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1

1939-, Jones Edward G., and Llinás R. 1934-, eds. Thalamic oscillations and signaling. New York: Wiley, 1989.

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2

Steriade, Mircea. Thalamic oscillations and signaling. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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3

Diego, Minciacchi, ed. Thalamic networks for relay and modulation. Oxford [England]: Pergamon Press, 1993.

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4

MacMillan, Meeka. Responses of human thalamic and subthalamic nucleus neurons during sequential movements. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.

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5

Patra, Sanjay. Response properties of human thalamic neurons to high frequency micro-stimulation. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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6

Marina, Bentivoglio, and Spreafico Roberto, eds. Cellular thalamic mechanisms: Based on contributions to the symposium held in Verona, Italy, 22-25 August 1987. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988.

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7

Zoltán, Molnár. Development of thalamocortical connections. Berlin: Springer, 1998.

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8

Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.

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9

Saalmann, Yuri B., and Sabine Kastner. Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Attention in the Visual Thalamus. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.013.

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Neural mechanisms of selective attention route behaviourally relevant information through brain networks for detailed processing. These attention mechanisms are classically viewed as being solely implemented in the cortex, relegating the thalamus to a passive relay of sensory information. However, this passive view of the thalamus is being revised in light of recent studies supporting an important role for the thalamus in selective attention. Evidence suggests that the first-order thalamic nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, regulates the visual information transmitted from the retina to visual cortex, while the higher-order thalamic nucleus, the pulvinar, regulates information transmission between visual cortical areas, according to attentional demands. This chapter discusses how modulation of thalamic responses, switching the response mode of thalamic neurons, and changes in neural synchrony across thalamo-cortical networks contribute to selective attention.
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10

Montgomery, Erwin B. Discrete Neural Oscillators. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0017.

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The therapeutic mechanisms of action of DBS likely involve neural and neuronal oscillators. “Neuronal oscillators” describes periodic fluctuations of electrical potentials across the neuronal membrane, particularly in the soma, which is reflected in an action-potential-initiating segment. “Neural oscillators” describes closed loop (feedback) multi-neuronal polysynaptic circuits, on account of the propagations of action potentials through the circuit. Neural oscillators are the focus of this chapter. The features, properties and dyanmics introduced in Chapter 16 – Basic Oscillators are extended from continuous harmonic oscillators to discrete neural oscillators. While discrete oscillators received scant attention to date, systems of discrete oscillators have much richer set of dynamics that could provide better understanding of the pathophysiology and physiology of neural systems, such as the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical system as well as greater insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of action underlying DBS.
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11

Bleck, Thomas P. Pathophysiology and causes of seizures. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0231.

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Seizures result from imbalances between excitation and inhibition, and between neuronal synchrony and dyssynchrony. Current models implicate the cerebral cortex in the genesis of seizures, although thalamic mechanisms (particularly the thalamic reticular formation) are involved in the synchronization of cortical neurons. Often, the precipitants of a seizure in the critical care setting are pharmacological. Several mechanisms linked to critical illness can lead to seizures. Failure to remove glutamate and potassium from the extracellular space, functions performed predominantly by astrocytes, occurs in trauma, hypoxia, ischaemia, and hypoglycaemia. Loss of normal inhibition occurs during withdrawal from alcohol and other hypnosedative agents, or in the presence of GABA. Conditions such as cerebral trauma, haemorrhages, abscesses, and neoplasms all produce physical distortions of the adjacent neurons, astrocytes, and the extracellular space. Deposition of iron in the cortex from the breakdown of haemoglobin appears particularly epileptogenic. Although acute metabolic disturbances can commonly produce seizures in critically-ill patients, an underlying and potentially treatable structural lesion must always be considered and excluded.
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12

Halassa, Michael M., ed. The Thalamus. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108674287.

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The thalamus is a key structure in the mammalian brain, providing a hub for communication within and across distributed forebrain networks. Research in this area has undergone a revolution in the last decade, with findings that suggest an expanded role for the thalamus in sensory processing, motor control, arousal regulation, and cognition. Moving beyond previous studies of anatomy and cell neurochemistry, scientists have expanded into investigations of cognitive function, and harness new methods and theories of neural computation. This book provides a survey of topics at the cutting edge of this field, covering basic anatomy, evolution, development, physiology and computation. It is also the first book to combine these disciplines in one place, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of thalamus research, and will be an essential resource for students and experts in biology, medicine and computer science.
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13

Sherman, S. Murray, and W. Martin Usrey. Exploring Thalamocortical Interactions. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197503874.001.0001.

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The thalamus and cerebral cortex are active and necessary partners in the processing of signals essential for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. This partnership is absolute, as neither the thalamus nor the cortex can be understood in any meaningful way in isolation from the other. This book provides readers with fundamental knowledge about the cells and circuits that mediate thalamocortical interactions and then explores new ideas that often challenge conventional understanding. Some of the major themes emphasized throughout the book include the need for a proper classification of thalamocortical and corticothalamic circuits, the role of spike timing for thalamocortical and corticothalamic communication and the mechanisms for modulating spike timing, the organization and function of corticothalamic feedback projections, the role of higher order thalamic nuclei in cortico-cortical communication and cortical functioning, attentional modulation of thalamocortical interactions, and a rethinking of efference copies and distinguishing neural signals as sensory versus motor. Importantly, to encourage readers to think beyond the material and views provided throughout the book, each chapter closes with a section on “Some Outstanding Questions” to stimulate creative approaches to increase our understanding of thalamocortical interactions.
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14

(Editor), Reha Erzurumlu, William Guido (Editor), and Zoltán Molnár (Editor), eds. Development and Plasticity in Sensory Thalamus and Cortex. Springer, 2006.

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15

Erzurumlu, Reha, William Guido, and Zoltan Molnar. Development and Plasticity in Sensory Thalamus and Cortex. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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16

Guillery, Ray. The role of the thalamocortical hierarchy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0013.

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This chapter presents evidence that at each level of the thalamocortical hierarchy the strength of our conscious perceptions increases. Conscious processes are not all-or-none effects, they are graded. Four factors may be particularly relevant for understanding the neural production of conscious experiences: (1) the actions of the thalamic gate; (2) the neural activity that anticipates an organism’s actions; (3) the activity of the hierarchy of cortical monitors; and particularly (4) the motor actions produced by the outputs of the cortical monitors and acting on the phylogenetically old parts of the brain: these serve to keep actions in accord with anticipations.
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17

Functional Connections Of Cortical Areas A New View From The Thalamus. MIT Press Ltd, 2013.

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18

Thalamocortical Assemblies: How Ion Channels, Single Neurons and Large-Scale Networks Organize Sleep Oscillations. Oxford University Press, USA, 2001.

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19

(Editor), I. Darian-Smith, ed. The Anatomy of Manual Dexterity: The New Connectivity of the Primate Sensorimotor Thalamus and Cerebral Cortex (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology). Springer-Verlag Telos, 1996.

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20

Beck, Diane M., and Sabine Kastner. Neural Systems for Spatial Attention in the Human Brain. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.011.

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Spatial attention has been studied for over a half a century. Early behavioural work showed that attending to a location improves performance on a variety of tasks. Since then substantial progress has been made on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these effects. This chapter reviews the neuroimaging literature, as well as related behavioural and single-cell physiology studies, on visual spatial attention. In particular, the chapter frames much of the work in the context of the biased competition theory of attention, which argues that a primary mechanism of attention is to bias competition among stimuli in the visual cortex in favour of an attended stimulus that, as a result, receives enhanced processing to guide behaviour. Accordingly, the authors have organized this chapter into two related sections. The first summarizes the effects of attention in the visual cortex and thalamus, the so-called ‘site’ of attention. The second explores the relationship between attention and fronto-parietal mechanisms which are thought to be the ‘source’ of the biasing signals exerted on the visual cortex.
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21

Sprigings, David. Coma. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0040.

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Coma is a pathological state of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be roused to wakefulness by stimuli, and reflects dysfunction of the brainstem reticular system and its thalamic projections (the neuronal basis of wakefulness), or diffuse injury of both cerebral hemispheres. A unilateral lesion of a cerebral hemisphere (e.g. haemorrhagic stroke) will not cause coma unless there is secondary compression of the contralateral hemisphere or brainstem. Coma is a medical emergency, because a comatose patient is at high risk of permanent brain injury or death, caused either by the underlying disorder or the secondary effects of coma. Stabilization of the airway, breathing, and circulation, and exclusion of hypoglycaemia are the first priorities, before diagnosis is explored further. Clinical assessment together with neuroimaging will usually identify the likely cause or causes. The clinical approach to diagnosis and management of the comatose patient is described in this chapter.
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22

Brennan, Brian P., and Scott L. Rauch. Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Overview and Synthesis. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0021.

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Studies using functional neuroimaging have played a critical role in the current understanding of the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Early studies using positron emission tomography (PET) identified a core cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit that is dysfunctional in OCD. Subsequent studies using behavioral paradigms in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have provided additional information about the neural substrates underlying specific psychological processes relevant to OCD. More recently, studies utilizing resting state fMRI have identified abnormal functional connectivity within intrinsic brain networks including the default mode and frontoparietal networks in OCD patients. Although these studies, as a whole, clearly substantiate the model of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit dysfunction in OCD and support the continued investigation of neuromodulatory treatments targeting these brain regions, there is also growing evidence that brain regions outside this core circuit, particularly frontoparietal regions involved in cognitive control processes, may also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of OCD.
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23

Price, Chane, Zahid Huq, Eellan Sivanesan, and Constantine Sarantopoulos. Pain Pathways and Pain Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0001.

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Pain is a multidimensional sensory experience that is mediated by complex peripheral and central neuroanatomical pathways and mechanisms. Typically, noxious stimuli activate specific peripheral nerve terminals onto Aδ‎ and C nerve fibers that convey pain and generate signals that are relayed and processed in the spinal cord and then conveyed via the spinothalamic tracts to the contralateral thalamus and from there to the brain. Acute pain is self-limited and resolves with the healing process, but conditions of extensive injury or inflammation sensitize the pain pathways and generate aberrant, augmented responses. Peripheral and central sensitization of neurons (as a result of spatially and temporally excessive inflammation or intense afferent signal traffic) may result in hyperexcitability and chronicity of pain, with spontaneous pain and abnormal evoked responses to stimuli (allodynia, hyperalgesia). Finally, neuropathic pain follows injury or disease to nerves as a result of hyperexcitability augmented by various sensitizing mechanisms.
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24

Guillery, Ray. Starting to study the brain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 takes a look at some of the basic assumptions, questions, rules, laws, and dogmas that we encounter, use, or ignore when we study the brain. As a student, I was taught to study the brain as a functional part of a whole animal, and the nervous system as a part of biology. I was introduced to the ‘neuron doctrine’, which was applied specifically to studies of the brain. I became aware of its strengths and gradually learnt its weaknesses. I learnt the difference between descriptive science and science as a hypothetico-deductive system, and began to see myself as a descriptive scientist looking for areas of the unknown still needing to be explored. I have used this chapter to illustrate, that for the most complex parts of the brain, the rules that are useful where we know and understand many details are often irrelevant or confused where, as for the thalamus and cortex, we know only a few of the relevant details. This book has been written about areas where we often lack such details, where crucial questions have not been asked because they did not arise under the standard perception-to-action model. New questions become relevant under the interactive view, providing opportunities for many new, needed descriptive studies.
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25

Guillery, Ray. The role of the brain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces two interpretations of how we know about the world. One, the standard, sensory-to-motor view, is that physical actions for sounds, lights, tastes, smells, and so on act on our sense organs to produce messages that are sent through the nervous system to the cerebral cortex, where the relevant structures of the world can be recognized and appropriate motor actions can be initiated. The other is an interactive sensorimotor view where the nervous system records our interactions with the world, abstracting our knowledge about the world from these interactions. These two opposing views have rarely been considered in terms of specific neural pathways or the messages that they carry; that is the plan for this book. Each view leads to different sets of interpretations of experiments and to different sets of research proposals. The final part of the chapter explores a well-studied and widely taught clinical condition that illustrates the confusions that can arise when the dual meaning of the driver messages to the thalamus is not recognized.
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26

The connection of brains theory: Brain,brain waves,mind,physiology of brain,cosmic memory,humanaly memory,unlimited memory,limited memory,limbic system,thalamus,hypothalamus,midbrain,cortex, cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex ,cerebellum,cerebellar cortex,neuron,neurons,gray neurons,white neuronal,CNS,think,thoughts,Nervous system,Monkey brain,Brain Animals,Animal memory,central nervous system,smart energy,intelligent energy, intelligence creation,smartness animals,physiology of thinking,the cosmic memory,thinking system,limbic system, the cerebral cortex, brain waves, Humanaly understanding, universal memory, five senses, experiences, Human Magical Talent, book "Human Magical Talent", empirical understanding, the Spherical shape of the head,Walking on two legs, structural differences of the skull, genotype of cortical neurons, cortical neurons, past experiences, see, hear, touch, Clever behaviors, up the cortical lobes of the brain, cortical lobes, cortical lobes of the brain, Fornal lobe, planning and decisions, , planning, decisions, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, deeper parts of the brain, deep processing, brain through, genetics, phenotype,genotype, the cortical lobes, cortical lobes, HMT theory, HMT, communication of brains theory, 2% difference of the genome of brain neurons, The spherical shape of the human head, grooves of the brain, grooves, Neocortex neurons, Neocortex, brain grooves, brain proteins, catecholamines, mental habits, human cognitive abilities ,mental experience , dream, Sensory receptors, Dendrit , dendritic spines, motor neurons, hippocampus, sensory dendrites, meaningful electrical pulses, brain reactions, experiences received, shape of the brain(3D oval mode), dendritic branches , brain satellite dish full of grooves, pyramidal neurons of the neocortex , Purkinje neurons, fantastic brain, fantastic mind, grooves on the surface of the brain, grooves in the cortex, mammalian brain, cognitive abilities, human brain neurons, creativity determine, animal creativity, HMT talent, Creativity in humans, science of psychology, psychology, The idea of HMT, negative thoughts, Mental Experience, the connection of the brain to cosmic memory,koorosh behzad,. https://archive.org/details/the-connection-of-brains-theory_202207: archive.org publisher, 2022.

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27

(Editor), T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger (Editor), and K. Mizumura (Editor), eds. The Polymodal Receptor - A Gateway to Pathological Pain (Progress in Brain Research). Elsevier Science, 1996.

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