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Journal articles on the topic "The best alternative to airpod pro"

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Grech, Philip D. "Give and Let Give: Alternative Mechanisms Based on Voluntary Contributions." Games 10, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10020021.

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We propose a new family of mechanisms, whereby players may give more or less directly to one another. A cornerstone case is the regular linear public goods mechanism (LPGM), where all contribute into a single common group account, the total amount of which is then distributed equally among players. We show that with sufficiently (yet not necessarily fully) pro-social preferences, the social optimum can be reached in Nash equilibrium in all social dilemma situations described by our mechanisms (including the LPGM). In addition, for a given heterogeneity of pro-social preferences, we help to identify which specific mechanisms perform best in terms of incentivizing giving. Our results are therefore relevant from two vantage points. One, they provide proper rational choice benchmarks based on Nash equilibrium under the assumption of other-regarding preferences. Two, they provide arguments in favor of re-structuring many collective action problems currently implemented as LPGMs when it is feasible to gain some information concerning who has concern for whom.
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Fatmayati, Fryda, Teotino Gomes Soares, Mursalim Tonggiroh, and Allan Desi Alexander. "Implementation of a Combination of Rank Reciprocal and Additive Ratio Assessment Approaches for 3D Printer Selection." Bulletin of Informatics and Data Science 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.61944/bids.v2i2.83.

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With the wide selection of 3D printers available on the market, the challenge arises for consumers and businesses to choose the device that best suits their specific needs. To determine the choice, the decision-maker must know one by one the specifications of the 3D printer to be purchased, which results in making difficult decisions and requiring a long time. This research aims to implement a combination of the Rank Reciprocal and additive ratio assessment (ARAS) approaches to make it easier to determine decisions for selecting a 3D printer. The Reciprocal Rank approach provides weight values by utilizing the reciprocal or inverse principle. Meanwhile, the ARAS approach is used to obtain the best alternative by evaluating alternative rankings based on their utility function. From the case studies that have been carried out, the highest to lowest utility values are Anycubic 4Max Pro (A2) getting a score of 0.8289, Creality Ender-3 Pro (A1) getting a score of 0.6174, Anet 3D Printer ET4 Pro (A3) getting a score of 0.5510, and Mingda Magician X2 (A4) getting a score of 0.5116. The output produced by the system in the case study carried out produces the same value as the manual calculation, meaning that the ARAS method calculation in the system is declared valid. Based on usability testing, it got a score of 90%, which shows the system is suitable for use
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Rakhmah, Syifa Nur, and Raden Aldhi Rajendra Yusuf. "Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Smartphone Gaming Android Terbaik Dengan Metode Weighted Product." Reputasi: Jurnal Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/reputasi.v3i1.1201.

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The lack of information in choosing an effective android gaming smartphone makes it difficult for people to choose the best gaming smartphone while people only know about ordinary smartphones with criteria that are not for games. By conducting this research, it can provide information in making decisions to determine the best Android gaming smartphone. Solutions using a decision support system using the Weighted Product (WP) method, the Weighted Product method can assist in making decisions but calculations using this method only produce the largest value that will be selected as the best alternative. The targeted population is the area of North Bekasi which amounted to 329,976 people with a presentation of leeway of five percent (5%) using the slovin formula and the results obtained were 399.515 rounded up to 400 samples. The criteria that have been set based on standard specification data for gaming smartphones for playing games are (price, battery, RAM, ROM, Chipset, and GPU) as well as alternatives selected based on the best gaming cellphones in 2021, namely Asus ROG Phone 3, Black Shark 3, Realme X50 Pro 5G, OPPO Find X2 Pro, Nubia Red Magic 5G. By using a decision support system using the Weighted Product method, it is concluded that the selection of the best Smartphone Gaming at this time in the North Bekasi area and the appropriate criteria have obtained satisfactory results in the selection of the best Gaming Smartphone. In other words, Asus ROG Phone 3, Black Shark 3 and OPPO Find X2 Pro are recommended as the best Android Gaming Smartphones today.
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Smulski, Sebastian, Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska, Agata Wylandowska, and Jan Włodarek. "Non-antibiotic possibilities in prevention and treatment of calf diarrhoea." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0002.

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AbstractDue to increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance and the consumers’ tendency to choose organic products, cattle farmers are interested in alternative methods of calf diarrhoea treatment. This is a major challenge for veterinarians. Few methods of non-antibiotic treatment that bring satisfactory results have been reported in the related literature so far. In this article, the authors compare different non-antibiotic methods of diarrhoea prevention and treatment in calves. Among the alternatives discussed are herbs, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, lactoferrin, and bacteriophages. It was found that the best results could be achieved through the use of pro-, pre- and synbiotics. However, the authors would like to point out that with the expansion of knowledge about the practical use of broad-scale bacteriophages, they could be the best alternative to antibiotics.
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Mráz, Attila. "HOW TO JUSTIFY MANDATORY ELECTORAL QUOTAS: A POLITICAL EGALITARIAN APPROACH." Legal Theory 27, no. 4 (December 2021): 285–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325221000252.

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ABSTRACTThis paper offers a novel substantive justification for mandatory electoral quotas—e.g., gender or racial quotas—and a new methodological approach to their justification. Substantively, I argue for a political egalitarian account of electoral quotas. Methodologically, based on this account and a political egalitarian grounding of political participatory rights, I offer an alternative to the External Restriction Approach to the justification of electoral quotas. The External Restriction Approach sees electoral quotas as at best justified restrictions on political participatory rights. I argue for the Internal Restriction Approach instead, which can justify electoral quotas by specifying the pro tanto scope of political participatory rights rather than by justifying restrictions on the pro tanto scope of these rights. On this approach, adequately set electoral quotas do not even conflict with and are not balanced against political participatory rights, while electoral quotas—when justified—are pro tanto required rather than merely permitted.
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Christy, Tika, Maha Rani, Ricki Ardiansyah, and Rini Novia. "RECOMMENDATION FOR THE BEST GAMING PHONE USING THE WEIGHT PRODUCT METHOD." JURTEKSI (Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi) 10, no. 3 (June 29, 2024): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.33330/jurteksi.v10i3.3315.

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Abstract: Mobile phones, as essential telecommunication devices today, are equipped with numerous features. The plethora of mobile phone models, especially gaming phones, requires consumers to be discerning in choosing a phone for everyday use. The problem is that many consumers do not understand how to purchase a phone that meets their specific criteria. The specifications that must be considered when selecting a gaming phone that fits within a budget and meets criteria include performance or specifications, screen quality, battery life, RAM, network connectivity, and price. A decision support system is a part of information systems designed to facilitate decision-making processes based on data or common everyday problems. The Weighted Product (WP) method is typically used in decision-making that involves multiple criteria to be considered simultaneously. Based on the WP method calculations, it was found that the recommended smartphone alternative is determined by the highest vector value (V) ranking according to user-defined criteria. The analysis results indicate that the recommended smartphone alternative is Alternative 1 with a score of 0.376, which is the Infinix GT 10 Pro, due to its comparable specifications to other models but with a more affordable price."Keywords: decision support systems ; gaming cellphone; recommendation Abstrak: Handphone sebagai perangkat telekomunikasi yang menjadi kebutuhan utama saat ini sudah dilengkapi dengan banyak fitur. Banyaknya keluaran jenis handphone khususnya handphone untuk game membuat konsumen harus pintar memilih handphone yang dapat digunakan setiap harinya Permasalahannya adalah konsumen banyak yang tidak paham bagaimana membeli handphone sesuai kriteria yang cocok. Adapun spesifikasi yang harus di saat akan memilih jenis handphone game yang sesuai dengan budget dan kriteria diantaranya adalah perfoma atau spesifikasi, tingkat kualitas layar, daya tahan batrai, RAM, koneksi jaringan, dan harga. Sistem pendukung keputusan merupakan bagian dari sistem informasi yang digunakan untuk memudahkan proses pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan data atau permasalahan yang sering ditemui dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Metode Weighted Product umumnya digunakan dalam pengambilan keputusan yang melibatkan banyak kriteria yang harus dipertimbangkan secara bersamaan. Berdasarkan proses perhitungan dengan metode WP maka didapatkan bahwa alternatif smartphone yang direkomendasikan untuk dipilih adalah smartphone yang ditentukan berdasarkan peringkat nilai vektor (V) tertinggi sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditetapkan oleh pengguna. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa alternatif smartphone yang direkomendasikan adalah Alternatif 1 dengan skor 0.376, yaitu Infinix GT 10 Pro karena memiliki spesifikasi yang hampir setara dengan yang lain namun dengan harga yang lebih terjangkau.Kata kunci: handphone game; sistem penunjang keputusan; rekomendasi
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Goswami, Shankha Shubhra, and Dhiren Kumar Behera. "An Analysis for Selecting Best Smartphone Model by AHP-TOPSIS Decision-Making Methodology." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 12, no. 3 (May 2021): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2021050107.

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This article presents the detailed study of integrated AHP-TOPSIS multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology. For these purposes, a real-life example is taken where the best smartphone mobile model is proposed among 10 different available models by implementing integrated AHP-TOPSIS methodology. The 10 mobile models selected for this analysis are presently available in the market and are from different brands having different specifications and price range. The selection process is done based on four major criteria (i.e., price, internal storage, RAM, and brand). AHP is applied for the criteria weightage's calculation, whereas TOPSIS is adopted for selecting the best alternative and make a preference ranking order indicating the best model to the worst. The final result shows that Samsung J7 is the best smartphone model followed by Redmi 7A, and Redmi K20 pro occupies the last position; thus, it is the worst model among the group.
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Michel, Piotr, Sebastian Granica, Anna Magiera, Karolina Rosińska, Małgorzata Jurek, Łukasz Poraj, and Monika Anna Olszewska. "Salicylate and Procyanidin-Rich Stem Extracts of Gaultheria procumbens L. Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Suppress Pro-Inflammatory and Pro-Oxidant Functions of Human Neutrophils Ex Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071753.

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Salicylate-rich plants are an attractive alternative to synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs due to a better safety profile and the advantage of complementary anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the co-occurring non-salicylate phytochemicals. Here, the phytochemical value and biological effects in vitro and ex vivo of the stems of one of such plants, Gaultheria procumbens L., were evaluated. The best extrahent for effective recovery of the active stem molecules was established in comparative studies of five extracts. The UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, HPLC-PDA, and UV-photometric assays revealed that the selected acetone extract (AE) accumulates a rich polyphenolic fraction (35 identified constituents; total content 427.2 mg/g dw), mainly flavanols (catechins and proanthocyanidins; 201.3 mg/g dw) and methyl salicylate glycosides (199.9 mg/g dw). The extract and its model components were effective cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, and hyaluronidase inhibitors; exhibited strong antioxidant capacity in six non-cellular in vitro models (AE and procyanidins); and also significantly and dose-dependently reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the release of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) and proteinases (elastase-2, metalloproteinase-9) in human neutrophils stimulated ex vivo by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP). The cellular safety of AE was demonstrated by flow cytometry. The results support the application of the plant in traditional medicine and encourage the use of AE for development of new therapeutic agents.
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Md Yusop, Hamidah, Ainul Azreen Adam, Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim, Chandramalar Munusami, and Siti Aishah Hussin. "Green Human Resource Management and Employee Pro-Environmental Behavior: Environmental Knowledge Best Mediate or Moderate the Relationship?" Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics 31, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 757–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.60016/majcafe.v31.28.

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Malaysia is known as a laggard in adopting environmental and social elements in projecting economies towards greener growth pathways. Accordingly, Malaysia should address this issue by directing efforts towards low-carbon and inclusive green economies rather than simply growing the economy faster. The service sector is regarded as the largest GDP contributor to economic growth. However, it demonstrates the relatively slower pace of green practices and thinking in Malaysian financial institutions. This study aims to examine the role of seven green human resource management practices as independent variables and environmental knowledge in explaining the pro-environmental behavior of employees. PLS-SEM was utilized to ascertain the causal effect between the variables, and the results were based on a survey collected from employees (N=366) in six Malaysia Development Financial Institutions (DFIs). The findings indicate that four out of seven independent variables have a positive direct effect on employee pro- environmental behavior (R2 = 68.4 percent). On the other hand, the results suggest that environmental knowledge is not an important mediator or moderator in enhancing employee behavior within this study context. However, it is worth taking into consideration that this knowledge, if utilized properly through proper implementation of organizational green practices, will enhance employee pro-environmental behavior. In other words, the significant determinants should be improved, and the non-significant determinants should be looked closely upon and strategized properly to create the same positive impact on environmental behavior. This study has extended the research on employees in six Malaysian DFIs by examining the influence of the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity core constructs. These examinations resonate with the necessity to understand whether the constructs together with personal norms of the Norm Activation Model can explain employees’ environmental behavior. This study established an alternative philosophical framework for employees and organizations to adopt a transformative change strategy.
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Burton-Chellew, Maxwell N., Heinrich H. Nax, and Stuart A. West. "Payoff-based learning explains the decline in cooperation in public goods games." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1801 (February 22, 2015): 20142678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2678.

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Economic games such as the public goods game are increasingly being used to measure social behaviours in humans and non-human primates. The results of such games have been used to argue that people are pro-social, and that humans are uniquely altruistic, willingly sacrificing their own welfare in order to benefit others. However, an alternative explanation for the empirical observations is that individuals are mistaken, but learn, during the game, how to improve their personal payoff. We test between these competing hypotheses, by comparing the explanatory power of different behavioural rules, in public goods games, where individuals are given different amounts of information. We find: (i) that individual behaviour is best explained by a learning rule that is trying to maximize personal income; (ii) that conditional cooperation disappears when the consequences of cooperation are made clearer; and (iii) that social preferences, if they exist, are more anti-social than pro-social.
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Books on the topic "The best alternative to airpod pro"

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Lynas, Mark, and Sarah Davidson Evanega. The Dialectic of Pro-Poor Papaya. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.33.

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The development and rapid adoption of genetically engineered, virus-resistant papaya for Hawaii was an early, rare successful case of a small-scale horticultural crop improved for farmers of mostly modest means by the public sector. Demand was potentially great because the technology addressed a crop-destroying disease for which there were—and are—no alternative solutions. The developers of the technology promoted diffusion with a philanthropic spirit of public-sector universities and personal commitment. Success in Hawaii demonstrated that the technology could benefit papaya growers world-wide. To replicate that success, Thailand was among the first countries to work to adapt the technology. The greatest challenge facing those charged with introducing virus-resistant transgenic papaya into Thailand turned out not to be a technical but political one as Greenpeace targeted virus-resistant papaya as the likely first GE crop to be grown in the country and thus, a gateway for other GE crops. The subsequent anti-GE papaya campaigns foiled biotechnology in Thailand and throughout Southeast Asia, which is puzzling because many biotech crops being developed in that region have similar potential to benefit smallholder farmers, impact the environment positively, and address major nutritional challenges. Many are developed by the public sector. Had Thailand successfully promoted transgenic papaya despite opposition from Greenpeace, governments and scientific agencies across Southeast Asia might have been encouraged by the success story and continued to use the tools of biotechnology in their own agricultural sectors to confront rapidly mounting global agricultural challenges. That this best-case scenario for biotechnology—a pro-poor papaya developed in the public sector without multinational property claims—has not reached resource-poor farmers in the developing world almost twenty years after its release in Hawaii offers lessons larger than a minor crop. The case aids in understanding the reasons for the limited spread of biotechnology for small farmers globally and the dimensions of opposition and reasons for success of opposition to all transgenics technologies.
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Gleń-Karolczyk, Katarzyna. Zabiegi ochronne kształtujące plonowanie zdrowotność oraz różnorodność mikroorganizmów związanych z czernieniem pierścieniowym korzeni chrzanu (Atmoracia rusticana Gaertn.). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-39-7.

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Horseradish roots, due to the content of many valuable nutrients and substances with healing and pro-health properties, are used more and more in medicine, food industry and cosmetics. In Poland, the cultivation of horseradish is considered minor crops. In addition, its limited size causes horseradish producers to encounter a number of unresolved agrotechnical problems. Infectious diseases developing on the leaves and roots during the long growing season reduce the size and quality of root crops. The small range of protection products intended for use in the cultivation of horseradish generates further serious environmental problems (immunization of pathogens, low effectiveness, deterioration of the quality of raw materials intended for industry, destruction of beneficial organisms and biodiversity). In order to meet the problems encountered by horseradish producers and taking into account the lack of data on: yielding, occurrence of infectious diseases and the possibility of combating them with methods alternative to chemical ones in the years 2012–2015, rigorous experiments have been carried out. The paper compares the impact of chemical protection and its reduced variants with biological protection on: total yield of horseradish roots and its structure. The intensification of infectious diseases on horseradish leaves and roots was analyzed extensively. Correlations were examined between individual disease entities and total yield and separated root fractions. A very important and innovative part of the work was to learn about the microbial communities involved in the epidemiology of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The effect was examined of treatment of horseradish cuttings with a biological preparation (Pythium oligandrum), a chemical preparation (thiophanate-methyl), and the Kelpak SL biostimulator (auxins and cytokinins from the Ecklonia maxima algae) on the quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the communities of these microorganisms. The affiliation of species to groups of frequencies was arranged hierarchically, and the biodiversity of these communities was expressed by the following indicators: Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, Shannon evenness index and species richness index. Correlations were assessed between the number of communities, indicators of their biodiversity and intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. It was shown that the total yield of horseradish roots was on average 126 dt · ha–1. Within its structure, the main root was 56%, whereas the fraction of lateral roots (cuttings) with a length of more than 20 cm accounted for 26%, and those shorter than 20 cm for 12%, with unprofitable yield (waste) of 6%. In the years with higher humidity, the total root yield was higher than in the dry seasons by around 51 dt · ha–1 on average. On the other hand, the applied protection treatments significantly increased the total yield of horseradish roots from 4,6 to 45,3 dt · ha–1 and the share of fractions of more than 30 cm therein. Higher yielding effects were obtained in variants with a reduced amount of foliar application of fungicides at the expense of introducing biopreparations and biostimulators (R1, R2, R3) and in chemical protection (Ch) than in biological protection (B1, B2) and with the limitation of treatments only to the treatment of cuttings. The largest increments can be expected after treating the seedlings with Topsin M 500 SC and spraying the leaves: 1 × Amistar Opti 480 SC, 1 × Polyversum WP, 1 × Timorex Gold 24 EC and three times with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL + 1 × Tytanit). In the perspective of the increasing water deficit, among the biological protection methods, the (B2) variant with the treatment of seedlings with auxins and cytokinins contained in the E. maxima algae extract is more recommended than (B1) involving the use of P. oligandrum spores. White rust was the biggest threat on horseradish plantations, whereas the following occurred to a lesser extent: Phoma leaf spot, Cylindrosporium disease, Alternaria black spot and Verticillium wilt. In turn, on the surface of the roots it was dry root rot and inside – Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The best health of the leaves and roots was ensured by full chemical protection (cuttings treatment + 6 foliar applications). A similar effect of protection against Albugo candida and Pyrenopeziza brassicae was achieved in the case of reduced chemical protection to one foliar treatment with synthetic fungicide, two treatments with biological preparations (Polyversum WP and Timorex Gold 24 EC) and three treatments with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL, 1 × Tytanit). On the other hand, the level of limitation of root diseases comparable with chemical protection was ensured by its reduced variants R3 and R2, and in the case of dry root rot, also both variants of biological protection. In the dry years, over 60% of the roots showed symptoms of Verticillium wilt, and its main culprits are Verticillium dahliae (37.4%), Globisporangium irregulare (7.2%), Ilyonectria destructans (7.0%), Fusarium acuminatum (6.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (6.0%), Epicoccum nigrum (5.4%), Alternaria brassicae (5.17%). The Kelpak SL biostimulator and the Polyversum WP biological preparation contributed to the increased biodiversity of microbial communities associated with Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. In turn, along with its increase, the intensification of the disease symptoms decreased. There was a significant correlation between the richness of species in the communities of microbial isolates and the intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. Each additional species of microorganism contributed to the reduction of disease intensification by 1,19%.
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Book chapters on the topic "The best alternative to airpod pro"

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Fairclough, Isabela. "The UK Government’s “Balancing Act” in the Pandemic: Rational Decision-Making from an Argumentative Perspective." In The Pandemic of Argumentation, 225–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91017-4_12.

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AbstractThis chapter looks at how the “balance” between lives, livelihoods and other concerns was talked about in four main newspapers in the UK, between March 2020 and March 2021, in assessing the UK government’s performance. Different arguments were made for opposite conclusions, favouring either strict and prolonged lockdowns or, on the contrary, a speedy exit from lockdown and a resumption of normal life. From the point of view of argumentation theory, the empirical data suggests that what is being balanced or weighed together in pro/con argumentation by two opposite parties are not as much the costs and benefits of one’s own proposal, but the costs of one proposal against the costs of its alternative (a “cost-cost” analysis). Rather than defending their own proposal by arguing that the benefits outweigh the costs, each side is criticizing the opponent’s proposal by claiming that the costs of their proposal are more unacceptable than the costs of their own. An implicit minimax strategy (minimize costs in a worst-case scenario) was applied in different ways, depending on how the consequences were assessed, and how this assessment changed over time. The debate over lockdown illustrated an interesting type of pro/con argument, typical to crisis situations, in which all the intended “benefits” were in fact avoided “costs”, and contrasted a medical/epidemiological perspective with a political perspective on the best course of action.
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Gilson*, Stuart C. "Methodological Issues in Cross Country Comparisons of Commercial Bankruptcy Law: Comment on Papers by Eisenberg Ta gashira, and Rajak." In Current Developments in International and Comparative Corporate Insolvency Law, 261–66. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198258964.003.0010.

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Abstract The large number of corporate bankruptcies recently seen in most developed market economies has inspired an active debate over what kind of bankruptcy system best serves the goals of public policy and economic efficiency. In the USA reorganization practices as embodied in chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code have come under increasing attack from legislators, academics, and the media. Such criticism has led some to pro pose replacing chapter 11 with an alternative system patterned after the bankruptcy law of some other country, or that takes a market based (rather than legal) approach to dealing with corporate insolvency.’
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"threatening the rest of the private sector, was especially conducive to this solution. None the less, the experience of post-reform agriculture in a number of socialist countries indicates that this is in practice the best way of articulating such disparate forms of production. Third, that the process of capitalist agricultural development does generate a large proletariat, even though it is disguised in the form of impoverished peasantry. This means that the agrarian reform can proceed in socialised production forms in the 'capitalist' sector without direct peasant owner-ship of land. It is true that in the Nicaraguan case, the relatively high land endowment per head reduced this pressure, but it is also important not to overestimate the 'peasant' nature of agriculture in Latin America [Goodman andRedclift, 1981], because this tends to lead to agrarian reform proposals which ignore the inevitable role of agriculture as the base of the national accumulation model in almost all underdeveloped economies in transition. Fourth, that in the case of Nicaragua, this logic has probably been carried too far. In implementing a project to eliminate the exploitative relation-ship between capitalist export agriculture and the peasantry (cheap labour and cheap food) by establishing a stable rural proletariat and secure food supplies, the revolutionary state has effectively undermined the remaining peasant economy without providing a coherent alternative. This has produced a new contradiction in the agrarian development model proposed for the rest of the century, when the revolution not only depends upon the mountain peasantry for defence against external aggression but also for food supplies during the transitional accumulation period. A successful agrarian accumulation model, above all during the tran-sition, must provide for an adequate articulation of distinct forms of pro-duction as part of the process of rural transformation." In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 231–32. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-41.

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