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Journal articles on the topic 'Thalmus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Qi, Yiming, and Xiaoling Hu. "MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ON THE LARVA OF CTENOPH-THALMUS QU ADRATUS (SIPHONAPTERA:HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE)." Insect Science 5, no. 2 (June 1998): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.1998.tb00313.x.

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2

Sunarto. "Growth of Gracilaria under Different Planting Distances in Pond." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.8.157-161.

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<p>The use of non-productive shrimp ponds for cultivation of <em>Gracilaria</em> is one of the strategies that can be performed to achieve production target of seaweed. This study was conducted to determine the influence of different planting distances on growth of <em>Gracilaria</em> cultivated in pond. <em>Gracilaria</em> was separately planted in distant of 20x20 cm; 25x25 cm; 30x30 cm and 35x35 cm in pond for 45 days cultivation. Relative growth rate and thallus length increment were measured to obtain an optimal planting distance. The results of study showed that 25x25 cm planting distance resulted in a higher relative growth rate (137.8%) and increment of thallus length (15.3%) compared with other treatments. Thus, cultivation of <em>Gracilaria</em> in an unproductive pond with 25x25 cm planting distance may improve production.</p> <p>Keywords : non-productive ponds, planting distance, <em>Gracilaria</em></p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Pemanfaatan tambak udang yang tidak produktif untuk budidaya <em>Gracilaria</em> merupakan salah satu strategi yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencapai target produksi rumpul laut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jarak tanam yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan <em>Gracilaria</em> di tambak. Gracilaria ditanam terpisah dengan jarak 20x20 cm; 25x25 cm; 30x30 cm dan 35x35 cm di tambak selama 45 hari pemeliharaan. Pertumbuhan relatif dan panjang thalus diukur untuk memperoleh jarak tanam yang optimal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jarak tanam 25x25 cm memberikan pertumbuhan relatif (137.8%) dan pertambahan panjang thalus (15.3%) tertinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Dengan demikian, budidaya <em>Gracilaria</em> di tambak tidak produktif dengan jarak tanam 25x25 xm diduga sangat membantu untuk mencapai target produksi rumput laut.</p> <p>Kata kunci : tambak non-produktif, jarak tanam, Gracilaria</p>

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3

Gregersen, Inger K., Marit Nøst Hestmark Hegseth, Ruth H. Kongsbak, Therese Moe, and Fosholt. "The relationship between thallus mass, surface area and apothecium production in Umbilicaria rigida." Nova Hedwigia 82, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2006): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0082-0115.

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4

Pearce, J. M. S. "Thalamus." European Neurology 57, no. 3 (2007): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000098475.

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5

Miller. "Thallus." Fairy Tale Review 15 (2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/fairtalerevi.15.1.0098.

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6

Sherman, S. "Thalamus." Scholarpedia 1, no. 9 (2006): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.1583.

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7

Leamey, Catherine A., and Mriganka Sur. "The Thalamus." Neuron 34, no. 4 (May 2002): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00681-5.

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8

Rothwell, J. "The Thalamus." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 50, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.50.3.372-a.

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9

Baier, Bernhard, Julian Conrad, Thomas Stephan, Valerie Kirsch, Thomas Vogt, Janine Wilting, Wibke Müller-Forell, and Marianne Dieterich. "Vestibular thalamus." Neurology 86, no. 2 (December 11, 2015): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002238.

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10

Cola, M. G., D. N. Gray, B. Seltzer, and C. G. Cusick. "Human thalamus." NeuroReport 10, no. 18 (December 1999): 3733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199912160-00002.

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11

Hamori, J. "The thalamus." Neuroscience 19, no. 4 (December 1986): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(86)90152-1.

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12

Martino, Matteo, Paola Magioncalda, Benedetta Conio, Laura Capobianco, Daniel Russo, Giulia Adavastro, Shankar Tumati, et al. "Abnormal Functional Relationship of Sensorimotor Network With Neurotransmitter-Related Nuclei via Subcortical-Cortical Loops in Manic and Depressive Phases of Bipolar Disorder." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz035.

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Abstract Objective Manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder (BD) show opposite psychomotor symptoms. Neuronally, these may depend on altered relationships between sensorimotor network (SMN) and subcortical structures. The study aimed to investigate the functional relationships of SMN with substantia nigra (SN) and raphe nuclei (RN) via subcortical-cortical loops, and their alteration in bipolar mania and depression, as characterized by psychomotor excitation and inhibition. Method In this resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study on healthy (n = 67) and BD patients (n = 100), (1) functional connectivity (FC) between thalamus and SMN was calculated and correlated with FC from SN or RN to basal ganglia (BG)/thalamus in healthy; (2) using an a-priori-driven approach, thalamus-SMN FC, SN-BG/thalamus FC, and RN-BG/thalamus FC were compared between healthy and BD, focusing on manic (n = 34) and inhibited depressed (n = 21) patients. Results (1) In healthy, the thalamus-SMN FC showed a quadratic correlation with SN-BG/thalamus FC and a linear negative correlation with RN-BG/thalamus FC. Accordingly, the SN-related FC appears to enable the thalamus-SMN coupling, while the RN-related FC affects it favoring anti-correlation. (2) In BD, mania showed an increase in thalamus-SMN FC toward positive values (ie, thalamus-SMN abnormal coupling) paralleled by reduction of RN-BG/thalamus FC. By contrast, inhibited depression showed a decrease in thalamus-SMN FC toward around-zero values (ie, thalamus-SMN disconnection) paralleled by reduction of SN-BG/thalamus FC (and RN-BG/thalamus FC). The results were replicated in independent HC and BD datasets. Conclusions These findings suggest an abnormal relationship of SMN with neurotransmitters-related areas via subcortical-cortical loops in mania and inhibited depression, finally resulting in psychomotor alterations.

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13

Glimcher, Paul W., and Brian Lau. "Rethinking the thalamus." Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 8 (August 2005): 983–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0805-983.

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14

Jones, E. G. "Thalamus and pain." APS Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-9139(06)80014-8.

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15

Taber, K. H. "The Limbic Thalamus." Journal of Neuropsychiatry 16, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.2.127.

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16

Brasier, Clive. "A champion thallus." Nature 356, no. 6368 (April 1992): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/356382a0.

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17

KRUGER, L. "Neuroanatomy: The Thalamus." Science 232, no. 4753 (May 23, 1986): 1028–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4753.1028-a.

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18

Siska, È., Gy Geréby, and St Tariska. "Die ,,Thalamus-Demenz"." Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie 53, no. 08 (August 1985): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1001975.

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19

Yen, Chen-Tung, and Pen-Li Lu. "Thalamus and pain." Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica 51, no. 2 (June 2013): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aat.2013.06.011.

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20

Bruyn, G. W. "Thalamus and pain." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 83, no. 1 (January 1988): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(88)90025-1.

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21

Voorhoeve, P. E. "Thalamus and pain." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 85, no. 3 (July 1988): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(88)90192-x.

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22

Hammer, Samuel. "Vegetative Establishment and Expansion By the Mycobiont of Cladina Subtenuis." Lichenologist 29, no. 4 (July 1997): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1997.0093.

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AbstractCladina subtenuis establishes and expands by mechanisms of the thallus mycobiont. Vegetative reproduction occurs through thallus fragmentation, branch ‘ de-differentiation ’, and the extension of the underground prothallus. Establishment hyphae can be considered as any hyphae that provide the mechanism for these modes of clonal thallus extension. They may originate in various parts of the thallus, laterally on branch surfaces, at the growing tips of branches, or from the inner fungal layers of the podetium. The thallus of C. subtenuis is structurally and functionally plastic. Parts of the photosynthetic lichen thallus can transform into nonphotosynthetic fungal aggregations, and non-photosynthetic aggregations may re-establish as a photosynthetic lichen thallus. These activities expand the area occupied by the clone, and potentially increase its photosynthetic surface.

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23

GAIO-OLIVEIRA, Gisela, Lena DAHLMAN, Kristin PALMQVIST, and Cristina MÁGUAS. "Responses of the lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. to varying thallus nitrogen concentrations." Lichenologist 37, no. 2 (March 2005): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282904014598.

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The responses of the nitrophytic green algal lichen Xanthoria parietina to varying nitrogen (N) concentrations were investigated by collecting 67 X. parietina thalli from clay roof tiles from 13 sites in Portugal with different exposures to N. Concentrations of total N, chlorophyll a (a marker for the photobiont), ergosterol (a marker for the mycobiont), and thallus specific weight (TSW; thallus dry weight in relation to surface area) were quantified for each thallus to see how biont investments were related to thallus N concentrations. Thallus N ranged from 11 to 43 mg g−1 DW revealing a wider N concentration range in this lichen compared to other green algal lichen species. Both chlorophyll a and ergosterol concentrations increased with increasing thallus N, with a steeper increase of the photobiont marker. TSW was similar in all thalli without any significant effect of thallus N concentration, suggesting that thallus developmental patterns are similar in low and high thallus N concentrations. The relatively higher resource allocation to the photobiont in relation to the mycobiont with increasing thallus N concentrations is an indication of the capacity of X. parietina to meet the C demands associated with N assimilation. This result is also in agreement with the inter-specific resource allocation pattern for green algal lichens across the same N concentration range.

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24

Ošťádal, Rastislav, and Jana Hazdrová. "Thallus morphology of two Antarctic foliose lichens evaluated by a digital optical microscopy approach ( Short Communication)." Czech Polar Reports 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2016-1-8.

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Digital microscopy is an emerging technique that combines the tools of classic light microscopy with a computerized imaging system. The main components of digital microscopy is image formation by optics of the system, image registration by a digital camera, saving of image data in a file format that enables advanced image analysis.In this paper, we bring first data on application of digital microscopy approach in lichen thallus morphology study. Two Antarctic lichen species (Xanthoria elegans, Umbilicaria decussata) with a foliose morphotype of their thallus were studied. Both experimental species had an irregularly round or eliptic shape of a thallus that enabled to measure its diameter. After magnifition, images were taken in dry and fully-hydrated state of thallus in order to evaluate hydration-dependent size changes in thallus size and structures. It has been demonstrated that hydration-dependent size increment depend on thallus size and particular part of thallus. Mean increment of thallus diameter reached 15.1% and 13.8% for X. elegans and U. decussata, respectively. Higher value of diameter increment (26 %) was found for the upper projection area of apothecia, fruiting bodies developed over the upper thallus surface of X. elegans. Size and volume increment in thallus parts is discussed as a consequence of water holding capacity of lichens, and a capability of lichens to hold intra- and extracellular water upon full hydration of a thallus. Finally, a potential of digital microscopy for future studies is discussed as well as some processing techniques such as e.g. metrics of profile lines through 3-D objects like apothecia.

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25

Chen, Chih-Ping, and Fu-Shan Jaw. "NOCICEPTIVE RESPONSES OF THE LATERAL THALAMIC NUCLEUS EVOKED BY PINCH IN ANESTHETIZED RATS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 23, no. 05 (October 2011): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237211002700.

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Pinch was used as a noxious stimulus and applied to the tail and hindlimbs of rats to investigate the nociceptive responsiveness of neurons in the lateral thalamus. Pinch stimuli were applied with calibrated pincher, and glass micropipettes filled with 3 M NaCl served as recording electrodes. The lateral thalamus of six rats under ketamine anesthesia was probed, including the ventrobasal (VB) complex and the posterior thalamic nucleus ( Po ), while the noxious stimulus was applied. Neuronal responses in the lateral thalamus were identified with the aid of an audio monitoring device and an oscilloscope, and several inclusion criteria had to be met. A total of 168 neurons were studied across the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL), ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM), and Po of the thalamus. Of the neurons assessed in the lateral thalamus, 38 responded to the nociceptive stimuli, and most were located within the Po region of the thalamus. Very few were located in the VB. The number of responsive neurons in the anterior region of the lateral thalamus was significantly greater than the number of responsive neurons in the posterior region of the lateral thalamus. This finding indicates that the anterior region of the lateral thalamus, especially the Po area, may respond more vigorously to noxious stimuli than the posterior region.

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26

Li, Yong-Hua, Jia-Jia Li, Qin-Chi Lu, Hai-Qing Gong, Pei-Ji Liang, and Pu-Ming Zhang. "Involvement of Thalamus in Initiation of Epileptic Seizures Induced by Pilocarpine in Mice." Neural Plasticity 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/675128.

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Studies have suggested that thalamus is involved in temporal lobe epilepsy, but the role of thalamus is still unclear. We obtained local filed potentials (LFPs) and single-unit activities from CA1 of hippocampus and parafascicular nucleus of thalamus during the development of epileptic seizures induced by pilocarpine in mice. Two measures, redundancy and directionality index, were used to analyze the electrophysiological characters of neuronal activities and the information flow between thalamus and hippocampus. We found that LFPs became more regular during the seizure in both hippocampus and thalamus, and in some cases LFPs showed a transient disorder at seizure onset. The variation tendency of the peak values of cross-correlation function between neurons matched the variation tendency of the redundancy of LFPs. The information tended to flow from thalamus to hippocampus during seizure initiation period no matter what the information flow direction was before the seizure. In some cases the information flow was symmetrically bidirectional, but none was found in which the information flowed from hippocampus to thalamus during the seizure initiation period. In addition, inactivation of thalamus by tetrodotoxin (TTX) resulted in a suppression of seizures. These results suggest that thalamus may play an important role in the initiation of epileptic seizures.

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27

Ekman, Stefan, and Håkon Holien. "Bacidia Caesiovirens, A New Lichen Species from Western Europe." Lichenologist 27, no. 2 (March 1995): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1995.0008.

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AbstractBacidia caesiovirens S. Ekman & Holien sp. nov. is described from Norway, and the British Isles. It occurs on trunks of deciduous trees in coastal forests. This species is usually sterile and is characterized by its conspicuously blue-green, granular thallus, which contains a bluish, N+ purple pigment. It is closely related to B. biatorina (Körb.) Vain., but differs from this species in a number of features apart from thallus pigmentation: the thallus granules are smaller, the amount of hyphal projections from the surface of the thallus granules is larger, and the internal pigmentation of the apothecia is different. Bacidia auerswaldii (Hepp ex Stizenb.) Mig. has a similarly granular thallus but differs from B. biatorina and B. caesiovirens in having wide, fusiform spores and smaller thallus granules. Bacidia absistens (Nyl.) Arnold has an internal apothecium pigmentation similar to B. caesiovirens, but differs in having a smooth thallus, and an abundance of minute crystals in the excipulum.

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28

Llano, Daniel A., Bernard J. Slater, Alexandria M. H. Lesicko, and Kevin A. Stebbings. "An auditory colliculothalamocortical brain slice preparation in mouse." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00605.2013.

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Key questions about the thalamus are still unanswered in part because of the inability to stimulate its inputs while monitoring cortical output. To address this, we employed flavoprotein autofluorescence optical imaging to expedite the process of developing a brain slice in mouse with connectivity among the auditory midbrain, thalamus, thalamic reticular nucleus, and cortex. Optical, electrophysiological, anatomic, and pharmacological tools revealed ascending connectivity from midbrain to thalamus and thalamus to cortex as well as descending connectivity from cortex to thalamus and midbrain and from thalamus to midbrain. The slices were relatively thick (600–700 μm), but, based on typical measures of cell health (resting membrane potential, spike height, and input resistance) and use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, the slices were as viable as thinner slices. As expected, after electrical stimulation of the midbrain, the latency of synaptic responses gradually increased from thalamus to cortex, and spiking responses were seen in thalamic neurons. Therefore, for the first time, it will be possible to manipulate and record simultaneously the activity of most of the key brain structures that are synaptically connected to the thalamus. The details for the construction of such slices are described herein.

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29

Moustafa, Ahmed A., Ryan D. McMullan, Bjorn Rostron, Doaa H. Hewedi, and Harry H. Haladjian. "The thalamus as a relay station and gatekeeper: relevance to brain disorders." Reviews in the Neurosciences 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2016-0067.

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AbstractHere, we provide a review of behavioural, cognitive, and neural studies of the thalamus, including its role in attention, consciousness, sleep, and motor processes. We further discuss neuropsychological and brain disorders associated with thalamus function, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome, and sleep disorders. Importantly, we highlight how thalamus-related processes and disorders can be explained by the role of the thalamus as a relay station.

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30

Anttila, Jenni E., Suvi Pöyhönen, and Mikko Airavaara. "Secondary Pathology of the Thalamus after Focal Cortical Stroke in Rats is not Associated with Thermal or Mechanical Hypersensitivity and is Not Alleviated by Intra-Thalamic Post-Stroke Delivery of Recombinant CDNF or MANF." Cell Transplantation 28, no. 4 (April 2019): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689719837915.

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A stroke affecting the somatosensory pathway can trigger central post-stroke pain syndrome (CPSP). The symptoms often include hyperalgesia, which has also been described in rodents after the direct damage of the thalamus. Previous studies have shown that hemorrhagic stroke or ischemia caused by vasoconstriction in the thalamus induces increased pain sensitivity. We investigated whether inducing secondary damage in the thalamus by a cortical stroke causes similar pain hypersensitivity as has previously been reported with direct ischemic injury. We induced a focal cortical ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats, quantified the amount of secondary neurodegeneration in the thalamus, and measured whether the thalamic neurodegeneration is associated with thermal or mechanical hypersensitivity. After one month, we observed extensive neuronal degeneration and found approximately 40% decrease in the number of NeuN+ cells in the ipsilateral thalamus. At the same time, there was a massive accumulation—a 30-fold increase—of phagocytic cells in the ipsilateral thalamus. However, despite the evident damage in the thalamus, we did not observe thermal or mechanical sensitization. Thus, thalamic neurodegeneration after cortical ischemia-reperfusion does not induce CPSP-like symptoms in rats, and these results suggest that direct ischemic damage is needed for CPSP induction. Despite not observing hyperalgesia, we investigated whether administration of cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) into the ipsilateral thalamus would reduce the secondary damage. We gave a single injection (10 µg) of recombinant CDNF or MANF protein into the thalamus at 7 days post-stroke. Both CDNF and MANF treatment promoted the functional recovery but had no effect on the neuronal loss or the amount of phagocytic cells in the thalamus.

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31

Mantanona, Craig P., Tadej Božič, Yogita Chudasama, Trevor W. Robbins, Jeffrey W. Dalley, Johan Alsiö, and Ilse S. Pienaar. "Dissociable contributions of mediodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei in visual attentional performance: A comparison using nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 12 (October 24, 2020): 1371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120965880.

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Background: Thalamic subregions mediate various cognitive functions, including attention, inhibitory response control and decision making. Such neuronal activity is modulated by cholinergic thalamic afferents and deterioration of such modulatory signaling has been theorised to contribute to cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the thalamic subnuclei and cholinergic receptors involved in cognitive functioning remain largely unknown. Aims: We investigated whether muscarinic or nicotinic receptors in the mediodorsal thalamus and anterior thalamus contribute to rats’ performance in the five-choice serial reaction time task, which measures sustained visual attention and impulsive action. Methods: Male Long-Evans rats were trained in the five-choice serial reaction time task then surgically implanted with guide cannulae targeting either the mediodorsal thalamus or anterior thalamus. Reversible inactivation of either the mediodorsal thalamus or anterior thalamus were achieved with infusions of the γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic agonists muscimol and baclofen prior to behavioural assessment. To investigate cholinergic mechanisms, we also assessed the behavioural effects of locally administered nicotinic (mecamylamine) and muscarinic (scopolamine) receptor antagonists. Results: Reversible inactivation of the mediodorsal thalamus severely impaired discriminative accuracy and response speed and increased omissions. Inactivation of the anterior thalamus produced less profound effects, with impaired accuracy at the highest dose. In contrast, blocking cholinergic transmission in these regions did not significantly affect five-choice serial reaction time task performance. Conclusions/interpretations: These findings show the mediodorsal thalamus plays a key role in visuospatial attentional performance that is independent of local cholinergic neurotransmission.

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32

Benedict, Ralph HB, Hanneke E. Hulst, Niels Bergsland, Menno M. Schoonheim, Michael G. Dwyer, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, Jeroen JG Geurts, and Robert Zivadinov. "Clinical significance of atrophy and white matter mean diffusivity within the thalamus of multiple sclerosis patients." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 19, no. 11 (March 4, 2013): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458513478675.

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Background: Gray-matter (GM) atrophy is strongly predictive of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The thalamus is the region where the atrophy/cognition correlation is most robust. However, few studies have assessed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics within the thalamus. Objective: This study was designed to determine if thalamus white matter DTI predicts cognitive impairment after accounting for the effects of volume loss. Methods: We enrolled 75 MS patients and 18 healthy controls undergoing 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thalamus volumes were calculated on 3D T1 images. Voxelwise analyses of DTI metrics were performed within the thalamic white matter tracts. Neuropsychological (NP) testing, acquired using consensus standard methods, contributed measures of memory, cognitive processing speed and executive function. Results: All cognitive tests were significantly predicted ( R2 =0.31, p<0.001) by thalamus volume after accounting for influence of demographics. Mean diffusivity was retained in regression models predicting all cognitive tests, adding from 7–13% of additional explained variance ( p<0.02) after accounting for thalamus volume. Conclusions: We confirm the significant role of thalamus atrophy in MS-associated cognitive disorder, and further report that subtle thalamus pathology as detected by DTI adds incremental explained variance in predicting cognitive impairment.

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33

Radhakrishnan, VV, R. Neelima, Mathew Abraham, TR Kapilamoorthy, and DivyataRajendra Hingwala. "Pediatric gliosarcoma of thalamus." Neurology India 60, no. 6 (2012): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.105222.

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34

Shepherd, Gordon M. "Perception without a Thalamus." Neuron 46, no. 2 (April 2005): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.012.

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35

Buhler, A., J. Choi, H. Proudfit, and G. Gebhart. "Brainstem, thalamus, and cortex." Journal of Pain 5, no. 3 (April 2004): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2004.02.039.

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36

LaGraize, S., J. Borzan, H. Waldo, Y. Peng, and P. Fuchs. "Brainstem, thalamus, and cortex." Journal of Pain 5, no. 3 (April 2004): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2004.02.040.

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37

Zambreanu, L., R. Wise, J. Brooks, G. Iannetti, and I. Tracey. "Brainstem, thalamus, and cortex." Journal of Pain 5, no. 3 (April 2004): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2004.02.542.

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38

Siska, E., G. Gereby, and S. Tariska. "Thalamic Dementia (Thalamus-Demenz)." Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 1, no. 1 (1987): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002093-198701000-00043.

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39

Temel, Y., V. Visser-Vandewalle, L. Ackermans, and E. A. M. Beuls. "Thalamus and penile erection." International Journal of Impotence Research 16, no. 6 (April 15, 2004): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901233.

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Martin, Paul R. "Colour through the thalamus." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 87, no. 4-5 (July 2004): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05055.x.

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Blumenfeld, Hal. "The Thalamus and Seizures." Archives of Neurology 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.59.1.135.

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Mori, E., and A. Yamadori. "Medial Thalamus and Memory." Archives of Neurology 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 482–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1989.00520410016012.

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Obeidat, Ahmed Z., and Joseph P. Broderick. "Teaching NeuroImages: Crying thalamus." Neurology 88, no. 9 (February 27, 2017): e72-e73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003664.

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Jeanmonod, Daniel, Michel Magnin, and Anne Morel. "Thalamus and neurogenic pain." NeuroReport 4, no. 5 (May 1993): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199305000-00003.

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Nolte, C. H., M. Endres, and G. J. Jungehülsing. "Vaskuläre Syndrome des Thalamus." Der Nervenarzt 82, no. 2 (December 18, 2010): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00115-010-3197-z.

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Percheron, G., C. François, B. Talbi, J. Yelnik, and G. Fénelon. "The primate motor thalamus." Brain Research Reviews 22, no. 2 (August 1996): 93–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(96)00003-3.

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47

Inserra, Antonio, Danilo De Gregorio, Tamim Rezai, Martha Graciela Lopez-Canul, Stefano Comai, and Gabriella Gobbi. "Lysergic acid diethylamide differentially modulates the reticular thalamus, mediodorsal thalamus, and infralimbic prefrontal cortex: An in vivo electrophysiology study in male mice." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881121991569.

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Background: The reticular thalamus gates thalamocortical information flow via finely tuned inhibition of thalamocortical cells in the mediodorsal thalamus. Brain imaging studies in humans show that the psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) modulates activity and connectivity within the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit, altering consciousness. However, the electrophysiological effects of LSD on the neurons in these brain areas remain elusive. Methods: We employed in vivo extracellular single-unit recordings in anesthetized adult male mice to investigate the dose–response effects of cumulative LSD doses (5–160 µg/kg, intraperitoneal) upon reticular thalamus GABAergic neurons, thalamocortical relay neurons of the mediodorsal thalamus, and pyramidal neurons of the infralimbic prefrontal cortex. Results: LSD decreased spontaneous firing and burst-firing activity in 50% of the recorded reticular thalamus neurons in a dose–response fashion starting at 10 µg/kg. Another population of neurons (50%) increased firing and burst-firing activity starting at 40 µg/kg. This modulation was accompanied by an increase in firing and burst-firing activity of thalamocortical neurons in the mediodorsal thalamus. On the contrary, LSD excited infralimbic prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons only at the highest dose tested (160 µg/kg). The dopamine D2 receptor (D2) antagonist haloperidol administered after LSD increased burst-firing activity in the reticular thalamus neurons inhibited by LSD, decreased firing and burst-firing activity in the mediodorsal thalamus, and showed a trend towards further increasing the firing activity of neurons of the infralimbic prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: LSD modulates firing and burst-firing activity of reticular thalamus neurons and disinhibits mediodorsal thalamus relay neurons at least partially in a D2-mediated fashion. These effects of LSD on thalamocortical gating could explain its consciousness-altering effects in humans.

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Swanson, Larry W., Olaf Sporns, and Joel D. Hahn. "The network organization of rat intrathalamic macroconnections and a comparison with other forebrain divisions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 27 (June 18, 2019): 13661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905961116.

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The thalamus is 1 of 4 major divisions of the forebrain and is usually subdivided into epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, and ventral thalamus. The 39 gray matter regions comprising the large dorsal thalamus project topographically to the cerebral cortex, whereas the much smaller epithalamus (2 regions) and ventral thalamus (5 regions) characteristically project subcortically. Before analyzing extrinsic inputs and outputs of the thalamus, here, the intrinsic connections among all 46 gray matter regions of the rat thalamus on each side of the brain were expertly collated and subjected to network analysis. Experimental axonal pathway-tracing evidence was found in the neuroanatomical literature for the presence or absence of 99% of 2,070 possible ipsilateral connections and 97% of 2,116 possible contralateral connections; the connection density of ipsilateral connections was 17%, and that of contralateral connections 5%. One hub, the reticular thalamic nucleus (of the ventral thalamus), was found in this network, whereas no high-degree rich club or clear small-world features were detected. The reticular thalamic nucleus was found to be primarily responsible for conferring the property of complete connectedness to the intrathalamic network in the sense that there is, at least, one path of finite length between any 2 regions or nodes in the network. Direct comparison with previous investigations using the same methodology shows that each division of the forebrain (cerebral cortex, cerebral nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus) has distinct intrinsic network topological organization. A future goal is to analyze the network organization of connections within and among these 4 divisions of the forebrain.

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Younis, Samaira, Anders Hougaard, Rodrigo Noseda, and Messoud Ashina. "Current understanding of thalamic structure and function in migraine." Cephalalgia 39, no. 13 (August 4, 2018): 1675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102418791595.

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Objective To review and discuss the literature on the role of thalamic structure and function in migraine. Discussion The thalamus holds an important position in our understanding of allodynia, central sensitization and photophobia in migraine. Structural and functional findings suggest abnormal functional connectivity between the thalamus and various cortical regions pointing towards an altered pain processing in migraine. Pharmacological nociceptive modulation suggests that the thalamus is a potential drug target. Conclusion A critical role for the thalamus in migraine-related allodynia and photophobia is well established. Additionally, the thalamus is most likely involved in the dysfunctional pain modulation and processing in migraine, but further research is needed to clarify the exact clinical implications of these findings.

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Marsden, J. F. "Coherence between cerebellar thalamus, cortex and muscle in man: Cerebellar thalamus interactions." Brain 123, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.7.1459.

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