane safety implications: a case study in Hong Kong." Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 10, no. 2 (September 28, 2012): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18128602.2012.724470.

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Salvucci, Dario D. "Inferring Driver Intent: A Case Study in Lane-Change Detection." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 48, no. 19 (September 2004): 2228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120404801905.

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41

Kaur, Harleen. "Evident based Case Study and Analysis on Lane - Change Detection." International Journal of Computer Applications 130, no. 4 (November 17, 2015): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2015906504.

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Hendrickx, Guy F. M., Katia Somers, and Yvan Vandenplas. "Lane-Hamilton syndrome: case report and review of the literature." European Journal of Pediatrics 170, no. 12 (September 23, 2011): 1597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1568-5.

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43

Fatkhurridho, Farobi, and Suma Riella Rusdiarti. "Ekofeminsime dalam Film Nona Kedi yang Tak Pernah Melihat Keajaiban (2013)." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 5, no. 3 (August 9, 2022): 695–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v5i3.471.

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The exploitation of nature and discrimination against women have similarities in unequal power relations. From an anthropocentric point of view, the exploitation of nature has relevance to the issue of feminism. It refers to the terminology of dualism hierarchy in the realm of ecofeminism. Nature and women occupy the same position, namely as objects of the oppressed. In this case, regime, capitalism, and masculinity become the dominant force that has a position as the oppressor. A Lady Caddy Who Never Saw a Hole in One (2013) is a short film that presents a form of perpetuating the issue of dualism hierarchy. The result from this research shows how a lady caddy figure becomes a symbol of the product and represents the exploitation of nature in the eviction of land for golf and luxury hotels. The patterns and symbols presented through the narrative structure and cinematographic aspects depict the relationship between capitalism, regimes, women, and nature which refer to the perpetuation of dualism hierarchy.

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Wu, Ning, and Werner Brilon. "Delays of Shared-Short Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (April 26, 2019): 450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119841561.

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At unsignalized intersections, both on the major street and on the minor street, there may be short turning lanes alongside the through lanes following downstream from one single lane. This combined system is termed a shared-short lane (SSL). Up to now it has only been possible to calculate the capacity of these lanes at the stop line and the capacity of the diverging point, where the turning lane diverges from the through lane. For the total average delay of the involved individual movements, there is no applicable estimation procedure. As a special case, the shared lane (SL), which is used by several movements without a separate turning lane, must also be reconsidered. This paper presents a new model for the estimation of average delays of SSL with SL as a special case at unsignalized intersections. The model is based on the analogy to standard queuing systems. The results depend on the length of the short lane. The model is validated by simulation. The results demonstrate that the outcome of the models in current highway capacity manuals may be misleading, with the risk of inaccurately classifying the level of service of an intersection. Therefore, there is an urgent need to complete the relevant procedures in highway capacity manuals by more realistic estimation procedures for the total delay at an SSL or an SL. The methods in this paper—even if they are rather complex—are recommended to be incorporated into future versions of highway capacity manuals using some simplifications.

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Lane, Michael P. "A Case for Early Release." Crime & Delinquency 32, no. 4 (October 1986): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128786032004003.

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The Illinois Department of Corrections includes 18 operating prisons, 16 community correctional centers, and 7 work camps with more than 19,200 adults in custody; 7 juvenile facilities housing 1,200 committed youths; adult and juvenile parole systems with more than 11,000 people under supervision; and support divisions. With an annual budget of more than $400,000, Director Lane manages an agency that employs 10,100 staff to meet the custody needs of more than 31,000 offenders.

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Yao, Ronghan. "SETTINGS OF SHORT LEFT-TURN LANE AND SIGNAL PHASE SEQUENCE FOR ISOLATED SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS." TRANSPORT 31, no. 4 (May 28, 2014): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.915427.

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At signalized intersections, short left-turn lanes are often installed to improve capacity and level of service. However, the blockage or overflow of short left-turn lane often occurs when signal phasing is not coordinated with lane configuration and traffic demands. On the basis of probability theory, the probability of no blockage and overflow of the short left-turn lane is formulated under the three common signal phase plans when the lane next to a short leftturn lane is a through lane. For this case, it is shown that the left-through phasing should be adopted for the study approach when the short left-turn lane is very short and the volume of left-turn vehicles is high enough, and the leading or lagging left-turn phasing should be adopted for the study approach when the short left-turn lane is long enough and the volume of left-turn vehicles is low enough. To optimally allocate the space for each short left-turn lane and the green time for each lane group, a new optimization model is put forward to maximize intersection capacity and guarantee an acceptable level of service for each movement for isolated signalized intersections with short left-turn lanes. The usage of this model is demonstrated by an illustrative example. The results indicate that the intersection capacity can be maximized under the same level of service by integrating the configuration of traffic lanes and the split of signal phases. Finally, the procedure for using the proposed model is given for practical applications.

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Pompigna, Andrea, and Federico Rupi. "Lane-Distribution Models and Related Effects on the Capacity for a Three-Lane Freeway Section: Case Study in Italy." Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems 143, no. 10 (October 2017): 05017010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jtepbs.0000080.

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Ramezani, Hani, Steven E. Shladover, Xiao-Yun Lu, and Osman D. Altan. "Micro-Simulation of Truck Platooning with Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control: Model Development and a Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 19 (August 29, 2018): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118793257.

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Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) systems have the potential to improve traffic flow and fuel efficiency, but these effects are challenging to estimate. This paper reports the development of a micro-simulation model to represent these impacts for heavy trucks using CACC when they share a freeway with manually driven passenger cars. The simulation incorporates automated truck-following models that have been derived from experimental data recorded on heavy trucks driven under CACC, adaptive cruise control (ACC), and conventional cruise control (CC). The simulation includes other behavioral models for lane changing, lane change cooperation and lane use restrictions for trucks to better capture real-world traffic dynamics. The paper explains the calibration of the simulation method for a 15-mile urban freeway corridor with heavy truck traffic and significant congestion. Simulation results for different market penetration rates show that truck CACC improved traffic operations for trucks in terms of vehicle miles traveled, average speed, and flow rate. In addition, truck CACC did not adversely affect passenger car operations and in some locations it even produced considerable improvements in the general traffic conditions.

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Han, Jong-Ho, and Hyun-Woo Kim. "Lane Detection Algorithm Using LRF for Autonomous Navigation of Mobile Robot." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 6229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136229.

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This paper proposes a lane detection algorithm using a laser range finder (LRF) for the autonomous navigation of a mobile robot. There are many technologies for ensuring the safety of vehicles, such as airbags, ABS, and EPS. Further, lane detection is a fundamental requirement for an automobile system that utilizes the external environment information of automobiles. Representative methods of lane recognition are vision-based and LRF-based systems. In the case of a vision-based system, the recognition of the environment of a three-dimensional space becomes excellent only in good conditions for capturing images. However, there are so many unexpected barriers, such as bad illumination, occlusions, vibrations, and thick fog, that the vision-based method cannot be used for satisfying the abovementioned fundamental requirement. In this paper, a three-dimensional lane detection algorithm using LRF that is very robust against illumination is proposed. For the three-dimensional lane detection, the laser reflection difference between the asphalt and the lane according to color and distance has been utilized with the extraction of feature points. Further, a stable tracking algorithm is introduced empirically in this research. The performance of the proposed algorithm of lane detection and tracking has been experimentally verified.

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Lannon, Caitriona, John Nelson, and Martin Cunneen. "Ethical AI for Automated Bus Lane Enforcement." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 11579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111579.

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There is an explosion of camera surveillance in our cities today. As a result, the risks of privacy infringement and erosion are growing, as is the need for ethical solutions to minimise the risks. This research aims to frame the challenges and ethics of using data surveillance technologies in a qualitative social context. A use case is presented which examines the ethical data required to automatically enforce bus lanes using camera surveillance and proposes ways of minimising the risks of privacy infringement and erosion in that scenario. What we seek to illustrate is that there is a challenge in using technologies in positive, socially responsible ways. To do that, we have to better understand the use case and not just the present, but also the downstream risks, and the downstream ethical questions. There is a gap in the literature in this aspect as well as a gap in the actual thinking of researchers in terms of understanding and responding to it. A literature review and detailed risk analysis of automated bus lane enforcement is conducted. Based on this, an ethical design framework is proposed and applied to the use case. Several potential solutions are created and described. The final chosen solution may also be broadly applicable to other use cases. We show how it is possible to provide an ethical AI solution for detecting infringements that incorporates privacy-by-design principles, while being fair to potential transgressors. By introducing positive, pragmatic and adaptable methods to support and uphold privacy, we support access to innovation that can help us mitigate current emerging risks.

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Journal articles on the topic 'The Case of Keli Lane'

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