Relevant bibliographies by topics / TG modes

Academic literature on the topic 'TG modes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "TG modes"

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Kleppe, A. K., and A. P. Jephcoat. "High-pressure Raman spectroscopic studies of FeS2 pyrite." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 3 (June 2004): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046830196.

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AbstractWe report micro-Raman spectroscopic studies of FeS2 pyrite in the diamond-anvil cell under hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic conditions to 55 GPa at room temperature. Four out of five Ramanactive modes are resolved with helium as a pressure-transmitting medium to highest pressures. The fifth mode, Tg(2) [377 cm-1], is weak and unresolved lying ∼2 cm-1 from the intense Ag mode [379 cm-1] at 1 bar. We observe an increase in the separation of the Eg [344 cm-1] and Tg(1) [350 cm-1] modes under compression. All observed frequencies increase continuously with increasing pressure showing no evidence for a structural phase transition in accord with both X-ray diffraction and shock-wave studies. The Ag and Tg(1) modes gain significantly in intensity relative to the Eg mode with increasing pressure probably resulting from Raman resonance effects. The Tg(3) mode [430 cm-1] broadens unusually compared to the other pyrite modes with pressure. The Raman data are consistent with a contraction of the S-S and Fe-S bonds under pressure. The main effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the Raman modes is a strong pressure-induced broadening; the pressure-dependence of the frequencies and relative intensities are not affected within the error of the measurements.
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Saitou, Yoshifumi. "Spontaneously excited longitudinal backward waves in dusty plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 1 (January 2023): 013701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0119660.

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A spontaneously excited longitudinal backward dust wave was experimentally examined. Dust particles were confined in a vertical glass cylinder. The spontaneously excited wave propagated downward. A dispersion relation was obtained by measuring the wavenumber and phase velocity. The dispersion relation showed that the wave consisted of two different modes, including a backward wave. The Trivelpiece–Gould (TG) mode was invoked as a dispersion relation to explain the backward wave, although the cyclotron angular frequency, [Formula: see text], appearing in the TG mode was replaced with [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the dust angular frequency. The experimental results were compared with the calculated dispersion relation, including the TG mode. The group velocity of the spontaneously excited backward wave is larger than the value predicted with the TG mode. It is necessary to explain the backward wave to modify the TG mode model or to construct a new model.
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Tassinari, Roberta, Alessia Tammaro, Gabriele Lori, Sabrina Tait, Andrea Martinelli, Luigia Cancemi, Paolo Frassanito, and Francesca Maranghi. "Risk Assessment of Transgender People: Development of Rodent Models Mimicking Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapies and Identification of Sex-Dimorphic Liver Genes as Novel Biomarkers of Sex Transition." Cells 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12030474.

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Transgender (TG) describes individuals whose gender identity differs from the social norms. TG people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (HT) may be considered a sub-group of the population susceptible to environmental contaminants for their targets and modes of action. The aim of this study is to set appropriate HT doses and identify specific biomarkers to implement TG animal models. Four adult rats/group/sex were subcutaneously exposed to three doses of HT (plus control) selected starting from available data. The demasculinizing-feminizing models (dMF) were β-estradiol plus cyproterone acetate, at 0.09 + 0.33, 0.09 + 0.93 and 0.18 + 0.33 mg, respectively, five times/week. The defeminizing-masculinizing models (dFM) were testosterone (T) at 0.45, 0.95 and 2.05 mg, two times/week. Clitoral gain and sperm count, histopathological analysis of reproductive organs and liver, hormone serum levels and gene expression of sex-dimorphic CYP450 were evaluated. In the dMF model, the selected doses—leading to T serum levels at the range of the corresponding cisgender—induced strong general toxicity and cannot be used in long-term studies. In the dFM model, 0.45 mg of T represents the correct dose. In addition, the endpoints selected are considered suitable and reliable to implement the animal model. The sex-specific CYP expression is a suitable biomarker to set proper (de)masculinizing/(de)feminizing HT and to implement TG animal models.
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Togun, Necla, and Süleyman M. Bağdatli. "The vibration of nanobeam resting on elastic foundation using modified couple stress theory." Tehnički glasnik 12, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20180214212115.

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In this paper, the vibration of nanobeams resting on the Winkler foundation is proposed using the modified couple stress theory. Hamilton’s principle is utilized to construct the governing equations. The size effect of the nanobeam cannot be captured by using classical Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, but the modified couple stress theory model can capture it because it includes material length scale parameter that a newly developed model has. Once the material length scale parameter is assumed to be zero, the classical Euler-Bernoulli beam theory equation is obtained. Multiple scale method is employed to obtain the result. Simply supported boundary condition is used to study natural frequencies. The influence of material length scale parameter and the Winkler elastic foundation parameter on the fundamental frequencies of the nanobeam is investigated and tabulated. Also, in the present study, Poisson’s ratio is taken as constant. Nanobeam resting on the Winkler foundation which is simply supported is analyzed to illustrate the size effects on the free vibration. Numerical results for the simply supported nanobeam indicate that the first fundamental frequency calculated by the presented model is higher than the classical one. Moreover, it is obtained that the size influence is more substantial for higher vibration modes. The results indicate that the significant importance of the size influences the analysis of nanobeams. The vibration of nanobeam exhibits a hardening spring behavior, and the newly developed models are the beams stiffer than according to the classical beam theory. Modified couple stress theory tends to be more helpful in describing the size-dependent mechanical properties of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
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Karp, Michael, and Jacob Cohen. "On the secondary instabilities of transient growth in Couette flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 813 (January 20, 2017): 528–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.874.

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The secondary instability of linear transient growth (TG) in Couette flow is explored theoretically, utilizing an analytical representation of the TG based on four modes and their nonlinear interactions. The evolution of the secondary disturbance is derived using the multiple time scales method. The theoretical predictions are compared with direct numerical simulations and very good agreement with respect to the growth of the disturbance energy and associated vortical structures is observed, up to the final stage just before the breakdown to turbulence. The theoretical model enables us to perform a full parametric study, including TG symmetry type, various wavenumbers, initial energy, TG nonlinearity and Reynolds number, to find all possible routes to transition and the optimal parameters for each type of the secondary disturbance. It is found that the most dangerous secondary disturbances are associated with spanwise wavenumbers which generate the strongest inflection points, i.e. those having maximal shear, rather than with those maximizing the energy gain during the TG phase.
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Sharma, A. K., and S. Konar. "Anisotropic self-defocusing of a Trivelpiece-Gould mode in a plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 52, no. 2 (October 1994): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800017852.

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The paper presents a paraxial-ray theory of self-defocusing of obliquely propagating Trivelpiece-Gould (TG) modes in a homogeneous plasma. The TG mode with Gaussian distribution of intensity, in a direction perpendicular to its phase velocity, creates a ponderomotive force on electrons. The electrons are redistributed through ambipolar diffusion. The redistributed electrons are responsible for defocusing of the TG mode. The importance of our study is pointed out.
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CORBERI, F., and A. CONIGLIO. "LACK OF EQUILIBRATION IN A MODEL FOR CONTINUOUSLY SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS." Fractals 11, supp01 (February 2003): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x0300177x.

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We consider the dynamics of supercooled fluids subject to a continuous quenching procedure, with cooling rate r = dT(t)/dt. The analysis is carried out analytically in the framework of a mean field schematic model recently introduced.1 We show the existence of a glass temperature Tg(r) below which the system falls out of equilibrium. Tg(r) approaches logarithmically in r the ideal glass temperature T0 = lim r→0Tg(r), where the relaxation time diverges á la Vogel-Fulcher, similarly to some experimental observations. Well above Tg(r) a simple fluid behavior is observed. As Tg is approached from above a characteristic wave vector kd divides an high momenta equilibrated region, where a fluid-like behavior is obeyed, from the non thermalized modes with k < kd, for which time translational invariance lacks. Below Tg the system is found in a globally off-equilibrium glassy state characterized by a logarithmic decay of the density fluctuations and aging. The two time correlator decays as an enhanced power law.
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Stier, P., J. Feichter, S. Kinne, S. Kloster, E. Vignati, J. Wilson, L. Ganzeveld, et al. "The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, no. 5 (September 22, 2004): 5551–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-5551-2004.

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Abstract. The aerosol-climate modelling system ECHAM5-HAM is introduced. It is based on a flexible microphysical approach and, as the number of externally imposed parameters is minimised, allows the application in a wide range of climate regimes. ECHAM5-HAM predicts the evolution of an ensemble of microphysically interacting internally- and externally-mixed aerosol populations as well as their size-distribution and composition. The size-distribution is represented by a superposition of log-normal modes. In the current setup, the major global aerosol compounds sulfate (SU), black carbon (BC), particulate organic matter (POM), sea salt (SS), and mineral dust (DU) are included. The simulated global annual mean aerosol burdens (lifetimes) for the year 2000 are for SO4: 0.80 Tg(S) (3.9 days), for BC: 0.11 Tg (5.4 days), for POM: 0.99 Tg (5.4 days), for SS: 10.5 Tg (0.8 days), and for DU: 8.28 Tg (4.6 days). An extensive evaluation with in-situ and remote sensing measurements underscores that the model results are generally in good agreement with observations of the global aerosol system. The simulated global annual mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) is with 0.14 in excellent agreement with an estimate derived from AERONET measurements (0.14) and a composite derived from MODIS-MISR satellite retrievals (0.16). Regionally, the deviations are not negligible. However, the main patterns of AOD attributable to anthropogenic activity are reproduced.
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Stier, P., J. Feichter, S. Kinne, S. Kloster, E. Vignati, J. Wilson, L. Ganzeveld, et al. "The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 4 (March 31, 2005): 1125–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1125-2005.

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Abstract. The aerosol-climate modelling system ECHAM5-HAM is introduced. It is based on a flexible microphysical approach and, as the number of externally imposed parameters is minimised, allows the application in a wide range of climate regimes. ECHAM5-HAM predicts the evolution of an ensemble of microphysically interacting internally- and externally-mixed aerosol populations as well as their size-distribution and composition. The size-distribution is represented by a superposition of log-normal modes. In the current setup, the major global aerosol compounds sulfate (SU), black carbon (BC), particulate organic matter (POM), sea salt (SS), and mineral dust (DU) are included. The simulated global annual mean aerosol burdens (lifetimes) for the year 2000 are for SU: 0.80 Tg(S) (3.9 days), for BC: 0.11 Tg (5.4 days), for POM: 0.99 Tg (5.4 days), for SS: 10.5 Tg (0.8 days), and for DU: 8.28 Tg (4.6 days). An extensive evaluation with in-situ and remote sensing measurements underscores that the model results are generally in good agreement with observations of the global aerosol system. The simulated global annual mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) is with 0.14 in excellent agreement with an estimate derived from AERONET measurements (0.14) and a composite derived from MODIS-MISR satellite retrievals (0.16). Regionally, the deviations are not negligible. However, the main patterns of AOD attributable to anthropogenic activity are reproduced.
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Yuan, Xueyin, and Haifei Zheng. "In situ Raman spectroscopic studies of FeS2 pyrite up to 675 K and 2100 MPa using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell." Mineralogical Magazine 79, no. 1 (February 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2015.079.1.01.

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AbstractRaman scattering experiments of natural FeS2 pyrite were performed at simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions up to 675 K and 2100 MPa using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell combined with micro-Raman spectroscopy. Four out of five Raman active modes [Eg, Ag, Tg(1) and Tg(3)] were resolved at ambient conditions, the remaining Tg(2) [∼377 cm–1] mode was weak and unresolved occurring ∼2 cm–1 from the intense Ag [379 cm–1] mode. The frequency shifts of the Eg [343 cm–1] and Ag [379 cm–1] modes were determined to be quadratic functions of pressure and temperature: ν343 = 343.35 – 0.0178 × ΔT – 8.4E – 6 × (ΔT)2 + 0.00367 × Δp 3.7E–7 × (Δp)2 + 1.0E–6 × ΔT × Δp and ν379 = 379.35 – 0.0295 × ΔT – 9.0E–6 × (ΔT)2 + 0.00460 × Δp – 5.3E–7 × (Δp)2 + 7.0E–7 × ΔT × Δp. The positive pressure dependence of both modes indicates stress-induced contraction of S–S and Fe–S bonds, whereas the negative temperature dependence shows temperature-induced expansion of them. The Raman spectra of pyrite were used to derive its bulk modulus at high temperatures, thermal expansion coefficient at high pressures and anharmonic parameters at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TG modes"

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PANZERI, NICOLA. "NONLINEAR WAVES EXCITATION AND INTERACTION IN PURE ELECTRON PLASMAS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/814967.

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Nonneutral plasmas are excellent subjects for well controlled studies on basic physics problems and industrial research over a wide range of parameters. For the long-time confinement, merger and recombination of antimatter, the method of choice is some variant of the Penning-Malmberg trap, and many of the techniques for the manipulation of charged particles, such as cooling, compression, transfer, and ultimately a stable confinement in a quiescent state, are based on methods first developed by the nonneutral plasma community using electron plasmas. Another fascinating properties of nonneutral plasmas is the fluid analogy: in a cold, magnetized, nonneutral plasma, the 2D transverse dynamics equations are isomorphic to the Euler equations for an ideal 2D fluid. Hence, a pure electron plasma in a Penning-Malmberg trap evolves as an inviscid, incompressible bidimensional fluid. The study and control of the various waves and instabilities is of great interest in physics, and it is often intertwined with non-linearity and turbulence. Experiments aimed at unveiling hidden dependencies between parameters or improve the control over non-equilibrium, unstable configurations can lead to the discover of new phenomena, and a more thorough understanding of basic plasma physics, like the excitation and interaction of different plasma modes in pure electron plasmas, is likely to be a useful tool for a range of applications. In this thesis work, we present the results of the experiments made on two different Penning-Malmberg traps on the excitation and interaction of nonlinear waves in pure electron plasmas. On the Eltrap device, located at the University of Milan, Italy, we perform experiments on the excitation and control of high order diocotron modes via the rotating electric field technique. On the CamV device, located at the University of California, San Diego, we investigate the newly discovered phenomenon of TG waves splitting due to the interaction with a diocotron mode.
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Hosseini, Ehsan. "Synchronization of SOQPSK-TG in Burst-Mode Transmissions." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579650.

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ITC/USA 2013 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Ninth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 21-24, 2013 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV
In this paper, we present a maximum likelihood synchronization algorithm which jointly estimates frequency offset, symbol timing and carrier phase for shaped-offset quadrature phase-shift keying (SOQPSK) signals. We have considered a burst-mode transmission scenario in which a known training sequence is embedded in the beginning of each burst for the purpose of data-aided (DA) synchronization in a feedforward structure. The proposed algorithm first estimates the frequency offset independently from other parameters. The estimated frequency is then used to derive the symbol timing which is followed by the carrier phase estimation. The mean-squared error (MSE) of the proposed algorithm is computed via simulations. The results show that the proposed algorithm performs near the theoretical Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as low as 0 dB.
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Hosseini, Ehsan, and Erik Perrins. "FPGA Implementation of Burst-Mode Synchronization for SOQSPK-TG." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/577460.

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ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA
In this paper, we present an FPGA implementation for synchronization of SOQPSK-TG in burst-mode transmissions. The system first detects arrival of new bursts, after which it estimates carrier frequency, carrier phase, and symbol timing offsets. Additionally, it is designed based on the synchronization algorithms developed for the iNET preamble. Here, we introduce some complexity reduction techniques in order to save chip area and to minimize latency. The implementation results are shown to be very close to the computer simulations in terms of estimation error variances and the overall bit-error rate (BER).
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Pearson, Steven R. "On using vibration data to detect damage in model-scale reinforced concrete bridges." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11239/.

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This thesis reports the findings of an investigation into the feasibility of using vibration characteristics to monitor the structural health of bridges. The study is the second part of a larger project commissioned by the UK Highways Agency into the investigation of possible monitoring methods that can be used in a pass/fail/monitor inspection programme. To this end, ten one-quarter-scale 5m span reinforced concrete bridge decks were fabricated and loaded incrementally to failure in the laboratory. The dynamic properties of the decks were investigated at each of the loading increments to evaluate their sensitivity to structural cracking using both free and forced vibration. The results indicated that, for the specimens tested, natural frequencies were, in general, more sensitive to the damage introduced than mode shapes. It was found that the support conditions affected the dynamic behaviour of the decks, and indeterminate boundary conditions caused significant variation in the vibration characteristics. This presented several problems in the analysis of the modal properties and, when combined with the damage introduced through static loading, caused some modes to disappear and new modes to be measured, whilst a number of modes also displayed an increase in natural frequency. The application of finite element model updating to determine reduction in flexural stiffness in the damaged areas of the deck provided a systematic method to investigate the condition of the deck. Updating was performed based on the natural frequencies of one symmetrically and one asymmetrically loaded deck, and the cracking observed under the loading, and offered results consistent with expectations. In summary, the evidence presented in this thesis suggests that the natural frequencies of the decks are, in general, more sensitive to the damage introduced than the mode shapes and consistent trends can be observed in the natural frequency change as the damage to the deck increases. However, the application of this method to indicate the structural condition of real bridges may be limited without further investigation as the vibration characteristics were affected by a number of factors arising from the realistic nature of the specimen, such as the three-dimensional distribution of the damage and the indeterminate nature of the support conditions.
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Luross, Jeffrey Arvid Lewis. "An examination of the suitability of the TG epsilon 26 mouse as a model for pregnancy-induced hypertension." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24484.pdf.

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Najima, Yuho. "Induction of WT1 specific human CD8+ T cells from human HSCs in HLA class I Tg NOD/SCID/Il2rgKO mice." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215440.

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Final publication is available at http://www.bloodjournal.org/
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(医学)
甲第19614号
医博第4121号
新制||医||1015(附属図書館)
32650
京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻
(主査)教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 山田 亮, 教授 三森 経世
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Liu, Dehua. "Thermodynamic and glass transition behavior in CO2-Polymer systems emphasizing the surface region." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1149020480.

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GOGI, VAMSHI KIRAN. "New Insights into Topological Phases in (Na2O)x(P2O5)100-x glasses from Enthalpy of Relaxation at Tg from Modulated-DSC and LO- and TO- mode frequency splitting from IR reflectance." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593268824449037.

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Khan, Nadeem. "Dosimetric Calculation of a Thermo Brachytherapy Seed: A Monte Carlo Study." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=mco1228860927.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Toledo, 2008.
"In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences." Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: p. 153-155.
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Alassiri, Mohammed S. "Mice model of iron overload (SB6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-YFPH)2Jrs/J) : study of immune function and autoimmunity." 2011. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1656299.

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Both Immune cells and pathogenic microorganisms require iron for proliferation and multiplication. However, role of iron supplementation on immune function is still unclear. Studies show that iron-deficient mice are protected from developing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in humans. In this project, we developed a mice model of iron overload in (B6.Cg-Tg (Thy1-YFPH) 2Jrs/J mice). Seven mice were injected (ip), 100 μl iron dextran and seven with Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), five days/week for four weeks. Blood samples verified iron overload 170 versus 138μg/dl (P < 0.005). Flow Cytometry revealed high T-cells and low and CD8+ T-cell. Histological sections indicated perivascular immune cell infiltrations in the brain, but not in the spinal cord. Confocal microscopy of spinal cord sections showed myelinated axons with no breaks. The absence of demyelination and clinical signs, but high CD3+ with low CD4+ T-cells suggests an altered immune cell function in iron overload mice that needs further exploration.
Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only
Department of Physiology and Health Science
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Books on the topic "TG modes"

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Tenney, James. Hierarchical Temporal Gestalt Perception in Music. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0009.

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James Tenney talks about hierarchical temporal gestalt perception in music based on a metric space model, which he applied to compositions by Anton Webern, Edgard Varèse, and Claude Debussy. He begins with a discussion of temporal gestalt-units (TGs), using the terms “element,” “clang,” and “sequence” to designate TGs at the first three hierarchical levels of perceptual organization. He then considers a number of questions that might be the most relevant to musical perception, such as: how the perceptual boundaries of a TG are determined; or the extent to which the factors involved in temporal gestalt perception are objective. In an effort to provide some tentative answers to such questions, Tenney proposes a hypothesis of temporal gestalt perception and presents some results of a computer analysis program based on this hypothesis. The program, written by Larry Polansky, represents a simplified model of this aspect of musical perception, and Tenney describes some of the implications, limitations, and possible extensions of this model.
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Book chapters on the topic "TG modes"

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Swissa, Adi, and Ehud Gudes. "An ABAC Model with Trust and Gossiping (ABAC–TG) for Online Social Networks." In Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXXV, 377–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81242-3_22.

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Liu, Chuang, Hongying Zan, Xuemin Duan, Kunli Zhang, and Yingjie Han. "TG Network: A Model that More Effectively Identifies the Use of the Auxiliary Word “DE”." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 701–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38189-9_71.

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Lim, Miang Hoong, and David S. Reid. "Studies of Reaction Kinetics in Relation to the Tg′ of Polymers in Frozen Model Systems." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 103–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0664-9_4.

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Cuervo-Zanatta, Daniel, Jaime Garcia-Mena, and Claudia Perez-Cruz. "Gut Microbiota Alterations and Cognitive Impairment Are Sexually Dissociated in a Transgenic Mice Model of Alzheimer’s Disease." In Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aiad220031.

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Background: Normal aging is accompanied by cognitive deficiencies, affecting women and men equally. Aging is the main risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with women having a higher risk. The higher prevalence of AD in women is associated with the abrupt hormonal decline seen after menopause. However, other factors may be involved in this sex-related cognitive decline. Alterations in gut microbiota (GM) and its bioproducts have been reported in AD subjects and transgenic (Tg) mice, having a direct impact on brain amyloid-β pathology in male (M), but not in female (F) mice. Objective: The aim of this work was to determine GM composition and cognitive dysfunction in M and F wildtype (WT) and Tg mice, in a sex/genotype segregation design. Methods: Anxiety, short term working-memory, spatial learning, and long-term spatial memory were evaluated in 6-month-old WT and Tg male mice. Fecal short chain fatty acids were determined by chromatography, and DNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were used to determine GM differences. Results: We observed sex-dependent differences in cognitive skills in WT mice, favoring F mice. However, the cognitive advantage of females was lost in Tg mice. GM composition showed few sex-related differences in WT mice. Contrary, Tg-M mice presented a more severe dysbiosis than Tg-F mice. A decreased abundance of Ruminococcaceae was associated with cognitive deficits in Tg-F mice, while butyrate levels were positively associated with better working- and object recognition-memory in WT-F mice. Conclusion: This report describes a sex-dependent association between GM alterations and cognitive impairment in a mice model of AD.
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Akal, H. Ceren, Celalettin Koçak, and H. Barbaros Özer. "Transglutaminase Applications in Dairy Technology." In Microbial Cultures and Enzymes in Dairy Technology, 152–81. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5363-2.ch009.

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Consumers' expectations from a dairy product have changed dramatically during the last two decades. People are now more eager to purchase more nutritious dairy foods with improved sensory characteristics. Dairy industry has made many efforts to meet such expectations and numerious production strategies and alternatives have been developed over the years including non-thermal processing, membrane applications, enzymatic modifications of milk components, and so on. Among these novel approaches, transglutaminase (TG)-mediated modifications of milk proteins have become fairly popular and such modifications in dairy proteins offer many advantages to the dairy industry. Since late 1980s, a great number of researches have been done on TG applications in milk and dairy products. Especially, milk proteins-based edible films and gels from milk treated with TG have found many application fields at industrial level. This chapter reviews the characteristics of microbial-origin TG as well as its mode of action and recent developments in TG applications in dairy technology.
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Syeda, Tauqeerunnisa, Mónica Sanchez-Tapia, Laura Pinedo-Vargas, Omar Granados, Daniel Cuervo-Zanatta, Eleazar Rojas-Santiago, Sofía Díaz-Cintra, Nimbe Torres, and Claudia Perez-Cruz. "Bioactive Food Abates Metabolic and Synaptic Alterations by Modulation of Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease." In Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aiad220018.

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Recent investigations have demonstrated an important role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). GM modulates a host’s health and disease by production of several substances, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), among others. Diet can modify the composition and diversity of GM, and ingestion of a healthy diet has been suggested to lower the risk to develop AD. We have previously shown that bioactive food (BF) ingestion can abate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and improve cognition in obese rats, effects associated with GM composition. Therefore, BF can impact the gut-brain axis and improved behavior. In this study, we aim to explore if inclusion of BF in the diet may impact central pathological markers of AD by modulation of the GM. Triple transgenic 3xTg-AD (TG) female mice were fed a combination of dried nopal, soy, chia oil, and turmeric for 7 months. We found that BF ingestion improved cognition and reduced Aβ aggregates and tau hyperphosphorylation. In addition, BF decreased MDA levels, astrocyte and microglial activation, PSD-95, synaptophysin, GluR1 and ARC protein levels in TG mice. Furthermore, TG mice fed BF showed increased levels of pGSK-3β. GM analysis revealed that pro-inflammatory bacteria were more abundant in TG mice compared to wild-type, while BF ingestion was able to restore the GM’s composition, LPS, and propionate levels to control values. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of BF may be mediated, in part, by modulation of GM and the release of neurotoxic substances that alter brain function.
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Cui, Anshun, Sensen Liu, Baoxin Ge, Chang Xu, Qi Cao, Jie Li, Dalei Zhang, and Yuanfeng Qi. "Modified-FWO-Algorithm for Complex “White-Box” Thermal Kinetic Model: A Case Application on Amphotericin Residue Incineration." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde221089.

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A Modified-FWO-Algorithm was proposed to modify the drawbacks of the traditional FWO-Algorithm throughout the construction of incineration kinetics model for complex pollutants. And the implementation process of this algorithm was introduced via the construction of amphotericin residue incineration kinetic model. The results indicate that two stages emerged in TG/DTG analysis of amphotericin residue, and reactions related to those stages are both multi-step reaction. “White-Box” incineration kinetic model established on Modified-FWO-Algorithm possessed the lowest RMSE value was 0.43%. Data reproducibility of the model derived Modified-FWO-Algorithm was 24.54 times higher than established by FWO-Algorithm.
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Esonye, Chizoo, Okechukwu Donminic Onukwuli, Akuzuo Uwaoma Ofoefule, Cyril Sunday Ume, and Nkiruka Jacintha Ogbodo. "Sea Almond as a Promising Feedstock for Green Diesel: Statistical Optimization and Power Rate Law Based Chemical Kinetics of Its Consecutive Irreversible Methanolysis." In Prunus. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93880.

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For successful industrial scale-up and effective cost analysis of transesterification process, presentation of complimentary research data from process optimization using statistical design techniques, chemical kinetics and thermodynamics are essential. Full factorial central composite design (FFCCD) was applied for the statistical optimization of base methanolysis of sea almond (Terminalia catappa) seed oil using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with desirability function analysis on quadratic model. Reaction time had the most significant impact on the biodiesel yield. Optimum conditions for biodiesel yield of 93.09 wt% validated at 92.58 wt% were 50.03°C, 2.04 wt% catalyst concentration, 58.5 min and 4.66 methanol/oil molar ratio with overall desirability of 1.00. Ascertained fuel properties of the FAME were in compliance with international limits. GC–MS, FTIR and NMR characterizations confirmed unsaturation and good cold-flow qualities of the biodiesel. Based on power rate law, second-order kinetic model out-performed first-order kinetic model. Rate constants of the triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) hydrolysis were in the range of 0.00838–0.0409 wt%/min while activation energies were 12.76, 15.83 and 22.43 kcal/mol respectively. TG hydrolysis to DG was the rate determining step. The optimal conditions have minimal error and would serve as a springboard for industrial scale-up of biodiesel production from T. catappa seed oil.
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Chizoo, Esonye. "Alkali Homogeneous Catalyzed Methyl Ester Synthesis from Chrysophyllum albidum Seed Oil: An Irreversible Consecutive Mechanism Approach." In Alkaline Chemistry and Applications. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95519.

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This chapter considers the application of alkaline (NaOH) based catalyzed methanolysis of seed oil from Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) as a viable route for synthesis of methyl esters (biodiesel). Specific consideration was given to the chemical kinetics and thermodynamics of the irreversible consecutive mechanism of the process on the basis of higher application of methanol/molar ratio (>3:1) as a feasible approach for generating required data for commercial scale-up of the process. The application of power rate law revealed that second order model was the best fitted model on the 328 K, 333 K and 338 K temperature and 0–100 min ranges studied. Rate constants of the glyceride hydrolysis were 0.00710, 0.00870 and 0.00910 wt% min−1 for the triglyceride (TG), 0.02390, 0.03040 and 0.03210 wt% min−1 for the diglycerides (DG) and 0.01600, 0.03710 and 0.04090 wt% min−1 for the monoglycerides (MG) at the above respective temperatures. The activation energies were 2.707, 7.30 and 23.33 kcal/mol respectively. TG hydrolysis to DG was the rate determining step. Rates of reactions were found to increase with increase temperature and mixing rate (200, 400 and 800 rpm). No optimal mixing rate was detected and the highest mixing rate of 800 rpm was the most favorable in the mixing range under investigation. The possible reason for the absence of lag period is formation of methyl esters, which acted as a solvent for the reactants, and consequently, made the reaction mixture a homogeneous single phase. The quality of the produced methyl esters were found to compare with international standards. All the results lead to more diverse and novel applications of the seed oil in biodiesel productions.
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Binda, Ricardo Viera, Roberta Jachura Rocha, and Luiz Eduardo Nunes Almeida. "Study of Factors Influencing the Life Predictions of Solid Rocket Motor." In Energetic Materials Research, Applications, and New Technologies, 234–45. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2903-3.ch011.

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Storage of rocket motors loaded with composite solid propellant for long periods may change the propellant properties, thus causing failure and affecting the safety during launch. In this study, an accelerated aging assay was carried out, in order to predict the useful lifetime and to evaluate variations on the propellant properties with time by means of thermal analysis (TG/DSC). The aging temperatures used were 65°C, and samples were withdrawn after 3 months. Aging was also carried out at room temperature. There was significant variation in the activation energy of the solid propellant samples thermal decomposition in the two kinetic methods used – Ozawa or model-free isoconversional method and Kissinger method – during the aging period. There was significant decrease of enthalpy of aged propellant enthalpy causing changes in ballistics parameters of the solid propellant grain affecting the rocket's performance.
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Conference papers on the topic "TG modes"

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Huang, Chien-Yi, Chen-Liang Ku, Hao-Chun Hsieh, Tzu-Min Chien, and Hui-Hua Huang. "Reliability Assessment for Printed Circuit Board in Lead-Free Process." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89253.

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This study aimed to explore Printed Circuit Board (PCB) failure mechanism and recommend appropriate material and handling process for the boards used in lead-free assembly process. In this study, the most stringent conditions in Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) process was used for various base-materials of PCB, such as Tg, and curing agent. In addition, thermal shock testing at 0∼100°C for 900 cycles was employed to simulate PCB performance during field service. Cross-section analysis was implemented to identify failure modes. Finally, the PCB moisture absorption property was evaluated by exposing the boards in a temperature/humidity chamber at 28°C and 60% RH, that was the worst condition in PCBA production environment. Results indicated that Tg had significant influence to the PCB quality, high Tg materials performs better. During multiple reflow process verification, cross section analysis of high Tg material indicated that Dicy material appear delamination even no electrical failure occurred. As for thermal shock test, high Tg material (either with Dicy or Phenolic curing agent) survived after 900 shock cycles. Also, moisture uptake in assembly environment, even at the worst scenario of 28°C and 60% RH for 120 hours, had not caused any PCB delamination.
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Gunter, Edgar J., and Wen Jeng Chen. "Dynamic Analysis of an 1150 MW Turbine-Generator." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50142.

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This paper presents the dynamical analysis of an 11-bearing 1,150 MW turbine-generator system. Original studies of this system yielded information on the system critical speeds and mode shapes. These calculations were first generated by the transfer matrix method. It was found that the transfer matrix method is unsuited for the analysis of large turbine-generators for a number of reasons. The first is the problem of convergence of the modes with a large number of mass stations. The second is that the iteration procedure misses modes that are closely spaced. In the study of the dynamical behavior of large T-G sets, it was determined that it was necessary to include the foundation or bearing pedestal effects. This not possible with the transfer matrix method due to the numerical problems associated with branched elements of the supports. The system critical speeds were computed using a structural finite element program. This approach could generate the system modes, but is not capable of computing damped eigenvalues, unbalance response, or to perform accurate time transient analysis to evaluate system motion and bearing forces transmitted due to blade loss. With the recent enhancements to the PC-based finite element program DyRoBeS, it is now possible to perform both linear and nonlinear time transient studies on large turbine-generator systems, as well as damped eigenvalue analysis and unbalance response. In the calculation of the undamped critical speeds, it was observed that there can be as many as 12 undamped modes in the operating speed range. Not all of these modes need to be of concern. A mode is of concern if it has a low log decrement damping and is in the vicinity of the operating speed, or that it has a negative log decrement which indicates that it may be unstable. In order to compute the damped complex 3-dimensional eigenvalues of the system, the 8 bearing stiffness and damping coefficients for the 11 bearings must be known. These values were computed for each bearing and are then used in the calculation of the damped modes. Instead of considering only 12 modes, one must compute the first 30 complex modes to span the frequency range of interest. These modes represent forward, mixed, and backward modes. Only several of these modes are of concern. There are several forward modes that are near the operating speed and have high exciter and LP turbine motion. These modes also have low log decrements which makes them of concern, particularly as regards to a suddenly applied unbalance. A time transient analysis is required in order to assess the TG response at running speed due to a sudden unbalance, such as caused by blade loss. One of the limitations with structural finite element programs is that transient analysis is accomplished by assuming a set of undamped modes. One is then required to assume a percent of modal damping for each mode. This approach may be acceptable for structural systems, but it is not acceptable for a rotor dynamics analysis in which the bearings have high damping in addition to the bearing cross-coupling coefficients which structural FEA programs can not handle. A time transient analysis was performed using DyRoBeS to simulate 6 cycles of shaft motion. In this simulation of LP3 blade loss at running speed, one of the system modes around 1,600 CPM was excited to the extent that exciter damage could occur, leading to system failure. It is concluded that exciters of this class may be insufficiently supported and also have insufficient damping to withstand blade loss.
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Reid, Thomas, James Malloy, Matthew Scoffone, Stephen Reid, and Andreas Fabricius. "The Change in Boiler and Steam Turbine Failure Modes With Minimum Load Operation: Using Modeling to Predict Susceptibility With Validation Through Plant Testing." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16905.

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Abstract Reducing the minimum load at which a unit can reliably operate is one method to manage changes in market demands and avoid inherent concerns over frequent on and off cycling. For this reason, it is now becoming common practice for plants to develop new lower minimum load levels that are well below conventional targets provided when the unit was first commissioned. For many plants, the criteria for successful operation were not based on optimizing minimum load levels. In fact, most conventional steam plants were commissioned during an era when full base load operation was expected throughout the life of the plant. Base load availability was the key driver not parameters that promoted unit flexibility. As a result, there are opportunities for plants to lower minimum load levels, but it is important for owners to understand the trade-offs and risks that come with such operation. TG Advisers (Turbine - Generator) and Tetra Engineering (Boiler) partnered on an analytical assessment and process simulation for a US site with four vintage boilers and steam turbines, the boilers having been converted from coal to gas-firing some years earlier. The boilers were modeled at different load points using boiler and power plant process simulation software. Key issues analyzed were superheat steam temperature, stability of natural circulation, and maintenance of minimum flow velocities. Secondary factors included cold end condensation and the potential for accumulation of dissolved solids in the circuit. Utilizing the results of Tetra’s boiler model, TGA completed off-design modeling and calculations for the steam turbine and balance of plant equipment. Examples of primary interest was the impact of the predicted steam conditions and superheat, resulting thermal transient cycles, and LP blading concerns influenced by moisture content and back pressure control. Finally, balance of plant equipment was reviewed to ensure acceptable operating points for key equipment such as boiler feed pumps, feedwater heaters, and hood spray systems. Following computer simulations, a plant testing plan was developed, and plant testing was completed. The paper will review analytical predictions and actual plant testing as well as overall lessons learned from the project. Through these analytical and testing efforts the minimum load was reduced from the current practice of 65 MW to 31 MW.
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Chen, Huan, and Joao Marques-Silva. "TG-PRO: A new model for SAT-based ATPG." In 2009 IEEE International High Level Design Validation and Test Workshop (HLDVT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hldvt.2009.5340173.

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Li, Xinghua, and Peng Li. "Simulation Optimization Under Random Conditions TG Business Model of Spare Parts Inventory." In 2019 4th International Conference on Mechanical, Control and Computer Engineering (ICMCCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmcce48743.2019.00229.

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Sanders, Jackson, Xingjian Wei, and Zhijian Pei. "Experimental Investigation of PolyJet 3D Printing Process: Effects of Orientation and Layer Thickness on Thermal Glass Transition Temperature." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11999.

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Abstract The J750 PolyJet printer is the newest model of full-color and multi-material 3D printer from Stratasys. Currently, limited information is available about the effects of control factors on thermal glass transition temperature of parts printed by this printer. In this study, the effects of two control factors, printing orientation and layer thickness, on the thermal glass transition temperature (Tg) are investigated. The results suggest that both control factors significantly affect Tg. Specifically, samples printed using the high mix mode have higher elastic moduli than those printed using high quality mode. Larger values of elastic moduli directly lead to a higher thermal glass transition temperature, making the material more effective under relatively extreme temperatures and duress. These results would be valuable to researchers and practitioners who use the Polyjet 3D printer.
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Zhang, Liming, Liang Zhao, Shan Qin, Dieter Pfoser, and Chen Ling. "TG-GAN: Continuous-time Temporal Graph Deep Generative Models with Time-Validity Constraints." In WWW '21: The Web Conference 2021. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442381.3449818.

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Horvat, Barbara, Branka Mušič, Majda Pavlin, and Vilma Ducman. "Microwave Irradiation of Alkali-activated Metakaolin Slurry." In International Conference on Technologies & Business Models for Circular Economy. University of Maribor Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fkkt.1.2023.2.

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The building and civil engineering industry generates more than 40% of man-caused carbon emissions, consumes a lot of energy just to produce building materials, generates a large amount of waste through construction and demolition, and consumes a large amount of natural resources. One of the possible solutions is to use alkali-activated materials, which can use waste instead of raw materials and are produced at lower temperatures, with less energy consumption and in less time than traditional building products. All of this lowers the carbon footprint, which could be further reduced by the timely-short implementation of microwave irradiation in the early stages of alkali-activation synthesis. Therefore, metakaolin activated with Na-water glass in a theoretically optimal ratio was irradiated with microwaves of 2.45 GHz at powers of 100 W and 1000 W for 1 min, and compared to non-irradiated reference cured only at room conditions. Samples prepared at higher power, i.e., 1000 W, solidified completely and foamed. TG-DTA was performed on all samples in the early stages of curing, mechanical strengths were measured on 3 and 28-day-old samples, and leaching tests on aged samples.
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Khalloufi, Seddik, Thanh Khuong Nguyen, and Cristina Ratti. "Mathematical relationship between glass transition temperature and water activity of cellular and non-cellular food systems." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7658.

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Cellular and non-cellular-solid food systems were used to obtain experimental data of aw and Tg as a function of moisture content during drying. GAB, Gordon-Taylor, and Khalloufi-Ratti models were used to obtain the state diagrams of the four food systems investigated. The results suggest that the GAB and Khalloufi-Ratti models can successfully be used to capture the experimental data. In terms of plasticizing effect, it seems that cellular and non-cellular systems have comparable values. Although the number of food samples explored in this study was limited, it is suggested that the chemical composition could have more impact on Tg and stability than the presence of cell structures. Keywords: Isotherms; Glass Transition; Cellular and Non-Cellular Food Systems; Modeling
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Stutzman, R., S. Sathe, and B. Sammakia. "Macro and Micro Thermal Model of an Elevated Temperature Dielectric Breakdown in Printed Circuit Boards." In ISTFA 1996. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1996p0313.

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Abstract A computational macro and micro thermal model of a printed circuit board dielectric breakdown due to local and global heating of the laminate material is presented in this paper. On a macro level, under certain conditions, the circuit board temperature can approach the glass transition temperature (Tg) due to electronic surface mounted components dissipating heat to the board surface. Under these conditions interfacial micro cracks or dielectric inhomogeneities can be aggravated to an extent where localized voltage breakdown can occur across copper planes within the board. The micro thermal modeling results demonstrate that even under relatively high defect resistance levels the localized temperature at the defect site can greatly exceed the Tg of the dielectric material resulting in carbonization and eventually catastrophic failure. A temperature profile at the defect site clearly shows the spike in the local temperature due to the low thermal conductivity properties of the dielectric material and the localized high current density. The thermal modeling was performed using Flotherm (trademark of Flomerics Limited) code.
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Reports on the topic "TG modes"

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Perrins, Erik. FPGA Implementation of Burst-Mode Synchronization for SOQSPK-TG. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada620053.

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Chen, Jiankun, Yingming Gu, Lihong Yin, Minyi He, Na Liu, Yue Lu, Changcai Xie, Jiqiang Li, and Yu Chen. Network meta-analysis of curative efficacy of different acupuncture methods on obesity combined with insulin resistance. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0075.

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Review question / Objective: Population：Patients diagnosed as obesity with insulin resistance. Obesity reference: Consensus of experts on the Prevention and treatment of adult obesity in China in 2011 and Consensus of Chinese experts on medical nutrition therapy for overweight/obesity in 2016 were developed by the Obesity Group of Chinese Society of Endocrinology(CSE); BMI≥28. IR reference: According to the Expert opinions on insulin resistance evaluation published by Chinese Diabetes Society, HOMA-IR≥2.68 is regarded as the standard for the diagnosis of IR. Regardless of age, gender and course of disease. Patients diagnosed as obesity with insulin resistance. Intervention：Any kind of acupuncture, moxibustion, acupuncture+moxibustion, warm acupuncture, electropuncture, auricular point, acupoint application and acupoint catgut embedding. Comparison：Other acupuncture treatments, Drug therapy or blank control. Outcome：Primary outcomes: ①Fasting blood-glucose (FBG); ②Fasting serum insulin (FINS); ③Homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR); ④Body Mass Index (BMI). Secondary outcomes: ①Waistline; ②Waist-hip ratio;③Triglyceride (TG); ④Total cholesterol (TC); ⑤High-density lipoprotein (HDL); ⑥Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Study: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different acupuncture methods in the treatment on obesity with insulin resistance, blind method and language are not limited. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
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Gothilf, Yoav, Yonathan Zohar, Susan Wray, and Hanna Rosenfeld. Inducing sterility in farmed fish by disrupting the development of the GnRH System. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7696512.bard.

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Hypothalamic gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH1) is the key hormone in the control of gametogenesis and gonadal growth in vertebrates. Developmentally, hypothalamic GnRHproducing neurons originate from the olfactory placode, migrate along olfactory axons into the forebrain, and continue to the preoptic area and hypothalamus where they function to stimulate gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland. An appropriate location of GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus is necessary for normal reproductive function in the adult; abnormal migration and targeting of GnRH neurons during embryogenesis results in hypogonadism and infertility. The developmental migration of GnRH neurons and axonal pathfinding in mammals are modulated by a plethora of factors, including receptors, secreted molecules, adhesion molecules, etc. Yet the exact mechanism that controls these developmental events is still unknown. We investigated these developmental events and the underlying mechanisms using a transgenic zebrafish model, Tg(gnrh1: EGFP), in which GnRH1 neurons and axons are fluorescently labeled. The role of factors that potentially affect the development of this system was investigated by testing the effect of their knockdown and mutation on the development of the GnRH1 system. In addition, their localization in relation to GnRH1 was described during development. These studies are expected to generate the scientific foundation that will lead to developing innovative technologies, based on the disruption of the early establishment of the GnRH system, for inducing sterility in farmed fish, which is highly desirable for economical and environmental reasons.
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Ori, Naomi, and Sarah Hake. Similarities and differences in KNOX function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696516.bard.

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Hypothalamic gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH1) is the key hormone in the control of gametogenesis and gonadal growth in vertebrates. Developmentally, hypothalamic GnRHproducing neurons originate from the olfactory placode, migrate along olfactory axons into the forebrain, and continue to the preoptic area and hypothalamus where they function to stimulate gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland. An appropriate location of GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus is necessary for normal reproductive function in the adult; abnormal migration and targeting of GnRH neurons during embryogenesis results in hypogonadism and infertility. The developmental migration of GnRH neurons and axonal pathfinding in mammals are modulated by a plethora of factors, including receptors, secreted molecules, adhesion molecules, etc. Yet the exact mechanism that controls these developmental events is still unknown. We investigated these developmental events and the underlying mechanisms using a transgenic zebrafish model, Tg(gnrh1: EGFP), in which GnRH1 neurons and axons are fluorescently labeled. The role of factors that potentially affect the development of this system was investigated by testing the effect of their knockdown and mutation on the development of the GnRH1 system. In addition, their localization in relation to GnRH1 was described during development. These studies are expected to generate the scientific foundation that will lead to developing innovative technologies, based on the disruption of the early establishment of the GnRH system, for inducing sterility in farmed fish, which is highly desirable for economical and environmental reasons.
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