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1
Minegishi, Makoto. "Description of Thai as an isolating language." Social Science Information 50, no. 1 (March 2011): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018410389107.
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The article illustrates morphosyntactic characteristics of Thai, an isolating language, in contrast to the modern European languages. Thai is characterized as a topic-prominent language, where the voluntary–spontaneous contrast rather than transitive–intransitive one plays significant roles in forming basic sentence constructions. By assuming non-hierarchical serial verb constructions as its basic sentence structures, the author claims that the modern hierarchical view of language structure is not appropriate for Thai. In Thai, verbs are serialized to denote not only successive actions or an action and its objective, but also a cause and its result, an action and its evaluation. Furthermore, causative and passive constructions are analyzed as part of verb serializations which are structurally identical, but antiparallel to each other in the direction of affectedness.
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Zlatev, Jordan, and Caroline David. "Motion Event Constructions in Swedish, French and Thai: Three Different Language Types?" MANUSYA 6, no. 4 (2003): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00604002.
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Talmyʼs influential typology of verb-framed/satellite-framed languages has recently been shown to be insufficient (Strömquist and Verhoeven 2003), in particular with respect of serial-verb languages (Zlatev and Yangklang 2004; Slobin 2003). In this paper, we compare motion event constructions in three languages, where two are clear representatives of Talmyʼs two types: French and Swedish, and the third is a serial-verb language, Thai. As expected, Thai turns out to resemble French in some respects, Swedish in others but also to possess structural (i.e. syntactic and semantic) characteristics which distinguish it from the two Talmian types. This reinforces, but also clarifies, previous proposals for regarding serial-verb languages as belonging to a third “equipollent” type.
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Hongthong, Kamolchanok. "The Sensitivity of L1 English – L2 Thai Language Learners to Errors in Basic Thai Serial Verb Constructions." MANUSYA 17, no. 3 (2014): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01703002.
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The present study concerned the sensitivity to unacceptable basic Thai serial verb constructions (thereinafter called SVCs) among native speakers of English who learn Thai. The objectives were to test English learners of Thai on distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable SVCs, and to specify the characteristics of errors that tend to be problematic to them. The scope of this study was limited to basic SVCs that consist of the juxtaposition of only two nongrammaticalized and non-complement taking verbs. The subjects in this experiment were ten English undergraduates and postgraduates in the Thai Studies program. The data elicitation methods were an untimed acceptability judgment test and a think-aloud protocol. A set of 30 individual Thai sentences, each with phonetic transcription, gloss and an English translation – some of which were accurate and others were not – were presented and the subjects were then asked to give their verbal reports on each of the sentences. The audio-recorded data were coded and analyzed. The results revealed that learners are relatively insensitive to malformed SVCs, particularly redundant ones (46.67%).
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Attaviriyanupap, Korakoch. "Grammatical Categories of Verbs in German and Thai: A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study." MANUSYA 13, no. 2 (2010): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01302002.
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This paper presents the results of a contrastive study of grammatical categories expressing temporality and modality through verb forms in German and Thai. In order to discover systematic uses of pre- and postverbal temporal and modal markers in Thai in relation to the German tense and modality system, I analyzed the first German-Thai bidirectional corpus consisting of contemporary German and Thai short stories and their translations into the other language. Although German and Thai express temporality differently, certain conceptual relationships between German tenses and Thai aspects can be identified. In terms of modality, Thai has grammaticalized two different sets of modal verbs providing either deontic or epistemic meanings but has not developed any markers equivalent to the German subjunctive mood.
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WINSKEL, HEATHER, and SUDAPORN LUKSANEEYANAWIN. "Obligatory grammatical categories and the expression of temporal events*." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 2 (September 2, 2008): 355–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908008970.
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ABSTRACTThai has imperfective aspectual morphemes that are not obligatory in usage, whereas English has obligatory grammaticized imperfective aspectual marking on the verb. Furthermore, Thai has verb final deictic-path verbs that form a closed class set. The current study investigated if obligatoriness of these grammatical categories in Thai and English affects the expression of co-occurring temporal events and actions depicted in three different short animations. Ten children aged four years, five years, six years and seven years, and ten adults as a comparison group from each of the two languages participated. English speakers explicitly expressed the ongoingness of the events more than Thai speakers, whereas Thai speakers expressed the entrance and exit of protagonists depicted in the animations significantly more than English speakers. These results support the notion that obligatory grammatical categories shape how Thai and English speakers express temporal events or actions.
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Boonnoon, Sichabhat. "Exploring Thai EFL Students’ Knowledge of English Binomials." English Language Teaching 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n2p48.
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One sub-type of collocations which is under-researched is binomials. The purposes of this study were to investigate Thai EFL students' knowledge of English binomials, determine the syntactic structure of the internal elements of binomials reported as most or least known by them, and test if the students' knowledge of binomials was significantly different when taking account of their years of study. The sample was 130 first - sixth year students enrolled in four different faculties at a university in northeastern Thailand, and classified as intermediate EFL learners for the purpose of this study through the online Oxford Placement Test. An acceptability judgment test of English binomials was used to collect the data. The results revealed that, on the whole, the participants had a low level of knowledge of English binomials; there was no significant difference in their knowledge regarding the syntactic structure of binomials (Noun+Noun and Verb+Verb); and the participants were not significantly different in their knowledge in terms of their years of study. The results pertaining to the participants’ low level of knowledge of binomials were discussed in relation to lack of exposure to English and effective pedagogy of English idioms.
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Suraprajit, Prathomwat. "An Analysis of Errors in English Essays Written by Thai Non-English Major Students." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1101.02.
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Writing is one of the vital skills for EFL learners. However, they still face some difficulties while processing a task. The present study aimed to analyze the errors that occurred on sixty English essays made by Thai University non-English major students who enrolled in the fundamental English course. The Surface Strategy Taxonomy (Dulay, Burt, & Krashen, 1982) was adopted to explore the errors of omission, addition, misformation, and misordering together with those that were excluded in the taxonomy. According to the framework of Surface Strategy Taxonomy, the findings revealed the most common errors involving omission of articles, followed by the addition of the preposition, the omission of the preposition, the omission of the subject, and misformation of subject pronoun, respectively. Then, according to the errors which were out of the stated taxonomy, the errors in subject-verb agreement were the highest detected error, followed by tense errors, ambiguous sentences, a direct translation from L1 to L2, misformation of object pronoun, misformation of using an adjective as the main verb, the addition of verb to be, and addition of conjunction, respectively. By investigating the errors in foreign language writing, the results would trigger foreign language learners to aware of the error of English writing that might occur. And the benefit also goes to the pedagogy in developing the teaching materials together with teaching strategies.
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Rakpa, Singkham. "Enhancing Thai-English Translation Capabilities of EFL Undergraduates with the Principle of Haujai Nakpraj (Learned-man Approach)." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 8 (September 26, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n8p60.
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Knowledge of subject-verb agreement (concord) plays a vital role in Thai-English translation by EFL undergraduates because the knowledge foundation of concord is essential for Thai-English translation. Complicated rules of concord cause problems for EFL undergraduates’ when it comes to Thai-English translation. Their knowledge can be developed and improved utilizing a specific Thai learning style called Haujai Nakpraj Learning Style (HNLS) which means “Learned-man Approach or The Heart of the Learned man”. This pre-experimental preliminary research used a one-group pre-test and post-test design study aiming at improving the knowledge of concord. It hopes to achieve this through the activities designed based on the principle of the Haujai Nakpraj Learning Style (HNLS). The goal is to enhance the ability of nine EFL Northern Thai undergraduate students in Thai-English translation as a sample group enrolled in the Introduction to Translation Course during the summer semester of the 2020 academic year in comparison to the Thai-English translation ability of EFL Thai undergraduates.Data collection instruments consisted of pre-test and post-test with 62 items divided into two sections. The first 32 items concentrate on testing subject-verb agreement knowledge in addition to 30 multiple-choice items testing the Thai-English translation ability of the sample group together with threeThai-English translation subjective tests as qualitative data. The statistics used in the data analysis was the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test employed to compare the average scores of the target group’s pre-test and post-test. The findings revealed that the average score of the post-test on knowledge of subject-verb agreement in Thai-English translation was significantly higher than the average score of the pre-test at 0.05 level. In qualitative data analysis, findings revealed the sample group received high and average translation marks, with scores ranging from 16 to 20 for high, 11 to 15 for average, and 5 to 10 for low.This result suggested that the activities are effective to a certain extent as they can be applied for EFL learners in the translation source language (SL) to the target language (TL) context.
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Hao, Yuxin, Xun Duan, and Qiuyue Yan. "Processing Aspectual Agreement in a Language with Limited Morphological Inflection by Second Language Learners: An ERP Study of Mandarin Chinese." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050524.
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Previous studies on the neural cognitive mechanisms of aspectual processing in second language (L2) learners have focused on Indo-European languages with rich inflectional morphology. These languages have aspects which are equipped with inflected verb forms combined with auxiliary or modal verbs. Meanwhile, little attention has been paid to Mandarin Chinese, which has limited morphological inflection, and its aspect is equipped with aspectual particles (e.g., le, zhe, guo). The present study explores the neurocognitive mechanism of Mandarin Chinese aspect processing among two groups of late Mandarin Chinese proficient learners with Thai (with Mandarin Chinese-like aspect markers) and Indonesian (lack of Mandarin Chinese-like aspect markers) as their first language (L1). We measured event-related potentials (ERPs) time locked to the aspect marker le in two different conditions (the aspect violation sentences and the correct sentences). A triphasic ELAN-LAN-P600 effect was produced by the Mandarin Chinese native speakers. However, there was no ELAN and LAN in Indonesian native speakers and Thai native speakers, except a 300–500 ms negativity widely distributed in the right hemisphere and P600-like effect. This suggests that both groups of Mandarin Chinese learners cannot reach the same level as Mandarin Chinese native speakers to process Mandarin Chinese aspect information, probably due to the complex feature of Mandarin Chinese aspect maker, the participants’ L2 proficiency and age of L2 acquisition.
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Karimipour, Amir, and Shahla Sharifi. "An experimental study on deictic verbs and the coding patterns of deixis in Ilami Kurdish: A comparative study." Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 138, no. 4 (2021): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20834624sl.21.014.14742.
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Conducting a video-based experiment in English, Japanese and Thai, Matsumoto et al. (2017) report that deictic verbs are more frequently used when the motion is not just toward the speaker but also into his/her functional space (i.e. functional HERE of the speaker) defined by limits of interaction and visibility as well as when the motion is accompanied by an interactional behaviour of the Figure such as greeting the speaker. They claim that directional venitive prepositional phrases (henceforth PPs) like toward me do not exhibit this feature, though. This paper aims to reevaluate these proposals (Matsumoto et al. 2017) in Ilami Kurdish (henceforth IK), thereby figuring out whether the functional nature of deictic verbs observed in the three studied languages is also attested in this dialect. In line with the findings reported by Matsumoto et al. (2017), results of this research reveal that the semantics of venitive verbs of motion in IK is spatial and functional at the same time. In other words, these verbs are more often used in the verbal descriptions of the IK participants, when the Figure shares a functional space with the speaker induced by limits of interaction and visibility, and also when he/she smiles at or greets the speaker. Importantly, results show that venitive PPs in IK can be functional in nature or add some functional meaning (in addition to their spatial meaning) to the verb, so that participants utilize venitive adpositions along with the venitive verb to add emphasis on the kind of motion (to be a venitive one) and express that the Figure would be “very close” to the speaker at the end of motion.
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LEE, LESLIE, and FARRELL ACKERMAN. "Word-based morphology–syntax interdependencies: Thai passives." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 359–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000456.
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In this article, we argue that insights concerning the word-based nature of morphology, especially the hypothesis that periphrastic expressions are cross-linguistically common exponents of lexical relations, permit a novel lexical constructional analysis of periphrastic predicates that preserves the restriction of morphosyntactic mapping operations, such as passive, to the lexicon. We do this in the context of the periphrastic Thaithuukpassive, justifying in detail the monoclausal status of the construction, its flat phrase structure, the semantics of affectedness associated with it, and its paradigmatic opposition with other passive constructions in the language. Building on the proposal of Bonami & Webelhuth (2013) and Bonami (2015) that a periphrase relies on a form of the main verb that selects collocationally for an auxiliary element, we develop an analysis of Thai periphrastic passives in which the surface syntax of these predicates is mediated by appropriate lexical representations. Crucially, the rearrangement of arguments in the passive is done lexically, via lexical rule, rather than in the syntax. The resulting analysis is consistent with the classical tradition of Word and Paradigm morphology, which posits periphrastic expression as one of several encoding strategies for the realization of morphosyntactic information within words.
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Kuemphukhieo, Chaowalit, Suwaree Yordchim, Behrad Aghaei, Cholthicha Sudmuk, Yothin Sawangdee, and Krisada Krudthong. "Code-Mixing in the Conversation of Northern Khmer Speakers in Thailand: A Case Study of Teenagers and Middle-Aged Northern Khmer Speakers in Buriram Province." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 8 (October 14, 2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n8p201.
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This study aims to examine the linguistic performance of code-mixing by Northern Khmer (NK) teenagers in Buriram Province while conversing with NK middle-aged speakers in their community. It focuses on types of linguistic units or categories of code-mixing that occur in NK conversation and also on the various situations in which that linguistic unit occurs. It is found that code-mixing between NK and the Thai language occurs on three linguistic levels: morphological, syntactic, and discourse. On the morphological level, 7 categories of Thai words are found: noun, verb, adjective, final particle, quantifier, conjunction, and exclamation word. Three types of code-mixing are found on the syntactic level: Inter-Sentential, Intra-Sentential, and Extra-Sentential Code-Mixing. On the discourse level, code-mixing occurs in the middle and at the end of the NK discourse. There are 6 different situations in NK conversations where these types of code-mixing occur: (1) Greetings (2) Expressing appreciation (3) Expressions of politeness (4) Telling information (General and Specific) (5) Indicative mood, Lexical meaning, and Sentence structure, and (6) English loan words further borrowed from the Thai language. It is also found that NK speakers adopt the morphological processes of reduplication, the sentential structure, and serial verb construction when utilizing the Thai language to mix in their NK word formation and NK sentence structure. Lastly, NK speakers borrow English loanwords from Thai, instead of borrowing them directly from English.
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Fagard, Benjamin, Jordan Zlatev, Anetta Kopecka, Massimo Cerruti, and Johan Blomberg. "The Expression of Motion Events: A Quantitative Study of Six Typologically Varied Languages." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 39, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v39i1.3893.
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In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:More than two decades of intense research on motion event typology, emanating from the influential proposal of Talmy (1991, 2000) of a universal binary classification of languages into verb-framed (VF), such as French, and satellite-framed (SF), such as English, still leaves many questions unresolved. One such question is whether serial-verb languages such as Thai should be considered a third type (Zlatev and David 2003; Zlatev and Yangklang 2004), generalized by Slobin (2004) as equipollently-framed (EF). A second question is whether these two or three types should be regarded as in some sense ‘distinct’ (even if they have minor expression patterns conflicting the dominant, type-characteristic ones), or rather as forming continua with respect to certain dimensions, such as the propensity to express MANNER (Slobin 2004) or PATH (Ibarretxe-Antuñano 2009). A third and related question is whether the notion of language types (with respect to motion typology or in general) should not be abandoned, and languages rather be described as conglomerates of constructions and strategies, with complex overlaps (Kopecka 2006; Beavers, Levin & Tham 2010; Croft et al. 2010). In the research reported here, we address these questions, using an empirical approach based on elicited data from six carefully chosen languages. Two of these are the Romance languages French and Piedmontese, which can both reasonably be expected to be of the VF type. We also analyzed the Germanic languages Swedish and German and the Slavic language Polish, all three typically considered as SF. Finally, we included Thai (Tai-Kadai), classified as EF by Slobin (2004).
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Iwasaki, Shoichi. "Proprioceptive-state expressions in Thai." Studies in Language 26, no. 1 (June 21, 2002): 33–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.26.1.03iwa.
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While the structure consisting of a topic and a clausal comment, often referred to as the double-topic, double-subject, or double-nominative sentence, has been discussed in the literature, the internal constituent order within the comment has rarely been a target of study of linguistic typology. The purpose of the paper is to compare two constituent order possibilities found in Thai and other Southeast Asian languages to argue specific constructional meanings associated with them. In Thai, the topic with a clausal comment is used when a body-part is involved, and it may take the form of either [ N1 [ N2 V ]] or [ N1 [ V N2 ]]. In this structure, the topic (N1) is a possessor of N2 (= body-part), and the comment is a clause consisting of an intransitive verb (V) and a body-part noun (N2). These two constituent orders are distributed between the external-state and proprioceptive (internal) state. Thus physical sensations (e.g. “I have a headache”) and emotions (e.g. “I am sad”) are expressed with the [VN] structure in the comment, while the description of external-states such as physical appearances (e.g. “My head is big”) is expressed with [NV]. Since proprioceptive states can only be experienced directly by the experiencer himself and contrast with external states which can be observed by anyone, the constituent order reflects fundamentally different cognitive realities experienced by the speaker. I claim that the [VN] order has a structural meaning of “proprioceptively registered experience” in the Thai grammar. This explains further why some other internal events such as “recovering from cold” or “exhausting one’s physical strength” which do not directly involve body parts also take the [VN] order in the comment. I will also argue that the initial noun (N1) in the proprioceptive-state expression is a topic noun added to the more fundamental topicless structure, [VN], whereas the initial noun in the external-state description is an integral part of the basic argument structure. Finally, I will situate the distributional pattern of [VN] and [NV] found in Thai among other East and Southeast Asian languages.
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Sermsook, Kanyakorn, Jiraporn Liamnimitr, and Rattaneekorn Pochakorn. "An Analysis of Errors in Written English Sentences: A Case Study of Thai EFL Students." English Language Teaching 10, no. 3 (February 7, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n3p101.
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The purposes of the present study were to examine the language errors in a writing of English major students in a Thai university and to explore the sources of the errors. This study focused mainly on sentences because the researcher found that errors in Thai EFL students’ sentence construction may lead to miscommunication. 104 pieces of writing written by 26 second-year English major students who enrolled in the Writing II course were collected and analyzed. Results showed that the most frequently committed errors were punctuation, articles, subject-verb agreement, spelling, capitalization, and fragment, respectively. Interlingual interference, intralingual interference, limited knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary, and carelessness of the students were found to be the major sources of the errors. It is suggested that intensive knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary be taught to Thai EFL students. Moreover, the negative transfer of students’ first language should be taken into account in English writing classes. This finding also implies that explicit feedback on students’ writing errors is genuinely needed.
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Boonraksa, Thidakul, and Suparvadee Naisena. "A Study on English Collocation Errors of Thai EFL Students." English Language Teaching 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v15n1p164.
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Collocation is an often-neglected language form that foreign language teachers and students should focus on to achieve competence in a target language. In this research, the researchers studied purposely to facilitate both second language teachers and students to produce correct and appropriate collocations. The purposes of this research were 1) to study the collocation error levels of Bachelor of Arts English and Business English students studying at Northern Rajabhat University, 2) to study the relationship between first language (L1) and second language (L2) transfer collocation errors in students’ writing, and 3) to compare the collocation errors between high-proficiency students, medium- proficiency students and low-proficiency students. The research sample included 285 Thai EFL students enrolled in second-year English and Business English programs at Northern Rajabhat University during the first semester of the academic year 2021. The research instrument was a collocation proficiency test with 54 questions, which was divided into 2 sections: 1) 36 questions with 4 multiple-choice tests, and 2) 18 Thai to English translation questions. The items were chosen from the Oxford 3000™, and were common vocabulary appearing in various contexts. Research data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t-test (Dependent), and Friedman test.
The research found that 1) the level of Grammatical Collocation errors of high-proficiency EFL students was at a moderate level, medium-proficiency and low-proficiency EFL students were at a high level, and for Lexical Collocation errors, all three groups of students were at a high level; 2) the EFL students’collocation errors were caused by the language transfer from their first language (L1) to their second language (L2), synonyms, and lack of collocation competency; and 3) the most Lexical Collocation errors found in all student groups were Adverb + Adjective. For Grammatical Collocation, all groups could use Verb + Preposition better than Noun + Preposition, and the high proficiency and medium proficiency students could perform Adjective + Preposition the least, whilst the low proficiency students were better at Adjective + Preposition.
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Arunsirot, Sudrutai. "The Use of Appraisal Theory to Analyze Thai Newspaper Commentaries." MANUSYA 15, no. 1 (2012): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01501005.
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This study explores Thai newspaper commentaries focused on the disruption of the ASEAN Summit on April 11, 2009. The objective of the present study is to examine lexical strategies employed by appraisal theory, a tool to analyze the attitudes expressed in newspaper commentaries in greater depth. The data of this study was obtained from thirty-two newspaper commentaries retrieved from nine online newspapers: Banmuang, Dailynews, Khaosod, Komchadluek, Manager, Matichon, Naewna, Posttoday and Thaipost. The results reveal that the commentators made use of both positive and negative emotional responses through either adjectives, noun phrases or verb phrases in terms of affect, which deals with the expression of emotion. Under judgement, which deals with moral assessments of behavior, the commentators judged people’s behavior either positively or negatively through either adjectives, adverbs, noun phrases, verb phrases or metaphors as well as appreciation which deals with aesthetic assessments. With respect to attitude, a resource of language that enables commentators to express their attitude, the Thai newspaper commentaries examined contained predominantly negative evaluative lexis. Negative lexical items make the commentaries more intense and emotional for readers because of the news value of negativity, which focuses on political conflict in the Thai context. In the graduation category of appraisal, which is concerned with gradability, the explicit attitudes occurred with grading up rather than grading down. In the force subcategory, which relates to adjusting the degree of an evaluation, the commentators achieved intensification through isolation, infusion, repetition and metaphor, and achieved quantification through quantity, which is encoded as number and extent in time and space in order to enhance readers’ agreement with the commentators’ attitudes. Under focus, which relates to adjusting the boundaries of a categorical meaning, most stances represent a sharpening of the attitudinal entity rather a softening one.
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Thepkanjana, Kingkarn, and Satoshi Uehara. "The verb of giving in Thai and Mandarin Chinese as a case of polysemy: A comparative study." Language Sciences 30, no. 6 (November 2008): 621–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2007.04.001.
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Andania, Ruqoyyah Amilia. "The Grammatical Accuracy, Cohesion and Coherence of Thai Students’ English Writing at Darawithaya School, Narathiwat – Thailand." IJET (Indonesian Journal of English Teaching) 6, no. 1 (July 13, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ijet2.2017.6.1.1-25.
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Writing has been recognized as an important skill to be mastered by all students both English as Foreign Language (EFL) and English as Second Language (ESL) students since many universities around the world offer writing courses. Hence, this study attempts to analyze the grammatical accuracy, cohesion, and coherence of Thai Students’ English Writing at Darawithaya School. This study is designed to investigate (1) the grammatical accuracy on Students’ Writing, and (2) the cohesion and coherence on Students’ Writing. The participant of the study consists of 14 Second Grade Students of Senior High School who enroll Academic Education at Darawithaya School, Narathiwat – Thailand. Since this study is descriptive qualitative approach, the data is documentation from students’ writing work. Some guidelines and rubric are used in this research for analyzing. The findings reveal that there are 73 errors are found on 14 students’ composition in this study. They occur on singular/plural followed by subject omission, the use of article, pronoun, preposition, verb omission, S-V agreement, word formation, tense, and extraneous subject. Consequently, those errors make students’ grammatical accuracy value varied from one student to other students.
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Ridwan, Muhammad, and Triyanti Nurul Hidayati. "VERBA TRILITERAL BAHASA ARAB: TINJAUAN DARI PREPEKTIF MORFOLOGI DERIVASI DAN INFLEKSI." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v15i1.803.
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AbstractAs aglutination language arabic verb is polymorphemic word. Among the Arabic verbs are verbs called basic triliteral verbs. In addition to the root morpheme, three are other morphemes contained in the basic triliteral verbs. This study is to reveal the number and shape of morphemes contained basic triliteral verb. Methode of data collection to gather basic triliteral verb conjugation and listening means. The analys method used is distributional method that realized with the technique opposition, the immediate constituen. The conclution of this research the basic triliteral verbs commpossed by the root morpheme, transffix, affixperson, number, and gender.Keywords: Aglutination, basic triliteral verbs, morpheme, affix. AbstrakSebagai bahasa bertipe aglutinatif, verba dalam bahasa Arab memiliki bentuk-bentuk inflektif dan derivatif karena verba bahasa Arab merupakan kata polimorfermik. Di antara verba-verba bahasa Arab terdapat verba yang disebut verba dasar triliteral. Selain morfem akar, terdapat morfem-morfem lain yang terdapat pada verba dasar triliteral. Makalah ini mengungkap paradigma persona, jumlah, dan gender pada verba dasar trilateral. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyimak konjugasi verba dasar triliteral. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung dan oposisi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah verba dasar triliteral tersusun atas morfem akar, transfiks, dan afiks persona, jumlah dan jenis.Kata-kata kunci: Aglutinatif, verba dasar triliteral, morfem, afiks.
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Renny Soelistiyowati, R. "PENGUNGKAPAN MODALITAS CAN DAN COULD PADA PENERJEMAHAN BAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA." Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v5i2.150.
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This paper is aimed to disclose the modality elements of English that are translated into Indonesia language based on the meaning derived from its context, such as the difference between the units and part of speech; the equivalence of the modality elements of primary modifier verb can and secondary modifier verb could translated from English to Indonesian language, and also the probability of the translation of primary modifier verb can and secondary modifier verb could translated from English to Indonesian language. The source of the data is The Naked Face novel and its translation version, Muka Telanjang. It was found that 54 sentences contain can and could. It was also found 57 modifier verbs can and could that consist of 18 primary modifier verbs can and 39 modifier verbs could. In addition, there were also units shifting from (could) to phrase (bisa saja), part of speech shifting such as modifier verb (I can’t) into adjective (tidak pandai), equivalence from (can) and (could) into some vocabularies of Indonesian language and also translation equivalence probability of modality can and could into some vocabularies in Indonesian language with their respective frequencies. ABSTRAK Penyusunan makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan unsur modalitas bahasa Inggris yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia berdasarkan makna yang diperoleh dari konteksnya. Misalnya, perbedaan unit dan kelas kata; kesepadanan unsur modalitas verba pewatas primer can dan verba pewatas sekunder could yang diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia; serta probabilitas penerjemahan unsur modalitas bahasa Inggris verba perwatas primer can serta verba pewatas sekunder could yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Sumber data dalam makalah ini diambil dari novel The Naked Faced serta terjemahannya Muka Telanjang. Dari proses penelitian yang dilakukan, ditemukan 54 kalimat yang mengandung modalitas can dan could. Ditemukan pula 57 verba pewatas pewatas can dan could yang terdiri dari 18 verba pewatas primer can dan 39 verba pewatas sekunder could. Selain itu, terdapat pergeseran unit seperti dari kata (could) menjadi frasa (bisa saja) serta terdapat pergeseran kelas kata, seperti dari verba pewatas (I can’t) menjadi adjektiva (tidak pandai); terdapat kesepadanan dari (can) dan (could) ke dalam beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia; serta terdapat probabillitas kesepadanan penerjemahan modalitas can dan could menjadi beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia dengan frekuensinya masing-masing.
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Tragel, Ilona, and Jane Klavan. "Kuhu suundub püsivus? Verbidega jääma ja jätma väljendatud sündmuste kujutamine katses." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 12, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2021.12.1.10.
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Kokkuvõte. Uurimus põhineb autorite välja töötatud joonistamise ja häälega mõtlemise katse tulemustel. Katses paluti katseisikutel (21 eesti keelt emakeelena kõnelejat) kujutada ja selgitada katse läbiviijale 24 verbi suunda (näiteks nooltega). Selles artiklis esitame täpsemalt neist kahe – jääma ja jätma – analüüsi. Verb jätma on jääma kausatiivtuletis. See mõjutab ka nende tähenduserinevust – jääma on passiivsem, jätma aga aktiivsem ja agenti rõhutav. Katseisikute kujutiste ja selgituste põhjal kirjeldame, milline oli noolte suund kujutistel ja millistest elementidest koosneb mõlema uuritava verbi skeem. Selgus, et katseisikud kujutasid verbi jätma suunda nooltega, verbi jääma oli kujutatud pigem punktide, täppide, ringide või kaarjate joontega. Kujutistel ja selgitustes avaldusid ka tüüpilised skeemi osalised: JÄÄJA, JÄTJA ja JÄETU. Mõlema verbi tegevuse aega kujutati ja selgitati minevikulisusega. Sarnane on ka nende verbide mõistemetafoorsus: mõlemad kajastavad pigem negatiivset hinnangut. Verbi jääma tähenduses on olulisel kohal see, et potentsiaalne muutus ei toimu. Verb jätma väljendab aga seda, et potentsiaalse muutuse mittetoimumine põhjustatakse.
Abstract. Ilona Tragel, Jane Klavan: The direction and participants of the events expressed by the verbs jääma and jätma: a drawing experiment. We use an innovative experimental design to extract the regularities of the general conceptual structure from the speakers’ mind: a drawing task with a thinkaloud protocol. 21 native speakers of Estonian provided schematic representations of 20 experimental verbs and 4 control verbs. Our discussion focuses on jääma ‘stay, remain’ and jätma ‘leave something somewhere’. jääma typically expresses intransitive events and jätma transitive events. We zoom in on the following topics: transitivity and causativity, the positive/negative evaluation of the activity, the schematic representation of the direction of verbs and the elements belonging to the verb schema. Our study shows that the differences in the transitivity of the two verbs are reflected in the drawings and explanations given by the participants. Our results confirm the general prediction that abstract verbs have an image-schematic direction, but the specifics of the direction vary according to the type of verb.
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Rosa, Rusdi Noor. "THE MEANINGS OF MINANGKABAUNESE VERB ‘MANCALIAK’: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 12, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v12i1.9787.
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This article is aimed at finding out the Minangkabaunese verbs that share similar meaning to the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ (equivalent to ‘to see’ in English) using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were verbs in Minangkabaunese language that possibly have similar meanings with the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ collected through interview. Five native Minangkabaunese living in the area of Padang were taken as the research respondents. In the process of data collection, listening and note-taking techniques were used. The data were analyzed using an interactive model of data analysis considering the table of semantic primitives as the basis of classifying the verbs. Based on the data analysis, it was found that, in Minangkabaunese language, the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ is realized in several lexical items such as maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso and mamparatian. These verbs have a proximity of meaning that might lead to a choice of less acceptable word by Minangkabaunese speakers.Key words/phrases: MANCALIAK, Minangkabaunese, NSM, semantic primitives, verb,MAKNA VERBA ‘MANCALIAK’ DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMIAbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menemukan verba-verba dalam bahasa Minangkabau (BM) yang memiliki kemiripan atau kedekatan makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ dengan menggunakan pendekatan Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah verba-verba dalam BM yang mungkin memiliki kesamaan dalam hal makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ yang diperoleh melalui wawancara. Lima penutur asli BM yang berdomisili di kota Padang dijadikan sebagai responden penelitian. Dalam proses pengumpulan data, teknik menyimak dan mencatat digunakan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif analisis data dengan mempertimbangkan tabel makna asali sebagai alat pengelompokan verba-verba yang dianalisis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, ditemukan bahwa, dalam BM, verba ‘MANCALIAK’ (melihat) direalisasikan dengan beberapa leksikal seperti maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso dan mamparatian. Verba-verba tersebut memiliki kedekatan makna yang memungkinkan penutur BM melakukan pemilihan kata yang kurang berterima dalam BM.Kata Kunci/frase: Bahasa Minangkabau, makna asali, MANCALIAK, MSA, verba
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Jaroenkitboworn, Kandaporn. "The Polysemy of “chɔ̂ɔp” in Thai: A Pragmatically Motivated Phenomenon." MANUSYA 12, no. 3 (2009): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01203006.
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This paper analyzes the word chɔ̂ɔp in Thai, which normally signifies three different meanings, namely ‘to be right’, ‘to like’ and ‘often’. The result of the analysis shows that it is more likely that the polysemy of chɔ̂ɔp arises from pragmatic motivation. Pragmatic motivation, which covers factors such as speakers’ attitude, intention, point of view, behavior and social standing, can affect actual use of language. Pragmatically, the word chɔ̂ɔp that means ‘to be right’ can easily lead to an action of agreement. In other words, when we regard something right; we tend to agree on it without argument. This attitude is related to another meaning of chɔ̂ɔp in the way that the degree of agreeability is strengthened into the meaning ‘to like’, or even ‘to love’ and ‘to enjoy’ sometimes. Also, when we like something, or even love and enjoy some activity, this kind of feeling can motivate us to do it again and again and thus we come to have a characteristic behavior. This typical behavior can consequently cause semantic features like [habitual] and [iterative] to occur. With the semantic feature [iterative], the word chɔ̂ɔp then has yet another meaning as ‘often’. This paper also discusses the grammaticalization of the word chɔ̂ɔp from a verb which means ‘to like’ into an adverb of frequency that means ‘often’ i.e. there is a change of word class or part of speech. It was found that there are many cases of chɔ̂ɔp that appear syntactically and semantically ambiguous, or, in other words they are in a transitional period of word class change. This paper indicates that such an ambiguity or incipient grammaticalization is motivated by the speaker’s attitude and point of view.
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Ayodimeji, Akintoye, Festu. "A Comparative Study of French and English Auxiliary Verbs." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 4, no. 4 (August 4, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v4i4.52.
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Auxiliary verbs in English and French languages are very germane in constructing sentences in both languages. Therefore, this study examines the way auxiliary verbs are used in English and French Languages; and some features where learners of either language may encounter some difficulties in the course of learning. Our attention is drawn to auxiliary verbs because verb is what that makes any sentence functions the way it is. Verb is one of the most important parts of speech in French grammar and also in English .It is through verb that one knows when an action takes place. When a verb helps another verb to form one of its tenses in a sentence, such verb can be said to be auxiliary. This paper also focuses on auxiliary verbs and how verbs are used in the past and present indications. Auxiliary verbs cannot stand or function alone without relying on the main verb in both English and French languages. Finally, we shall concurrently consider in this paper how semi-auxiliary verbs function as modal auxiliary in French.
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N, Shankaranarayanan. "Negative verb morpheme in Tamil Verb structure." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22118.
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In this world each and all languages are based on noun and verb. Without the naming and action words we cannot frame even a single sentence. In the same way, Tamil Language also depend on noun and verb. Verb is an important component of language. Tamil grammarians and linguists classify and interpret the types of verbs in different ways. Among the classifications, one of them is a negative verb. Changes are taken within the language system. The continuous change will be occurred in the language system and it process over time to time. Languages that are subject to change are likely to survive. Thus, the structure of modern Tamil negative verbs is entirely different from the system of ancient Tamil negative verbs in Tamil. This article focuses these differences through morphologically with one of the linguistic subdivisions. It also describes the development and growth of negative verb morphological elements and the places where we use it.
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Parodi, Teresa. "Finiteness and verb placement in second language acquisition." Second Language Research 16, no. 4 (October 2000): 355–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765830001600403.
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The relationship between finiteness and verb placement has often been studied in both first language (L1) and second language (L2) acquisition and many studies claim that, while there is a correlation between finiteness and verb placement in L1 acquisition, these areas represent separate learning tasks in second language acquisition (SLA). The purpose of this article is to provide a new perspective on this elusive question, analysing data from speakers of Romance languages learning German as a second language (L2). Verbs are classified as thematic and nonthematic and analysed with respect to overt subject–verb agreement and verb placement as seen in negation patterns. A clear association between subject–verb agreement and verb placement is seen for nonthematic verbs: they are in most cases morphologically finite and show the syntactical distribution of finite verbs. These verbs are interpreted as a spell-out of agreement features, differing both from the speakers' L1 and from the L2, but conforming to a universal grammar (UG) option.
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Pashkova, T. V., and A. P. Rodionova. "To the problem of classification of verb’s types of stems and conjugation in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language." Bulletin of Ugric studies 10, no. 4 (2020): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2020-10-4-692-699.
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Introduction: the proposed article is the systematization of types of verb conjugation in the Karelian language based on the Livvi and Ludic dialects, as well as an analysis of the classification of verb types in closely related Karelian languages (Finnish and Vepsian). Objective: to consider the classification of types of lexical stems and conjugation of verbs in the Livvi and Ludic dialects and offer the extended classification based on the experience of other related languages. Research materials: data from dictionaries, grammars and the dialect corpora of the Karelian language. Results and novelty of the research: the article describes the verb’s types of stems and conjugation in the Karelian language in a comparative aspect with closely related languages (Finnish and Vepsian languages), identifies the differences and common features in the types of verbs. Based on the studied material, the classification is proposed for the types of verbs in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that we proposed to introduce into linguistic usage the classification of verbs’ stems, which is closely related to the types of verb conjugation in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language, based on systematized information about the typologies of one and two-stem verbs in the Karelian language.
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Valiukienė, Vita. "From a Lexical Verb to a Pragmatic Marker: The Case of the French falloir ‘have to/must’." Verbum 13 (June 14, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.29.
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The paper seeks to present a semantico-functional analysis of the French verb falloir. The empirical data are obtained from a parallel corpus – the Corpus Parallèle de Textes Littéraires (CTLFR-LT), which is composed of French literary texts and their translations into Lithuanian. The paper uses quantitative, qualitative and comparative methods. It is based on the studies focusing on the polysemy of modal verbs (Chu 2010; Dendale 1994; Kronning 1988; Le Querler 2001; Rossari 2012) as well as on the development of discourse markers in language (Dostie 2004; Vold 2008).
The findings show that the verb falloir, while maintaining its core meaning of necessity, can express conjecture. When it is used in patterns together with verbs of saying (verba cogitandi and dicendi) and verbs of visual perception, falloir no longer functions as a marker of necessity and becomes a pragmatic marker of connection and argumentation.
The analysis of the translations of the French verb falloir into a typologically different language, Lithuanian, has also confirmed the entrenched use of the verb in question in the modal field of necessity and its rich functional potential in the French literary texts. The paper contributes to the existing contrastive studies between the French and Lithuanian languages, which are not numerous. The findings of the research could serve didactic purposes as well as add to the field of translation studies.
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Rafiq qızı Məmmədova, Xanım. "Productive and non-productive suffixes that make verbs from nouns." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/81-84.
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One of the urgent tasks is the suffixes that make verbs from nouns in the Azerbaijani language. In separate researchs and monographs the issue of “productive and non-productive suffixes that make verbs from nouns” has been investigated by turkologists and linguists. While there is a regular attitude to the suffixes that form verbs from nouns, there is a double attitude to the suffixes that form verbs from verbs. The Azerbaijani language is very rich in verb suffixes. In our modern literary language, there are some unproductive and even to the archaic species that have disappeared by mixing with the roots of suffixes that make verbs from nouns. Key words: Modern Azerbaijan language, verb, productive suffixes, unhealthy suffix, linguistics
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Боцман, Андрій, Ольга Дмитрук, and Валерія Бондаренко. "INNER MUTUAL SEMANTIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATION OF THE GERMANIC PRETERITE-PRESENT VERBS." Молодий вчений, no. 2 (90) (February 26, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2021-2-90-14.
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Being the remarkable feature of all Germanic languages, the preterite-present group of verbs played a significant role in forming morphological units of analytical type. The process of analytisation caused the introduction of some verb forms, which appeared as a result of gradual grammaticalisation when a preterite-present verb fused with a verbal form (participle or infinitive) creating a new morphological category of finite verb (future tense, oblique mood). During the process of their development, transformation and coexistence, the preterite-present verbs were separated into a stable morpho-semantic group which generated the field of modality and made some verbs follow the same way of development and transformation. As a result, a new morpho-semantic sub-group of analogous verbs was formed when the group of preterite-present verbs received its stability and potentiality in the Germanic verb corpus. The inductive force of the preterite-present verbs was so powerful that even an individual verb was involved into the process of grammaticalisation following the patterns of analogous and preterite present verbs, too. The verbs of preterite-present group, analogous subgroup and the individual verb functioned and coexisted within the East, West and North (Scandinavian) Germanic languages. As a result of that historical coexistence all these verbs got not only the common features in morphological and semantic aspects, they simultaneously gained a set of individual features differing semantically. Only after a detailed comparison of morphological and semantic individual features of related (according to the Proto-Germanic nature of origin) verbs, is it possible to explain their specific involvement into the process of grammaticalisation or their further disappearance from usage on the edge of Old and Middle or Middle and New periods of language transformation and development. Remarks on the paradigm of preterite-present verbs help to reveal the specifics of the verb functions and trace the way of the analytical form creation in some separate Germanic languages. Paradigmatic rows demonstrate either close or distant relations between the Germanic languages in their geographical groups or even intergroup relations. These relations are really essential for further investigation. Only the East Germanic group with its main representative of the Gothic language disappeared without leaving any close relatives in the Middle and New Germanic periods. The Scandinavian languages where the reflection of Old Norse. The West Germanic languages had a really entangled way of development. Old High German and Old Saxon were reflected in the German language. Anglo-Saxon, Old Saxon and Old Frisian were reflected in the English language. Old Frisian and Old Saxon were reflected in the Dutch and Frisian languages. Inner mutual semantic and morphological correlations of the Germanic preterite-present verbs help to indicate leading verbs which were involved into the process of the Germanic language analytisation.
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Khoiriyah, Amalia Rizqi. "KOLOKASI BERKONTRUKSI “NOMINA + VERBA” DALAM BAHASA JEPANG PADA MINNA NO NIHONGO SHOKYUU DAN NIHONGO CHUUKYUU." Paramasastra 5, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/parama.v5i2.3624.
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This research is motivated by the existence of problems in language, because each language has their own habits to join the words with certain words. This habit is called collocation. The focuss in this study, is the use of collocation with the construction of "Nomina + Verba" and its role in Japanese in Minna no Nihongo Shokyuu and Nihongo Chuukyuu. Collocation with verb types is considered as the focus in this study, because verbs are 'lives' in a sentence. The results of this study indicate that the construction of nouns + verbs on Nihongo Shokyuu and Nihongo Chuukyuu are 4 constructions: (a) Noun + wo + Verba there are 3 roles of syntax, namely Objective, Locative and role of Time, (b) Noun + ni + Verb role found are Objective, Locative, Time, Opposition, Direction, Giver, Receiver and Results role roles, c) Noun + ga + role verbs which are objective-patient roles. This is because the construction that meets Nomina + Verba requirements is only in the patient role. Then the last one is construction (d) Nominal + de + Verba with 4 synthetic roles, Locative’s role, Time, Instrument and cause / reason. The type of collocation studied is limited collocation, fixed collocation and idiom.
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Argus, Reili. "Finiitverbide kõrvutikasutus laste ja lastele suunatud kõnes ehk Söö söö söö suu tühjaks." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2019.10.2.01.
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Artiklis kirjeldatakse lapse ja tema vanema suulise argisuhtluse direktiivsetes lausungites kasutatavaid verbi finiitvormide kõrvutikasutusi ning selgitatakse nende rolli nii eesti suulise direktiivse argisuhtluse kui ka keeleomandamise perspektiivist. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on lapsele suunatud kõnes sagedased ja täiskasvanu kõne iga viies direktiivne lausung sisaldab rohkem kui kaht finiitverbi kõrvuti. Samas ei ole aga verbi kõrvutikasutused sagedased laste kõnes, kust võib leida vaid mõned üksikud näited. Vanema kõne verbi kõrvutikasutuste sageduse poolest vaatlusperioodi vältel ei muutu. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on analüüsis jagatud esmalt kaheks – sama ja eri verbi kõrvuti esinemised; eri verbi kõrvuti kasutused omakorda kolmeks: esimese verbina liikumisverbi sisaldavateks ehk tüüpilisteks seriaalkonstruktsioonideks, esimese verbina partiklilaadset verbivormi sisaldavateks ning sidesõnaga ühendatud verbi kõrvutikasutusteks. Kõige enam kasutasid vanemad seriaalkonstruktsioone ja partiklilaadsete verbivormidega algavaid verbi kõrvuti kasutusi, vähem leidus sama verbi korduseid. Lastele suunatud kõne verbi kõrvuti kasutustel on mõned täiskasva nutele suunatud kõnest erinevad jooned, kõige enam on selliseid erijooni partikli laadsete verbivormidega kõrvutikasutustel. Suhtluses on sellistel ühenditel käsu intensiivistamise roll, selle kõrval ka koostöö algatamise, lapse tegevuse pidurdamise, ergutamise, aga ka tegevuse muutmise roll.
Abstract. Reili Argus: The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers. The article describes the co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers in directive speech acts of spontaneous everyday speech. The role of co-occurrences of verbs have been described from the perspective of Estonian everyday directive communication and from the perspective of first language acquisition. The co-occurrences of finite verbs are frequent in child directed speech and almost every fifth directive utterance consists of co-occurrence of verb finite forms. These kinds of co-occurrences are not characteristic to children’s speech and only a couple of examples can be found from their data. The frequency of verb co-occurrences does not change during the observation period, so, the clear fine-tuning effect of the child directed speech was not observed in the analyzed data. All instances of verb co-occurrences have been divided into two sub-classes – the repetitions of the same lemma and co-occurrences of different lemmas, last sub-class consists of constructions where the first verb denotes movement, that is typical serial constructions; constructions where the first verb was a particlelike verb form; and constructions with conjunctions. The most frequent type of verb co-occurrences in child directed speech were typical serial constructions and constructions where the first constituent was particle-like verb form, repetitions of same lemma were not so frequent. The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used in child directed speech had some features which are not characteristic to adult directed speech, such different features were registered mostly in constructions with particle-like verb forms. In adult-child interaction, verb co-occurrences have mostly been used for intensifying the command, but also for initiating cooperation, stopping, stimulating, and modifying the child’s activities.
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Kartika, Diana. "PERBANDINGAN VERBATRANSITIF DAN INTRANSITIFBAHASA INDONESIA DAN BAHASAJEPANG: TINJAUAN ANALISIS KONTRASTIF." Jurnal KATA 1, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jk.v1i1.1721.
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<p>This study focus on differences grammatical between transitive and intransitif verb forms Indonesian and Japanese that analyzed by comparing it. This study used contrastive analysis, of all the elements lingual, in this research the object of this study is the morphological form of transitive and intransitif verbs in Indonesian and Japanese. After analysed with contrastive how the shape of transitive and intransitif verbs from both languages, then concluded as the final result of this study. The results of this study show that, (1) transitive verbs in Japanese need the object in the sentence and intransitif verbs in Japanese doesn’t need the object in a sentence. Then, Indonesian transitive verbs are verbs that require object. (2) The transitive verb in Japanese is patterned (subject) wa / ga (object) o (transitive verb-tadoushi). Then, the intransitif verb in Japanese patterned (subject) ga (intransitif verb-jidoushi). In Indonesian sentence patterns transitive and intransitif verbs S + P, which distinguishes the two verbs that are on each object. (3) in Japanese transitive and intransitif verbs have endings as markers of each verb. Namely: a) -aru (tran), -eru (intran), b) -aru (intran), u (tran), c) -reru (intra), -sU (tran), d) -reru (intra- ), -ru (tran), e) - arareru (intran), u (trans), f) -ru (intran), -sU (tran), g) -eru (intran), -asu (tran), h) -u (intran), -asu (tran), i) -iru (intra), -osu (tran), and j) -u (intran), -eru (tran). While in Indonesian for a transitive verb is marked with the suffix Me-, memper-, memper-kan, me-i, memper-I, me-kan and verba intransitif marked by basic verbs, and suffix ber-, ber-kan, ter-, ke-an.</p><p> </p><p>Penelitian ini berfokus terhadap perbedaan gramatikal bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang yang dianalisis dengan cara membandingkan bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif, dari semua unsur lingual kajian linguistic dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi objek kajian adalah morfologi bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Setelah dikontrastifkan bagaimana bentuk verba transitif dan verba intransitif dari kedua bahasa tersebut kemudian ditarik kesimpulan sebagai hasil akhir dari penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa, (1) verba transitif dalam bahasa Jepang memerlukan objek penderita pada kalimat tersebut dan verba intransitif dalam bahasa Jepang tidak perlu objek penderita dalam sebuah kalimat. Sedangkan verba transitif dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah verba yang membutuhkan objek. (2) Verba transitif dalam bahasa Jepang ini berpola (subjek) wa/ga (objek) o (kata kerja transitif-tadoushi). Sedangkan verba intransitif dalam bahasa Jepang berpola (subyek) ga (kata kerja intransitif-jidoushi). Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia pola kalimat verba transitif dan intransitif S+P, yang membedakan dari kedua verba tersebut hanyalah pada objek masing-masing. (3) dalam bahasa Jepang verba transitif dan intransitif memiliki akhiran sebagai penanda masing-masing verba. Yaitu:a) -aru (tran), -eru (intran), b) –aru (intran), -u (tran), c) –reru (intra), -su (tran), d) –reru (intra), -ru (tran), e) – arareru (intran), -u (trans), f) –ru (intran), -su (tran), g) –eru (intran), -asu (tran), h) –u (intran), -asu (tran), i) –iru (intra), -osu (tran), dan j) –u (intran), -eru (tran). Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia untuk verba transitif ditandai dengan imbuhan Me-, memper-, memper-kan, me-i, memper-I, me-kan dan verba intransitif ditandai dengan Verba dasar, dan imbuhan ber-, ber-kan, ter-, ke-an.</p><p> </p>
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Kasman, Kasman. "PERAN SEMANTIK PREDIKAT PADA VERBA BERVALENSI SATU, DUA, DAN TIGA DALAM BAHASA SAMAWA DIALEK SUMBAWA BESAR/THE SEMANTIC ROLES OF THE PREDICATES ON VERB ONE, TWO, AND THREE SUMBAWA LANGUAGES IN THE SUMBAWA BESAR DIALECT." Aksara 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v32i2.445.287-298.
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Abstrak Penelitian terhadap peran semantik bahasa Samawa masih belum banyak dilakukan. Untuk mendukung pengembangan dan pelestarian bahasa Samawa, penelitian-penelitian deskriptif seperti ini tetap perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada peran verba bervalensi satu, dua, dan tiga dalam bahasa Samawa dialek Sumbawa Besar dan bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peran semantik verba bervalensi tersebut. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori sintaksis struktural. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode cakap dan metode simak. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis menggunakan me- tode padan intralingual. Hasil dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa verba bervalensi satu melibatkan argumen-argumen yang secara semantik mencermainkan verba proses, tindakan, dan verba keadaan. Adapun verba bervalensi dua melibatkan argumen-argumen yang secara semantik merefleksikan verba tindakan, seperti pada sangode (mengecilkan), samasak (memasak), dan pina (membuat). Secara sintaksis verba-verba tindakan itu membutuhkan kehadiran dua argumen kalimat sekaligus. Sementara itu, verba bervalensi tiga yang secara semantik merefleksikan makna benefaktif membutuhkan kehadiran tiga argu-men kalimat sekaligus. Kata kunci: semantik, sintaksis, subjek, predikat, argumen Abstract Research on semantic roles in Samawa language has not been comprehensively done. To support the ef- forts of fostering and developing Samawa language, descriptive studies like this study are always needed. This study is focused on the role of verb valency one, two, and three in Samawa language, especially in Sumbawa Besar Dialect and aimed to describe their semantic roles. The theory used in this study is syntax structural theory. The data were collected using two methods realized by observing and listening to the conversation. The collected data were then analyzed using comparative method. Results of data analysis indicated that syntactically one-valence verbs require argument which semantically re ies process, ac- tion, and constant meaning. While two-valence verb requires arguments which semantically re ies action, such as verbs Sangode (to make something smaller), Samasak (to cook), and Pina (to make). These kind of verbs syntactically require two sentence arguments. While three-valence verb which semantically shows benefective meaning needs the presence of three sentence arguments. Keywords: Semantic, syntactic, subject, predicate, argument
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Cenko, Enila. "The Early Acquisition of Verb Constructions in Albanian: Evidence from Children’s Verb Use in Experimental Contexts." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2017.v6n1p87.
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Abstract One of the wonders of human development is children’s symbolic capacity to generate language that goes beyond the input received. The present study examines this developmental process with special focus on language typological factors. More specifically, it examines 2-and 3-year-old Albanian-speaking children’s ability to acquire transitive and intransitive constructions in an experimental context. Thirty 2- and 3-year old Albanian-speaking children divided into two age cohorts were trained and then tested using an elicited production task based on the novel verb paradigm. Findings reveal that Albanian-speaking children are precocious in their productivity with transitive and intransitive verb constructions. In contrast to much prior research on English-speaking children, results revealed that most Albanian-speaking children were able to productively use familiar and novel verbs in both transitive and intransitive constructions, regardless of age and whether they heard the novel verbs modeled in verb constructions tested. It is argued that languages with explicit markings for agent- patient relations facilitate an earlier onset of productivity than word-order languages like English. Additionally, results suggest that children’s capacity to diversely use familiar verbs affects the developmental process of acquiring new verbs including those used in novel verb experiments. Discussion focuses on the importance of using naturalistic experimental designs to construct a more comprehensive view of the process by which children acquire verb constructions and also considers the implications of the cross-linguistic findings for developmental theories of language acquisition.
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See, Daniel. "Bejalai in Iban: A Study on Translating Motion Verbs in Bup Kudus Baru." Bible Translator 72, no. 2 (August 2021): 200–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20516770211004686.
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This study investigates the use of the Talmy-Slobin typology of semantic components of motion verbs as applied to Bible translation. Using the Bup Kudus Baru, a new Iban translation, in comparison with a framework formed by the Hebrew original, NRSV representing English translation, and occasionally a Chinese translation, the author demonstrates the key features of verb-framed, satellite-framed, and equipollently-framed languages. The analysis of two Hebrew motion verbs, yāșā’ (path verb) and hālak (manner verb), and their respective Iban translations in Bup Kudus Baru, shows that the Iban language, much like Malay and Urak Lawoi’ from the same language family, is of path-salient nature in principle, but at the same time displays the use of serial verb constructs, a feature of equipollently-framed languages when manner verbs are required. The author concludes with some suggestions of ways to apply the Talmy-Slobin model in Bible translation, from the point of view of translators, translation officers, and their institutions.
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Kwok, Lily, Stephanie Berk, and Diane Lillo-Martin. "Person vs. locative agreement." Special Issue in Memory of Irit Meir 23, no. 1-2 (October 30, 2020): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.00042.kwo.
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Abstract Sign languages are frequently described as having three verb classes. One, ‘agreeing’ verbs, indicates the person/number of its subject and object by modification of the beginning and ending locations of the verb. The second, ‘spatial’ verbs, makes a similar appearing modification of verb movement to represent the source and goal locations of the theme of a verb of motion. The third class, ‘plain’ verbs, is characterized as having neither of these types of modulations. A number of researchers have proposed accounts that collapse all of these types, or the person-agreeing and spatial verbs. Here we present evidence from late learners of American Sign Language and from the emergence of new sign languages that person agreement and locative agreement have a different status in these conditions, and we claim their analysis should be kept distinct, at least in certain ways.
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Pasaribu, Rebekka Viona, Daniel J. O. Siringoringo, Vivi Grasella Nainggolan, and Anita Sitanggang. "A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF VERB IN INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE ON SINDO NEWS." JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND BUSINESS (JHSSB) 1, no. 4 (July 25, 2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v1i4.268.
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This study contrasted verb features that exist between the two languages, with Indonesian as the source language and English as the target language. The contrastive analysis is used to help second language or foreign language learners understand the target language being studied more easily. The problem limitation is focused on analyzing the differences in verbs for action and non-action verbs between English and Indonesian (https://ekbis.sindonews.com/read/824401/33/dunia-gonjang-ganjing-luhut-ekonomi-kita-salah-satu-yang-terbaik ) in SINDO News. The research used descriptive qualitative research. The technique of analyzing data used in this study is based on contrastive analysis from SINDO News. The researchers searched and found data from Google media. After that, the researcher analyzes each word from the economic news, which includes the action verb and non-action verb. Next, the researcher analyzes for words that have the same meaning in the action verb and non-action verb by using an English dictionary, then compares them with the same word in Indonesian using the Indonesian dictionary. The results of the analysis show that there are 15 verbs found in news.
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Kulsum, Eva Meidi. "Phrasal Verbs in George Orwell’s 1984 and Its Arabic Translation." e-Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2020.v14.i02.p04.
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In English, phrasal verb comprises of a verb and a particle, so does in Arabic. Although both languages have phrasal verbs, it does not mean that each phrasal verb in English is translated in the same form as a phrasal verb into Arabic. This research aimed to know the translation shift of phrasal verbs in George Orwell’s novel entitled 1984 and its Arabic translations. This research employed a qualitative descriptive method using a purposive sampling technique. The result showed that Arabic is a rich vocabulary language. It was proven by more than 50% of the English phrasal verbs found in the novel is translated into Arabic in the same category or grammatical class, not in the form of description.
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Brentari, Diane, Laura Horton, and Susan Goldin-Meadow. "Crosslinguistic similarity and variation in the simultaneous morphology of sign languages." Linguistic Review 37, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 571–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2020-2055.
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Abstract Two differences between signed and spoken languages that have been widely discussed in the literature are: the degree to which morphology is expressed simultaneously (rather than sequentially), and the degree to which iconicity is used, particularly in predicates of motion and location, often referred to as classifier predicates. In this paper we analyze a set of properties marking agency and number in four sign languages for their crosslinguistic similarities and differences regarding simultaneity and iconicity. Data from American Sign Language (ASL), Italian Sign Language (LIS), British Sign Language (BSL), and Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL) are analyzed. We find that iconic, cognitive, phonological, and morphological factors contribute to the distribution of these properties. We conduct two analyses—one of verbs and one of verb phrases. The analysis of classifier verbs shows that, as expected, all four languages exhibit many common formal and iconic properties in the expression of agency and number. The analysis of classifier verb phrases (VPs)—particularly, multiple-verb predicates—reveals (a) that it is grammatical in all four languages to express agency and number within a single verb, but also (b) that there is crosslinguistic variation in expressing agency and number across the four languages. We argue that this variation is motivated by how each language prioritizes, or ranks, several constraints. The rankings can be captured in Optimality Theory. Some constraints in this account, such as a constraint to be redundant, are found in all information systems and might be considered non-linguistic; however, the variation in constraint ranking in verb phrases reveals the grammatical and arbitrary nature of linguistic systems.
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Yuan, Boping. "The status of thematic verbs in the second language acquisition of Chinese: against inevitability of thematic-verb raising in second language acquisition." Second Language Research 17, no. 3 (July 2001): 248–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765830101700302.
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This article reports a study investigating the status of thematic verbs in second language acquisition (SLA) of Chinese by French-speaking, German-speaking, and English-speaking learners. Both French and German are languages which allow thematic verbs to raise. In contrast, thematic verbs in English and Chinese must remain in situ under V at PF. It has been widely reported in the second-language and nonnative language (L2) literature that (optional) thematic-verb raising occurs in SLA, and L2 researchers have accounted for this phenomenon on the basis of some hypotheses proposed for the initial state of SLA. Although these hypotheses differ from each other in explaining the presence of thematic-verb raising in SLA, they all predict that thematic-verb raising is inevitable in SLA by speakers of a verb-raising language. Some go so far as to predict thematic-verb raising in SLA by speakers of a non-verb-raising language. The study reported in this article provides robust evidence that the thematic verb does not raise in SLA of Chinese, which casts doubt on the reliability of these hypotheses in the L2 literature. Both judgement data and oral production data in the study clearly indicate that thematic verbs remain in situ in L2 Chinese. No optionality occurs at any proficiency level. These findings are accounted for in terms of the absence of verbal inflection in Chinese and the evidence in the L2 Chinese input data for the specification of the abstract features associated with the head of IP.
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Okoye, Adaobi Ngozi. "Posture Verbs in Igbo." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1008.01.
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Studies on posture verbs in other languages suggest that speakers use posture verbs to describe the position of objects thus revealing the varied conceptualization of entities in space among languages. Despite these diverse conceptualizations, the studies have identified the verbs sit; stand and lie as key members of the posture verb class (Newman 2002, Lemmens 2002, Atintono 2012). In the present study, verbs that indicate the positions of entities in space are explored in the Igbo language. The study specifically seeks to identify the members of this verb class, ascertain if there are specific conceptualizations that can affect the posture used within a given context in addition to determining whether the verbs apply to animate and inanimate entities. Data for the study were elicited from native speakers of the Igbo language adapting the Max Plancks picture series for positional verbs comprising series of photographs of objects in specific configurations. Other strategies devised by the researcher also formed sources of data for the study. From the analysis of the collected data, the initial findings of the study show that nò̩du̩ ‘sit’, kwu̩ru̩ ‘stand, dinà ‘lie’ , tú̩kwù̩ ‘squat’ amongst others constitute Igbo verbs denoting posture. In addition, the study posits multiple verbs for different varieties of the Igbo posture verb dinà ‘lie’.
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Muminova, Aziza. "THE ANALYTIC MEANS INDICATING ASPECTUAL CATEGORIES IN TURKIC LANGUAGES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 2, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-2-7.
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The grammatical category of the form is a type of the Slavic language, which is used in an international terminology as an aspect, as form in the Slavic language, and in the Uzbek language as“tus”. The form means completed / uncompleted action of the verb. This linguistic phenomenon in Turkic languages is somewhat different from the Slavic form category. In Turkic, such as in Uzbek, the verb meaning is expressed by the main and auxiliary verbs rather than with one independent verb.
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Bhaga, Bertholomeus Jawa. "Konjugasi pada Bahasa Sikka Krove di Kabupaten Sikka Nusa Tenggara Timur." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 9, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v9i1.111457.
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Sikka’s verbs have different features from other regional languages in their application in sentences. This is because the Sikka verbs undergo a conjugation process, which is a change in the form of the verb based on the persona pronoun that precedes it. Based on observation during the language practice of speakers of this language, it can be seen that certain verbs, namely 'eat' and 'drink' in Sikka language, are unique, namely the existence of an inflection process that is more conical in conjugation. This research aims to describe the various patterns formed as a conjugation process. This type of research is qualitative, that the data is a description using verb words. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method, namely analyzing descriptive data by describing various conjugation patterns that occur in the Sikka language. The result obtained is a form of conjugation based on the subject followed by the verb "eat" and "drink" in the Sikka language. That it turns out that there is a change in the form of the verb due to a change in the subject. Meanwhile, the time form and other forms were not found in this study.
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Smyder, Rebecca, and Kaitlyn Harrigan. "The influence of language-specific and universal factors on acquisition of motion verbs." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (April 10, 2021): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5036.
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This study explores children’s encoding of novel verbs referring to motion events, and finds influence of both language-specific and universal constraints on meaning. Motion verbs fall into two categories—manner verbs encode how a movement happens (run, swim), and path verbs encode the starting and ending point of a motion (enter, fall). Some languages express path more frequently in the verb (Spanish, Hebrew), and others manner more frequently (English, German). Our study expands on this previous work demonstrating sensitivity to these language-specific distributions, as well as expanding to test environmental factors representing a predictable universal distribution. We find that children are sensitive to both the language-specific factors as well as the universal factors in motion verb acquisition.
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Nurrakhman, Denny Kusno, Herniwati Herniwati, and Linna Meilia Rasiban. "ANALISIS KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN VERBA BAHASA JEPANG YANG BERMAKNA “MEMAKAI “PADA MAHASISWA TINGKAT II DPBJ FPBS UPI." JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/japanedu.v1i1.2650.
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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang membahas tentang analisis kesalahan penggunaan verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa tingkat II Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis kesalahan apa yang dilakukan mahasiswa dalam penggunaan verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai dan faktor apa yang menyebabkan terjadinya kesalahan, serta bagaimana solusi untuk mengatasi kesalahan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode deskriptif jenis. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data yaitu instrumen tes dan angket. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dengan teknik one shoot model, yaitu dengan pengambilan data dilakukan satu kali dalam satu waktu. Sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu mahasiswa tingkat II Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia sebanyak 30 orang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa kesalahan penggunaan makna mencapai 64% terutama pada verba maku dengan 84% kesalahan, shimeru dengan 75% kesalahan, dan kakeru dengan 67% kesalahan. Faktor penyebab terjadinya kesalahan penggunaan verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai adalah banyaknya jenis verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai dan ragam makna pada satu jenis verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai. Selain itu kurangnya pemahaman dan pengalaman belajar menjadi salah satu faktor terjadinya kesalahan. Kata kunci: analisis kesalahan, verba bermakna memakai ABSTRACT This research discusses the use of error analysis Japanese verb which means to ‘use’ conducted by students of the second level of the Japanese Language Education Department of Education Language and Literature Faculty of Education University of Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine what kind of mistakes which students in the use of Japanese verb which means to ‘use’ and what factors caused the error, and how to solve the error. The method used in this research is descriptive method types. The instrument used to obtain the data and test instrument questionnaires. Data collection technique that is used is "one shoot model", with data retrieval done once at a time. The sample in this research is a student level II Department of education faculty of education Japan Language language and Literature University of Education Indonesia as many as 30 people. Based on the results of the research, the use of error meaning achieving 64% especially in verbs maku with 84% error, shimeru with 75% of the error, and kakeru with 67% error. Factors cause the occurrence of mistakes Japan language verbs use meaningful ‘use’ is the number of types of Japan language verbs which means ‘use’ and multiform meanings on one type of language the verb meaning Japan ‘use’. In addition the lack of understanding and the learning experience to become one of the factors for error. Keyword: error analysis, verb meaning ‘use’
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Li, Paul Jen-kuei. "Adverbs in the Austronesian languages of Taiwan." Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20041.li.
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Abstract This is a study of adverbs in nine typologically divergent Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Favorlang, Kavalan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Thao, and Tsou. There are only a few adverbs in each of these languages. The form of an adverb is usually invariant and its position in a sentence is relatively free. On the contrary, the form of a verb usually varies and its position in the sentence is usually fixed. Since the function of an adverb is to modify a verb, it may not occur without a verb in a sentence, whereas a true verb may occur without any other verb. Many adverbial concepts in Chinese and English, such as ‘all’, ‘only’, ‘often’, and ‘again’, are expressed using verbs that manifest different foci and take aspect markers. When these words function as the main verb in the sentence, they may attract bound personal pronouns in many Austronesian languages of Taiwan. However, there are a few genuine adverbs in each of these languages. It varies from language to language whether a certain lexical item functions as a verb or adverb.
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Khavronina, Serafima A., and Kasim Emrak. "Teaching Russian verbs of motion to Turkish students, considering national linguistic picture of the worlds." Russian Language Studies 19, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2021-19-3-313-330.
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The article deals with Russian prefixed verbs of motion in the reflection of the Turkish language. The topic is relevant due to the fact that in recent years the role of Russian language learning in Turkey is increasing because of the expansion of economic and cultural relations between the two countries. The aim of the study is to create a linguodidactic basis for developing methodological recommendations for teaching Russian prefixed verbs of motion to Turkish students. Different methods have been used to realize the goal. The article is based on the dissertations, textbooks and manuals on the Russian language for foreigners, scientific works comparing the Russian and Turkish languages. The study of verbs of motion in the practical course of the Russian language for Turkish students has a special place. Russian and Turkish language speakers perceive the world and their identity differently. The differences between the pictures of the world are reflected in culture and language, its vocabulary and grammatical categories. Thus, while there are universals in the verb systems of the Russian and Turkish languages, there are also significant differences in the idea of action, state, change, movement, denoted by verb units in the two languages. Russian prefixed verbs of motion do not have exact equivalents in Turkish and are translated by means of verbs with different root or translation transformations. The results of the comparative description of Russian prefixed verbs of motion and transferring their meanings in Turkish, and the identified differences served as the basis for developing methodological recommendations for teaching Russian prefixed verbs of motion to Turkish students, taking into account their native language. Basing on the research, a system of teaching prefixed verbs of motion to Turkish students, including methods of verb presentation and consolidation in oral and written speech, was developed. The prospects of this work are to create a nationally-oriented textbook on the topic Russian prefix verbs of motion.
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Dadueva, Elena A., and Darima Sh Kharanutova. "Парные глаголы с каузативным значением: семантические особенности (на материале бурятского языка)." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-3-590-599.
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Introduction. The article discusses the semantics of paired causative verbs in the Buryat language, which has not been the subject of a special study yet. The aim was to study the semantic features of Buryat paired causative verbs by way of identifying: 1) the types of paired causative verbs, 2) the contribution of each semantic component of a verbt of its general semantics and their correlation, and 3) paired causative verbs as a special case in expressing causative semantics. Materials and methods. The data was collected from works of fiction in the Electronic Corpus of the Buryat language; contextual and distributive analysis were used as the primary methods of research. Results. Semantic analysis of paired causative verbs, illustrative of causative relationships in the linguistic picture of the Buryat world, indicated that in pairs of non-causative + causative verb the latter is a leading component, which demonstrates the power of causative semantics; the verbs of this type most often express various emotions associated with impact and subjective assessment. The other type are represented by pairs of synonymous causative verb + causative verb that are effective in expressing the intensity of the impact; with the semes of the synonymous verbs combined, the meaning of causation in such pairs is enhanced, and their expressiveness and emotionale valuation aspects come to the fore.