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1
Rocque, Michael, Agnieszka Serwik, and Judy Plummer-Beale. Offender Rehabilitation and Reentry During Emerging Adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0046.
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The criminal justice system has long been delineated along juvenile and adult lines. The ostensible rationale for this separation was that juveniles are developmentally distinct from adults; they require less punitive, more rehabilitative treatment than adults in order to improve their behavior. The underlying assumption is that adults are fully mature, and so developmental programs will be ineffective for them. However, recent research has indicated that young or emerging adults are not fully mature, either socially or physiologically. This has led for some to call for a new, “third way” approach for young adult offenders. We describe a program in Maine designed for young adult offenders, in which inmates are separated from both juveniles and adults and provided a diverse array of programming.
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Thompson, Sanna, Kristin Ferguson, Kimberly Bender, Stephanie Begun, and Yeonwoo Kim. Homeless Emerging Adults. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.33.
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Navigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood is challenging for homeless emerging adults due to the absence of basic resources, sexual and physical victimization, psychological challenges, and unstable living conditions. To address the developmental issues associated with homelessness, this chapter utilizes a social estrangement framework to describe homeless emerging adults’ institutional/societal disaffiliation, human capital, identification with the homeless lifestyle, and psychological dysfunction. These terms are used to identify the developmental milestones associated with becoming adults in unconventional circumstances and during the nontraditional developmental processes experienced by homeless emerging adults. Intervention approaches are discussed in terms of services and barriers to care for homeless emerging adults. Policies are discussed that highlight the need for additional attention to service needs, mental health challenges, and criminal justice involvement of this population of emerging adults.
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Robinson, Oliver, and Rita Žukauskienė. Flourishing in European Emerging Adults. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0039.
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This chapter explores the challenges that European emerging adults encounter in attempting to flourish within a continent that has extreme levels of socioeconomic inequality and very high levels of migration. Average incomes across the countries of the EU differ by up to a factor of 10, and in the less affluent countries there is a strong motive to move to a more wealthy country to find better paid work. This tends to happen during emerging adulthood; the overwhelming majority of economic migrants in Europe are between the ages of 18 and 30. The well-being of emerging adults in Europe is captured by the European Social Survey (ESS). In 2012, France scored lowest of all participating countries in the ESS for flourishing. We briefly explore how the absence of flourishing in young people may be linked to radicalization, and link this to France’s recent difficulties with terrorism committed by young adult males.
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Schwartz, Seth J., Byron L. Zamboanga, Koen Luyckx, Alan Meca, and Rachel Ritchie. Identity in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.001.
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This chapter presents a review of identity status-based theory and research with adolescents and emerging adults, with some coverage of related approaches such as narrative identity and identity style. In the first section, the authors review Erikson’s theory of identity and early identity status research examining differences in personality and cognitive variables across statuses. They then review two contemporary identity models that extend identity status theory and explicitly frame identity development as a dynamic and iterative process. The authors also review work that has focused on specific domains of identity. The second section of the chapter discusses mental and physical health correlates of identity processes and statuses. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future identity research with adolescent and emerging-adult populations.
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Risman, Barbara J. Millennials as Emerging Adults. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324385.003.0003.
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This chapter begins by providing a historical context for the Millennial generation. Growing up is different in the 21st century than before; it takes much longer. Given how many years youth take to explore their identities before they emerge into adulthood with stable jobs and committed partners, the chapter reviews what we now about “emerging adulthood” as a stage of human development. The chapter also highlights a debate in social science as to whether Millennials are entitled narcissists or a new civically engaged generation that will re-energize America. The chapter concludes with an overview of another debate, whether Millennials are pushing the gender revolution forward or returning to more traditional beliefs.
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Bronk, Kendall Cotton, and Rachel Baumsteiger. The Role of Purpose Among Emerging Adults. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0004.
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The present chapter is concerned with one particular facet of thriving during emerging adulthood: the commitment to a purpose in life. We situate purpose within the broader context of emerging adult moral formation and outline three ways leading a life of purpose can contribute to optimal development during this stage. As a means of fully fleshing out the ways that pursuing a personally meaningful aspiration can help emerging adults flourish, we profile three young exemplars of purpose. These young people were interviewed three times over a five-year period spanning adolescence and emerging adulthood, and from them we learn how a purpose in life can contribute to flourishing in the twenties. The chapter concludes with a discussion of proposed future directions for the study of purpose among emerging adults.
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Dietrich, Julia, and Katariina Salmela-Aro. Emerging Adults and Work. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.25.
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The transition from education to work is a key developmental task of emerging adulthood. In this chapter, the authors approach this transition from an engagement perspective, presenting a model of phase-adequate engagement that links career development, developmental regulation, and identity development theories in the context of the education-to-work transition. Taking a phase-adequate engagement perspective, they then review the literature on emerging adults’ transition from education to work and the role of interpersonal contexts. The authors conclude with suggestions for future research, emphasizing that a holistic view is needed in the study of emerging adults’ engagement, one taking more into account the structural, institutional, and cultural contexts that emerging adults are exposed to when transitioning from education to work.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. Dating, Hooking Up, and Love. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of the modern context of emerging adult dating and cohabitation. Information is provided on the sexual activity, hooking-up, and dating behaviors of emerging adults, and modern trends in each of these areas are discussed. Relationships among emerging adults are more complex than in previous generations. Societal shifts in the acceptability of nonmarital sex and cohabitation have created a space where emerging adults can engage in long-term serial monogamy. The ways in which dating and cohabitation during emerging adulthood have changed in the past 50 years provide the historical context for many of the marriage paradoxes discussed in later chapters.
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Dasianu, Ashley. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0026.
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Growing up, I was always a fainter. My family tells countless tales of the times I have fainted, whether from seeing someone receive a shot or from seeing something as small as a cut finger. As I walked down the hall of a Romanian hospital, I quietly hoped that I would be able to handle what I was about to see and stay on my feet. I knew enough about what had happened to the boy in the room ahead to know that what I was about to encounter would be much more traumatic than a cut finger....
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Magolda, Marcia Baxter, and Kari B. Taylor. Developing Self-Authorship in College to Navigate Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.34.
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Many emerging adults find themselves navigating the complex transition from adolescence to adulthood while enrolled in college. The key to navigating the demands of college (and emerging adulthood) is not simply what decisions one makes but also how one makes them. This chapter foregrounds college student development research regarding the developmental capacities that underlie young adults’ decision-making processes. Drawing upon two longitudinal studies of college student and young adult development, the authors show how young adults move from uncritically following external formulas learned in childhood toward gaining the capacity for self-authorship—a journey that involves developing internal criteria for crafting one’s identities, relationships, and beliefs and yields the ability to navigate external demands. The authors emphasize that diverse combinations of personal characteristics, experiences, and meaning-making capacities yield diverse pathways toward self-authorship. They also highlight how higher education can promote self-authorship and explore further research to better understand self-authorship’s relevance across cultures.
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McNamara Barry, Carolyn, Stephanie D. Madsen, and Alyssa DeGrace. Growing Up with a Little Help from their Friends in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.008.
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Friendships are vital to emerging adults’ adjustment due to the rapid changes that come during this decade (e.g., leaving their families of origin, delaying adult roles of marriage and parenthood). Indeed, friends are often central to emerging adults’ lives and can afford immeasurable support as they tackle developmental tasks, such as identity. This chapter reviews the literature on the types (same vs. opposite sex vs. friends with benefits), formation processes, and qualities of emerging adults’ friendships. The authors discuss variations in friendships as a function of gender, sexual orientation, and ethnicity/culture. Additionally, the authors note the extent to which emerging adults’ friendships change as a result of transitions concerning college, career, relationship status, and parenthood. Next, the authors document the mechanisms of friendship influence and the extent of this influence on salient developmental tasks for emerging adults. They conclude by identifying implications of the findings for researchers and practitioners.
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Speakman, Danielle. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0031.
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I was only 21 when I went to Lima, Peru, for the first time. I never could have anticipated the transformation that occurred as a result of that decision at that time in my life. In King and Merola’s chapter, “Crucibles of Transformation,” they speak of how the particular challenges, gifts, and perspective of the emerging adult will create a fire that can make religious service especially powerful and transformative. This fire will create a crucible experience for the emerging adult. In such a crucible, one element is heated to the degree that it becomes something new. This sort of alchemy was at the heart of my own emerging adulthood experience in Lima....
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Anderson, Brynn. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0020.
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My name is Brynn Anderson; I am a 20-year-old Caucasian female. I come from a family of six. My household is composed of my dad, mom, twin sister, and two younger siblings. My sister and I have both left the house in order to pursue higher education, while my younger siblings remain at home. Reflecting on relationships in my life that have helped me to flourish, I wish to emphasize the relationship that I have with my grandparents, because of whom I have flourished in my young adulthood. My grandparents have always played a very prominent role in my life. As I reflect on my relationship with them, I realize that much of my development has been because of their prominent role. I have experienced outcomes in my life that have stemmed from several examples of their important role, which I will further examine....
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Jackson, D. Simon. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0017.
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I was 7 years old when I was lucky enough to discover my passion for bears and learned firsthand, through a lemonade stand and a couple of letters in support of protecting Alaska’s Kodiak bears, that all people—no matter their age—can make a difference for all life. By the age of 13, with my passion growing and my belief in the power of one fortified, I embarked on a journey that I thought would last a week, but has instead come to define my young life....
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Tanner, Jennifer L. Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.30.
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This chapter examines the role of mental health in emerging-adult development and adjustment describing a stage-specific model of mental health. It first addresses the importance of the mental health needs of emerging adults before considering a model that conceptualizes and measures mental health based on four general approaches: mental health as normality, mental health as a set of personality traits, equating mental health with personal maturity, and considering whether an individual has achieved average development for age and stage. The chapter also explores three hypotheses that scientifically probe associations between criteria of “adulthood” and mental health: social exclusion, social adaptation, and developmental maturation. Finally, it looks at how the theory of emerging adulthood can be used to set the context for conceptualizing not only new social norms, but also new developmental norms, complemented with the concept of “recentering.”
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Berry, Jessica, and Terence Berry. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0022.
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Jessica and I thought that it would be easier to explain our background and ideas using our voices. At the beginning of each segment, we indicate who is speaking to help the reader follow along with the conversation.Terence: To introduce ourselves, I am a 27-year-old male. After years of filling out what my ethnicity is, I am half Hispanic and half Caucasian. I do not fall into any stereotypes. I do not speak Spanish, but I can understand some from growing up in a mostly Hispanic culture in California. I learned French in high school. I also lived in the Netherlands for two years during a religious service mission. Growing up, I had a very diverse group of friends. Most of them had both parents in their life. The father was mostly always away at work, and the mother stayed at home, no matter what ethnicity or religion they came from. I didn’t notice any divorces or separations. That seemed like a rare thing, even when there were financial problems, which seemed to be the norm....
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Warren, Scott. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0014.
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Originally hailing from San Diego, California, my political consciousness came to light as I began moving around the world, living throughout Latin America and Africa as the son of a Foreign Service Officer. The opportunity to see emerging democracies grappling with the thorny realities of individuals expressing their opinions to make a collective difference made an impact on me as a young person that has inspired me to continue to promote the importance of youth political participation....
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Green, Raymond Joseph. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0019.
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My name is Raymond Joseph Green. I’m a Caucasian male who comes from Crystal Falls, Michigan. My sister and I were raised by my wonderful mother, with a little help from her fiancé, whom I’d grow to love and respect more than my biological father. Our parents spared no expense when it came to keeping me and my sister happy. Some would even say we were spoiled. I graduated from Forest Park High School in 2002....
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Cherry, Manny. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0053.
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When people think of queer emerging adults (QEAs), they may use terms such as risk, binge drinking, multiple partners, unsafe sex, and stress. In reality, these aspects do not exist for all QEAs, especially not myself. In this essay, I will provide you a brief introduction about myself and explain the positive experiences that are associated with my development as a QEA, and explain how these experiences influenced the direction of my life for both the present and future....
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Keller, Amanda. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0044.
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I’m not sure where to begin my story. My name is Amanda Keller, and in the late 1990s, when I was 13, I was placed in out-of-home placement by a psychiatrist in Cincinnati, Ohio. I’d been abused most of my childhood by my stepfather, who was a sadist. I have a number of poorly healed fractures to testify to what he did to me physically. Psychologically, the effect of being tortured for years really took its toll, and I think the psychological impact was much worse. In addition to being in a bad mental state because of what was done to me, I was also not well because of what wasn’t done for me. I’d reported the abuse formally four times to professionals before anything happened. Relatives and neighbors were aware of what was happening, and I guess those that knew the most didn’t know what to do. One of the times I reported my stepdad we moved to a different state, so I can’t blame the police on that occasion, but then again, no one saved me. This effect of not being helped when I reached out, which is a scary thing to do when your relative plans his abuses, made me hate everyone, in particular adults....
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Elizalde, Victoria. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0042.
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I am María Victoria, a young woman at the age of 31, and I am writing about my twenties living in Paraná, the place where I was born and brought up.In order to understand properly my narration, there are some historical features that would be important to underline about my country pursuant to my experience. Since my childhood I have usually heard from my aunts, parents, and grandparents an open distrust of politicians and memories of a period of instability, censorship, and state terrorism where many civilians “disappeared” and people in general were being observed everywhere. Everyone could be seen as a spy, and varied and countless violations of human rights happened. In the return of democracy, there was a visible refreshment of social well-being, but it was difficult to leave a culture of fear and adopt self-expression freely as a way of living or to participate in politics. Self-expression was related to “show” instead of freedom or critical thinking. That is the context I grew up in. Devaluation, public sector corruption, unemployment or low-paying jobs, and working in the black economy are frequently heard concepts in this society. In each of the subsequent governments, many cases of corruption in the public sector were demonstrated. So I understand it is very difficult here to keep values such as honesty, equity, fraternity, and liberty and succeed in politics. And I have found a better place to do my best in my work, personal relationships, educational instances, and social or communitarian projects....
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Zimmermann, Andreas. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0005.
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We are three Germans named Lukas (24), Peter (29), and Andy (28). We live in the south of Germany and recently finished our bachelor’s degrees. Peter and Andy studied media and information, and Lukas studied engineering economics. Be japy e.V. was founded during our studies when we had to organize a project, so we thought about how to tell the people that it is so simple to help another person. We got to know each other through the study when Peter and Andy asked for someone who would like to participate at Be japy e.V. as a working member. Lukas thought this was a great idea and said yes....
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Shapiro, Matthew. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0049.
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Throughout life, transitions can create some of the most daunting experiences anyone will encounter. Leaving school, finding a job, moving out on your own, finding someone to share your life with—these all constitute life transitions and events that force everyone to look outside of their comfort zone to formulate a solution. Everyone dreads the change, but we all must face it head-on and accept the challenge of something different. For people with disabilities these changes may be overwhelming and, at times, debilitating. The key to success while transitioning is having attained the proper skill set to help overcome whatever transitional barrier(s) your particular disability mandates....
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Groves, Loren. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0011.
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I’m a 30-year-old white male who graduated high school with a 2.0 GPA by turning in a 10-page report two days before I had to walk the stage. I went to one semester of junior college at Evergreen Valley College. At the time I was also in a band and was sleeping through classes. My teachers asked me to sleep outside if I was going to do that, so I did. Then they would lay the notes and transparencies from their lectures on me when I woke up. I passed all my classes but decided it was time to double down on either band or school, and I chose band....
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Unrein, Jennifer, and Wendi Unrein. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0048.
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My name is Jennifer Unrein. I am a 27-year-old white woman, and I have Williams syndrome, a genetic handicap. I was born in Hutchinson, Kansas, and I graduated high school in 2007. I have a sister, brother, dad, and stepmom. My parents divorced when I was small. I then lived with my grandparents for a little bit. My dad, Eric, married my stepmom, Wendi, when I was 6. I do not have a relationship with my mom. Since I graduated high school, I have been running an art business with my stepmom called JennyLU Designs. I started this to help raise money for cancer research and learned that I could have help from my stepmom....
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Afumbom, Akom Delbert. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0034.
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I am a young African male, aged 29. I am a native of Kom, Belo subdivision, Boyo division of the Northwest Region of Cameroon, commonly known as the grass fields. I come from a very humble family of four children (two boys and two girls) and am the third in line after the first two girls. My father was a nurse and worked with the then missionaries, today called the Cameroon Baptist Convention, for four decades up to the time of his retirement more than a decade ago. My mother was a housewife for close to a decade after marriage, but she got a job as a ward helper or aide with the Baptist Convention hospital, where she has worked for close to three decades. She presently serves as a pharmacy aide, after having received short training courses within said field....
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Vernon, David. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0038.
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Five a.m. is early, and 4:30 a.m. is even earlier. At the mere age of 11, a 4:30 a.m. wake up was commonplace on a Saturday morning. Growing up in mining towns, literally the middle of nowhere, made it near on impossible to pursue my dreams of playing professional cricket. Especially when the game started at 7:30 in the morning, 300 kilometers from where I lived. Though mornings were tough for me, I can’t imagine the pain and struggle my parents went through. I’m sure that after working 80 hours all week, the last thing they wanted to do was jump in a car at 4:30 on a Saturday morning. I was extremely fortunate to grow up in Australia in the 1990s as part of a very supportive, working middle-class family....
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. Marriage Is Important … Just Not That Important. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0005.
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This chapter explores beliefs about the importance of marriage. The authors explain how most emerging adults no longer think marriage is a needed institution but struggle describing why or what society would do without it. Marital importance can be divided into three broad categories of beliefs: an individual’s beliefs about the importance of marriage for society, beliefs about the specific importance of marriage in the individual’s own life, and the relative importance of marriage compared with other life goals. Most emerging adults believe that marriage is important, but they vary in the relative importance they place on marriage. When marriage is pitted against education and career importance, significant variation exists. The authors describe how many emerging adults now prioritize career success over marriage during their 20s.
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Blandine-Arestide, Pembema. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0033.
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I am a female from Africa and am 27 years old. I was born in a small remote village called Bangolan in the Babessi subdivision of the Ngoketunjia division, in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. I was born into a small family where I am the only child. However, I grew up in a large extended family with more than 10 members. My mom was and still is a petty trader in food items. I grew up in the village during early childhood with my grandparents, who were local farmers, because my mother was in the city struggling to raise finances to help the family; she was the first child and the only breadwinner in the family. A few years into my primary education, I left the village to stay with my uncle in the city of Yaounde, where I continued my primary education. While in the city, I trekked for a long distance every day—from the outskirts of the city, where we lived, to the center of the town, where my school was located. Although it was painful, it gave me courage and strengthened me as a child. Also, my uncle was busy so I was left to myself to struggle with the home as well as my assignments. All of these challenges, coupled with the farming I did in the village as a small girl, built me into a tough and courageous woman. It actually served as a bedrock for the challenges I faced later in life....
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King, Patricia M., and Karen Strohm Kitchener. Cognitive Development in the Emerging Adult. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.14.
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This chapter examines cognitive development in emerging adulthood by focusing on two concepts: cognitive complexity and development. More specifically, it explores how complex cognitive abilities enable emerging adults to better cope with the demands of adult life through the aid of complex thinking that results from cognitive development. To understand cognitive development, the chapter first outlines several conditions that make a cognitive change developmental in nature. It then discusses three cognitive processes, namely, cognition, metacognition, and epistemic cognition, with emphasis on the theory and research related to each. In addition, it considers age-related issues of cognitive development. William G. Perry Jr.’s seminal work on students’ intellectual and ethical development in the college years is also examined, together with the concepts of self-evolution and self-authorship. Finally, the chapter discusses the dynamic development theory developed by Fischer et al. and its implications for understanding epistemic development.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Jason S. Carroll. On the Horizon. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.31.
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This chapter overviews marriage formation patterns and beliefs about marriage during emerging adulthood. Although marriage is no longer a transition occurring during emerging adulthood for many individuals, this chapter describes how marriage still has an important impact on emerging adult development and trajectories. The authors first note the major international demographic shifts in marriage that have occurred among emerging adults over the past several decades. They then highlight how research findings on beliefs about marriage have offered evidence that how emerging adults perceive their current or future marital transitions is strongly associated with other decisions during emerging adulthood. The chapter overviews major theoretical advancements in this area including marital paradigm theory and marital horizon theory. Research is summarized focusing on the age of marriage to highlight and discuss how marriage during emerging adulthood may impact well-being. Suggestions are provided for future directions of research in this area of scholarship.
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Konstam, Varda. The Romantic Lives of Emerging Adults. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639778.001.0001.
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The romantic lives of emerging adults are often baffling and contradictory: they prize committed and authentic relationships, yet they appear to be reluctant participants, and they prefer to foster ambiguity in their romantic relationships, even as they value honesty and clarity. This book grapples with these perplexing questions and considers the challenging economic conditions in which today’s emerging adults find themselves. With an emphasis on the constructs of commitment and sacrifice and their centrality to emerging adults’ readiness for long-term relationships, the main milestones in transitioning from an I identity to a we identity are reviewed. The concepts of choice and risk are discussed and structures such as asymmetrically committed relationships, cohabitation, marriage, and divorce are examined through the lens of risk and risk avoidance. The book probes extensively into the romantic lives of emerging adults—their attitudes, values, and expectations. In doing so, this text examines some of the developmental and contextual realities against which romantic attachment must be viewed. Critical topics such as casual and sexual experiences and relationships, going solo, breakups, the integration of work and love, and social media and its influence are considered. Original qualitative data about the topic is presented. The chapters conclude with a “close-up look” at one or more emerging adults so that their romantic lives are brought to life more vividly. The commonality and the individuality of the emerging adults that are presented throughout this text contribute to a rich understanding of emerging adults and how they live and love.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. The Counterculture of Married Emerging Adults. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the stories of five emerging adults who married in their early 20s, a time when most emerging adults believe it is too early to marry. The authors explore the journeys of each of these five early-married emerging adults, noting, where applicable, how they are forging a unique path compared with many of the themes mentioned earlier in this book. The chapter concludes with an overview of the common patterns across the stories, which include religiosity, a transformational power of marriage, and a strong collectivist mentality. The authors note that these examples illustrate a unique way of approaching marriage that includes believing that marriage is a transformative union that changes people for the better.
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Ward, L. Monique, Rita Seabrook, Soraya Giaccardi, and Angie Zuo. Television Uses and Effects in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.26.
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Even though media platforms have multiplied in recent years, television viewing remains a prominent feature of the daily lives of emerging adults. The genres preferred and motivations for viewing are diverse, and many emerging adults report watching TV for relaxation, entertainment, and voyeurism. Despite their reasons for doing so, regular viewing of mainstream television content has many implications for emerging adults’ development. In this chapter, the authors review more than 150 studies that have examined television uses and effects among emerging adults. Overall, data gathered across both survey and experimental paradigms indicate significant effects in multiple domains, linking television exposure to higher levels of aggression, body dissatisfaction, alcohol consumption, sexualization of women, and the endorsement of racial, sexual, and gender stereotypes. The authors also review some positive effects on health beliefs and behaviors and discuss characteristics of the viewer and content that moderate these associations.
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Padilla-Walker, Laura M., and Larry J. Nelson, eds. Flourishing in Emerging Adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.001.0001.
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The goal of this volume is to highlight the third decade of life as one in which individuals have diverse opportunities for positive development that may set the stage for future adult development, as well as to encourage more research on how young people are flourishing during this time period. Despite a preponderance of focus on the negative or dark side of emerging adulthood in research and the media, there is mounting evidence that this time period, at least for a significant majority, is a unique developmental period in which positive development is fostered. The volume consists of chapters written by leading scholars in diverse disciplines who address various aspects of flourishing. It addresses multiple aspects of positive development, including how young people flourish in key areas of emerging adulthood (e.g., identity, love, work, worldviews), the various unique opportunities afforded to young people to flourish (e.g., service experiences, university-based cultural immersion), how flourishing might look different around the world, and how flourishing can occur in the face of challenge (e.g., health issues, disabilities, exposure to violence). In addition, most chapters are accompanied by essays from emerging adults who exemplify the aspect of flourishing denoted in that chapter, and make note of how choices and experiences helped them (or are currently helping them) transition to adulthood. Taken together, the book provides rich evidence and examples of how young people are flourishing as a group and as individuals in a variety of settings and circumstances.
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Shulman, Shmuel, and Jennifer Connolly. The Challenge of Romantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.007.
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Whereas theories of romantic stage development suggest that youth in the period of emerging adulthood are fully capable of commitment to an intimate romantic relationship, recent research suggests that the relationships of many young people are quite different. Marriage and other forms of deep commitment are delayed while many youth engage in short-term casual encounters or in noncommitted relationships. This chapter suggests that these data pose a challenge to stage theories, one that can be reconciled by considering the developmental life tasks that emerging adults must simultaneously resolve. The authors propose a transitional emerging adult romantic stage, coordinating romance and life plans, in which young people strive to integrate career paths and life plans with those of a romantic partner. Resolution of this stage provides the grounding for long-term commitment to a life partner. This proposal is discussed within the perspective of life cycle and evolutionary life history theories.
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Coyne, Sarah M., Laura M. Padilla-Walker, and Emily Howard. Media Uses in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.003.
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This chapter reviews recent literature on uses, effects, and gratifications of media during emerging adulthood. The authors examine traditional media forms, including television, films, video games, music, and books, and also newer media, such as cell phones, social networking sites, and other Internet use, finding that emerging adults spend more time using media than they spend doing any other activity, with most time being spent on the Internet and listening to music. They also find that exposure to certain types of media content can influence both positive and negative outcomes in emerging adulthood, including aggressive and prosocial behavior, body image, sexual behavior, friendship quality, and academic achievement. The authors show that emerging adults use media to gratify certain needs, key among them entertainment, autonomy, identity, and intimacy needs. The authors discuss areas for future research involving media and emerging adulthood.
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Seiffge-Krenke, Inge. Leaving Home. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.32.
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In the past, the tasks of establishing psychological and practical independence were linked in time. Today, these transitions are no longer successively manageable sequences; rather, they are characterized by fluctuations, discontinuities, and reversals. In this review, research findings on factors contributing to the diversity in emerging adults’ leaving home patterns (including early leaving, late leaving, or continued residence in the parents’ home) are summarized. These findings show that although culture, gender, social class, and education shape leaving home patterns, individual factors (e.g., emerging adults’ attachment representations or their progress in the domains of love and work) and parenting strategies that essentially keep the child emotionally and physically in close proximity are also influential. The review reveals that leaving home is an important developmental task for both emerging-adult children and their parents and illustrates how linked their lives are.
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Facio, Alicia, María Eugenia Prestofelippo, and María Cecilia Sireix. Positive Development in Latin American Emerging Adults. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0041.
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This chapter presents some empirical evidence on the strikingly high level of life satisfaction, happiness, and optimism that young people in Latin America enjoy, comparable to those of the United States or the Netherlands, despite the difficult social, political, and economic context in which they are embedded. Moreover, around half of them flourish regardless their scarce social participation beyond the network of family members, friends, and trusted neighbors. Higher Latin American social closeness and support (rewarding current and past close relationships with family and friends) seem to be the main reason for these youths’ well-being and flourishing.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. Modern Marriage and Emerging Adulthood in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0001.
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This chapter explores the broader developmental and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood, explaining how the third decade of life in the twenty-first century is drastically different from that experienced by previous generations. National data are presented that outline trends in education and employment to illustrate these shifts. The authors argue that the increased variation in how emerging adults experience their 20s is perhaps the most important factor in the shifting marriage and family formation trends currently seen among emerging adults. Changes in cultural values such as individualism and moral relativism are also discussed. The authors contend that uncertainty in emerging adulthood has also created conflict, anxiety, and ultimately paradoxes around marriage and family formation that are vexing many modern emerging adults.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. I Want to Get Married … Just not Right Now. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0004.
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This chapter explores emerging adults’ beliefs about the timing of marriage. Variations between the expected and ideal age at marriage are discussed. Emerging adults’ belief that one can marry too early or too late is also discussed as a specific marital paradox. The concept of maturity is discussed in that many emerging adults see maturity as a requirement for adulthood generally and for marriage specifically. The timing of marriage in relation to education and career is also explored. Although career establishment may come before marriage in emerging adults’ minds, the instability of employment and career trajectories in the modern era was an important wrinkle in the best-laid plans of many emerging adults. The authors suggest categorizing emerging adults, based on this set of complex marital timing beliefs, into three common categories: marriage delayers, marriage hesitants, and marriage enthusiasts.
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Taber-Thomas, Bradley, and Koraly Pérez-Edgar. Emerging Adulthood Brain Development. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.15.
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Emerging adulthood (EA) is marked by a prolonged developmental transition to adulthood, dynamic personal and environmental circumstances, and unique patterns of vulnerability to psychological dysfunction. Neurodevelopment in childhood and adolescence has been studied extensively, but EA has not yet received its due attention from developmental cognitive neuroscience. The existing evidence shows that neurodevelopment continues throughout EA in support of emerging adult roles. The data suggest a frontolimbic fine-tuning model of brain development in EA that holds that adult functions are promoted through the strengthening of prefrontal regulation of limbic function and a newly emerging balance between prefrontal subregions involved in modulating approach and avoidance. Considering the overlap between these neurodevelopmental processes and the peak incidence of numerous psychological disorders in EA, it seems that individual differences in the dynamics of emerging adulthood neurodevelopment may not only underlie differences in functioning, but also risk for psychological disorder.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. Finding the Right Person to Marry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0006.
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This chapter explores beliefs that emerging adults hold about mate selection, or the process people go through to select romantic partners. An overview is provided of mate-selection theories, and the main themes that emerged from the interview data are detailed. Emerging adults appear to desire very different things when it comes to short-term and long-term dating partners, and this creates a unique paradox because emerging adults must shift their dating criteria when they decide to marry. Many emerging adults still very much believe in the concept of a soul mate. Cohabitation is discussed as a mechanism through which emerging adults hope to uncover what their dating partners are truly like.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. Social Influences and Marriage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on three social influences that make a difference in how emerging adults think about marriage and marital transitions: peers, religious institutions, and media, which together have some of the largest effects on the marital paradoxes of emerging adults. Friends are discussed first, with a specific focus on how peer interactions on social media influence the marriage dialogue among emerging adults. The decline in religiosity is then discussed, as well as other ways in which religious institutions influence how emerging adults approach marriage. Finally, the influence of media messages is discussed, with a particular focus on the effect that reality television and the celebrity culture that emerging adults have grown up with have soured their view of marriage.
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Vermeulen, Karla. Generation Disaster. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061630.001.0001.
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Generation Disaster: Coming of Age Post-9/11 is an in-depth examination of the multiple stressors that shaped the developmental environment for today’s emerging adults in their youth and as they now take on adult responsibilities in an unprecedentedly complex world. Those stressors include all of the societal changes that occurred in the United States after the attacks of September 11, 2001, as well as other threats like the increase in school shootings and other human-caused disasters, worsening natural disasters and concerns about the future due to climate change, and the global pandemic. The omnipresence of social media amplifies these issues and heightens political divisiveness, while the difficult job market, growing wealth gap between rich and poor, and burden of student debt make many emerging adults doubt they’ll ever find a satisfying career, be able to start a family, or buy a home. As a result, many are stressed out and pessimistic about their futures, yet others are flourishing despite all of the challenges they face. Generation Disaster provides a detailed look into the many forces that are shaping this cohort of emerging adults, drawing on quantitative and qualitative research and including extensive quotations that allow its members to speak for themselves to counter the negative stereotypes older people often perpetuate about them.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. Gender and Gender Role Expectations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0009.
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This chapter provides an overview of emerging adults’ views on gender and gender roles. The authors describe their findings regarding who emerging adults believe benefits more from marriage, men or women. Little consensus seemed to exist regarding how emerging adults viewed the connection between gender and marriage; the authors propose that this is a reflection of our current culture, which continues to move toward gender neutrality and the dismissal of gender differences. The authors also explore how emerging adults believe gender roles will play out in their own marriages. A specific paradox whereby emerging adults aspire to an egalitarian role balance yet tend to end up in traditional gender roles is discussed.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. Looking Ahead. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0011.
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In this summary chapter, the authors review the major themes that appeared during the exploration of how emerging adults approach marriage. The authors note that emerging adults’ values and beliefs about marriage have become much more nuanced and varied compared with previous generations. Furthermore, marriage appears out of reach in the minds of many emerging adults. This, combined with the fact that marriage is no longer viewed as necessary, has created many of the marriage paradoxes currently seen. The authors provide several potential avenues to reducing the marriage paradoxes in the minds of emerging adults. They conclude that whether these paradoxes grow or are resolved likely rests on how the cultural narrative and economic milieu surrounding marriage continue to evolve in the years and decades to come.
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Fitzgerald, Monica M., and Nyla Nasser. The Psychological Treatment of Victims of Interpersonal Violence. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.35.
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This chapter provides a brief overview of empirically supported psychosocial treatments for adults who have developed serious clinical psychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other psychosocial and behavioral problems as a result of exposure to interpersonal victimization and violence. In this chapter, we will describe important aspects of creating a safe and therapeutic environment for victims of interpersonal violence and the evidence-based core treatment components and strategies for use with adult victims of interpersonal violence with PTSD. Finally, we will introduce three empirically supported treatment programs incorporating some or all of the core treatment components discussed. We will also discuss emerging and novel interventions for the treatment of PTSD in adults that have varying levels of theoretical and empirical evidence.
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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. Why Marriage Still Matters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0003.
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This chapter provides an overview of Marital Paradigm Theory, which serves as the backbone for the remainder of the book. Marital paradigm theory suggests that every person has a collection of beliefs and values about marriage that shape his or her behavior. The authors discuss how emerging adults are broadly thinking about marriage and describes three main themes derived from the interviews with emerging adults: marriage as proof of commitment, marriage as a “piece of paper,” and marriage and the importance of romantic love. The authors emphasize that despite the prevalence of the three themes identified, there is no longer a universal way that emerging adults think about marriage.
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Yi, Jaehee, Tian Tian, and Jonghee Kim. Emerging Adults Who Have Flourished Through a Physical Health Challenge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0050.
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This chapter elucidates the positive developmental outcomes of emerging adults facing physical chronic illness in five areas, using the emerging adulthood theory: (1) exploring identity, (2) being self-focused, (3) feeling in between adolescence and adulthood, (4) experiencing uncertainty and instability, and (5) having optimism/perceiving possibilities. The chapter describes how emerging adults with physical health challenges might flourish more than their healthy peers in each of the five areas, despite or even because of their illness experiences. For example, they are likely to develop a specific career path related to their illness experience, be more autonomous and mature, and have greater tolerance and resilience. The chapter also includes limitations and directions for future research.